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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-General_attainment_of_degrees/diplomas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_attainment_of_degrees/diplomas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>General attainment of degrees/diplomas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_attainment_of_degrees/diplomas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gender subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employment_Rates_Linked_to_Gender_and_Educational_Attainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_Rates_Linked_to_Gender_and_Educational_Attainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Employment Rates Linked to Gender and Educational Attainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_Rates_Linked_to_Gender_and_Educational_Attainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_gap_in_literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_gap_in_literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gender gap in literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_gap_in_literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduation_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduation_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Graduation rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduation_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_Gaps_and_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_Gaps_and_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gender Gaps and communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_Gaps_and_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Educational attainment in the United States</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png/299px-Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png" decoding="async" width="299" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png/449px-Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png/598px-Educational_Attainment_in_the_United_States_2009.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>This graph shows the educational attainment since 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_an_advanced_degree_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Americans_with_an_advanced_degree_by_state.svg/550px-Americans_with_an_advanced_degree_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Americans_with_an_advanced_degree_by_state.svg/825px-Americans_with_an_advanced_degree_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Americans_with_an_advanced_degree_by_state.svg/1100px-Americans_with_an_advanced_degree_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">Proportion of Americans with an Advanced degree (e.g. Master's, Doctorate) in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2021 American Community Survey</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_a_bachelor%27s_degree_or_higher_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Americans_with_a_bachelor%27s_degree_or_higher_by_state.svg/550px-Americans_with_a_bachelor%27s_degree_or_higher_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Americans_with_a_bachelor%27s_degree_or_higher_by_state.svg/825px-Americans_with_a_bachelor%27s_degree_or_higher_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Americans_with_a_bachelor%27s_degree_or_higher_by_state.svg/1100px-Americans_with_a_bachelor%27s_degree_or_higher_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">Proportion of Americans with a bachelor's degree or higher in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2021 American Community Survey</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_a_high_school_education_or_higher_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Americans_with_a_high_school_education_or_higher_by_state.svg/550px-Americans_with_a_high_school_education_or_higher_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Americans_with_a_high_school_education_or_higher_by_state.svg/825px-Americans_with_a_high_school_education_or_higher_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Americans_with_a_high_school_education_or_higher_by_state.svg/1100px-Americans_with_a_high_school_education_or_higher_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">Proportion of Americans with a high school diploma or higher in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2021 American Community Survey</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_bachelor%27s_degree_by_county_in_the_United_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_bachelor%27s_degree_by_county_in_the_United_States.png/450px-US_bachelor%27s_degree_by_county_in_the_United_States.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_bachelor%27s_degree_by_county_in_the_United_States.png/675px-US_bachelor%27s_degree_by_county_in_the_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_bachelor%27s_degree_by_county_in_the_United_States.png/900px-US_bachelor%27s_degree_by_county_in_the_United_States.png 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>2008 - 2012 Bachelor's Degree or Higher (5-year estimate) by County (percent)</figcaption></figure> <p>The educational attainment of the U.S. population refers to the highest level of education completed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The educational attainment of the U.S. population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> and a rising number of college graduates that outnumber high school dropouts. As a whole, the population of the United States is spending more years in formal educational programs. As with <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">income</a>, levels differ by race, age, household configuration, and geography.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information on educational attainment of the U.S. population has been collected in every decennial census since 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a national level, reports show rates of educational attainment by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Differing at the regional and state levels, educational attainment data are shown by sex, race, and Hispanic origin (not age).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the demographics with the highest <b>educational attainment in the United States</b> are also those with the highest household income and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in the United States">wealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in the United States">a series</a> on</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Education in the</small><br />United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Summary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" title="Category:Education in the United States by state or territory">By state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in insular areas of the United States">in insular areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_subject" title="Category:Education in the United States by subject">By subject area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Chicago" title="History of education in Chicago">History of education in Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Kentucky" title="History of education in Kentucky">History of education in Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Missouri" title="History of education in Missouri">History of education in Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_New_York_City" title="History of education in New York City">History of education in New York City</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Curriculum topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">Normal schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_degree" title="Apprenticeship degree">Apprenticeship degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_education_in_the_United_States" title="Art education in the United States">Art education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_education_in_the_United_States" title="Civic education in the United States">Civic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education_and_programs_within_the_United_States" title="Music education and programs within the United States">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">Medical education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_degrees_in_the_United_States" title="Nursing degrees in the United States">Nursing degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental education in the United States">Environmental education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education_in_the_United_States" title="Language education in the United States">Language education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States" title="Mathematics education in the United States">Mathematics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex education in the United States">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education_in_the_United_States" title="Vocational education in the United States">Vocational education</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> <a href="/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Education policy of the United States"><span style="color:white;">Education policy issues</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-tertiary-education_accreditation" title="Pre-tertiary-education accreditation">Primary and secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education finance in the United States">Financing</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">Post-secondary issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_and_financing_issues_facing_higher_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost and financing issues facing higher education in the United States">Cost and financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inflation" title="Educational inflation">Credentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_overproduction" title="Elite overproduction">Elite overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment#United_States" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_financial_aid_in_the_United_States" title="Student financial aid in the United States">Student financial aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">Student loans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform##Contemporary_issues_(United_States)" title="Education reform">Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Educational inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_gaps_in_the_United_States" title="Achievement gaps in the United States">Achievement gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">Desegregation busing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex differences in education in the United States">Gender achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_diversity_in_United_States_schools" title="Racial diversity in United States schools">Racial diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_education_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Standards-based education reform in the United States">Standards-based reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="School corporal punishment in the United States">School corporal punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal_programs_in_the_United_States" title="School meal programs in the United States">School meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence_in_the_United_States" title="School violence in the United States">School violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Qatari involvement in higher education in the United States">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special education in the United States">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_in_the_United_States" title="Apprenticeship in the United States">Apprenticeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School-to-work_transition" title="School-to-work transition">School-to-work transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">Community colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit higher education in the United States">For-profit higher education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit colleges in the United States">For-profit colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States" title="List of research universities in the United States">Research universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_school_(United_States)" title="Community school (United States)">Community school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-service_community_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Full-service community schools in the United States">Full-service community schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Levels of education</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education_in_the_United_States" title="Early childhood education in the United States">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education_in_the_United_States" title="K–12 education in the United States">K–12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Secondary education in the United States">Secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educational_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Educational organizations based in the United States">Organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/16px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/24px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/32px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Template:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Template talk:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_attainment_of_degrees/diplomas"><span id="General_attainment_of_degrees.2Fdiplomas"></span>General attainment of degrees/diplomas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General attainment of degrees/diplomas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Educational attainment in the United States (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Education </th> <th>Age 25 and over </th> <th>Age 25-30 </th></tr> <tr> <td>High school diploma or <a href="/wiki/General_Educational_Development" title="General Educational Development">GED</a> </td> <td align="right">89.80% </td> <td align="right">92.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some college </td> <td align="right">61.28% </td> <td align="right">66.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate degree </td> <td align="right">45.16% </td> <td align="right">46.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bachelor's degree </td> <td align="right">34.98% </td> <td align="right">36.98% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Master's degree </td> <td align="right">13.04% </td> <td align="right">9.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Professional degree </td> <td align="right">3.47% </td> <td align="right">2.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctorate </td> <td align="right">2.03% </td> <td align="right">1.12% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2018, nearly 9/10 (90 percent) of all adults 25 years or older reported they had completed at least high school, or obtained a GED/high school equivalency certificate. Over one in three adults (35 percent) had attained at least a bachelor's degree. Both of these measures are all time highs. In 2003, the percentage of the adult population who had completed high school or had not completed high school but obtained a GED increased for the first time since 2000, when it was 84 percent. This increase follows a general trend that the Current Population Survey has shown since educational attainment was first measured in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1983, the percentage of people either graduating from high school or failing to complete high school but getting a GED certification has increased from 85% to 90%. The greatest increases in educational attainment were documented in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s. In the 1950s and much of the 1960s high school graduates constituted about 50% of those considered adults (25 and above). For adults aged between 25 and 30, the percentage of either high school graduates or GED obtainers was roughly 50% in 1950 versus 90% today.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to The United States Census Bureau,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1940 to 1980, respondents were asked to what their highest grade or year of school completed was. Here are two examples of the questions asked: </p> <ol><li>What is the highest grade (or year) of school this person has ever attended?</li> <li>Did he finish the highest grade (or year) he attended?</li></ol> <p>The answers consisted mostly of the following: </p> <ul><li>No school completed or never attended school</li> <li>Nursery school (added as a choice in 1960)</li> <li>Elementary school, grades 1, 2, 3, etc. to 8</li> <li>High school 1st to 4th year…1, 2, 3, 4</li> <li>College, 1st year, 2nd year, etc.</li></ul> <p>However, in 1990, the Census Bureau changed educational attainment question as society became more educated as a whole. Now, respondents are asked to report what their highest level of school/highest degree received is. Responses may include; "High school graduate" and "Bachelor's degree."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender">Gender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the past fifty years, there has been a <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex differences in education in the United States">gap in the educational achievement</a> of males and females in the United States, but which gender has been underperforming has fluctuated over the years. In the 1970s and 1980s, data showed girls trailing behind boys in a variety of academic performance measures, specifically in test scores in math and science.<sup id="cite_ref-Kafer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Differences_in_Average_Scale_Scores_for_Girls_and_Boys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Differences_in_Average_Scale_Scores_for_Girls_and_Boys.jpg/450px-Differences_in_Average_Scale_Scores_for_Girls_and_Boys.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="452" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Differences_in_Average_Scale_Scores_for_Girls_and_Boys.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Achievement_gaps_in_the_United_States" title="Achievement gaps in the United States">Achievement gaps</a> between boys and girls in the United States are more pronounced in reading and writing than in math and science.</figcaption></figure> <p>Data in the last twenty years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> shows the general trend of girls outperforming boys in academic achievement in terms of class grades across all subjects and college graduation rates, but boys score higher on standardized tests and are better represented in higher-paying and more prestigious <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM fields</a> (science, technology, engineering, and math).<sup id="cite_ref-Kafer_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_Rates_Linked_to_Gender_and_Educational_Attainment">Employment Rates Linked to Gender and Educational Attainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Employment Rates Linked to Gender and Educational Attainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the correlation between educational achievement and employment rates applies to both men and women, it's notably stronger for women. In 2021, among individuals aged 25–34, only 43% of women with education below the upper secondary level were employed, compared to 82% of those with tertiary education. For men, these figures were 69% and 88%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significant gender gap observed among younger adults with education below the upper secondary level is unlikely solely due to differences in employability; rather, it's more likely tied to the persistence of traditional gender roles. Women who anticipate fulfilling caregiving responsibilities at home instead of pursuing careers may have less motivation to pursue formal education, leading to lower educational attainment. This is evidenced by the fact that inactivity rates among younger women with education below the upper secondary level are, on average, more than twice as high as those for men, resulting in lower employment rates across <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/">OECD</a> countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_gap_in_literacy">Gender gap in literacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gender gap in literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, girls have outperformed boys in reading and writing. Although this gap may be minimal in kindergarten, it grows as students continue their education. According to the 2004 National Reading Assessment measured by the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Education">US Department of Education</a>, the gap between boys and girls, only slightly noticeable in 4th grade, left boys 14 points behind girls during their 12th grade year.<sup id="cite_ref-Perie_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perie-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 2008 test, female students continued to have higher average reading scores than male students at all three ages. The gap between male and female 4th graders was 7 points in 2008. By 12th grade, there was an 11-point gap between males and females.<sup id="cite_ref-Perie_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perie-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 2002 National Writing Assessment, boys scored on average 17 points lower than girls in 4th grade. The average gap increased to 21 points by 8th grade and widened to 24 points by senior year in high school.<sup id="cite_ref-Persky_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persky-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the more recent 2007 National Assessment of Writing Skills, female students continued to score higher than male students, though margins closed slightly from previous assessments. The average score for female eighth-graders was 20 points higher than males, down 1 point from the 2002 score. For twelfth-graders, females outscored males by 18 points as opposed to 24 points in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Salahu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salahu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of these assessments were conducted on a 100-point scale.<sup id="cite_ref-Perie_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perie-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Persky_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persky-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salahu_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salahu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent study has since discovered that many schools are not heavily focused in the performance of how young males grow in their educational development as they are with girls. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women have different issues in educational attainment. New studies have shown that, when it comes to completing their education, women are pushed to go after a bachelor degree but that financial issues affect them. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduation_rates">Graduation rates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Graduation rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overall, women have surpassed men in terms of completion of secondary and post-secondary education. In 2015/2016, women earned 61% of associate degrees, 57% of bachelor's degrees, 59% of master's degrees, and 53% of doctorates.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist._Degree_Grating_NCES_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist._Degree_Grating_NCES-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar pattern is also seen in high school education, where, in 2016, 7.1% of males, but only 5.1% of females dropped out of high school.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015/2016, 56 percent of college students were female and 44 percent were male. From 1990 until 2015, the number of males enrolled in college increased by 41 percent, and the number of female students rose by 53 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist._Degree_Grating_NCES_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist._Degree_Grating_NCES-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015/2016, 51% of degrees earned by males were bachelor's, which is slightly higher than that of females for whom 48% of degrees earned were bachelor's degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-Hist._Degree_Grating_NCES_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hist._Degree_Grating_NCES-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2006, the numbers of both men and women receiving a bachelor's degree has increased significantly, but the increasing rate of female college graduates exceeds the increasing rate for males.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> estimated that 18,423,000 males over the age of 18 held a bachelor's degree, while 20,501,000 females over the age of 18 held one. In addition, fewer males held master's degrees: 6,472,000 males compared to 7,283,000 females. However, more men held professional and doctoral degrees than women. 2,033,000 males held professional degrees compared to 1,079,000, and 1,678,000 males had received a doctoral degree compared to 817,000 females.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women were projected to earn 64.2% of associate degrees, 59.9% of bachelor's degrees, 62.9% of master's degrees, and 55.5% of Doctorates by 2016/2017.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_Gaps_and_communities">Gender Gaps and communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gender Gaps and communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increase in educational attainment has slightly increased in certain communities. The graph below visualizes that there is not a huge shift in Asian communities from 2010 to 2022. In comparison to African-American and white communities, there has been an increase in those communities achieving their degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Educational_Attainment_Statistics.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Educational_Attainment_Statistics.webp/220px-Educational_Attainment_Statistics.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Educational_Attainment_Statistics.webp/330px-Educational_Attainment_Statistics.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Educational_Attainment_Statistics.webp/440px-Educational_Attainment_Statistics.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>The statistics of bachelor's degrees among races and ethnicities in America</figcaption></figure><p>There have been reports as of last year stating that there have not been much improvements of marginalized communities going to college because that increase is ever so slight. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>African- American enrollments are down 22%</li> <li>Caucasian enrollments are down 7%</li></ul> <p>Other communities reports are not as open to the public as we mainly focus on the two main communities when it comes to educational status and that itself is an issue because education is a topic that affects every person because that is the system we are born into and that we either have the choice to continue or not given certain circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity_and_race">Ethnicity and race</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethnicity and race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap in the United States</a></div> <p>While the educational attainment of all races increased during the 1990s, with the gap between <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> and non-Hispanic whites decreasing, differences between the races remain, especially among those with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> or higher. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> had the highest educational attainment of any race, followed by whites who had a higher percentage of high school graduates but a lower percentage of college graduates. Persons identifying as <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> or Latino, without regard to race, had the lowest educational attainment. The gap was the largest between foreign-born Asian Americans, over half (50.1%) of whom had a bachelor's degree or higher and foreign-born Hispanics, 9.8% of whom had a four-year college degree.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hispanics and Latinos also trailed far behind in terms of graduating from high school; it was the only major group for which high school graduates constituted less than 80% of the population. This large inequality might partially be explained by the influx of uneducated foreign-born Hispanic Americans who had not been offered the chance to complete secondary education in their home country and who had not completed secondary education in the United States. </p><p>Overall, nearly half (49.8%) of Asian Americans, nearly a third (30%) of non-Hispanic whites, 17.3% of non-Hispanic blacks, and just over a tenth (11.4%) of Hispanics or Latinos had a four-year college degree. The same differences decrease significantly at the high school level with 89.4% of non-Hispanic whites, 87.6% of Asian Americans, 80.0% of African Americans, and 57% of Hispanics or Latinos having graduated from high school.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the average SAT scores on the math section were 598 for Asian-Americans, 534 for White Americans, 457 for Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latinos</a> and 428 for Black Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-brookings.edu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookings.edu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, 10% of Asian-Americans, 8% of whites, 3% of Mexican Americans, 3% of Native Americans and 2% of Black Americans scored above 600 on the SAT verbal section in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_LS_1995_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_LS_1995-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Race gaps on the SATs are especially pronounced at the tails of the distribution. In a perfectly equal distribution, the racial breakdown of scores at every point in the distribution should ideally mirror the demographic composition of test-takers as whole i.e. 51% White Americans, 21% Hispanic Latinos, 14% Black American, and 14% Asian-Americans. But among the highest top scorers, over 60% of those scoring between a 750 and 800 (perfect scores) are <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asians</a> of Taiwanese, Japanese, Korean and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> descent, while only 33% are white, compared to 5% Hispanic Latinos and 2% Black Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-brookings.edu_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookings.edu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2020, the US <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> discriminated against Asian candidates on the basis of their race, a charge the university denied.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap in the United States</a> refers to these educational disparities between differing ethnic groups. Several racial achievement gaps remain present today because not all groups of students are advancing at the same rates. These racial achievement gaps have many individual and economic implications and there have been many efforts in education reform to narrow the gaps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigrants">Immigrants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Immigrants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Higher_education_in_the_US_by_race.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Higher_education_in_the_US_by_race.svg/350px-Higher_education_in_the_US_by_race.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Higher_education_in_the_US_by_race.svg/525px-Higher_education_in_the_US_by_race.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Higher_education_in_the_US_by_race.svg/700px-Higher_education_in_the_US_by_race.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The difference among races and cultures in 2003, both native and foreign born, in regard to those who have earned a bachelor's degree or higher<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Among some broad ethnic groups, notably Asians, Europeans, and Africans, foreign-born immigrants show a higher educational attainment than native-born Americans in the same group. According to the U.S census, African immigrants achieved the most college degrees at about 43.8 percent, compared to 42.5 percent of Asian-Americans, 28.9 percent for immigrants from Europe, Russia and Canada and 23.1 percent of the U.S. population as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-migrationinformation1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationinformation1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opposite is true among Hispanics, where the dramatically lower educational attainment of the foreign-born population decreased the overall educational attainment of the general Hispanophone population.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rate of immigrants </p> <blockquote><p> with a high school diploma (67 percent) was dramatically lower than that of the native population (88 percent), but paradoxically, the percentage with a bachelor's degree was the same (27 percent)... At the bachelor's level, foreign born blacks and non-Hispanic whites fared better than their native counterparts. Foreign-born Hispanics, in contrast, had a smaller proportion with a bachelor's degree than the native population... The low educational attainment of foreign-born Hispanics, who compose more than 50 percent of the Hispanic population, contributes to the low attainment levels of the entire Hispanic population.<br />— US Census Bureau, 2003 </p></blockquote> <p>Only among Hispanics and Latinos was the proportion of college graduates larger among the native born population. In the general population the proportion of persons with a bachelor's degree or higher was the same among the foreign-born and native-born population (27.2%). As stated above fewer foreign born Americans completed high school than <a href="/wiki/Native_born_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Native born Americans">native born Americans</a>. Overall, 87.5% of the native born population had graduated from high school, versus 67.2%. Among <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">whites</a> the difference was three percentage points, the same as for African Americans. Among Asian Americans the difference was five percentage points. It was thirty percentage points among Hispanics or Latinos.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants</a> have been among the more highly educated groups in the United States since the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2003_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon is related to the large "<a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>" in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Income">Income</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Median_household_wealth,_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/185px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/278px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/370px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with median household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:251px;max-width:251px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Education-2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Education-2013.png/249px-Education-2013.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Education-2013.png/374px-Education-2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Education-2013.png/498px-Education-2013.png 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Chart of unemployment and salary based on education attainment Data are for persons age 25 and over. Earnings are for full-time wage and salary workers.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Educational attainment is strongly correlated with <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">income in the United States</a>. Although the incomes of both men and women are associated with higher educational attainment (higher incomes for higher educational attainment), large income gaps linked to race and gender remained at each educational level. In 2003, average incomes ranged from $13,459 for a male high-school dropout to $90,761 for a male with an advanced degree. The most significant average income difference was between those who had some college education or an <a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">associate degree</a> and those who had a bachelor's degree. While those with some college averaged $31,046, those with a bachelor's degree <a href="/wiki/Average" title="Average">averaged</a> $51,194, over $20,000 (64.9%) a year more.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second most dramatic difference in average income was between those with a bachelor's degree with $51,940 and those with an advanced degree who made $72,824, roughly $21,000 (42.2%) more. The least significant difference was between those who had graduated from high school and those who had either some college or an associate degree. Here the difference was a mere $3,766 or 13.8%. The difference between those with a high school diploma ($30,000) and those who did not complete high school ($18,826) was $8,454 or 45%. Overall, the income in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for all sexes, races and levels of educational attainment was $36,308 annually.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though African immigrants are claimed to have higher educational attainment rates than any other group, they were the hardest hit during the recession beginning in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-FSRN_Radio_News_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSRN_Radio_News-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-migrationinformation1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationinformation1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shows that <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_humans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of humans)">race</a> and/or ethnicity may play a role in income levels and job selection.<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Criteria </th> <th>Overall </th> <th>Less than 9th grade </th> <th>High school drop-out </th> <th>High school graduate </th> <th>Some college </th> <th>Associate degree </th> <th>Bachelor's degree </th> <th>Master's degree </th> <th>Professional degree </th> <th>Doctorate degree </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Median individual income</td> <td>Male, age 25+</td> <td>$51,297</td> <td>$30,018</td> <td>$30,065</td> <td>$40,901</td> <td>$46,851</td> <td>$51,734</td> <td>$67,399</td> <td>$90,011</td> <td>$122,239</td> <td>$101,126 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female, age 25+</td> <td>$37,137</td> <td>$19,802</td> <td>$19,612</td> <td>$27,203</td> <td>$31,136</td> <td>$34,951</td> <td>$49,011</td> <td>$60,370</td> <td>$82,174</td> <td>$81,598 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Median household income</td> <td>$45,016</td> <td>$18,787</td> <td>$22,718</td> <td>$36,835</td> <td>$45,854</td> <td>$51,970</td> <td>$68,728</td> <td>$78,541</td> <td>$100,000</td> <td>$96,830 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2018</b><sup id="cite_ref-Educational_attainment_and_median_household_income_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Educational_attainment_and_median_household_income-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Personal_income_and_educational_attainment,_US_Census_Bureau_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Personal_income_and_educational_attainment,_US_Census_Bureau-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Median household income, age 25+<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Education_Income_Sex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Education_Income_Sex.jpg/350px-Education_Income_Sex.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Education_Income_Sex.jpg/525px-Education_Income_Sex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Education_Income_Sex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Income by education and gender, 2000 U.S. Census</figcaption></figure> <p>The change in median personal and household income since 1991 also varied greatly with educational attainment. While both the overall median personal and household income increased since 1991, this increase did not take place on all levels of educational attainment. The overall income increased over the course of the 1990s, reaching its high in 1999, but has been decreasing ever since. In 1991 the median household income in the US was $40,873 in 2003 dollars, while the median household income in 2003 was $45,016. In 1999, however, the median household income was $46,236, 2.7% higher than today. While this trend held true for all levels of educational attainment the extent of chronicle fluctuations in income were greatly influenced by educational attainment.<sup id="cite_ref-Educational_attainment_and_median_household_income_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Educational_attainment_and_median_household_income-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Personal_income_and_educational_attainment,_US_Census_Bureau_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Personal_income_and_educational_attainment,_US_Census_Bureau-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the median household and personal income decreased for those with more than a 9th grade education but less than a four-year college degree since 1991. In other words, the median household income decreased for households and individuals at the high school drop-outs and graduate, some-college, and an associate degree level. Income did, however, increase for those with a bachelor's degree or more. The following table shows the median household income according to the educational attainment of the householder. <b>All incomes are adjusted for inflation and are in 2019 dollars.</b> These data only apply to households whose householder is aged twenty-five or older. The highest and lowest points of the median household income are presented in bold face.<sup id="cite_ref-Educational_attainment_and_median_household_income_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Educational_attainment_and_median_household_income-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Personal_income_and_educational_attainment,_US_Census_Bureau_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Personal_income_and_educational_attainment,_US_Census_Bureau-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Overall Median </th> <th>Less than 9th grade </th> <th>High school drop-out </th> <th>High school graduate </th> <th>Some college </th> <th>Associate degree </th> <th>Bachelor's degree </th> <th>Bachelor's degree or more </th> <th>Master's degree </th> <th>Professional degree </th> <th>Doctorate degree </th></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>$56,965</td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$24,270</b></td> <td>$32,189</td> <td>$52,293</td> <td>$64,525</td> <td>$72,877</td> <td>$89,407</td> <td>$95,952</td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$101,281</b></td> <td>$143,090</td> <td>$129,078 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$56,197</b></td> <td>$24,320</td> <td>$31,388</td> <td>$50,142</td> <td>$61,533</td> <td>$69,155</td> <td>$89,941</td> <td>$98,040</td> <td>$105,422</td> <td>$153,161</td> <td>$130,601 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>$58,881</td> <td>$25,138</td> <td>$30,578</td> <td>$52,433</td> <td>$62,092</td> <td>$70,385</td> <td>$88,330</td> <td>$97,011</td> <td>$108,555</td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$137,047</b></td> <td>$133,697 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>$60,849</td> <td>$24,762</td> <td>$31,629</td> <td>$53,821</td> <td>$63,756</td> <td>$72,110</td> <td>$94,082</td> <td>$100,844</td> <td>$108,529</td> <td>$146,948</td> <td>$138,988 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>$64,474</td> <td>$26,506</td> <td>$33,436</td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$54,833</b></td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$67,755</b></td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$75,694</b></td> <td>$98,901</td> <td>$107,315</td> <td>$114,482</td> <td>(Not avail.)</td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$149,510</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>$63,100</td> <td>$26,229</td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$33,656</b></td> <td>$52,190</td> <td>$66,311</td> <td>$74,058</td> <td>$97,223</td> <td>$104,633</td> <td>$114,212</td> <td>(Not avail.)</td> <td>$134,339 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>$62,726</td> <td>$26,178</td> <td>$31,656</td> <td>$51,326</td> <td>$63,894</td> <td>$72,416</td> <td>$95,766</td> <td>$102,341</td> <td>$109,440</td> <td>(Not avail.)</td> <td>$134,924 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>$62,618</td> <td>$26,540</td> <td>$32,381</td> <td>$50,118</td> <td>$63,363</td> <td>$71,795</td> <td>$95,042</td> <td>$101,282</td> <td>$106,327</td> <td>(Not avail.)</td> <td>(Not avail.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>$63,566 </td> <td>$25,716 </td> <td>$30,273 </td> <td>$50,006 </td> <td>$62,320 </td> <td>$74,326 </td> <td>$95,923 </td> <td>$104,456 </td> <td>$112,060 </td> <td>(Not avail.) </td> <td>(Not avail.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>$60,884 </td> <td>$25,843 </td> <td>$30,583 </td> <td>$47,358 </td> <td>$57,828 </td> <td>$67,833 </td> <td>$90,205 </td> <td>$98,810 </td> <td>$109,486 </td> <td>$147,857 </td> <td>$144,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>$58,376 </td> <td>$24,860 </td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$28,132</b> </td> <td>$44,907 </td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$54,093</b> </td> <td>$63,712 </td> <td>$89,142 </td> <td>$95,674 </td> <td>$103,605 </td> <td>$137,363 </td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$121,945</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>$58,515 </td> <td>$26,596 </td> <td>$28,220 </td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$44,741</b> </td> <td>$54,615 </td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$61,762</b> </td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$87,416</b> </td> <td style="background:#fc0;"><b>$94,989</b> </td> <td>$105,473 </td> <td>$143,612 </td> <td>$133,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>$62,636 </td> <td>$28,329 </td> <td>$28,441 </td> <td>$45,373 </td> <td>$56,012 </td> <td>$67,428 </td> <td>$94,952 </td> <td>$102,444 </td> <td>$109,338 </td> <td>$147,449 </td> <td>$130,835 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>$65,314 </td> <td>$27,729 </td> <td>$31,392 </td> <td>$46,901 </td> <td>$57,949 </td> <td>$67,022 </td> <td>$95,712 </td> <td>$104,316 </td> <td>$112,878 </td> <td>$145,040 </td> <td>$146,126 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$70,308</b> </td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$30,355</b> </td> <td>$31,326 </td> <td>$48,708 </td> <td>$61,911 </td> <td>$69,573 </td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$100,164</b> </td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$108,646</b> </td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$117,439</b> </td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>$162,127</b> </td> <td>$142,347 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Average</i> </td> <td><i>$61,694</i> </td> <td><i>$26,225</i> </td> <td><i>$31,019</i> </td> <td><i>$49,677</i> </td> <td><i>$61,197</i> </td> <td><i>$70,010</i> </td> <td><i>$93,480</i> </td> <td><i>$101,117</i> </td> <td><i>$109,235</i> </td> <td><i>$146,369</i> </td> <td><i>$136,161</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2020</b><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yellow indicates the year with the lowest median income while green indicates the year with the highest reported median income. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Education_Income_Race.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Education_Income_Race.jpg/350px-Education_Income_Race.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Education_Income_Race.jpg/525px-Education_Income_Race.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Education_Income_Race.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Income by education and race</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the races, educational attainment retains its dramatic effect on average income which varies significantly at each educational level. <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a> (White Americans) had the highest average income at every level of educational attainment. However, the proportion of those having college degrees is greater among <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> than among non-Hispanic whites, and the overall highest average income is found among Asians. All races except <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">Whites</a> ranked last on at least one level with <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> ranking last on the non-high school, high school and advanced degree level.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asians were second highest on the college graduate level and had the highest overall income among the general population. They also had the lowest average annual income for those with some college education or an associate degree. <a href="/wiki/Racial_income_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial income gap">Racial income difference</a> were also significant at every level of educational attainment with the largest racial inequality being between European and African Americans who did not complete high school and those with advanced college degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, European Americans with an advanced degree had the highest average annual income with $74,122. Asian Americans had the second highest with $72,852. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanics</a> and African Americans had the lowest annual incomes among those with advanced degrees averaging $67,679 and $59,944 annually. The largest racial inequity was between European Americans with a bachelor's degree who made $53,185 and Hispanics who made $12,263 or 29.9% less with an average annual income of $40,949.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Asian Americans as a whole earn more than any other race due to a greater percentage of them being educated overall, an example of <a href="/wiki/Simpson%27s_paradox" title="Simpson's paradox">Simpson's paradox</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupation">Occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rising demand for skilled workers indicates that job markets are able to accommodate an increasing number of highly qualified individuals, offering them improved employment opportunities. Conversely, adults with lower educational backgrounds face more daunting prospects in the labor market. They tend to earn lower wages and are at a higher risk of experiencing unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the foreseeable future, their unemployment risk is expected to escalate further due to the likelihood of automation affecting many jobs that require lower qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies suggest that around 14% of current jobs could vanish due to automation within the next 15–20 years, while another 32% are anticipated to undergo significant changes as specific tasks become automated <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupation_educational_attainment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Occupation_educational_attainment.svg/250px-Occupation_educational_attainment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="625" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Occupation_educational_attainment.svg/375px-Occupation_educational_attainment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Occupation_educational_attainment.svg/500px-Occupation_educational_attainment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The educational attainment of employed civilians age 25 to 64 according to occupational field<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The educational attainment varied significantly among the different types of occupations. The <a href="/wiki/Managerial_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Managerial Class">professional/managerial</a> fields were the only two occupational fields where college graduates with a bachelor's degree or higher represented the majority. Among professional occupations, 99.1% of the population graduated from high school, 90.2% had some college education or an associate degree and over two thirds, 68.2% had a bachelor's degree or higher.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Business and managerial occupations were second with 97.8% having graduated from high school, 79.5% having some college or an associate degree and just over half, 53.4% having a bachelor's degree or higher. While nearly all employment fields feature a population where over 80% had graduated from high school with over a third having some college education or an associate degree, the fields relating to <a href="/wiki/Blue_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue collar">agriculture, construction, manufacturing</a>, and transportation did not. These, often described as <a href="/wiki/Blue_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue collar">blue collar</a>, fields featured a labor force where less than a tenth of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher, less than half had some college or an associate degree, and less than 80% had graduated from high school.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the least educated occupational field was <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, ranking last on all educational levels. Here 55.4% had graduated from high school, roughly one fifth (20.8%) had some college education or an associate degree and 6.8% had a bachelor's degree or higher. While the largest occupational field, that consisting of professionals and relating occupations was also the largest field, the fields with lower educational attainment combined were larger than the professional and managerial fields combined. Overall, 38.02% were employed in the professional and managerial fields while 61.89% were employed in the other white and blue collar fields were those with a bachelor's degree or higher constituted less than a third of the work force.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof-Mang_White_Blue_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Prof-Mang_White_Blue_collar.jpg/350px-Prof-Mang_White_Blue_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Prof-Mang_White_Blue_collar.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>The percent of the labor force in the Professional/Managerial and relating occupations, white collar occupations and blue collar occupations<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s 2014 Religious Landscape Study found educational attainment varied considerably across religious groups.<sup id="cite_ref-PewResearch_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewResearch-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Membership in these religious groups can be highly correlated with demographic groups and geographic areas, so membership in a particular religion is not the only explanation for these differences, and vice versa. </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group</th> <th>% with college degree</th> <th>% with some college</th> <th>% with high school diploma</th> <th>% with less than high school diploma </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></td> <td>77</td> <td>11</td> <td>10</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalist">Unitarian Universalist</a></td> <td>67</td> <td>23</td> <td>9</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a></td> <td>59</td> <td>22</td> <td>16</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a></td> <td>59</td> <td>32</td> <td>8</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (United States)</a></td> <td>56</td> <td>28</td> <td>14</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a></td> <td>47</td> <td>25</td> <td>24</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a></td> <td>47</td> <td>33</td> <td>18</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a></td> <td>46</td> <td>21</td> <td>26</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheist</a></td> <td>43</td> <td>31</td> <td>22</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">Agnostic</a></td> <td>42</td> <td>36</td> <td>21</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christian</a></td> <td>40</td> <td>34</td> <td>21</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>25</td> <td>30</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></td> <td>37</td> <td>31</td> <td>29</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a></td> <td>36</td> <td>33</td> <td>28</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></td> <td>33</td> <td>37</td> <td>27</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a></td> <td>33</td> <td>40</td> <td>22</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a></td> <td>32</td> <td>34</td> <td>32</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></td> <td>28</td> <td>38</td> <td>28</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>All adults</b></td> <td>27</td> <td>32</td> <td>31</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>27</td> <td>31</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Nothing in particular"</td> <td>24</td> <td>32</td> <td>34</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></td> <td>21</td> <td>44</td> <td>28</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>37</td> <td>38</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="National Baptist Convention (disambiguation)">National Baptist Convention</a></td> <td>19</td> <td>27</td> <td>40</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></td> <td>19</td> <td>35</td> <td>38</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>37</td> <td>36</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a></td> <td>15</td> <td>32</td> <td>38</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a></td> <td>13</td> <td>37</td> <td>33</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>25</td> <td>44</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">American Baptist Churches USA</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>27</td> <td>43</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>25</td> <td>47</td> <td>17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Conservative Protestant Christian women who are more involved in their churches complete around one year more of schooling than those who are less involved. However, fundamentalist Christian students will likely have a harder time receiving higher education. This is due to the fact that fundamentalist Christians discourage college preparatory high school courses due to their emphasis on humanism, evolution, and tolerance. This in turn lowers their chances of getting into university, along with higher educational institutions sometimes discriminating against these fundamentalist groups.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using data from the 1987–88 National Survey of Families and Households,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evelyn L. Lehrer found that the religion with the highest level of educational attainment was Jews, that Catholics and mainline protestants fell in the middle, and fundamentalists had the lowest levels of educational attainment.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael A Kortt and Joseph Drew found that educational attainment in regards to religion can change with time. Specifically they found that: </p> <ul><li>Christian Men in the Silent Generation had less educational attainment, but that their attainment increased for most denominations in future generations.</li> <li>However, Christian groups that are not part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a> (NCC) retained low educational attainment because of their more tightly held conservative beliefs.</li> <li>Additionally, educational attainment increased for Jewish males from Generation Y onward and from Generation X onward for non-Christian males of other religions.</li> <li>Anglican and non-NCC Women mirrored the educational attainment levels of non-NCC men.</li> <li>Jewish women had more educational attainment than non-religious women earlier than Jewish men did.</li> <li>Other non-Christian religious women also achieved higher educational attainment in proportion to non-religious women earlier than their male counterparts, but this did not continue in Generation Y.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Educational attainment among the population aged 25 and above varied rather slightly with geography region. The population of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, which had the smallest population of any region with thirty-six million residents, had the highest percentage of high-school and college graduates. The <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">western United States</a> had the highest percentage of those with some college or an associate degree and ranked second for college graduates. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> which had by far the largest population with roughly sixty-six million people had the lowest educational attainment at every level.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proportion of high school graduates was the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> while the proportion of those with some college or an associate degree was the second and that of those with a bachelor's degree or higher was the third largest of any region. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_class_and_education">Social class and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social class and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Educational attainment is one of the primary indicators of <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">social class in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the American social class system is a vaguely defined concept with many contradicting theories,<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Class,_A_Guide_through_the_American_status_system_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class,_A_Guide_through_the_American_status_system-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> educational attainment emerges as one of the top assessments of social class. Not only is a high educational attainment a status symbol by itself, but it is also very closely related to the other two main indicators of social class: occupation and income. A graduate degree and the roughly seven to eight years of post-secondary education serve as the main requirement for entering the "<a href="/wiki/Professional_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional class">professions</a>" and becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Managerial_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Managerial Class">professional middle class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education is a major key in becoming a more privileged member of the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Class,_A_Guide_through_the_American_status_system_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class,_A_Guide_through_the_American_status_system-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, educational attainment is the main entrance barrier into more privileged parts of the middle class as it is not only of high value but is also the requirement for becoming a professional and earning the corresponding income.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This corresponding income is typically significantly higher than that of someone without this higher level of educational attainment in the United States. Exceptions include some entrepreneurs who can rank anywhere in the class system but are usually not referred to as professional middle class unless they are of the professions. </p><p>In the United States, it is also important to differentiate between the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class#Income" title="American middle class">statistical middle class</a>, often defined as consisting of those who are neither rich nor poor, and the professional middle class. Recent research has shown that not only is the statistical middle of society (those with income roughly 80% to 120% of the national median or members of the mid-quintile) no longer able to afford the lifestyle indicative of the middle class,<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there also seems to be a widening income gap in between those who may be described as being middle class. </p><p>Education is not only the main requirement for becoming a member of the professional middle class, it is also key to a comfortable lifestyle and economic security.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in the statistical middle may have to fear lay-offs and cost-cutting downsizing as well as out-sourcing, while some of those in the professional middle class are less subject to economic fluctuations and are more likely to enjoy upper-middle range incomes even in the face of recessions. Increasingly however even the professional middle class is facing lay-offs and job elimination due to downsizing and replacement of full-time workers with part-time workers—this is particularly evident in colleges and universities where, by 2009, half of the faculty were part-time; another 25% were full-time but with short-term contracts, thus showing that advanced education is not necessarily associated with high salaries and economic stability.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_attainment_in_social_theory">Educational attainment in social theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Educational attainment in social theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_household_wealth_by_education.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/US_household_wealth_by_education.png/350px-US_household_wealth_by_education.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/US_household_wealth_by_education.png/525px-US_household_wealth_by_education.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/US_household_wealth_by_education.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Mean financial wealth of U.S. families by education of the head of household, 1989–2010</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_household_income_by_education.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/US_household_income_by_education.png/350px-US_household_income_by_education.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/US_household_income_by_education.png/525px-US_household_income_by_education.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/US_household_income_by_education.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Mean income of U.S. families by education of the head of household, 1989–2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bourdieu_and_cultural_capital">Bourdieu and cultural capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bourdieu and cultural capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many scholars have studied educational attainment in the US as a form of social reproduction and stratification. In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> presented the idea that education leads to social reproduction and a stratified society by honoring the cultural capital of elite classes. Students who possess the valued <a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">cultural capital</a>, according to Bourdieu, are rewarded with high academic achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> class members enter the workforce, they are channeled into high paying jobs and powerful positions within society, while those who did not achieve the same level of academic success fall into subordinate occupations and status levels. By rewarding the desired cultural capital with high academic achievement, upper classes are able and prepared to reach higher levels of educational attainment. Members of the working class, on the other hand, are not rewarded for their cultural capital in schools, and are instead socialized for working class jobs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lareau_and_concerted_cultivation">Lareau and concerted cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lareau and concerted cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a> also addresses the factors that lead to social stratification in educational attainment. Lareau's idea of concerted cultivation refers to an active involvement of parents in a child's learning and development experiences by creating and controlling organized activities for their children. According to Lareau, middle-class parents engage in <a href="/wiki/Concerted_cultivation" title="Concerted cultivation">concerted cultivation</a> to teach their children, while lower- and working-class parents do not. Laureau further explains that schools firmly encourage and expect parents to use concerted cultivation as a child-rearing strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The child-rearing practices of lower- and working-class families thus do not comply with the standards of educational institutions. As a result, lower- and working-class students develop a sense of "distance, distrust, and constraint" in educational institutions, while children of middle-class families gain a sense of entitlement. These differences in child-rearing practices lead to children of lower- and working-class families to lack the necessary life skills that the children of the middle class possess, further isolating them from educational opportunities. In the United States, education attainment typically is viewed as a sign of social status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collins_and_credentialism">Collins and credentialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Collins and credentialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Randall_Collins" title="Randall Collins">Randall Collins</a> contributed the idea of <a href="/wiki/Credentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentialism">credentialism</a> to the study of class-based differences in educational attainment. Collins maintains that public schools are socializing institutions that teach and reward middle-class values of competition and achievement. In this view, elites are selectively separated from other students and placed into prestigious schools and colleges, where they are trained to hold positions of power.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">Literacy in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._States_by_Education_attainment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. States by Education attainment">List of U.S. States by Education attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap in the United States</a></li></ul> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_attainment" title="Status attainment">Status attainment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_report_on_educational_attainment_in_the_United_States,_2009_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRyanSiebens2016" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Camille; Siebens, Julie (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p20-578.pdf">"Educational Attainment in the United States: 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Educational+Attainment+in+the+United+States%3A+2015&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2016-03&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft.au=Siebens%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2016%2Fdemo%2Fp20-578.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducational+attainment+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=27">"Educational attainment"</a>. <i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census+Bureau+report+on+educational+attainment+in+the+United+States%2C+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2004pubs%2Fp20-550.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducational+attainment+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2010/demo/educational-attainment-1940-2000.html">"A Half-Century Of Learning: Historical Census Statistics On Educational Attainment in the United States, 1940 to 2000"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. 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April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=A+Half-Century+Of+Learning%3A+Historical+Census+Statistics+On+Educational+Attainment+in+the+United+States%2C+1940+to+2000&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2010%2Fdemo%2Feducational-attainment-1940-2000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducational+attainment+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that these add up to more than 100% because they are cumulative; e.g. it is assumed that all people with doctorates also have undergraduate and high school degrees, and are thus counted twice in the "lower" categories. Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or over with advanced degrees. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/education-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html">"Educational Attainment in the United States: 2018"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Educational+Attainment+in+the+United+States%3A+2018&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2018%2Fdemo%2Feducation-attainment%2Fcps-detailed-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducational+attainment+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> Percentages are calculated based on census data by counting people that had attained that level or higher.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kafer-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kafer_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafer_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kafir, Krista (April 2007). "Taking the Boy Crisis in Education Seriously: How School Choice can Boost Achievement Among Boys and Girls." 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Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 487-511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLareau2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Lareau, A.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unequalchildhood00lare"><i>Unequal Childhoods; Class, Race, and Family Life</i></a></span>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23950-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23950-4"><bdi>0-520-23950-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unequal+Childhoods%3B+Class%2C+Race%2C+and+Family+Life&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-23950-4&rft.aulast=Lareau&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funequalchildhood00lare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducational+attainment+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randall_Collins" title="Randall Collins">Collins, R</a> (1979). <i>The Credential Society; An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification</i>. New York, NY: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-181360-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-181360-6"><bdi>0-12-181360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Credential+Society%3B+An+Historical+Sociology+of+Education+and+Stratification&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-12-181360-6&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducational+attainment+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sunny Decker (1969), <i>An Empty Spoon</i>, New York: Harper & Row.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Herndon_(writer)" title="James Herndon (writer)">James Herndon</a> (1968/1969), <i>The Way It Spozed to Be</i>, reprint, New York: Bantam.</li> <li>James Herndon (1971/1997), <i>How to Survive in Your Native Land</i>, reprint, Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook.</li> <li>James Herndon (1985), <i>Notes from a Schoolteacher</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster.</li> <li>Holly Yettick and Sterling C. Lloyd (2015), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2015/06/04/graduation-rate-hits-high-but-some-groups.html">Graduation Rate Hits High, But Some Groups Lag</a>," <i>Education Week</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf">Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003</a>, U.S. Census Bureau</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23-210.pdf">The Big Payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings</a>, U.S. Census Bureau</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edweek.org/ew/dc/2015/map-graduation-rates-by-state-student-group.html">Map: Graduation Rate by State, Student Group</a>, Education Week</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless 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style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic<br />and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and<br />ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li>Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Educational_attainment_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Educational_attainment_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Educational attainment in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Canada (page does not exist)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educational attainment in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> 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