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id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Healthcare in Finland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansistemo_en_Finnlando" title="Sansistemo en Finnlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sansistemo en Finnlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E5%8C%BB%E7%99%82" title="フィンランドの医療 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィンランドの医療" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Здравоохранение в Финляндии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Здравоохранение в Финляндии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terveydenhoito_Suomessa" title="Terveydenhoito Suomessa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Terveydenhoito Suomessa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2617353#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Healthcare in Finland</b> consists of a highly decentralized three-level <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Publicly funded healthcare">publicly funded healthcare</a> system and a much smaller private sector. Although the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Health" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Health">Ministry of Social Affairs and Health</a> has the highest decision-making authority, specific healthcare precincts are responsible for providing healthcare to their residents as of 2023. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> offers its residents <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a>. The prevention of diseases and other types of <a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">health promotion</a> have been the main focus of Finnish healthcare policies for decades. </p><p>The quality of service in Finnish healthcare is considered to be good; according to a survey published by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> in 2000, Finland belongs to the top five countries in satisfaction: 88% of Finnish respondents were satisfied, compared with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> average of 71%.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mannerheim_League_for_Child_Welfare_clinic_in_J%C3%A4ms%C3%A4nkoski_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mannerheim_League_for_Child_Welfare_clinic_in_J%C3%A4ms%C3%A4nkoski_1938.jpg/220px-Mannerheim_League_for_Child_Welfare_clinic_in_J%C3%A4ms%C3%A4nkoski_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mannerheim_League_for_Child_Welfare_clinic_in_J%C3%A4ms%C3%A4nkoski_1938.jpg/330px-Mannerheim_League_for_Child_Welfare_clinic_in_J%C3%A4ms%C3%A4nkoski_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mannerheim_League_for_Child_Welfare_clinic_in_J%C3%A4ms%C3%A4nkoski_1938.jpg/440px-Mannerheim_League_for_Child_Welfare_clinic_in_J%C3%A4ms%C3%A4nkoski_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A child welfare clinic in 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Finland's journey to a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> has been long, from a very modest start. The history of modern medicine in Finland can be considered to have begun at 1640 when the first university of Finland, <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Academy_of_Turku" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Academy of Turku">The Royal Academy of Turku</a>, was established. At the time Finland was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>. As the field of medicine did not enjoy very high status in society at the time, the importance of trained medical faculty remained low for a long time. Until 1750, the professor of medicine was the only trained medical doctor in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of early treatment facilities for <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a> was a hospital on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A4l%C3%B6" title="Själö">Själö</a> (or Seili in Finnish) which was established on the 1624 and run by the church. It was chosen due to its remote location from the mainland. It was not however until 1759 that the first hospital, albeit a modest hospital, was established in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hist2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consisting of six patient beds in a simple wooden building, it nonetheless marked the first step toward the modern Finnish medical system. It is noteworthy that at the time, Finland had a much lower doctor-patient ratio comparing to neighboring countries. This lasted all the way until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mainly due to the poor hygiene, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_famine_of_1866%E2%80%931868" title="Finnish famine of 1866–1868">famine</a>, and poverty, the most common causes of death in the mid-19th century consisted of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arvo-Ylpp%C3%B6-1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arvo-Ylpp%C3%B6-1987.jpg/220px-Arvo-Ylpp%C3%B6-1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arvo-Ylpp%C3%B6-1987.jpg/330px-Arvo-Ylpp%C3%B6-1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Arvo-Ylpp%C3%B6-1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arvo_Ylpp%C3%B6" title="Arvo Ylppö">Arvo Ylppö</a> portrayed on a postage stamp published in 1987.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the number of hospitals increased rapidly from the late 19th century onward, it was still uncommon to be treated in one.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest causes of mortality were <a href="/wiki/Coronary_Heart_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary Heart Disease">coronary heart diseases</a> for men and <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> for women.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, a special committee was established to evaluate the status of health care in Finland. Due to the lack of service providers outside cities, it was suggested that municipalities establish local hospitals for their citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to establish publicly funded hospitals can be considered the base of the current model of modern health care in Finland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Possible opinion (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The plans to reform the healthcare system were delayed due to the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, but the increased need of medical care due to injuries to the soldiers may have enhanced the development of the hospital network.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, Finland had two university hospitals, in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> and Turku. Due to the increased demand of medical care and lack of medical doctors, more medical faculties and university hospitals were established.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 20th century, a notable contribution to the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> was achieved by <a href="/wiki/Arvo_Ylpp%C3%B6" title="Arvo Ylppö">Arvo Ylppö</a>. He conducted research about children's <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">pathological anatomy</a> and attracted international recognition for his work. He has also contributed to the development of nursing education, pharmacy industry and public awareness over health issues. </p><p>A major change in the public healthcare system is planned for 2023. On January 23th, 2022 county elections will be held. In these elections the members and deputy members of 22 newly formed "wellbeing services county councils" will be chosen. These councils are planned to take over the previous work from the municipalities, to organize the healthcare and welfare related services in their respective areas. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_status">Health status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Health status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_indicators">Healthcare indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Healthcare indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Finland" title="Health in Finland">Health in Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Life_expectancy_in_Finland.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Life_expectancy_in_Finland.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Life_expectancy_in_Finland.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical development of life expectancy in Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Finnish <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> can be considered a success because of several indicators. For example, due to public health interventions and progress in <a href="/wiki/Medical_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical care">medical care</a>, there has been a remarkable improvement in <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> over the past couple of decades.<sup id="cite_ref-betterhealth_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betterhealth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life expectancy in 2012 was 84 years for women and 78 years for men,<sup id="cite_ref-Life_expectancy_at_birth_in_Finland_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_expectancy_at_birth_in_Finland-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has ranked Finland favorably against global comparisons. Impressive results have also been achieved regarding rates of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a>, which are also amongst the lowest in the world. The infant mortality rate in Finland, as in other <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries, has fallen greatly over the past few decades.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rate in 2013 was 1.8 per 1000 births.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Finland had 2.7 practicing <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> for every 1000 people, which is very low compared to the other <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oecdglance_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecdglance-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can partly be explained by the importance placed on the use of nurses, who greatly reduce the need for practicing physicians. An example being in 2009 where there were 9.6 <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurses</a> per 1000 people, a larger amount then those in the comparable Nordic nations.<sup id="cite_ref-oecdglance_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecdglance-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finland is considered successful particularly in regards to specialized medical care and the coverage of its screening and vaccination programs. Finland has a very comprehensive screening program for breast cancer where 84% of women, aged 50 to 69 years, annually take part. The vaccination program for young children is also very inclusive, as 99% of children under 2 years of age are vaccinated against <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a> (pertussis) and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oecdglance_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecdglance-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lower fertility rates and an <a href="/wiki/Aging_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging population">aging population</a>, due to increased life-expectancy,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brings new challenges to the Finnish health care system. As there will be fewer people to pay for health and social care, many of the aging population can be predicted to be affected.<sup id="cite_ref-sitra_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sitra-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that the old age <a href="/wiki/Dependency_ratio" title="Dependency ratio">dependency ratio</a> in Finland will be the highest of all EU countries in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Euro_health_consumer_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro health consumer index">Euro health consumer index</a>, which placed it in fourth position in its 2015 survey, Finland is a leader in value-for-money healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organizational structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Government decides on general national strategies and priorities and proposes bills to be discussed by the parliament. Health care policy is primarily the field of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Health" title="Ministry of Social Affairs and Health">Ministry of Social Affairs and Health</a>. The Ministry also directs and guides the development and policies of social protection, social welfare and health care. Due to the decentralized public administration, municipalities decide themselves how the local services are provided. Every municipality has a responsibility to offer health care services to their residents and it is usually provided in municipal health care centers and/or <a href="/wiki/Municipal_hospital" title="Municipal hospital">municipal hospitals</a>. In addition to municipal health care services, employers must offer occupational healthcare services to their workers. This means that employed persons can usually choose one of two routes to use to access general doctor services. The municipal (public) service or the occupational (private) service. Employers contact with private medical groups for occupational health services. The degree of specialist access and cost depends on the contacted service level the employer provides, but service is usually free to the patient. Private hospital groups offer primary and secondary care services, but they may also refer patients to the university hospitals or to community hospitals run by the local municipality for specialist care/treatment. Some part of the costs incurred in the use of private medical providers can be reclaimed from the government social insurance institution KELA but this is never 100%. </p><p>The access to hospital care is subject to a request from a general practitioner. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marian_sairaala_Helsinki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Marian_sairaala_Helsinki.jpg/220px-Marian_sairaala_Helsinki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Marian_sairaala_Helsinki.jpg/330px-Marian_sairaala_Helsinki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Marian_sairaala_Helsinki.jpg/440px-Marian_sairaala_Helsinki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Hospital" title="Maria Hospital">Maria Hospital</a>, Helsinki</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">Primary care</a> is obtained from the health care centers employing <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioners</a> and nurses that provide most day-to-day medical services. Health centers are also active in health promotion activities. The general practitioners are also gatekeepers to the more specialized services in the secondary and tertiary care sectors, as a referral from primary care provider is necessary to receive care on the secondary and tertiary levels. Primary health services provided by municipalities are defined in the Primary Health Care Act. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Secondary_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary care">secondary care</a>, Finland is geographically divided into 21 hospital districts (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">sairaanhoitopiiri</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">sjukvårdsdistrikt</i>; literally "healthcare district"). Each district provides more specialised care for the municipalities within its region. Finland also has a network of five university teaching hospitals which makes up the tertiary level. These contain the most advanced medical equipment and facilities in the country. These are funded by the municipalities, but national government meets the cost of medical training. These hospitals are located in the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>. All these five cities have a medical faculty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_institutions">Health institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Health institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Institute_for_Health_and_Welfare" title="Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare">Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare</a> (THL, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos</i>) is a research and development institute that functions as a statutory statistical expert authority for health and welfare in Finland. THL functions in health and welfare promotion, in prevention of disease and social problems, e.g. ensuring vaccine supplies and monitoring their quality, and in development of social and health services. It is publicly funded organization under the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.<sup id="cite_ref-About_us_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_us-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_financing">Health financing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_vs_spending_OECD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Life_expectancy_vs_spending_OECD.png/220px-Life_expectancy_vs_spending_OECD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Life_expectancy_vs_spending_OECD.png/330px-Life_expectancy_vs_spending_OECD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Life_expectancy_vs_spending_OECD.png/440px-Life_expectancy_vs_spending_OECD.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy vs healthcare spending for some countries in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The healthcare system receives funding from two sources. Municipal financing is based on taxes and is used to provide primary healthcare services. They also have a right to collect user fees, and receive state subsidies if their tax levy is not adequate for providing the public services required, based on the demographic factors on their area. Municipalities fund the health centers on the primary care level and regional hospitals on secondary care level. National Health Insurance (NHI) is based on compulsory fees and it is used to fund private healthcare, occupational healthcare, outpatient drugs and sickness allowance. Regional and university hospitals are financed by federations of participating municipalities, often using the <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis-related_group" title="Diagnosis-related group">diagnosis-related group</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_fees">User fees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: User fees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-pocket expenses">out-of-pocket</a> fee amount for a doctor's visit or treatment in the primary health care is set at a maximum of EUR 20,60 (in 2021) <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the amount varies from one local authority to another. Hospital <a href="/wiki/Out-patient" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-patient">out-patients</a> pay EUR 27.40 per consultation; in-patients pay a <a href="/wiki/Per_diem" title="Per diem">per diem</a> charge of EUR 32.50. For long-term illnesses, the charges are based largely on income.<sup id="cite_ref-EUsosrights_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUsosrights-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a vital part for health financing and provision, the current system of the user fees has been discussed to contribute to the inequities in the access of health services among the low-income residents.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_expenditure">Health expenditure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Health expenditure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Health expenditure in 2009 amounted to EUR 15.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2018 the expenditures had increased to EUR 21.1 billion. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public sector is the main source of health funding, 74.7% of health spending was funded by public sources in 2009, slightly more than the average of 71.7% in <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries. The share of public spending in Finland was, however, lower than in all other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) where it exceeds 80%. As in other OECD countries the <a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">health expenditure</a> has been growing steadily since the year 2000. In 2009 health spending per capita in Finland is equal to the OECD average, with spending of EUR 2936 (or US$3226 adjusted for <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>). Municipalities spent on average about 1300 euros per inhabitant on health care in 2005. Health care accounted for about 25% of the municipal budget. </p><p>In a comparison of 16 countries on 2008 by <i>Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions</i>, Finland used the least resources and attained average results, making Finland the most efficient public sector health service producer according to the study's authors.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Health_care_financing_%25_2006-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Health_care_financing_%25_2006-2009.jpg/220px-Health_care_financing_%25_2006-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Health_care_financing_%25_2006-2009.jpg/330px-Health_care_financing_%25_2006-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Health_care_financing_%25_2006-2009.jpg/440px-Health_care_financing_%25_2006-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Health care financing %, in Finland 2006–2009</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_sector">Private sector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Private sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the comprehensive public sector, private healthcare sector is relatively small. Between 3-4% of in-patient care is provided by the private healthcare system. <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapy">Physiotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational health services</a> are the most often used health services on the private sector. Approximately 10% of medical doctors work solely on private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although high user fees may cause a barrier to use the private sector services as most is paid for out of pocket, a significant share of the cost is reimbursed by the Social Insurance Institution (SII) <a href="/wiki/KELA_(Finnish_Social_Insurance)" class="mw-redirect" title="KELA (Finnish Social Insurance)">KELA</a>. </p><p>Employers are obliged by law to provide occupational healthcare services for their employees, as are educational establishments for their students and staff. This can be done on public, or private sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_health_insurance">National health insurance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National health insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statutory National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme covers all Finnish residents, and it is run by the Social Insurance Institution <a href="/wiki/Kela_(Finnish_institution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kela (Finnish institution)">KELA</a> through approximately 260 local offices all over the country. The responsibilities of this institute include coverage of some family benefits, National Health Insurance, rehabilitation, basic unemployment security, housing benefits, financial aid for students and state-guaranteed pensions. The NHI system offers varying levels of reimbursement for outpatient drugs, care from private providers, transport costs to health care facilities, sickness and maternity leave allowances, and some rehabilitation services. The NHI also partially reimburses occupational healthcare costs for services delivered to employees, but not to dependents.<sup id="cite_ref-sitra_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sitra-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional voluntary <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> has a very marginal role in the Finnish system and is mainly used to supplement the reimbursement rate of NHI. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pharmaceuticals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outpatient <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drugs</a>, can only be sold to patients by pharmacies. Providers can only deliver drugs that are actually administered within their facilities. Health centers can give outpatient drugs to patients when local pharmacies are closed, but only in the dosage needed to cover the time until the pharmacy reopens. Finland limits medicine sales to about 800 licensed pharmacies. It has the highest proportion of pharmacists per head in Europe - 127 per 100,000 in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_prescribing" title="Electronic prescribing">Electronic prescribing</a> is used in all pharmacies and public healthcare, and the private sector will deploy it by the end of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electronic prescribing has improved patient medication management. The process enables accuracy in data acquisition and also prescription data before any transmission is done. In Finland, e-prescribing has also reinforced the process of ensuring the authenticity of the prescriptions given to patients.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_information_technology">Health information technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Health information technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">Health information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic health record</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health_technology_assessment" title="Health technology assessment">Health technology assessment</a></div> <p>Electronic Patient Records (EPR) have been in used since 2007 virtually in every healthcare provider. The development of health information systems has been largely uncoordinated at the national level, partly due to the decentralized healthcare system. As a result, several non-interoperable information systems are often used even within a single organization, which inhibits information exchange within and across provider organizations. Efforts are underway to create a common, national structure for communication between patients and providers over the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-sitra_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sitra-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a form of <a href="/wiki/E-Health" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Health">e-Health</a> service that will promote health information Exchange (HIE).<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmadinia_10–21_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmadinia_10–21-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of e-Health services in healthcare system is to help increase efficiency in acquisition, storage, retrieval and transfer of important healthcare information.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmadinia_10–21_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmadinia_10–21-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telemedicine and e-Health are forms of technologies in healthcare that have been useful such as remote patient monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnish Coordinating Center for Health Technology Assessment (FinCCHTA) was established in 2018 to coordinate the national HTA network in Finland. FinCCHTA participates in the international HTA collaboration, health services and HTA research. Other key objectives are to develop HTA methodological training and strengthen its related research in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigrant_health_care">Immigrant health care</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immigrant health care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As per to the principle of the universal coverage, immigrants who live in Finland permanently are entitled to all the same health services as the Finnish people. Holders of the <a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">European Health Insurance Card</a> are also entitled to care in Finland. According to the Act on Adaptation of Immigrants and Reception of Asylum Seekers, <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">asylum seekers</a> are entitled to the same health services as <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">permanent residents</a>. These services must be organized by reception centers for refugees. It has been reported that immigrant health problems often may go untreated, and that immigrants use the public health system less than the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Health information to immigrants are provided with several languages by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infopankki.fi">Infopankki.fi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 9, 2013, the City of Helsinki decided, that all minors under the age of 18 and all pregnant mothers living in Helsinki without a valid visa or residence permit, are granted the right to the same healthcare and at the same price as all citizens of the city. This service will be available sometime early year 2014. Volunteer doctors of Global Clinic have tried to help these people, for whom only acute care has been available. This means that the Finnish system is open for people coming outside of the European Union. The service covers special child healthcare, maternity clinics and specialist medical care etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_equity">Health equity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Health equity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Equity</a> is highly valued in Finland and the law provides same rights for all citizens, including in healthcare. There still exists some geographic and <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> disparities. Perhaps one of the most important reasons for the socioeconomic differences in the use of services is that the private sector and occupational healthcare, which are less accessible to the low-income population, offer better access to services (e.g. a major difference is waiting times) than the municipal sector. Narrowing health gaps has been the objective of Finnish health policy since the 1980s, however, this objective has not been fully achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to health care study 2018 in Finland ca 25% of persons replied will save in food and other necessities to fund their medicine costs and ca 10% will not buy needed medicine based on lack of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_Protection">Health Protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Health Protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finland has established several services to necessitate the health protection of various groups of individuals against infectious diseases. </p><p>One of the areas that the service has focused on is <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">influenza vaccination</a> for the elderly. However, there are still regional differences in implementing and accomplishing a better vaccination program. Data shows that from 2017 to 2018, the elderly, mainly aged 65 years and above, received the influenza vaccine, accounting for about 48% of the elderly population. This is still lagging behind the European Union requirement, which set the threshold at 75% as the target for vaccination of the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reducing the number of hepatitis C infections is another health protection measure. In the year 2018, about 1,200 cases of hepatitis C infections were confirmed. Substance abuse primarily through injections seems to be one of the contributing factors of increased hepatitis C infection cases since half of these cases were related to drug use through injections. One way to reduce this is by the country coming up with services like health advice through counters in municipalities where people are advised on ways of quitting the use of drugs. </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> unnecessarily has been reduced to promote health and prevent an increase in antimicrobial resistance of the population in Finland. Comparing Finland's antibacterial use with international data, the country emerges as the least common to consume these types of drugs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Finland" title="Health in Finland">Health in Finland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_283_en.pdf">"Health and long-term care in the European Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Commission</i>. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Health+and+long-term+care+in+the+European+Union&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_283_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kasvatus-ja-aika.fi/site/?lan=1&page_id=311">"Suomen terveydenhuoltojärjestelmän ja sairaaloiden kehittyminen"</a>. <i>Kasvatus & Aika</i> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THL&rft.atitle=Social+and+Healthcare+Services+in+Finland+2018&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Rissanen&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.julkari.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F139844%2FURN_ISBN_978-952-343-503-2.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Finland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Healthcare_in_Finland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Healthcare in Finland">Healthcare in Finland</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120102080703/http://www.vsshp.fi/fi/lasarettimuseo">Lazaret Museum</a> (in Finnish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seili.utu.fi/en/welcome/history/">The History of Seili</a> University of Turku</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thl.fi/en_US/web/en/home">National Institute for Health and Welfare</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stm.fi/en/frontpage">Ministry of Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116150206/http://www.stm.fi/en/ministry/strategies">Social welfare and health care strategies</a> Ministry of Social Affairs and Health</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116151041/http://www.stm.fi/en/social_and_health_services/legislation">Legislation</a> Ministry of Social Affairs and Health</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528123247/http://www.stm.fi/Resource.phx/publishing/store/2004/12/aa1106916032942/passthru.pdf">Health care in Finland, 2004</a> Ministry of Social Affairs and Health publication</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/641&format=PDF&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en">Benchmarking ICT use among General Practitioners in Europe</a> European Commission, 2008. 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class="mw-redirect" title="Finland during the Great Northern War">The Great Wrath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Finnish_Art" title="Golden Age of Finnish Art">Golden Age of Finnish Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">Independence of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland_(1917%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Finland (1917–present)">History of independent Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland" title="Military history of Finland">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Finland" title="List of cities and towns in Finland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Finland" title="List of extreme points of Finland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Finland" title="Geology of Finland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Finland" title="List of islands of Finland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Finland" title="List of rivers of Finland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Finland_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Finland by population">Urban areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Finland" title="Wildlife of Finland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Finland" title="Law of Finland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Finland" title="Agriculture in Finland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_government_enterprises" title="List of Finnish government enterprises">Government-owned companies</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Finland" title="Industry in Finland">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_income_policy_agreement_(Finland)" title="National income policy agreement (Finland)">National income agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_maritime_cluster" title="Finnish maritime cluster">Ship-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_startup_scene" title="Finnish startup scene">Startups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Helsinki" title="Nasdaq Helsinki">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Finland" title="Tourism in Finland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Finland" title="Rail transport in Finland">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Finland" title="Category:Society of Finland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maamme" title="Maamme">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_art" title="Finnish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Finland" title="Folklore of Finland">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala"><i>The Kalevala</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_symbols" title="Finnish national symbols">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Finland" title="Public holidays in Finland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Finland)" title="Independence Day (Finland)">Independence Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Finland" title="Sport in Finland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Finland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Finland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Finland" title="Outline of Finland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Finland#Further_reading" title="Finland">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finland" title="Category:Finland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Healthcare_in_Europe125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Healthcare_in_Europe125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Europe" title="Healthcare in Europe">Healthcare in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Austria" title="Healthcare in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Azerbaijan" title="Healthcare in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belarus" title="Healthcare in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belgium" title="Healthcare in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Croatia" title="Healthcare in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Healthcare in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Denmark" title="Healthcare in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Estonia" title="Healthcare in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Greece" title="Healthcare in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iceland" title="Healthcare in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kazakhstan" title="Healthcare in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Liechtenstein" title="Healthcare in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Luxembourg" title="Healthcare in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malta" title="Healthcare in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Moldova" title="Healthcare in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Norway" title="Healthcare in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Portugal" title="Healthcare in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Romania" title="Healthcare in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_San_Marino" title="Healthcare in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Serbia" title="Healthcare in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Slovakia" title="Healthcare in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Slovenia" title="Healthcare in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Sweden" title="Healthcare in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ukraine" title="Healthcare in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Healthcare in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kosovo" title="Healthcare in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" 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