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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Private healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Здравеопазване в Турция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Здравеопазване в Турция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27de_sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k_hizmetleri" title="Türkiye'de sağlık hizmetleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye'de sağlık hizmetleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Turkey&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Turkey">Healthcare in Turkey</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IstanbulCityHospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/IstanbulCityHospital.jpg/280px-IstanbulCityHospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/IstanbulCityHospital.jpg/420px-IstanbulCityHospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/IstanbulCityHospital.jpg/560px-IstanbulCityHospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Göztepe Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalçın City Hospital in Göztepe, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Healthcare in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></b> consists of a mix of public and private health services. Turkey introduced universal health care in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-njm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as Universal Health Insurance <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Genel Sağlık Sigortası</i></span>, it is funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-njm_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public-sector funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-njm_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a>, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP is the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP, much lower than the OECD average of 9.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-njm_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Median age in Turkey is 30 years compared to 43.9 average in EU countries. Aging population is the prime reason for higher healthcare expenditure in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> is 78.5 years, compared with the EU average of 81 years.<sup id="cite_ref-njm_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey has a high obesity rate, with 29.5% of its adult population obese. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coverage">Coverage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarmaraUni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/MarmaraUni.jpg/220px-MarmaraUni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/MarmaraUni.jpg/330px-MarmaraUni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/MarmaraUni.jpg/440px-MarmaraUni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6211" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption>Old Imperial College of Medicine, currently the Haydarpaşa Campus of <a href="/wiki/Marmara_University" title="Marmara University">Marmara University</a> in the Kadıköy district of Istanbul. The building was designed by architects Alexander Vallaury and Raimondo D'Aronco.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balat_Or-Ahayim_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Balat_Or-Ahayim_Hospital.jpg/220px-Balat_Or-Ahayim_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Balat_Or-Ahayim_Hospital.jpg/330px-Balat_Or-Ahayim_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Balat_Or-Ahayim_Hospital.jpg/440px-Balat_Or-Ahayim_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption> Jewish Balat Or-Ahayim Hospital in Balat, Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to major health reforms in the 2000s and 2010s, universal health insurance coverage for the population was achieved, and the general quality of health services improved greatly, with patient satisfaction rising from 39.5% in 2003 to 75.9% in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-nejm.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nejm.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following medical treatments are covered by the SGK:<sup id="cite_ref-angloinfo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angloinfo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Emergencies</li> <li>Work accidents and vocational illnesses</li> <li>Infectious diseases</li> <li>Preventive health services (substance use)</li> <li>Childbirth</li> <li>Extraordinary events (injuries from war and natural disasters)</li> <li>Fertility treatment for women younger than 39</li> <li>Cosmetic surgery deemed medically necessary</li></ul> <p>While some SGK-contracted hospitals offer dental care, in most cases, patients must rely on private dental services and are responsible for covering the costs. In addition, patients must partially cover the cost of some prescription drugs and outpatient services.<sup id="cite_ref-angloinfo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angloinfo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nejm.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nejm.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg/220px-Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg/330px-Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg/440px-Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9FehirCityHospital_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4691" data-file-height="3107" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9Fehir_%C3%87am_and_Sakura_City_Hospital" title="Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital">Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital</a> in Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg/220px-Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg/330px-Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg/440px-Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4898" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Acıbadem Hospital in Altunizade, Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6yEmergencyHospital_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6yEmergencyHospital_%285%29.jpg/220px-Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6yEmergencyHospital_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6yEmergencyHospital_%285%29.jpg/330px-Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6yEmergencyHospital_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6yEmergencyHospital_%285%29.jpg/440px-Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6yEmergencyHospital_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Yeşilköy Emergency Hospital constructed for the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"> <caption><b>Turkish data from 2016 unless indicated otherwise</b> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#f2f2f2"> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center">Turkey </th> <th align="center">OECD average </th> <th align="center">Rank </th></tr> <tr> <td>Health expenditure as % of GDP<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>6.3%</b> </td> <td>9.3% </td> <td>37th </td></tr> <tr> <td>Health expenditure per capita<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>$665</b> </td> <td>$3,223 </td> <td>37th </td></tr> <tr> <td>% health expenditure publicly funded<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>75.2%</b> </td> <td>71.7% </td> <td>14th </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctors to population ratio<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>2.3</b> </td> <td>3.27 </td> <td>35th </td></tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy at birth (years)<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>78.3</b> </td> <td>80.6 </td> <td>29th </td></tr> <tr> <td>Percentage of daily smokers aged 15+<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>26.5%</b> </td> <td>21.81% </td> <td>3rd </td></tr> <tr> <td>Obesity rate (BMI≥30) (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>20.0%</b> </td> <td>17% </td> <td>25th </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caesarean section among all births<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>53%</b> </td> <td>32% </td> <td>1st </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of hospital beds per 10,000 population<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>27.3</b> </td> <td>51.4 </td> <td>22nd </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of physicians per 100,000 population<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>181</b> </td> <td>343 </td> <td>24th </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of dentists per 100,000 population<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>33</b> </td> <td>71 </td> <td>20th </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of nurses per 100,000 population<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>257</b> </td> <td>1,098 </td> <td>22nd </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of pharmacists per 100,000 population<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>35</b> </td> <td>89 </td> <td>23rd </td></tr> <tr> <td>Share of out-of-pocket expenses<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>16.5%</b> </td> <td>20.3% </td> <td>16th </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antibiotic consumption per 1,000 population, defined daily dose (DDD)<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>39.8</b> </td> <td>20.9 </td> <td>1st </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average length of stay in hospitals, days<sup id="cite_ref-heal_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>4.0</b> </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>37th </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medication">Medication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As measured in defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day Turkey had a high rate of consumption of antibiotics in 2015 with a rate of 38.8, double that of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_tourism">Medical tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medical tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a substantial medical tourism business in Turkey, with almost 178 thousand tourists visiting for health purposes in the first six months of 2018. 67% used private hospital, 24% public hospitals and 9% university hospitals. The Regulation on International Health Tourism and Tourist Health came into force on 13 July 2017. It only applies to those coming specifically for treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_healthcare">Private healthcare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Private healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Learjet45Ambulance_HealthMinistry_Teknofest2019_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Learjet45Ambulance_HealthMinistry_Teknofest2019_%281%29.jpg/220px-Learjet45Ambulance_HealthMinistry_Teknofest2019_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Learjet45Ambulance_HealthMinistry_Teknofest2019_%281%29.jpg/330px-Learjet45Ambulance_HealthMinistry_Teknofest2019_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Learjet45Ambulance_HealthMinistry_Teknofest2019_%281%29.jpg/440px-Learjet45Ambulance_HealthMinistry_Teknofest2019_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3263" /></a><figcaption>An air ambulance of the Ministry of Health</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkey has a large private healthcare sector, in addition to its public health services. These private health services often offer shorter waiting lists and higher quality services. Most banks and insurance companies offer health plans, and contract with certain hospitals and doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-angloinfo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angloinfo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turkish healthcare system was formerly dominated by a centralized state system run by the Ministry of Health. In 2003 the governing <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> introduced a sweeping health reform program aimed at increasing the ratio of private to state health provision and making healthcare available to a larger share of the population. Information from the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">Turkish Statistical Institute</a> states that 76.3 billion <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">liras</a> are being spent on healthcare annually, with 79.6% of funding coming from the <a href="/wiki/Sosyal_G%C3%BCvenlik_Kurumu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu">Social Security Institute</a> and most of the remainder (15.4%) coming from out-of-pocket payments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 27.954 medical institutions, 1.7 doctor for every 1000 people<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2.54 beds for 1000 people. </p><p>Turkey previously had a scheme called green card (Yeşil Kart), which was developed in order to help low-income social group to get medical help. Spending on this system were equal to 40 billion TL in 2010. Due to this fact, the system was reformed in 2011 and the number of people who could benefit from this system was reduced. Following the 2012 Universal Health Insurance Law, the Green Card system was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finance">Finance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renewable_energy_reduces_health_costs_in_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Renewable_energy_reduces_health_costs_in_Turkey.jpg/220px-Renewable_energy_reduces_health_costs_in_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Renewable_energy_reduces_health_costs_in_Turkey.jpg/330px-Renewable_energy_reduces_health_costs_in_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Renewable_energy_reduces_health_costs_in_Turkey.jpg/440px-Renewable_energy_reduces_health_costs_in_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption>Renewable energy reduces health costs in Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkey had the lowest expenditure on healthcare in Europe in 2015 - 6.4% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Total health spending according to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">Turkish Statistical Institute</a> data has exceeded 201 billion pounds in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Turkey" title="Health in Turkey">Health in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Medical_Association" title="Turkish Medical Association">Turkish Medical Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_care_in_Turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAtun_R2015" class="citation journal cs1">Atun R (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26422719">"Transforming Turkey's Health System--Lessons for Universal Coverage"</a>. <i>N Engl J Med</i>. <b>373</b> (14): <span class="nowrap">1285–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp1410433">10.1056/NEJMp1410433</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422719">26422719</a>.</cite><span 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Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Belarus" title="Health in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Belgium" title="Health in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bulgaria" title="Health in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cyprus" title="Health in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Health in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Denmark" title="Health in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Estonia" title="Health in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Finland" title="Health in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_France" title="Health in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Germany" title="Health in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Greece" title="Health in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iceland" title="Health in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Health in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Latvia" title="Health in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Lithuania" title="Health in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Luxembourg" title="Health in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malta" title="Health in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Monaco" title="Health in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Montenegro" title="Health in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Netherlands" title="Health in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_North_Macedonia" title="Health in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Norway" title="Health in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Poland" title="Health in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Romania" title="Health in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_San_Marino" title="Health in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Serbia" title="Health in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Slovakia" title="Health in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Slovenia" title="Health in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Spain" title="Health in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sweden" title="Health in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Turkey" title="Health in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Health in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies 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