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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sassanian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Sassanian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sassanian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Islamic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Islamic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Early Islamic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Islamic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shahnameh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shahnameh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Shahnameh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shahnameh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Linguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طوران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طوران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" title="Turan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Turan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توران – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توران" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুরান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুরান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туран – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туран" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_(pa%C3%ADs)" title="Turan (país) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turan (país)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Туран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAr%C3%A1n" title="Túrán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Túrán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" title="Turan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan_(Region)" title="Turan (Region) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turan (Region)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD_(%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE)" title="Τουράν (περιοχή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουράν (περιοχή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%A1n_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="Turán (región) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turán (región)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touran" title="Touran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Touran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%9E%80" title="투란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" title="Turan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" title="Turan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82%C3%A6)" title="Туран (бæстæ) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туран (бæстæ)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABr%C4%81n" title="Tūrān – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tūrān" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тұран – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұран" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туран – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Туран" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turanas" title="Turanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%A1n_(r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3)" title="Turán (régió) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Turán (régió)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" title="Turan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Turan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeran_(gebied)" title="Toeran (gebied) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toeran (gebied)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="トゥーラーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥーラーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turon" title="Turon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="توران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%A3" title="Turã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Туран (страна) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туран (страна)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Туран (регија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туран (регија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" title="Turan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" title="Turan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" title="Turan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Турон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Турон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" title="Turan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Turan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Туран Чурту – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Туран Чурту" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туран – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туран" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توران – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="توران" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%85%B0" title="图兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="图兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in Central Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Turan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Turan (disambiguation)">Turan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the nationalist ideology, see <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the obsolete racial concept, see <a href="/wiki/Turanid_race" title="Turanid race">Turanid race</a>.</div> <p><b>Turan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <i lang="ae" dir="rtl">Tūiriiānəm</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">Tūrān</i>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">توران</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Turân</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[tʰuːˈɾɒːn]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Land of <a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. The term is of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> origin<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may refer to a particular prehistoric human settlement, a historic geographical region, or a culture. The <a href="/wiki/Turya_(Avesta)" title="Turya (Avesta)">original Turanians</a> were an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan age</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_Turan_map_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Iran_Turan_map_1843.jpg/450px-Iran_Turan_map_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Iran_Turan_map_1843.jpg/675px-Iran_Turan_map_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Iran_Turan_map_1843.jpg/900px-Iran_Turan_map_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7864" data-file-height="6918" /></a><figcaption>German "Map of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and Turan", dated 1843 (during the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>), Turan territory indicated by orange line (here enhanced). According to the legend (bottom right of the map), Turan encompasses regions including modern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pakistan" title="Northern Pakistan">northern Pakistan</a>. This area roughly corresponds to what is called <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> today. List of the areas mentioned in the map as part of Turan: 1. <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> 2. <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> with <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> 3. <a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shehersebz</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>) 4. <a href="/wiki/Hisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisor">Hissar</a> 5. <a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a> 6. <a href="/wiki/Darvaz_(region)" title="Darvaz (region)">Durwaz</a> 7. <a href="/wiki/Karategin" class="mw-redirect" title="Karategin">Karategin</a> 8. <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a> 9. <a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a> 10. <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a> 11. <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> 12. <a href="/wiki/Iskardu" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskardu">Iskardu</a> 13. <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> 14. The northern steppes (<a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>In ancient Iranian mythology, Tūr or Turaj (<i>Tuzh</i> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is the son of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a>. According to the account in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, the nomadic tribes who inhabited these lands were ruled by Tūr. In that sense, the Turanians could be members of two Iranian peoples both descending from Fereydun, but with different geographical domains and often at war with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Yarshater2004_EI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarshater2004_EI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Menges1989_EI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menges1989_EI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turan, therefore, comprised five areas: the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> region, the <a href="/wiki/Atrek" title="Atrek">Atrek</a> valley, parts of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later association of the original Turanians with <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> is based primarily on the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of Central Asia, including the above areas.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">C. E. Bosworth</a>, however, there was no cultural relationship between the ancient Turkic cultures and the Turanians of the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_literature">Ancient literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avesta">Avesta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Avesta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turya_(Avesta)" title="Turya (Avesta)">Turya (Avesta)</a></div> <p>The oldest existing mention of Turan is in the Farvardin <i><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">yashts</a></i>, which are in the <a href="/wiki/Avestan#Forms_and_stages_of_development" title="Avestan">Young Avestan</a> language and have been dated by linguists to about 2500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Gherardo_Gnoli" title="Gherardo Gnoli">Gherardo Gnoli</a>, the <i>Avesta</i> contains the names of various tribes who lived in proximity to each other: "the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples#Name" title="Iranian peoples">Airyas</a> [Aryans], Tuiryas [Turanians], <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sairimas</a> [Sarmatians], <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sainus</a> [Sacae] and <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahis</a> [Dahae]".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the hymns of the <i><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></i>, the adjective <i>Tūrya</i> is attached to various enemies of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrism">Zoroastrism</a> like Fraŋrasyan (Shahnameh: <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrāsīāb</a>). The word occurs only once in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></i>, but 20 times in the later parts of the <i>Avesta</i>. The Tuiryas as they were called in Avesta play a more important role in the <i>Avesta</i> than the Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis. Zoroaster himself hailed from the Airya people but he also preached his message to other neighboring tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Mary Boyce</a>, in the Farvardin Yasht, "In it (verses 143–144) are praised the fravashis of righteous men and women not only among the Aryas (as the "Avestan" people called themselves), but also among the Turiyas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis; and the personal names, like those of the people, all seem Iranian in character".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hostility between Tuirya and Airya is indicated also in the Farvardtn Yast (vv. 37-8), where the Fravashis of the Just are said to have provided support in battle against the Danus, who appear to be a clan of the Tura people.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus in the <i>Avesta</i>, some of the Tuiryas believed in the message of Zoroaster while others rejected the religion. </p><p>Similar to the ancient homeland of Zoroaster, the precise geography and location of Turan is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In post-Avestan traditions they were thought to inhabit the region north of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Oxus</a>, the river separating them from the Iranians. Their presence accompanied by incessant wars with the Iranians, helped to define the latter as a distinct nation, proud of their land and ready to spill their blood in its defense.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehsan_Yarshater_1983_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehsan_Yarshater_1983-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common names of Turanians in Avesta and <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> include Frarasyan,<sup id="cite_ref-Yarshater1984_EI_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarshater1984_EI-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aghraethra,<sup id="cite_ref-Khaleghi1984_EI_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khaleghi1984_EI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biderafsh,<sup id="cite_ref-Tafazzoli1989_EI_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tafazzoli1989_EI-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arjaspa<sup id="cite_ref-Tafazzoli1986_EI_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tafazzoli1986_EI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namkhwast.<sup id="cite_ref-Tafazzoli1989_EI_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tafazzoli1989_EI-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of Iranian tribes including those of the Turanians that appear in <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> have been studied by <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mayrhofer" title="Manfred Mayrhofer">Manfred Mayrhofer</a> in his comprehensive book on Avesta personal name etymologies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sassanian_Empire">Sassanian Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sassanian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 5th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> defined "Turan" in opposition to "Iran", as the land where lay its enemies to the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continuation of nomadic invasions on the north-eastern borders in historical times kept the memory of the Turanians alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehsan_Yarshater_1983_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehsan_Yarshater_1983-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 6th century the Turks, who had been pushed westward by other tribes, became neighbours of Iran and were identified with the Turanians.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehsan_Yarshater_1983_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehsan_Yarshater_1983-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification of the Turanians with the Turks was a late development, possibly made in the early 7th century; the Turks first came into contact with the Iranians only in the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Yarshater1984_EI_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarshater1984_EI-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_literature">Middle literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Islamic_era">Early Islamic era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Islamic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Clifford E. Bosworth:<sup id="cite_ref-Bosworth1990_EI_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosworth1990_EI-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the <i>Shahnama</i> of Ferdowsi is regarded as the land allotted to Fereydun's son Tur. The denizens of Turan were held to include the Turks, in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, "Turan"). Turan thus became both an ethnic and a geographical term, but always containing ambiguities and contradictions, arising from the fact that all through Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples, such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians.</p></blockquote> <p>The terms "Turk" and "Turanian" became used interchangeably during the Islamic era. <i>The Shahnameh</i>, or the Book of Kings, the compilation of Iranian mythical heritage, uses the two terms equivalently. Other authors, including Tabari, Hakim Iranshah and many other texts follow like. A notable exception is the Abl-Hasan Ali ibn Masudi, an Arab historian who writes: "The birth of Afrasiyab was in the land of Turks and the error that historians and non-historians have made about him being a Turk is due to this reason".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 10th century, the myth of Afrasiyab was adopted by the Qarakhanid dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Yarshater1984_EI_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarshater1984_EI-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> era, following the common geographical convention of the <i>Shahnameh</i>, the term Turan was used to refer to the domain of the Uzbek empire in conflict with the Safavids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some linguists derive the word from the Indo-Iranian root *<i>tura-</i> "strong, quick, sword(Pashto)", <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> <i>turan (thuran)</i> "swordsman". Others link it to old Iranian *<i>tor</i> "dark, black", related to the New Persian <i>tār(ik)</i>, Pashto <i>tor (thor)</i>, and possibly English <i>dark</i>. In this case, it is a reference to the "dark civilization" of Central Asian nomads in contrast to the "illuminated" <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> civilization of the settled Ārya.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shahnameh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur (Shahnameh)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turan" title="Special:EditPage/Turan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Persian epic <i>Shahnameh</i>, the term <i>Tūrān</i> ("land of the Tūrya" like <i><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Ērān, Īrān</a></i> = "land of the <a href="/wiki/Arya_(Iran)" title="Arya (Iran)">Ārya</a>") refers to the inhabitants of the eastern-Iranian border and beyond the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Oxus</a>. According to the foundation myth given in the <i>Shahnameh</i>, King Firēdūn (= Avestan <a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Θraētaona</a>) had three sons, <a href="/wiki/Salm_(Shahnameh)" title="Salm (Shahnameh)">Salm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tūr</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a></i>, among whom he divided the world: <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> was given to Salm, Turan to Tur and Iran to Īraj. The older brothers killed the younger, but he was avenged by his grandson, and the Iranians became the rulers of the world. However, the war continued for generations. In the <i>Shahnameh</i>, the word Turan appears nearly 150 times and that of Iran nearly 750 times. </p><p>Some examples from the <i>Shahnameh</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>نه خاکست پیدا نه دریا نه کوه </p><p>ز بس تیغداران توران گروه </p><p>No earth is visible, no sea, no mountain, </p><p> From the many blade-wielders of the Turan horde</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>تهمتن به توران سپه شد به جنگ </p><p>بدانسان که نخجیر بیند پلنگ </p><p>Tahamtan (Powerful-Bodied) <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a> took the fight to the Turan army </p><p> Just as a leopard sights its prey.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_literature">Modern literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geography">Geography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.jpg/220px-Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.jpg/330px-Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.jpg/440px-Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5050" data-file-height="4250" /></a><figcaption>Another 19th-century "Map of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and Turan", drawn by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stieler" title="Adolf Stieler">Adolf Stieler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Western languages borrowed the word <i>Turan</i> as a general designation for modern <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, although this expression has now fallen into disuse. Turan appears next to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> on numerous maps of the 19th century<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to designate a region encompassing modern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. This area roughly corresponds to what is called <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> today. </p><p>The phrase <i>Turan Plain</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Turan_Depression" title="Turan Depression">Turan Depression</a></i> became a geographical term referring to a part of Central Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turanian_languages" title="Turanian languages">Turanian languages</a></div> <p>The term <i>Turanian</i>, now obsolete, formerly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> occurred in the classifications used by European (especially <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovak</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantics</a> to designate populations speaking non-<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, non-<a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>, and non-<a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamitic languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and specially speakers of <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> and other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> (1823–1900) identified different sub-branches within the Turanian language family: </p> <ul><li>the Middle <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a> division branch, comprising Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic.</li> <li>The Northern <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Ural</a> Samoyedic, Ugriche and Finnic.</li> <li>the Southern branch consisted of Dravidian languages such as Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and other Dravidian languages.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a> which Müller classified as the <i>scattered languages of the Turanian family</i>.</li></ul> <p>Müller also began to muse whether <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> belonged to the Northern branch or Southern branch.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main relationships between Dravidian, Uralic, and Altaic languages were considered <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typological</a>. According to Crystal & Robins, "Language families, as conceived in the historical study of languages, should not be confused with the quite separate classifications of languages by reference to their sharing certain predominant features of grammatical structure."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> linguists classify languages according to the method of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a> rather than using their typological features. According to <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Max's Müller's "efforts were most successful in the case of the Semites, whose affinities are easy to demonstrate, and probably least successful in the case of the Turanian peoples, whose early origins are hypothetical".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the scholarly community no longer uses the word <i>Turanian</i> to denote a classification of language families. The relationship between Uralic and Altaic, whose speakers were also designated as Turanian people in 19th-century European literature, remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ideology">Ideology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turanid_race" title="Turanid race">Turanid race</a></div> <p>In European discourse, the words <i>Turan</i> and <i>Turanian</i> can designate a certain mentality, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanized</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> civilizations. This usage probably<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2013)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> matches the Zoroastrian concept of the <i>Tūrya</i>, which is not primarily a linguistic or ethnic designation, but rather a name of the infidels who opposed the civilization based on the preaching of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>. </p><p>Combined with physical anthropology, the concept of the Turanian mentality has a clear potential for cultural polemic. Thus in 1838 the scholar J.W. Jackson described the <i>Turanid</i> or <i>Turanian</i> race in the following words:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Turanian is the impersonation of material power. He is the merely muscular man at his maximum of collective development. He is not inherently a savage, but he is radically a barbarian. He does not live from hand to mouth, like a beast, but neither has he in full measure the moral and intellectual endowments of the true man. He can labour and he can accumulate, but he cannot think and aspire like a Caucasian. Of the two grand elements of superior human life, he is more deficient in the sentiments than in the faculties. And of the latter, he is better provided with those that conduce to the acquisition of knowledge than the origination of ideas.</p></blockquote> <p>Polish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Feliks_Koneczny" title="Feliks Koneczny">Feliks Koneczny</a> claimed the existence of a distinctive <b>Turanian civilization</b>, encompassing both Turkic and some <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>. This alleged civilization's hallmark would be militarism, <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a> and an absolute obedience to the ruler. Koneczny saw this civilization as inherently inferior to Latin (Western European) civilization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turan" title="Special:EditPage/Turan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the declining days of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, some Turkish nationalists adopted the word <i>Turanian</i> to express a pan-Turkic ideology, also called <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a>. As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Turanism forms an important aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> of the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a> (<i>MHP</i>), whose members are also known as <a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a>. </p><p>In recent times<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, the word <i>Turanian</i> has sometimes expressed a pan-Altaic nationalism (theoretically including <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>), though no political organization seems to have adopted such an ambitious platform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Names">Names</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_Turandot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Poster_Turandot.jpg/220px-Poster_Turandot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Poster_Turandot.jpg/330px-Poster_Turandot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Poster_Turandot.jpg/440px-Poster_Turandot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Poster of the opera by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Turandot" title="Turandot">Turandot</a></i> (1926)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Turandot</i> – or <i>Turandokht</i> – is a female name in Iran and it means <i>"Turan's Daughter"</i> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (it is best known in the West through <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>'s famous opera <i><a href="/wiki/Turandot" title="Turandot">Turandot</a></i> (1921–24)). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turan_(name)" title="Turan (name)">Turan</a> is also a common name in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and as family surnames in some countries including <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, Iran, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> had an older brother with the name <a href="/wiki/Turan-Shah" title="Turan-Shah">Turan-Shah</a>. </p><p>Turaj, whom ancient Iranian myths depict as the ancestor of the Turanians, is also a popular name and means <i>Son of Darkness</i>. The name Turan according to Iranian myths derives from the homeland of Turaj. The Pahlavi pronunciation of Turaj is Tuzh, according to the Dehkhoda dictionary. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a>, which is also a popular name, is the brother of Turaj in the <i>Shahnameh</i>. An altered version of Turaj is <i>Zaraj</i>, which means <i>son of gold</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoutsmaArnoldBassetHartmann1913–1936" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Houtsma, M. Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R., eds. (1913–1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_COM_0206">"Tūrān"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2214-871X_ei1_COM_0206">10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_COM_0206</a>. <q>an Iranian term applied to the country to the north-east of Iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%C5%ABr%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=First&rft.date=1913%2F1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2214-871X_ei1_COM_0206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F2214-871X_ei1_COM_0206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Donzel1994" class="citation book cs1">van Donzel, Emeri (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0"><i>Islamic Reference Desk</i></a></span>. Brill Academic. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0/page/461">461</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097384" title="Special:BookSources/9789004097384"><bdi>9789004097384</bdi></a>. <q>Iranian term applied to region lying to the northeast of Iran and ultimately indicating very vaguely the country of the Turkic peoples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Reference+Desk&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789004097384&rft.aulast=van+Donzel&rft.aufirst=Emeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicdeskrefer00donz_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllworth1994" class="citation book cs1">Allworth, Edward A. (1994). <i>Central Asia: A Historical Overview</i>. Duke University Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1521-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1521-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-1521-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Overview&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1521-6&rft.aulast=Allworth&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonoff1999" class="citation book cs1">Diakonoff, I. M. (1999). <i>The Paths of History</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64348-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64348-1"><bdi>978-0-521-64348-1</bdi></a>. <q>Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the <i>Avesta</i>. However, in <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Firdousi</a>'s poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting 'lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paths+of+History&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64348-1&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoli1980" class="citation book cs1">Gnoli, Gherardo (1980). <i>Zoroaster's Time and Homeland</i>. Naples: Instituto Univ. Orientale. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/07307436">07307436</a>. <q>Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Tuiryas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroaster%27s+Time+and+Homeland&rft.place=Naples&rft.pub=Instituto+Univ.+Orientale&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F07307436&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=Gherardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a> dictionary: Turaj</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yarshater2004_EI-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yarshater2004_EI_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater,_Ehsan2004" class="citation web cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-iii-traditional-history">"Iran iii. Traditional History of Persia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Iran+iii.+Traditional+History+of+Persia&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Yarshater%2C+Ehsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-iii-traditional-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menges1989_EI-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menges1989_EI_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenges,_Karl_Heinrich1989" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Menges" title="Karl Heinrich Menges">Menges, Karl Heinrich</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/altaic-the-altaic-peoples-and-languages-are-distributed-around-45-north-latitude-from-eastern-europe-to-the-pacific-ocean">"Altaic"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. <q>In a series of relatively minor movements, Turkic groups began to occupy territories in western Central Asia and eastern Europe which had previously been held by Iranians (i.e. Turan). The Volga Bulgars, following the Avars, proceeded to the Volga and Ukraine in the 6th–7th centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Altaic&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Menges%2C+Karl+Heinrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Faltaic-the-altaic-peoples-and-languages-are-distributed-around-45-north-latitude-from-eastern-europe-to-the-pacific-ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPossehl2002" class="citation book cs1">Possehl, Raymond (2002). <i>The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective</i>. Rowman Altamira Press. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Civilization%3A+A+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Possehl&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirdawsi2004" class="citation book cs1">Firdawsi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613012457/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/firdausi/f52ek/part8.html"><i>The Epic of Kings</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Zimmern" title="Helen Zimmern">Zimmern, Helen</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/firdausi/f52ek/part8.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2007 – via eBooks@Adelaide.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Kings&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Firdawsi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Ff%2Ffirdausi%2Ff52ek%2Fpart8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInlow1979" class="citation book cs1">Inlow, Edgar Burke (1979). <i>Shahanshah: A Study of the Monarchy of Iran</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Pub. p. 17. <q>Faridun divided his vast empire between his three sons, Iraj, the youngest receiving Iran. After his murder by his brothers and the avenging Manuchihr, one would have thought the matter was ended. But, the fraternal strife went on between the descendants of Tur and Selim (Salm) and those of Iraj. The former – the Turanians – were the Turks or Tatars of Central Asia, seeking access to Iran. The descendants of Iraj were the resisting Iranians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shahanshah%3A+A+Study+of+the+Monarchy+of+Iran&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Pub&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Inlow&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Burke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1973" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalists.net/2009/01/barbarian-incursions-the-coming-of-the-turks-into-the-islamic-world/">"Barbarian Incursions: The Coming of the Turks into the Islamic World"</a>. In Richards, D.S. (ed.). <i>Islamic Civilization</i>. Oxford. p. 2. <q>Hence as Kowalski has pointed out, a Turkologist seeking for information in the Shahnama on the primitive culture of the Turks would definitely be disappointed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barbarian+Incursions%3A+The+Coming+of+the+Turks+into+the+Islamic+World&rft.btitle=Islamic+Civilization&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalists.net%2F2009%2F01%2Fbarbarian-incursions-the-coming-of-the-turks-into-the-islamic-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prods Oktor Skjærvø, "Avestan Quotations in Old Persian?" in S. Shaked and A. Netzer, eds., <i>Irano-Judaica IV</i>, Jerusalem, 1999, pp. 1–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Gnoli, <i>Zoroaster's time and homeland</i>, Naples 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Boyce, <i>History of Zoroastrianism</i>. 3V. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. (Handbuch Der Orientalistik/B. Spuler)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Boyce, <i>History of Zoroastrianism</i>. 3V. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. (<i>Handbuch Der Orientalistik</i>/B. Spuler)., pg 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Gnoli, <i>Zoroaster's time and homeland</i>, Naples 1980, pg 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Gnoli, <i>Zoroaster's time and homeland</i>, Naples 1980, pg 99–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehsan_Yarshater_1983-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehsan_Yarshater_1983_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehsan_Yarshater_1983_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehsan_Yarshater_1983_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehsan Yarshater, "Iranian National History," in <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i> 3(1)(1983), 408–409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yarshater1984_EI-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yarshater1984_EI_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yarshater1984_EI_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yarshater1984_EI_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater1984" class="citation web cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afrasiab-turanian-king">"Afrāsīāb"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Afr%C4%81s%C4%AB%C4%81b&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafrasiab-turanian-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khaleghi1984_EI-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khaleghi1984_EI_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaleghi-Motlagh,_Djalal1984" class="citation web cs1">Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/agrerat">"Aḡrēraṯ"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=A%E1%B8%A1r%C4%93ra%E1%B9%AF&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Khaleghi-Motlagh%2C+Djalal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fagrerat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tafazzoli1989_EI-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tafazzoli1989_EI_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tafazzoli1989_EI_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTafażżolī,_Aḥmad1989" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Tafażżolī, Aḥmad</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/biderafs-pahl">"Bīderafš"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=B%C4%ABderaf%C5%A1&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Tafa%C5%BC%C5%BCol%C4%AB%2C+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbiderafs-pahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tafazzoli1986_EI-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tafazzoli1986_EI_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTafażżolī,_Aḥmad1986" class="citation web cs1">Tafażżolī, Aḥmad (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arjasp">"Arjasp"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Arjasp&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Tafa%C5%BC%C5%BCol%C4%AB%2C+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farjasp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayrhofer,_Manfred1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mayrhofer, Manfred (1977). <i>Iranisches Personennamenbuch</i> (in German). Vol. I/1 – Die altiranischen Namen/Die Avestischen Namen. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 74f.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranisches+Personennamenbuch&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=74f&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Mayrhofer%2C+Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span> Reviewed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresden,_Mark_J.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dresden, Mark J. (1981). "Iranisches Personennamenbuch". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>101</b> (4): 466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601282">10.2307/601282</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601282">601282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Iranisches+Personennamenbuch&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=466&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601282%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Dresden%2C+Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2014" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA284"><i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316060858" title="Special:BookSources/9781316060858"><bdi>9781316060858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Attila&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781316060858&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0dcBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1963" class="citation book cs1">Frye, R. (1963). <i>The Heritage of Persia: The pre-Islamic History of One of the World's Great Civilizations</i>. New York: World Publishing Company. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Persia%3A+The+pre-Islamic+History+of+One+of+the+World%27s+Great+Civilizations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosworth1990_EI-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bosworth1990_EI_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth,_Clifford_Edmund1990" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-iv">"Central Asia iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Central+Asia+iv.+In+the+Islamic+Period+up+to+the+Mongols&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcentral-asia-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi_al-Ḥasan_Ali_ibn_al-Ḥusayn_ibn_Ali_al-Masudi2005" class="citation book cs1">Abi al-Ḥasan Ali ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Ali al-Masudi (2005). <i>Muruj al-dhahab wa-maadin al-jawhar</i>. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Marifah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muruj+al-dhahab+wa-maadin+al-jawhar&rft.place=Beirut%2C+Lebanon&rft.pub=Dar+al-Marifah&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Abi+al-%E1%B8%A4asan+Ali+ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4usayn+ibn+Ali+al-Masudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_Turan_map_1843.jpg" title="File:Iran Turan map 1843.jpg">File:Iran Turan map 1843.jpg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Hovelacque" title="Abel Hovelacque">Abel Hovelacque</a>, <i>The Science of Language: Linguistics, Philology, Etymology</i>, pg 144, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencelanguage01hovegoog/page/n160">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChevallierLenormant1871" class="citation book cs1">Chevallier, Elisabeth; Lenormant, François (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqQYvJBoLjwC&dq=turanian+dravidian&pg=PA68"><i>A Manual of the Ancient History of the East</i></a>. J. B. Lippincott & co. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+the+Ancient+History+of+the+East&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+%26+co.&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Chevallier&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Lenormant%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqQYvJBoLjwC%26dq%3Dturanian%2Bdravidian%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Driem, George (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC&dq=that+the+turanian+language+was+%27named+after+the+descendants+of+tur%27&pg=PA335"><i>Handbuch Der Orientalistik</i></a> [<i>Handbook of Oriental Studies</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. pp. 335–336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004120629" title="Special:BookSources/9004120629"><bdi>9004120629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+Der+Orientalistik&rft.pages=335-336&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004120629&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfiavPYCz4dYC%26dq%3Dthat%2Bthe%2Bturanian%2Blanguage%2Bwas%2B%2527named%2Bafter%2Bthe%2Bdescendants%2Bof%2Btur%2527%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystalRobins" class="citation web cs1">Crystal, David; Robins, Robert Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Linguistic-change#ref27199">"Language"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 5 – Linguistic change / Language typology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Language&rft.pages=5+-+Linguistic+change+%2F+Language+typology&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Robins%2C+Robert+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Flanguage%2FLinguistic-change%23ref27199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"religions, classification of." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ural–Altaic languages." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Iran and Turan", <i>Anthropological Review</i> 6:22 (1868), p. 286</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiscione1981" class="citation book cs1">Biscione, R. (1981). "Centre and Periphery in Late Protohistoric Turan: the Settlement Pattern". In Härtel, H. (ed.). <i>South Asian Archaeology 1979 : Papers from the fifth International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists</i>. Berlin: D. Reimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-496-00158-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-496-00158-5"><bdi>3-496-00158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Centre+and+Periphery+in+Late+Protohistoric+Turan%3A+the+Settlement+Pattern&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Archaeology+1979+%3A+Papers+from+the+fifth+International+Conference+of+the+Association+of+South+Asian+Archaeologists&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=D.+Reimer&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=3-496-00158-5&rft.aulast=Biscione&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Archäologie in Iran und Turan</i>, Verlag Philipp von Zabern GmbH. Publisher – Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH (Volume 1–3) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1433-8734">1433-8734</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoroastrian.org/articles/Iran_Turan_in_Avesta.htm">Iranians and Turanians in the Avesta</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shahnameh" title="Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shahnameh" title="Template talk:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pishdadian_dynasty" title="Pishdadian dynasty">Pishdadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Keyumars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang" title="Hushang">Hushang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmuras" title="Tahmuras">Tahmuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehr" title="Manuchehr">Manuchehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowzar" title="Nowzar">Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaav" title="Zaav">Zaav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (Shahnameh)">Garshasp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Kaw%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Kawād">Kay Kawād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Khosrow" title="Kay Khosrow">Kay Khosrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Lohrasp" title="Kay Lohrasp">Kay Lohrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshtasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshtasp (Shahnameh)">Goshtasb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humay_Chehrzad" title="Humay Chehrzad">Humay Chehrzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Darab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Darab">Kay Darab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_II" title="Dara II">Dara II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">Male characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_(sage)" title="Jamasp (sage)">Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak" title="Siamak">Siamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrasb_(Shahnameh)" title="Shahrasb (Shahnameh)">Shahrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtin" title="Abtin">Abtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayanoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayanoush">Kayanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāve">Kāve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arash" title="Arash">Arash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm_(Shahnameh)" title="Salm (Shahnameh)">Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qob%C3%A1d_(Shahnameh)" title="Qobád (Shahnameh)">Qobád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaren" title="Qaren">Qaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tous_son_of_Nowzar" title="Tous son of Nowzar">Tous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostaham" title="Gostaham">Gostaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(gladiator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (gladiator)">Gershasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshotanu" title="Peshotanu">Pashotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariburz_(Shahnameh)" title="Fariburz (Shahnameh)">Fariborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash">Siyâvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farud" title="Farud">Farud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangay-i_Shavaran" title="Zangay-i Shavaran">Zangay-i Shavaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudarz" title="Goudarz">Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv_(Shahnameh)" title="Giv (Shahnameh)">Giv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizhan_(Shahnameh)" title="Bizhan (Shahnameh)">Bizhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohham" title="Rohham">Rohham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_(Shahnameh)" title="Bahram (Shahnameh)">Bahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojir" title="Hojir">Hojir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgin_(Shahnameh)" title="Gorgin (Shahnameh)">Gorgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavara" title="Zavara">Zavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Farrokhz%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostam Farrokhzād">Rostam Farrokhzād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Eskandar (Alexander)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_Shahnameh" title="List of women in Shahnameh">Female characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faranak" title="Faranak">Faranak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnav%C4%81z" title="Arnavāz">Arnavāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrn%C4%81z" title="Shahrnāz">Shahrnāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindukht" title="Sindukht">Sindukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudabeh" title="Sudabeh">Sudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmina" title="Tahmina">Tahmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordafarid" title="Gordafarid">Gordafarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farangis" title="Farangis">Farangis</a></li> <li>Manizheh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C4%81youn" title="Katāyoun">Katāyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadeh_(Shahnameh)" title="Azadeh (Shahnameh)">Azadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tazian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mardas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrab_Kaboli" title="Mehrab Kaboli">Mehrab Kaboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zadashm" title="Zadashm">Zadashm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashang" title="Pashang">Pashang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghrirat" title="Aghrirat">Aghrirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garsivaz" title="Garsivaz">Garsivaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tageuo_(Shahnameh)" title="Tageuo (Shahnameh)">Tageuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shideh_(Shahnameh)" title="Shideh (Shahnameh)">Shideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjasp" title="Arjasp">Arjasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viseh" title="Viseh">Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piran_Viseh" title="Piran Viseh">Piran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houman" title="Houman">Houman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barman_(Shahnameh)" title="Barman (Shahnameh)">Barman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastihan" title="Nastihan">Nastihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biderafsh" title="Biderafsh">Biderafsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans and<br />families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Goudarz" title="House of Goudarz">House of Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Viseh" title="House of Viseh">House of Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nowzar" title="House of Nowzar">House of Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sasan">House of Sasan</a></li> <li>House of Sām</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf,_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/80px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/120px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/160px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4303" data-file-height="5929" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/80px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/120px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/160px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Court_of_Gayumars_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/80px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/120px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/160px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creatures <br />and animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvan_Div" title="Akvan Div">Akvan Div</a></li> <li>Kharvazan Div</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhang_Div" title="Arzhang Div">Arzhang Div</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div-e_Sepid" title="Div-e Sepid">Div-e Sepid</a></li> <li>Koulad-Ghandi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Huma bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabdiz" title="Shabdiz">Shabdiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabrang" title="Shabrang">Shabrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Elephant_(Shahnameh)" title="White Elephant (Shahnameh)">White Elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_(Shahnameh)" title="Iran (Shahnameh)">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Estakhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_(Shahnameh)" title="Mazandaran (Shahnameh)">Mazandaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Berezaiti" title="Hara Berezaiti">Alborzkouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Mount Damavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammisha" title="Tammisha">Tammisha</a></li> <li>Kasa-Roud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Shahnameh" title="List of places in Shahnameh">Other locations...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)</li> <li>Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)</li> <li>Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid</li> <li>Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)</li> <li>Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan</li> <li>Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Shahnameh" title="Florence Shahnameh">Florence <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mongol_Shahnameh" title="Great Mongol Shahnameh">Great Mongol <i>Shahnameh</i></a> (or Demotte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baysonghor_Shahnameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baysonghor Shahnameh">Baysonghor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp" title="Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Shah Tahmasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Rashida" title="Shahnameh of Rashida"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Rashida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Shahnameh" title="Windsor Shahnameh">Windsor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davari_Shahnameh" title="Davari Shahnameh">Davari <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mansuri_Shahnameh" title="Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh">Abu-Mansuri <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derafsh_Kaviani" title="Derafsh Kaviani">Derafsh Kaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babr-e_Bayan" title="Babr-e Bayan">Babr-e Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zal_and_Rudabeh" title="Zal and Rudabeh">Zal and Rudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostam_and_Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār">Rostam and Esfandiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Rostam's Seven Labours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davazdah_Rokh" title="Davazdah Rokh">Davazdah Rokh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Shirin" title="Khosrow and Shirin">Khosrow and Shirin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh">Bijan and Manijeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Shahnameh" title="Category:Shahnameh">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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