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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Birth and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haft_Khan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haft_Khan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Haft Khan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haft_Khan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternate_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternate_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Alternate views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternate_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descent_and_other_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descent_and_other_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Descent and other relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descent_and_other_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_and_traditional_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_and_traditional_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular and traditional culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_and_traditional_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rostam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="رستم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رستم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCst%C9%99m" title="Rüstəm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rüstəm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustam" title="Rustam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rustam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam_(Sch%C4%81hn%C4%81me)" title="Rostam (Schāhnāme) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rostam (Schāhnāme)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ރުސްތުމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރުސްތުމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Ροστάμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροστάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="رستم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رستم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="رۊستم – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رۊستم" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE" title="रुस्तम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रुस्तम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%9D" title="רוסתם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסתם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რუსტამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსტამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristem%C3%AA_Zal" title="Ristemê Zal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ristemê Zal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustamus" title="Rustamus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rustamus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="رستم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رستم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A0" title="ロスタム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロスタム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustam" title="Rustam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rustam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Рустам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рустам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85" title="ڕۆستەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆستەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ростам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ростам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Рустам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рустам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCstem" title="Rüstem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rüstem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Рустам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рустам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="رستم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رستم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rostam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustem" title="Rustem – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rustem" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6_(%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1)" title="羅斯坦 (波斯神話) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅斯坦 (波斯神話)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60062#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rostam" title="Special:EditPage/Rostam">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rostam%22">"Rostam"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rostam%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rostam%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rostam%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rostam%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rostam%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jahan_Pahlavan" title="Jahan Pahlavan">Jahan Pahlavan</a></div><div class="fn">Rostam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="رستم">رستم</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RostamMournsSohrab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RostamMournsSohrab.jpg/220px-RostamMournsSohrab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RostamMournsSohrab.jpg/330px-RostamMournsSohrab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RostamMournsSohrab.jpg/440px-RostamMournsSohrab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Rostam mourning <a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a>. Persian miniature.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Zabul" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabul">Zabul</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">With the conspiracy of his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a>, he fell into a well full of poisoned spears and was killed in <a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Rustam<br />Rustem</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Seven Labours</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Battle with Sohrab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostam_and_Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār">Battle with Esfandiyār</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>killing <a href="/wiki/Div-e_Sepid" title="Div-e Sepid">Demon Albino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tahmina" title="Tahmina">Tahmina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash">Siyâvash</a> (adopted son)<br /><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a> (In <a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Goshasp Nama">Banu Goshasp Nama</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zal">Zal</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a> (grandfather)<br /><a href="/wiki/Zavara" title="Zavara">Zavara</a> (brother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a> (half brother)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sohrab_and_Rostam_fighting_(TMoCA).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sohrab_and_Rostam_fighting_%28TMoCA%29.png/170px-Sohrab_and_Rostam_fighting_%28TMoCA%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sohrab_and_Rostam_fighting_%28TMoCA%29.png/255px-Sohrab_and_Rostam_fighting_%28TMoCA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Sohrab_and_Rostam_fighting_%28TMoCA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Sohrab and Rostam fighting:from "<a href="/wiki/Shahnama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahnama">The Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp"</a> (circa 1522)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rostam</b> or <b>Rustam</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">رستم</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[rosˈtæm]</a></span>) is a legendary hero in <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a>, whose life and work was immortalized by the 10th-century Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, or <i>Epic of Kings</i>, which contains pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Iranian folklore</a> and history. However, the roots of the narrative date much earlier. </p><p>In the <i>Shahnameh</i>, Rostam and his predecessors are <a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">Marzbans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>). Rostam is best known for his tragic fight with <a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a>, the other legendary Iranian hero; for <a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">his expedition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_(Shahnameh)" title="Mazandaran (Shahnameh)">Mazandaran</a> (not to be confused with the modern <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran Province</a>). He is also known for the story of his <a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Seven Labours</a>. </p><p>Rostam was always represented as the mightiest of Iranian paladins (holy warriors), and the atmosphere of the episodes in which he features is strongly reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. </p><p>He rides the legendary stallion <a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a> and wears a special suit named <a href="/wiki/Babr-e_Bayan" title="Babr-e Bayan">Babr-e Bayan</a> in battles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the narrative of the <i>Shahname</i> is the definitive work on Rostam, Ferdowsi did not invent the character; Rostam stories were popular as far back as the seventh century in <a href="/wiki/Pars_(Sasanian_province)" title="Pars (Sasanian province)">Pars</a> and originated much earlier, likely in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian-speaking territories.</a> </p><p>He famously wears the <i>zīn-i palang</i> or "panther-skin garment": </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The material surveyed so far proves that the Rustam legend was fully formed and well known in Western Iran by the seventh century AD at the latest and in the Eastern Iranian lands by the early eighth century. In some recent publications Frantz Grenet has attempted to find pictorial allusions several centuries earlier, in the “sīmurgh” depicted on the buckle of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> (AD 240–272) on the <a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i Bībī</a> rock relief in northern Afghanistan, and in the scene of a prince breaking in a foal depicted on an Eastern Sasanian silver dish attributed to the first half of the fourth century. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sims-Williams" title="Nicholas Sims-Williams">Nicholas Sims-Williams</a> has referred to the personal name Purlang-zin, spelt πορλαγγοζινο in Greek script, in a Bactrian document which was almost certainly written in the fourth century under Sasanian rule, claiming that this may be translated as “the man with the panther’s skin” and that it represents “a clear reference to the zīn-i palang of Rustam.” [...] the first element of this name, is the Bactrian word for “panther” or “leopard”.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rostam,_Iranian_hero,_mythical_king_of_Zabulistan._Panjikent,_7th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rostam%2C_Iranian_hero%2C_mythical_king_of_Zabulistan._Panjikent%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/170px-Rostam%2C_Iranian_hero%2C_mythical_king_of_Zabulistan._Panjikent%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rostam%2C_Iranian_hero%2C_mythical_king_of_Zabulistan._Panjikent%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/255px-Rostam%2C_Iranian_hero%2C_mythical_king_of_Zabulistan._Panjikent%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rostam%2C_Iranian_hero%2C_mythical_king_of_Zabulistan._Panjikent%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/340px-Rostam%2C_Iranian_hero%2C_mythical_king_of_Zabulistan._Panjikent%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>Rostam in the murals of <a href="/wiki/Panjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjikent">Panjikent</a>, 7-8th century CE. He is represented with an <a href="/wiki/Elongated_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Elongated skull">elongated skull</a>, in the fashion of the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i>Shahnameh</i>, Rostam is a native of <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a>, a historical region roughly corresponding to today's <a href="/wiki/Zabul_Province" title="Zabul Province">Zabul Province</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. His mother Rudaba was a princess of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>. Rostam is the champion of champions and is involved in numerous stories, constituting some of the most popular (and arguably some of most masterfully created) parts of the <i>Shahnameh</i>. In <i>Shahnameh</i>, Rostam—like his grandfather Sam—works as both a faithful military general as well as king-maker for the <a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian dynasty</a> of Persia. </p><p>As a young child, he slays the maddened <a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">white elephant</a> of the king <a href="/wiki/Manuchehr" title="Manuchehr">Manuchehr</a> with just one blow of the <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">mace</a> owned by his grandfather Sam, son of <a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Nariman</a>. He then tames his legendary stallion, <a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a>. </p><p>The etymology of Rostam's name is from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Common Iranian</a> "*rautas-taxma-, "'river-strong', i.e. 'as strong as a river',<sup id="cite_ref-SW_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rostam's mother is <i>Rūdāba</i> "(she) of the River Water",<sup id="cite_ref-SW_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his father is <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a>, who has white hair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rostam's mother Rudaba, the princess of Kabul, was known for her peerless beauty, and Rostam's father was Zāl. Zāl was one of Persia's most powerful warriors and a great general who conquered many rebellious tribes and ruled over Zabulistan. Zāl was known for his wisdom and was unparalleled in riding and fighting on horseback. He once demonstrated his skills to Emperor Manuchehr to seek his approval to marry his lover Rudaba. </p><p>In Persian mythology, Rudaba's labour in giving birth to Rostam was prolonged due to the extraordinary size of her baby - so much so that <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a>, her lover and husband, felt sure that his wife would die in labour. Rudaba was indeed near death when Zāl decided to summon the <a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a>, which duly appeared and instructed him upon how to perform a <i>Rostamzad</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean section</a>, thus saving both Rudaba and the child. </p><p>After Zāl's father, Sam, learned of his grandchild's birth, he rushed to see Rostam and was overjoyed. Rostam was brought up and trained by Zāl in warfare. When Rostam single-handedly slew a mad elephant, his father sent him on his first military assignment. </p><p>Rostam's task was to conquer the fortress on the summit of Mt Sipand where his great grandfather, Nariman, once besieged it and was slain in the battle. Rostam breached the fortress, defeated the enemy, ransacked its treasury and reported his success to his father, Zāl, and grandfather, Sam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haft_Khan">Haft Khan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Haft Khan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Rostam's Seven Labours</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rostam_toetet_esfandyar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rostam_toetet_esfandyar.jpg/170px-Rostam_toetet_esfandyar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rostam_toetet_esfandyar.jpg/255px-Rostam_toetet_esfandyar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rostam_toetet_esfandyar.jpg/340px-Rostam_toetet_esfandyar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>Rostam kills <a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a>. Medieval Persian miniature</figcaption></figure> <p>He undertakes a heroic journey to save his sovereign, the over-confident <a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a> who is captured by the <a href="/wiki/Dev_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev (mythology)">Divs</a> of Mazandaran. This journey is called "Rostam's Seven Quests". </p><p>There are some similarities between the legends of Rostam and those pertaining to the great Irish hero <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a>. They both defeat a ferocious beast as a young man, slay their sons in combat ("<a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a>", a motif also found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hildebrandslied" title="Hildebrandslied">Hildebrandslied</a></i>), are virtually invincible in combat, and are murdered by treachery while killing their murderer on their last breath.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two Persian heroes, Rostam and Esfandiyār, share stories with the <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules" title="Labours of Hercules">Labours of Hercules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternate_views">Alternate views</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alternate views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is written by the Royal Central Asian Society in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Central_Asian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society">Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society</a></i> that the struggle between Rostam and the <a href="/wiki/Div-e_Sepid" title="Div-e Sepid">Div-e Sepid</a> "White Demon" represents a struggle between Persians and invaders from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iran" title="Northern Iran">northern Caspian provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Shaghad" title="Rostam and Shaghad">Rostam and Shaghad</a></div> <p>In Shahnameh, the life spans of the heroes who are from the generation of <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a> (Rostam's grandfather) are described as being very long, and that of Rostam fits this pattern: he has reached the age of six hundred at the time of his violent demise (dying at the hand of his envious half-brother Shaghad, who kills him by throwing him into a well full of poisoned spears). In this incident, Rostam's faithful steed Rakhsh and the hero's brother, <a href="/wiki/Zavara" title="Zavara">Zavareh</a> are also killed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descent_and_other_relations">Descent and other relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Descent and other relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustam_re%C3%A7u_par_le_roi_Keykavouss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rustam_re%C3%A7u_par_le_roi_Keykavouss.jpg/220px-Rustam_re%C3%A7u_par_le_roi_Keykavouss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rustam_re%C3%A7u_par_le_roi_Keykavouss.jpg/330px-Rustam_re%C3%A7u_par_le_roi_Keykavouss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rustam_re%C3%A7u_par_le_roi_Keykavouss.jpg/440px-Rustam_re%C3%A7u_par_le_roi_Keykavouss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>Rostam and <a href="/wiki/Kay_Kavus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Kavus">Kay Kavus</a> in castle</figcaption></figure> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Tahmineh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahmineh">Tahmineh</a>, princess of <a href="/wiki/Samangan_Province" title="Samangan Province">Samangan</a>, Rostam had a son called <a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a>, who was killed accidentally by his father in the time of <a href="/wiki/Kay_Kavus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Kavus">Kay Kavus</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Goshasp Nama">Banu Goshasp Nama</a> Rostam later had a daughter called <a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a>, who had a full brother called <a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a>, and both became renowned heroes in Turan and India. Goshasp, through her marriage with <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Giv</a> had a son, <a href="/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh">Bijan</a>. </p><p>Rostam had also a half brother called <a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a>, who was always jealous of him and provoked his death. </p><p>Just as famous as Rostam was his horse <a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a>, which had an incredibly long life like Rostam, due to divine protection, and died at the same time as Rostam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_basis">Historical basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Herzfeld" title="Ernst Herzfeld">Ernst Herzfeld</a> maintained that the dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a> represented the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Suren" title="House of Suren">House of Suren</a>, highest of the five premier families of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, invested with the hereditary right of <a href="/wiki/Spahbed" title="Spahbed">commanding the royal armies</a>, and placing the crown on the king's head at the coronation. Probably when around 129 BCE, nomad peoples, especially the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> (<i>Sacaraucae</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>Sakaravaka</i> "nomadic <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>” or Saraucae) and the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a> attacked the eastern frontier of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, defense was entrusted by the Parthian emperors to the Surens; and the latter eventually not only repelled the Indo-Scythians, but pursued them into <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, this event probably representing <i>interitus Saraucarum</i> ( the perishing of the Sacaraucae) of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Trogus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus">Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus</a> (Prologue 42). </p><p>Echoes of these events are preserved in the legends of the Sistān cycle, partly incorporated in the <i>Shahnameh</i>, but once also surviving as independent epics, such as the <a href="/wiki/Garshaspname" class="mw-redirect" title="Garshaspname"><i>Garšāspnāma</i></a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Tarikh-i_Sistan" title="Tarikh-i Sistan"><i>Tārikh-e Sistān</i></a>, and the <i>Ketāb al-Sakisarān</i> cited by <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Masudi</a>. These related the deeds of the hero <a href="/wiki/Garshasp" title="Garshasp">Garshasp</a> and his descendants, <a href="/wiki/Nariman_(father_of_S%C4%81m)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nariman (father of Sām)">Narimān</a>, Sām, Zāl or Dastān, and above all of the latter's son Rostam. It is difficult to relate the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian">Indo-Parthian</a> names known from coins and history to those of the epic, which are possibly honorific titles, since a recently reported silver coin describes Gondophares (spelt in Greek script Hyndopharres) as <i>surnamed</i> Sām. A single ruler may of course have received more than one such title, and the historical names may be repeated in succeeding generations.<sup id="cite_ref-GONDOPHARES_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GONDOPHARES-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Garshasp" title="Garshasp">Garshasp</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mardas_(Shahnameh)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mardas (Shahnameh) (page does not exist)">Mardas</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Nariman</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mehrab_Kaboli" title="Mehrab Kaboli">Mehrab Kaboli</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sindukht" title="Sindukht">Sindukht</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rudaabeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudaabeh">Rudaabeh</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Rostam</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tahmineh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahmineh">Tahmineh</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mughal_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal era">Mughal era</a> manuscripts depicting <a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Rostam's seven labours</a> and other feats: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_a_Dragon_(the_Third_Feat)_-_Walters_W60276B_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The third feat of Rostam's seven labours: Rostam kills a dragon."><img alt="The third feat of Rostam's seven labours: Rostam kills a dragon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_a_Dragon_%28the_Third_Feat%29_-_Walters_W60276B_%28cropped%29.jpg/101px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_a_Dragon_%28the_Third_Feat%29_-_Walters_W60276B_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_a_Dragon_%28the_Third_Feat%29_-_Walters_W60276B_%28cropped%29.jpg/152px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_a_Dragon_%28the_Third_Feat%29_-_Walters_W60276B_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_a_Dragon_%28the_Third_Feat%29_-_Walters_W60276B_%28cropped%29.jpg/202px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_a_Dragon_%28the_Third_Feat%29_-_Walters_W60276B_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The third feat of Rostam's seven labours: Rostam kills a dragon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Drags_the_Khaqan_of_China_from_his_Elephant_-_Walters_W601245B_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rustam drags the Khaqan of China from his elephant."><img alt="Rustam drags the Khaqan of China from his elephant." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Drags_the_Khaqan_of_China_from_his_Elephant_-_Walters_W601245B_-_Full_Page.jpg/80px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Drags_the_Khaqan_of_China_from_his_Elephant_-_Walters_W601245B_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Drags_the_Khaqan_of_China_from_his_Elephant_-_Walters_W601245B_-_Full_Page.jpg/120px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Drags_the_Khaqan_of_China_from_his_Elephant_-_Walters_W601245B_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Drags_the_Khaqan_of_China_from_his_Elephant_-_Walters_W601245B_-_Full_Page.jpg/160px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Drags_the_Khaqan_of_China_from_his_Elephant_-_Walters_W601245B_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rustam drags the Khaqan of China from his elephant.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Shoots_Ashkabus_-_Walters_W601234A_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rustam shoots Ashkabus."><img alt="Rustam shoots Ashkabus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Shoots_Ashkabus_-_Walters_W601234A_-_Full_Page.jpg/80px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Shoots_Ashkabus_-_Walters_W601234A_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Shoots_Ashkabus_-_Walters_W601234A_-_Full_Page.jpg/120px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Shoots_Ashkabus_-_Walters_W601234A_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Shoots_Ashkabus_-_Walters_W601234A_-_Full_Page.jpg/160px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Shoots_Ashkabus_-_Walters_W601234A_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rustam shoots Ashkabus.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_the_White_Div_(the_Seventh_Feat)_-_Walters_W601131B_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The final feat of Rostam's seven labours: Rostam kills the White Demon."><img alt="The final feat of Rostam's seven labours: Rostam kills the White Demon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_the_White_Div_%28the_Seventh_Feat%29_-_Walters_W601131B_-_Full_Page.jpg/80px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_the_White_Div_%28the_Seventh_Feat%29_-_Walters_W601131B_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_the_White_Div_%28the_Seventh_Feat%29_-_Walters_W601131B_-_Full_Page.jpg/120px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_the_White_Div_%28the_Seventh_Feat%29_-_Walters_W601131B_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_the_White_Div_%28the_Seventh_Feat%29_-_Walters_W601131B_-_Full_Page.jpg/160px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Kills_the_White_Div_%28the_Seventh_Feat%29_-_Walters_W601131B_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The final feat of Rostam's seven labours: Rostam kills the White Demon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Rescues_Bizhan_from_the_Pit_-_Walters_W601308B_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rustam rescues Bizhan from the pit."><img alt="Rustam rescues Bizhan from the pit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Rescues_Bizhan_from_the_Pit_-_Walters_W601308B_-_Full_Page.jpg/80px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Rescues_Bizhan_from_the_Pit_-_Walters_W601308B_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Rescues_Bizhan_from_the_Pit_-_Walters_W601308B_-_Full_Page.jpg/120px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Rescues_Bizhan_from_the_Pit_-_Walters_W601308B_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Rescues_Bizhan_from_the_Pit_-_Walters_W601308B_-_Full_Page.jpg/160px-Firdawsi_-_Rustam_Rescues_Bizhan_from_the_Pit_-_Walters_W601308B_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rustam rescues Bizhan from the pit.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_and_traditional_culture">In popular and traditional culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular and traditional culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word 'Rustam' is synonymous with physical prowess, especially for wrestlers in Persian, Urdu, Hindi and <a href="/wiki/Persianate_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate culture">Persianate cultures</a> generally. For example, <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a> was popularly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Rustam-e-Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustam-e-Hind">Rustam-e-Hind</a>, or "Rustam of India". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rostam_(name)" title="Rostam (name)">Rustam</a> remains a popular name in Persianate cultures from Turkey to India. </p><p>In Afghanistan, there is a <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a> <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a>, "“Rostam’s name is better than Rostam.” Edward Zellem explained, “This proverb is used when a person’s name or reputation is better than his actual abilities”.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">List of Shahnameh characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostam_and_Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār">Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Shaghad" title="Rostam and Shaghad">Rostam and Shaghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Rostam's Seven Labours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zal_and_Rudabeh" title="Zal and Rudabeh">Zal and Rudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshaspname" class="mw-redirect" title="Garshaspname">Garshaspname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostami_(place)" title="Rostami (place)">Rostami (place)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostami_(surname)" title="Rostami (surname)">Rostami (surname)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_in_the_Panther%27s_Skin" title="The Knight in the Panther's Skin">The Knight in the Panther's Skin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadr_ibn_al-Harith" title="Nadr ibn al-Harith">Nadr ibn al-Harith</a> - Contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, told stories about Rostam and Esfandiyar.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/shahnamestories/storyfour/birthofrostam.html">"Rostam life story explained based on Shahname Book"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rostam+life+story+explained+based+on+Shahname+Book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Fcult%2Finside%2Fshahnamestories%2Fstoryfour%2Fbirthofrostam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARostam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-WilliamsSims-Williams2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sims-Williams, Nicholas; Sims-Williams, Ursula (Summer 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314013839/http://213.32.55.132/index.php/journal/article/view/2146">"Rustam and his <i>zīn-i palang</i>"</a>. <i>Iran Nameh</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 252–3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://213.32.55.132/index.php/journal/article/view/2146">the original</a> on 14 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+Nameh&rft.atitle=Rustam+and+his+z%C4%ABn-i+palang&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=252-3&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Sims-Williams%2C+Ursula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F213.32.55.132%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARostam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2017" class="citation book cs1">Rezakhani, Khodadad (15 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109"><i>ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0030-5"><bdi>978-1-4744-0030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ReOrienting+the+Sasanians%3A+East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbjRWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARostam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeology.org/issues/386-2007/features/8756-a-silk-road-renaissance#art_page4">"A Silk Road Renaissance - Archaeology Magazine"</a>. <i>www.archaeology.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.archaeology.org&rft.atitle=A+Silk+Road+Renaissance+-+Archaeology+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fissues%2F386-2007%2Ffeatures%2F8756-a-silk-road-renaissance%23art_page4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARostam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is possible that the Sogdian aristocratic culture of that time preserved some memory of the glorious days of Khingila, the first Hephthalite conqueror of India. The profile of Rustam, shown on different paintings at Pendzhikent, is very distinct from the other depictions in the Sogdian art, and resembles the Hephthalite prototypes. The portraits feature narrow skulls, V-shaped eyebrows, hooked noses and heavy jaws, and thus closely resemble some portraits of Khingila on the coins(Grenet 2002, 218-219)." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurbanov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oaji.net/articles/2017/4586-1488311404.pdf">"THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tyragetia</i>: 317–334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tyragetia&rft.atitle=THE+HEPHTHALITES%3A+ICONOGRAPHICAL+MATERIALS&rft.pages=317-334&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kurbanov&rft.aufirst=Aydogdy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foaji.net%2Farticles%2F2017%2F4586-1488311404.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARostam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2003" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24461575">"Regional interaction in Central Asia and Northwest India in the Kidarite and Hephthalite periods"</a>. <i>Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples</i>: 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Languages+and+Peoples&rft.atitle=Regional+interaction+in+Central+Asia+and+Northwest+India+in+the+Kidarite+and+Hephthalite+periods&rft.pages=218&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24461575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARostam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-WilliamsSims-Williams2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sims-Williams, Nicholas; Sims-Williams, Ursula (Summer 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314013839/http://213.32.55.132/index.php/journal/article/view/2146">"Rustam and his <i>zīn-i palang</i>"</a>. <i>Iran Nameh</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 250–1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://213.32.55.132/index.php/journal/article/view/2146">the original</a> on 14 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+Nameh&rft.atitle=Rustam+and+his+z%C4%ABn-i+palang&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=250-1&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Sims-Williams%2C+Ursula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F213.32.55.132%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARostam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell Monette, <i>The Medieval Hero: Christian and Muslim Traditions</i>. (Saarsbruck: 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell Monette, <i>The Medieval Hero: Christian and Muslim Traditions</i>. (Saarsbruck: 2008), pp. 227-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society</i> By Royal Central Asian Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GONDOPHARES-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GONDOPHARES_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gondophares">"Rostam"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 161. Zellem, Edward. 2015. <i>Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs</i>, 3rd ed. Cultures Direct Press. 2015</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazerani2015" class="citation book cs1">Gazerani, Saghi (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=92zsCgAAQBAJ&q=false"><i>The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 1–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004282964" title="Special:BookSources/9789004282964"><bdi>9789004282964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sistani+Cycle+of+Epics+and+Iran%27s+National+History%3A+On+the+Margins+of+Historiography&rft.pages=1-250&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004282964&rft.aulast=Gazerani&rft.aufirst=Saghi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D92zsCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARostam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khodadad_Rezakhani" title="Khodadad Rezakhani">Rezakhani, Khodadad</a> (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity". <i>ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity</i>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474400305" title="Special:BookSources/9781474400305"><bdi>9781474400305</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8">10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.btitle=ReOrienting+the+Sasanians%3A+East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=1-256&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctt1g04zr8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781474400305&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARostam" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rostam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rostam"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Rostam</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Shah_Nameh" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Shah Nameh">Shah Nameh</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i>Shahnameh</i>, by Hakim Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi Tusi, the complete work (64 Epics), in Persian (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parstech.org/detail.php?id=1261">ParsTech</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703202016/http://www.parstech.org/detail.php?id=1261">Archived</a> 3 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). This work can be freely downloaded (File size, compiled in the form of an HTML help file: 1.4 MB).</li> <li>Iraj Bashiri, <i>Characters of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/shahnameh/characters_ferdowsi_shahname.php">Iran Chamber Society</a>, 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Ferdowsi/kings.html"><i>Shahnameh</i></a>, English translation by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Zimmern" title="Helen Zimmern">Helen Zimmern</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/shahnameh/shahnameh.php"><i>Shahnameh</i></a>. Helen Zimmern translation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410175301/http://www.greatworkspreserved.com/shahnama/"><i>Shahnameh</i></a>, Arthur and Edmond Warner translation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5309016">New Translation of 'Persian Book of Kings' - March, 2006</a> from <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/30/books/review/30aslan.html">"The Epic of Iran" - April, 2006</a>, from <i>The New York Times</i>. Also, on 14 May 2006, <i>Washington Post</i> Pulitzer Prize winning book critic Michael Dirda reviewed Dick Davis's translation "Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/11/AR2006051101341.html">"This marvelous translation of an ancient Persian classic brings these stories alive for a new audience"</a>. The illustrated three-volume slipcase edition of this translation is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934211-97-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-934211-97-3">0-934211-97-3</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Persian sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030724173146/http://shahnameh.recent.ir/default.aspx?browse">Complete Persian text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406145118/http://www.shahnameh.com/">Shahnameh website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Shahnameh" title="Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shahnameh" title="Template talk:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pishdadian_dynasty" title="Pishdadian dynasty">Pishdadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Keyumars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang" title="Hushang">Hushang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmuras" title="Tahmuras">Tahmuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehr" title="Manuchehr">Manuchehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowzar" title="Nowzar">Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaav" title="Zaav">Zaav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (Shahnameh)">Garshasp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Kaw%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Kawād">Kay Kawād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Khosrow" title="Kay Khosrow">Kay Khosrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Lohrasp" title="Kay Lohrasp">Kay Lohrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshtasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshtasp (Shahnameh)">Goshtasb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humay_Chehrzad" title="Humay Chehrzad">Humay Chehrzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Darab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Darab">Kay Darab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_II" title="Dara II">Dara II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">Male characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_(sage)" title="Jamasp (sage)">Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak" title="Siamak">Siamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrasb_(Shahnameh)" title="Shahrasb (Shahnameh)">Shahrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtin" title="Abtin">Abtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayanoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayanoush">Kayanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāve">Kāve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arash" title="Arash">Arash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm_(Shahnameh)" title="Salm (Shahnameh)">Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qob%C3%A1d_(Shahnameh)" title="Qobád (Shahnameh)">Qobád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaren" title="Qaren">Qaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tous_son_of_Nowzar" title="Tous son of Nowzar">Tous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostaham" title="Gostaham">Gostaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(gladiator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (gladiator)">Gershasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshotanu" title="Peshotanu">Pashotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariburz_(Shahnameh)" title="Fariburz (Shahnameh)">Fariborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash">Siyâvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farud" title="Farud">Farud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangay-i_Shavaran" title="Zangay-i Shavaran">Zangay-i Shavaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudarz" title="Goudarz">Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv_(Shahnameh)" title="Giv (Shahnameh)">Giv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizhan_(Shahnameh)" title="Bizhan (Shahnameh)">Bizhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohham" title="Rohham">Rohham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_(Shahnameh)" title="Bahram (Shahnameh)">Bahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojir" title="Hojir">Hojir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgin_(Shahnameh)" title="Gorgin (Shahnameh)">Gorgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavara" title="Zavara">Zavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Farrokhz%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostam Farrokhzād">Rostam Farrokhzād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Eskandar (Alexander)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_Shahnameh" title="List of women in Shahnameh">Female characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faranak" title="Faranak">Faranak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnav%C4%81z" title="Arnavāz">Arnavāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrn%C4%81z" title="Shahrnāz">Shahrnāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindukht" title="Sindukht">Sindukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudabeh" title="Sudabeh">Sudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmina" title="Tahmina">Tahmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordafarid" title="Gordafarid">Gordafarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farangis" title="Farangis">Farangis</a></li> <li>Manizheh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C4%81youn" title="Katāyoun">Katāyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadeh_(Shahnameh)" title="Azadeh (Shahnameh)">Azadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tazian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mardas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrab_Kaboli" title="Mehrab Kaboli">Mehrab Kaboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zadashm" title="Zadashm">Zadashm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashang" title="Pashang">Pashang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghrirat" title="Aghrirat">Aghrirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garsivaz" title="Garsivaz">Garsivaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tageuo_(Shahnameh)" title="Tageuo (Shahnameh)">Tageuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shideh_(Shahnameh)" title="Shideh (Shahnameh)">Shideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjasp" title="Arjasp">Arjasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viseh" title="Viseh">Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piran_Viseh" title="Piran Viseh">Piran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houman" title="Houman">Houman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barman_(Shahnameh)" title="Barman (Shahnameh)">Barman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastihan" title="Nastihan">Nastihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biderafsh" title="Biderafsh">Biderafsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans and<br />families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Goudarz" title="House of Goudarz">House of Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Viseh" title="House of Viseh">House of Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nowzar" title="House of Nowzar">House of Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sasan">House of Sasan</a></li> <li>House of Sām</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf,_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/80px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/120px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/160px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4303" data-file-height="5929" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/80px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/120px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/160px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Court_of_Gayumars_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/80px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/120px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/160px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creatures <br />and animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvan_Div" title="Akvan Div">Akvan Div</a></li> <li>Kharvazan Div</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhang_Div" title="Arzhang Div">Arzhang Div</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div-e_Sepid" title="Div-e Sepid">Div-e Sepid</a></li> <li>Koulad-Ghandi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Huma bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabdiz" title="Shabdiz">Shabdiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabrang" title="Shabrang">Shabrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Elephant_(Shahnameh)" title="White Elephant (Shahnameh)">White Elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_(Shahnameh)" title="Iran (Shahnameh)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Estakhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_(Shahnameh)" title="Mazandaran (Shahnameh)">Mazandaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Berezaiti" title="Hara Berezaiti">Alborzkouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Mount Damavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammisha" title="Tammisha">Tammisha</a></li> <li>Kasa-Roud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Shahnameh" title="List of places in Shahnameh">Other locations...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)</li> <li>Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)</li> <li>Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid</li> <li>Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)</li> <li>Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan</li> <li>Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Shahnameh" title="Florence Shahnameh">Florence <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mongol_Shahnameh" title="Great Mongol Shahnameh">Great Mongol <i>Shahnameh</i></a> (or Demotte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baysonghor_Shahnameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baysonghor Shahnameh">Baysonghor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp" title="Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Shah Tahmasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Rashida" title="Shahnameh of Rashida"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Rashida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Shahnameh" title="Windsor Shahnameh">Windsor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davari_Shahnameh" title="Davari Shahnameh">Davari <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mansuri_Shahnameh" title="Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh">Abu-Mansuri <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derafsh_Kaviani" title="Derafsh Kaviani">Derafsh Kaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babr-e_Bayan" title="Babr-e Bayan">Babr-e Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zal_and_Rudabeh" title="Zal and Rudabeh">Zal and Rudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostam_and_Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār">Rostam and Esfandiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Rostam's Seven Labours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davazdah_Rokh" title="Davazdah Rokh">Davazdah Rokh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Shirin" title="Khosrow and Shirin">Khosrow and Shirin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh">Bijan and Manijeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Shahnameh" title="Category:Shahnameh">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rostam_and_Sohrab_from_Ferdowsi&#039;s_Shahnameh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Template:Rostam and Sohrab"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Template talk:Rostam and Sohrab"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rostam and Sohrab"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rostam_and_Sohrab_from_Ferdowsi&#039;s_Shahnameh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rustam_and_Zohrab" title="Rustam and Zohrab">Rustam and Zohrab</a></i> (1910 Hajibeyov)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab_(opera)" title="Rostam and Sohrab (opera)">Rostam and Sohrab</a></i> (1963 Tjeknavorian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rustom_O_Sohrab" title="Rustom O Sohrab">Rustom O Sohrab</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_and_Rustum" title="Sohrab and Rustum">Sohrab and Rustum</a></i> (epic poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rustom_Sohrab_(1963_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustom Sohrab (1963 film)">Rustom Sohrab</a></i> (film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kings:_Rostam_and_Sohrab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Kings: Rostam and Sohrab">Battle of the Kings: Rostam and Sohrab</a></i> (film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farsala_Trilogy" title="Farsala Trilogy">Farsala Trilogy</a></i> (novels)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_personifications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_personifications" title="Template:National personifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_personifications" title="Template talk:National personifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_personifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National personifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_personifications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rostam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Albania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Albania_(statue)" title="Mother Albania (statue)">Mother Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_the_Americas" title="Personification of the Americas">Personification of the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_representations_of_Argentina" title="Allegorical representations of Argentina">Effigies of Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Armenia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Armenia" title="Mother Armenia">Mother Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy_from_Manly" title="Little Boy from Manly">Little Boy from Manly</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Belgicus" title="Leo Belgicus">Leo Belgicus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Thong_and_Neang_Neak" title="Preah Thong and Neang Neak">Preah Thong and Neang Neak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Canuck" title="Johnny Canuck">Johnny Canuck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaso" title="Huaso">Huaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panda" class="mw-redirect" title="Panda">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Croatia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Croatia" title="Mother Croatia">Mother Croatia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czech Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cechie" title="Čechie">Čechie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Va%C5%A1ek" title="Czech Vašek">Czech Vašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk" title="The Good Soldier Švejk">Švejk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Holger Danske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Denmark" title="Mother Denmark">Mother Denmark</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Maiden" title="Finnish Maiden">Finnish Maiden</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartlis_Deda" title="Kartlis Deda">Kartvlis Deda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Michel" title="Deutscher Michel">Deutscher Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_(personification)" title="Hellas (personification)">Hellas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Haiti <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezili_Dantor" title="Ezili Dantor">Ezili Dantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Flon" title="Catherine Flon">Catherine Flon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Hungaria" title="Lady of Hungaria">Lady of Hungaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iceland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Mountain" title="Lady of the Mountain">Lady of the Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Elephant">Indian Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Ibu Pertiwi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia_(personification)" title="Hibernia (personification)">Hibernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ni_Houlihan" title="Kathleen Ni Houlihan">Kathleen Ni Houlihan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srulik" title="Srulik">Srulik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(personification)" title="Roma (personification)">Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanjiku" title="Wanjiku">Wanjiku</a></li></ul></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungnyeo" title="Ungnyeo">Ungnyeo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Manas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lebanon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abed" title="Abu Abed">Abu Abed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malaysia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melita_(personification)" title="Melita (personification)">Melita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Maiden" title="Dutch Maiden">Dutch Maiden</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_man" title="Southern man">Southern man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(personification)" title="Zealandia (personification)">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ola_Nordmann" title="Ola Nordmann">Ola Nordmann</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaheen_falcon" title="Shaheen falcon">Shaheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Māder-e Millat</a></li></ul></li> <li>Palestine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handala" title="Handala">Handala</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Motherland" title="Peruvian Motherland">Madre Patria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Clara" title="María Clara">Maria Clara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia (personification)">Polonia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Povinho" title="Zé Povinho">Zé Povinho</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Mother Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Bear" title="Russian Bear">Russian Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Serbia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Serbia" title="Mother Serbia">Mother Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Singapore <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_(personification)" title="Hispania (personification)">Hispania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Svea" title="Mother Svea">Mother Svea</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Siam Devadhiraj</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Mamay" title="Cossack Mamay">Cossack Mamay</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth#Dame_Wales" title="Joseph Morewood Staniforth">Dame Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan" title="Brother Jonathan">Brother Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Lady Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Justice" title="Lady Justice">Lady Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Yank" title="Billy Yank">Billy Yank</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Northern states</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Reb" title="Johnny Reb">Johnny Reb</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Southern states</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryballs" title="Countryballs">Countryballs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberty_symbols" title="Category:Liberty symbols">Other symbols of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60062#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60062#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135145542448196640703">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1081922818">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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