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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Self-immolation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Self-immolation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Self-immolation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Self-immolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Religious background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_of_the_act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_of_the_act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Day of the act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_of_the_act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Funeral and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intact_heart_and_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intact_heart_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Intact heart and symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intact_heart_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diệm_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diệm_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Diệm reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diệm_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_media_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_media_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Political and media impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_media_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precedents_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precedents_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Precedents and influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precedents_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thích Quảng Đức</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%83" title="تتش كوان دك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تتش كوان دك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thik_Quanq_D%C4%B1k" title="Thik Quanq Dık – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Thik Quanq Dık" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="থিক কুয়াং ডুক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থিক কুয়াং ডুক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C3%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Ðức – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thích Quảng Ðức" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA" title="Θικ Κουάνγκ Ντουκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θικ Κουάνγκ Ντουκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C3%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Ðức – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thích Quảng Ðức" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9" title="تچ کوانگ دوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تچ کوانگ دوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B1%EA%BD%9D%EB%93%9D" title="틱꽝득 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="틱꽝득" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%BF_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3_%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Տհիտ Կուանգ Դիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տհիտ Կուանգ Դիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="थिक क्वांग डुक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थिक क्वांग डुक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thich_Quang_Duc" title="Thich Quang Duc – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Thich Quang Duc" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7" title="טיק קואנג דוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיק קואנג דוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thich_Quang_Duc" title="Thich Quang Duc – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thich Quang Duc" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thits_Kuangs_Diks" title="Thits Kuangs Diks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Thits Kuangs Diks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BF" title="തിച്ച് ഗ്വാങ് ഡൿ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിച്ച് ഗ്വാങ് ഡൿ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="थिक क्वांग डुक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थिक क्वांग डुक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ティック・クアン・ドック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティック・クアン・ドック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thích Quảng Đức" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C3%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Ðức – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thích Quảng Ðức" data-language-autonym="Polski" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vietnamese Buddhist monk and self-immolator (1897–1963)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">dharma name</a>, the surname is <i>Thích</i>. By Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, <i>Quảng Đức</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFA500; color: #000000;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Thích</a></div><div class="fn">Quảng Đức</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:B%E1%BB%93_t%C3%A1t_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/B%E1%BB%93_t%C3%A1t_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg/220px-B%E1%BB%93_t%C3%A1t_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/B%E1%BB%93_t%C3%A1t_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg/330px-B%E1%BB%93_t%C3%A1t_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/B%E1%BB%93_t%C3%A1t_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg/440px-B%E1%BB%93_t%C3%A1t_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="4724" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFA500; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lâm Văn Túc</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1897<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1897</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Kh%C3%A1nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hội Khánh">Hội Khánh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a>, French Indochina</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 June 1963<span style="display:none">(1963-06-11)</span> (aged 65–66)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, South Vietnam</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> by <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sect</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Bồ Tát Thích Quảng Đức <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(<i>Bodhisattva Thích Quảng Đức</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFA500; color: #000000;">Senior posting</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based in</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period in office</th><td class="infobox-data">1917–1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">1917</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Post</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Chairman of the Panel on Ceremonial Rites of the Congregation of Vietnamese Monks</li><li>Abbot of the Phước Hòa Pagoda</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thích Quảng Đức</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <span style="font-style:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:釋">釋</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BB%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:廣">廣</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:德">德</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Vietnamese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[tʰǐk̟<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷâːŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɗɨ̌k]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/eb\/Thich_Quang_Duc.ogg\/Thich_Quang_Duc.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Thich Quang Duc.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Thich_Quang_Duc.ogg/Thich_Quang_Duc.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Thich_Quang_Duc.ogg" title="File:Thich Quang Duc.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; born <b>Lâm Văn Túc</b>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1897</span> – 11 June 1963) was a Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monk</a> who died by <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a> at a busy <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a> road intersection on 11 June 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quảng Đức was protesting against <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">the persecution of Buddhists</a> by the <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>, a staunch <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Catholic Church in Vietnam">Roman Catholic</a>. Photographs of his self-immolation circulated around the world, drawing attention to the policies of the Diệm government. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> said of one photograph, "No news picture in history has generated so much emotion around the world as that one".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm Browne</a> won the <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Photo_of_the_Year" title="World Press Photo of the Year">World Press Photo of the Year</a> for his photograph of the monk's death. </p><p>Quảng Đức's act increased international pressure on Diệm and led him to announce reforms with the intention of mollifying the Buddhists. However, the promised reforms were not implemented, leading to a deterioration in the dispute. As protests continued, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces">ARVN Special Forces</a> loyal to Diệm's brother, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu</a>, launched <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">raids across South Vietnam</a> on Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagodas</a>, seizing Quảng Đức's heart and causing deaths and widespread damage. Several Buddhist monks followed Quảng Đức's example, also immolating themselves. Eventually, <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">a US-backed coup</a> toppled Diệm, who was <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">assassinated</a> on 2 November 1963. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accounts of the life of Quảng Đức are derived from information disseminated by Buddhist organizations. He was born in the village of <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Kh%C3%A1nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hội Khánh">Hội Khánh</a>, in <a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_Ninh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vạn Ninh District">Vạn Ninh District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khánh Hòa Province">Khánh Hòa Province</a> in central Vietnam as <b>Lâm Văn Túc</b>, one of seven children of Lâm Hữu Ứng and his wife, Nguyễn Thị Nương. At the age of seven, he left to study Buddhism under Hòa thượng<sup id="cite_ref-Hòa_thượng_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hòa_thượng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thích Hoằng Thâm, who was his maternal uncle and spiritual master. Thích Hoằng Thâm raised him as a son and Lâm Văn Túc changed his name to <b>Nguyễn Văn Khiết</b>. At age 15, he took the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87era" class="mw-redirect" title="Śrāmaṇera">samanera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">novice</a>) vows and was ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monk</a> at age 20 under the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">dharma name</a> <b>Thích Quảng Đức</b>. The <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese name</a> <i>Thích</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:釋">釋</a>) is from "Thích Ca" or "Thích Già" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:釋迦">釋迦</a>), means "of the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a> clan."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After ordination, he traveled to a mountain near <a href="/wiki/Ninh_H%C3%B2a" title="Ninh Hòa">Ninh Hòa</a>, vowing to live the life of a solitary Buddhism-practicing <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> for three years. He returned in later life to open the Thien Loc <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a> at his mountain retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-qd_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hm_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his self-imposed isolation ended, he began to travel around central Vietnam expounding the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>. After two years, he went into <a href="/wiki/Retreat_(spiritual)" title="Retreat (spiritual)">retreat</a> at the Sac Tu Thien An pagoda near <a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a>. In 1932, he was appointed an inspector for the Buddhist Association in Ninh Hòa before becoming the inspector of monks in his home province of Khánh Hòa. During this period in central Vietnam, he was responsible for the construction of 14 temples.<sup id="cite_ref-hm2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hm2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, he moved to southern Vietnam and traveled throughout the provinces spreading Buddhist teachings. During his time in southern Vietnam, he also spent two years in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> studying the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhist tradition. </p><p>Upon his return from Cambodia, he oversaw the construction of a further 17 new temples during his time in the south. The last of the 31 new temples that he was responsible for constructing was the <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Quan The Am</a> pagoda in the <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Nhu%E1%BA%ADn_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Phú Nhuận District">Phú Nhuận District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Định Province">Gia Định Province</a> on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hm2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hm2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The street on which the temple stands was later renamed Quảng Đức Street in 1975. After the temple-building phase, Quảng Đức was appointed to serve as the Chairman of the Panel on Ceremonial Rites of the Congregation of Vietnamese Monks, and as <a href="/wiki/Abbot_(Buddhism)" title="Abbot (Buddhism)">abbot</a> of the Phuoc Hoa pagoda, which was the initial location of the Association for Buddhist Studies of Vietnam (ABSV).<sup id="cite_ref-hm2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hm2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the office of the ABSV was relocated to the <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda">Xá Lợi Pagoda</a>, the main pagoda of Saigon, Quảng Đức resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-qd_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-immolation">Self-immolation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Self-immolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_background">Religious background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Memorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Memorial.JPG/170px-Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Memorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Memorial.JPG/255px-Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Memorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Memorial.JPG/340px-Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Memorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A memorial to Quảng Đức located on the site of his death</figcaption></figure> <p>In a country where surveys of the religious composition at the time estimated the Buddhist majority to be between 70 and 90 percent,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TIME1963_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME1963-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PentagonPapers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PentagonPapers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Diệm</a> was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Vietnam">Catholic</a> minority, and pursued discriminatory policies favoring Catholics for public service and military promotions, as well as in the allocation of land, business arrangements and tax concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diệm once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that the officer was from a Buddhist family, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted".<sup id="cite_ref-gettle_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gettle-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many officers in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a> (ARVN) converted to Roman Catholicism as their military prospects depended on it.<sup id="cite_ref-gettle_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gettle-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias saw weapons given only to Roman Catholics, with some Buddhists in the army being denied promotion if they refused to convert to Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-sv_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sv-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversions</a>, looting, shelling, and demolition of pagodas in some areas, to which the government turned a blind eye.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Buddhist villages converted <i>en masse</i> to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diệm's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "private" status that was imposed on Buddhism by the French, which required official permission to be obtained by those wishing to conduct public Buddhist activities, was not repealed by Diệm.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics were also <i>de facto</i> exempt from <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> labor, which the government obliged all citizens to perform, and United States aid was distributed disproportionately to Catholic majority villages by Diệm's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-j91_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j91-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country and enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition, and land owned by the Catholic Church was exempt from land reform.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white and gold <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Vatican flag</a> was regularly flown at all major public events in South Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-crusade_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crusade-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Diệm dedicated his country to the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Virgin Mary</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-j91_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j91-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhist discontent erupted following a ban in early May on flying the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Buddhist flag</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">birthday of</a> <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>. Just days before, Catholics had been encouraged to fly the Vatican flag at a celebration for Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c" title="Ngô Đình Thục">Ngô Đình Thục</a> of Huế, Diệm's elder brother. A large crowd of Buddhists protested the ban, defying the government by flying Buddhist flags on the Buddhist holy day of Vesak and marching on the government broadcasting station. Government forces <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">fired into the crowd of protesters, killing nine people</a>. Diệm's refusal to take responsibility—he blamed the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> for the deaths—led to further Buddhist protests and calls for religious equality.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Diệm remained unwilling to comply with Buddhist demands, the frequency of protests increased. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_of_the_act">Day of the act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Day of the act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Self-immolation_of_Thich_Quang_Duc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Self-immolation_of_Thich_Quang_Duc.jpg/330px-Self-immolation_of_Thich_Quang_Duc.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Self-immolation_of_Thich_Quang_Duc.jpg/495px-Self-immolation_of_Thich_Quang_Duc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Self-immolation_of_Thich_Quang_Duc.jpg/660px-Self-immolation_of_Thich_Quang_Duc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm Browne</a>'s photograph of Quảng Đức during his <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a>. The photograph won the 1963 <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Photo_of_the_Year" title="World Press Photo of the Year">World Press Photo of the Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg/330px-Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg/495px-Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg/660px-Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption>Another photograph of the scene by Browne</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_car_relic_at_Thi%C3%AAn_M%E1%BB%A5_Temple_-_img_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A higher resolution image of the car, on display at the temple, 15 December 2011." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/2024_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_car_relic_at_Thi%C3%AAn_M%E1%BB%A5_Temple_-_img_06.jpg/220px-2024_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_car_relic_at_Thi%C3%AAn_M%E1%BB%A5_Temple_-_img_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/2024_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_car_relic_at_Thi%C3%AAn_M%E1%BB%A5_Temple_-_img_06.jpg/330px-2024_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_car_relic_at_Thi%C3%AAn_M%E1%BB%A5_Temple_-_img_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/2024_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_car_relic_at_Thi%C3%AAn_M%E1%BB%A5_Temple_-_img_06.jpg/440px-2024_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_car_relic_at_Thi%C3%AAn_M%E1%BB%A5_Temple_-_img_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The car in which Quảng Đức traveled to his self-immolation; Huế, <a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_M%E1%BB%A5_Pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiên Mụ Pagoda">Thiên Mụ Pagoda</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 June 1963, US correspondents were informed that "something important" would happen the following morning on the road outside the Cambodian embassy in Saigon.<sup id="cite_ref-j147_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the reporters disregarded the message, since the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> had at that point been going on for more than a month, and the next day only a few journalists turned up, including <a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm Browne</a>, the Saigon bureau chief for the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (AP).<sup id="cite_ref-j147_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quảng Đức arrived as part of a procession that had begun at a nearby pagoda. Around 350 monks and nuns marched in two phalanxes, preceded by an <a href="/wiki/Austin_Westminster" title="Austin Westminster">Austin Westminster sedan</a>, carrying banners printed in both English and Vietnamese. They denounced the Diệm government and its policy towards Buddhists, demanding that it fulfill its promises of religious equality.<sup id="cite_ref-j147_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another monk offered himself, but Quảng Đức's seniority prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-k297_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k297-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act occurred at the intersection of Phan Đình Phùng Boulevard (now Nguyễn Đình Chiểu Street) and Lê Văn Duyệt Street (now Cách Mạng Tháng Tám Street), a few blocks southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Palace" title="Independence Palace">Presidential Palace</a> (now the Reunification Palace). Quảng Đức emerged from the car along with two other monks. One placed a cushion on the road while the second opened the trunk and took out a five-gallon petrol can. As the marchers formed a circle around him, Quảng Đức sat down in the traditional Buddhist meditative <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a> on the cushion. A colleague emptied the contents of the petrol container over Quảng Đức's head. Quảng Đức rotated a string of wooden <a href="/wiki/Prayer_beads" title="Prayer beads">prayer beads</a> and recited the words <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nam mô A Di Đà Phật</a></i></span></i> ("Homage to <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a>") before striking a match and dropping it on himself. Flames consumed his robes and flesh, and black oily smoke emanated from his burning body.<sup id="cite_ref-j147_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Quảng Đức's last words before his <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a> were documented in a letter he had left: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Before closing my eyes and moving towards the vision of the Buddha, I respectfully plead to President Ngô Đình Diệm to take a mind of compassion towards the people of the nation and implement religious equality to maintain the strength of the homeland eternally. I call the venerables, reverends, members of the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sangha</a> and the lay Buddhists to organize in solidarity to make sacrifices to protect Buddhism."<sup id="cite_ref-qd_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> David Halberstam wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I was to see that sight again, but once was enough. Flames were coming from a human being; his body was slowly withering and shriveling up, his head blackening and charring. In the air was the smell of burning human flesh; human beings burn surprisingly quickly. Behind me I could hear the sobbing of the Vietnamese who were now gathering. I was too shocked to cry, too confused to take notes or ask questions, too bewildered to even think ... As he burned he never moved a muscle, never uttered a sound, his outward composure in sharp contrast to the wailing people around him."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The spectators were mostly stunned into silence, but some wailed and several began praying. Many of the monks and nuns, as well as some shocked passersby, prostrated themselves before the burning monk. Even some of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Police" title="Republic of Vietnam National Police">policemen</a>, who had orders to control the gathered crowd, prostrated before him.<sup id="cite_ref-k297_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k297-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, a monk repeated into a microphone: "A Buddhist priest burns himself to death. A Buddhist priest becomes a martyr." After approximately 10 minutes, Quảng Đức's body was fully immolated and it eventually toppled backwards onto its back. Once the fire subsided, a group of monks covered the smoking corpse with yellow robes, picked it up and tried to fit it into a coffin, but the limbs could not be straightened and one of the arms protruded from the wooden box as he was carried to the nearby Xá Lợi Pagoda in central Saigon. Outside the pagoda, students unfurled bilingual banners that read: "A Buddhist priest burns himself for our five requests."<sup id="cite_ref-j147_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. around 1,000 monks had congregated inside to hold a meeting, while outside a large crowd of pro-Buddhist students had formed a human barrier around it. The meeting soon ended and all but 100 monks slowly left the compound. Nearly 1,000 monks, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">laypeople</a>, returned to the cremation site. The police lingered nearby. At around 6:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. thirty nuns and six monks were arrested for holding a prayer meeting on the street outside Xá Lợi. The police encircled the pagoda, blocking public passage and giving observers the impression that an armed siege was imminent by donning riot gear.<sup id="cite_ref-j270_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j270-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral_and_aftermath">Funeral and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Funeral and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the self-immolation, the US put more pressure on Diệm to re-open negotiations on the faltering agreement. Diệm had scheduled an emergency cabinet meeting at 11:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. on 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>June to discuss the Buddhist crisis which he believed to be winding down. Following Quảng Đức's death, Diệm canceled the meeting and met individually with his ministers. Acting US Ambassador to South Vietnam <a href="/wiki/William_Trueheart" class="mw-redirect" title="William Trueheart">William Trueheart</a> warned <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Đình Thuận">Nguyễn Đình Thuận</a>, Diệm's Secretary of State, of the desperate need for an agreement, saying that the situation was "dangerously near breaking point" and expected Diệm would meet the Buddhists' five-point manifesto. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> warned the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Saigon" title="Embassy of the United States, Saigon">Saigon embassy</a> that the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> would publicly announce that it would no longer "associate itself" with the regime if this did not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_(Vietnam)" title="Joint Communiqué (Vietnam)">Joint Communiqué</a> and concessions to the Buddhists were signed on 16 June.<sup id="cite_ref-h149_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h149-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>15 June was set as the date for the funeral, and on that day 4,000 people gathered outside the Xá Lợi pagoda, only for the ceremony to be postponed. On 19 June, his remains were carried out of Xá Lợi to a cemetery 16 kilometers (9.9 miles) south of the city for a re-cremation and funeral ceremony. Following the signing of the Joint Communiqué, attendance was limited by agreement between Buddhist leaders and police to approximately 500 monks.<sup id="cite_ref-h149_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h149-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intact_heart_and_symbolism">Intact heart and symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intact heart and symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thich_quang_duc_heart.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Thich_quang_duc_heart.gif/170px-Thich_quang_duc_heart.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Thich_quang_duc_heart.gif/255px-Thich_quang_duc_heart.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/Thich_quang_duc_heart.gif 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>The heart <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> of Quảng Đức</figcaption></figure> <p>Quảng Đức's body was <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">re-cremated during the funeral</a>, but his heart supposedly remained intact and did not burn.<sup id="cite_ref-k297_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k297-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was considered to be holy and placed in a glass chalice at <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda">Xá Lợi Pagoda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-j148_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j148-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intact heart <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra" title="Śarīra">relic</a><sup id="cite_ref-k297_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k297-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is regarded as a symbol of compassion. Quảng Đức has subsequently been revered by Vietnamese Buddhists as a <i><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a></i> (<i>Bồ Tát</i>), and accordingly is often referred to in Vietnamese as Bồ Tát Thích Quảng Đức.<sup id="cite_ref-qd_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hm1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hm1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 August, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces">ARVN Special Forces</a> of Nhu attacked Xá Lợi and other Buddhist pagodas across Vietnam. The secret police intended to confiscate Quảng Đức's ashes, but two monks had escaped with the urn, jumping over the back fence and finding safety at the US Operations Mission next door.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The location chosen for the self-immolation, in front of the Cambodian embassy, raised questions as to whether it was coincidence or a symbolic choice. Trueheart and embassy official Charles Flowerree felt that the location was selected to show solidarity with the Cambodian government of Prince <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>. South Vietnam and Cambodia had strained relations: in a speech on 22 May, Sihanouk had accused Diệm of mistreating Vietnamese and ethnic minority <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> Buddhists. The pro-Diệm <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Vietnam" title="Times of Vietnam">Times of Vietnam</a></i> published an article on 9 June which claimed that Cambodian monks had been encouraging the Buddhist crisis, asserting it was part of a Cambodian plot to extend its neutralist foreign policy into South Vietnam. Flowerree noted that Diệm was "ready and eager to see a fine Cambodian hand in all the organized Buddhist actions".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diệm_reaction"><span id="Di.E1.BB.87m_reaction"></span>Diệm reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diệm reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngo_Dinh_Diem_-_Thumbnail_-_ARC_542189.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of a middle-aged man, looking to the left in a half-portrait/profile. He has chubby cheeks, parts his hair to the side and wears a suit and tie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ngo_Dinh_Diem_-_Thumbnail_-_ARC_542189.png/220px-Ngo_Dinh_Diem_-_Thumbnail_-_ARC_542189.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ngo_Dinh_Diem_-_Thumbnail_-_ARC_542189.png/330px-Ngo_Dinh_Diem_-_Thumbnail_-_ARC_542189.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ngo_Dinh_Diem_-_Thumbnail_-_ARC_542189.png/440px-Ngo_Dinh_Diem_-_Thumbnail_-_ARC_542189.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Diệm made a radio address at 19:00 on the day of Quảng Đức's death, asserting that he was profoundly troubled by the event. He appealed for "serenity and patriotism", and announced that stalled negotiations would resume with the Buddhists. He claimed that negotiations had been progressing well and in a time of religious tension emphasized the role of the Roman Catholic philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">personalism</a> in his rule. He alleged that extremists had twisted the facts and he asserted that the Buddhists can "count on the Constitution, in other words, me".<sup id="cite_ref-j270_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j270-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ARVN responded to the appeal, putting on a show of solidarity behind Diệm to isolate dissident officers. Thirty high-ranking officers headed by General <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%B5" title="Lê Văn Tỵ">Lê Văn Tỵ</a> declared their resolve to carry out all missions entrusted to the army for the defense of the constitution and the Republic. The declaration was a veneer which masked a developing plot to oust Diệm.<sup id="cite_ref-hammer_147_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hammer_147-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the signatories were to become personally involved in Diệm's overthrow and death in November. Generals <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trần Văn Đôn">Trần Văn Đôn</a>, the presidential military advisor and the chief of the army who were to lead the coup, were overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-hammer_147_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hammer_147-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Madame_Nhu" title="Madame Nhu">Madame Nhu</a> (a Catholic convert and the wife of Diệm's younger brother and chief adviser <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu</a>), who was regarded as the First Lady of South Vietnam at the time (as Diệm was a bachelor), said she would "clap hands at seeing another monk barbecue show".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month, Diệm's government charged that Quảng Đức had been drugged before being forced to die by suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime also accused Browne of bribing Quảng Đức to burn himself.<sup id="cite_ref-p309_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p309-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_media_impact">Political and media impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political and media impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photographs taken by Malcolm Browne of the self-immolation quickly spread across the <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">wire services</a> and were featured on the front pages of newspapers worldwide. The self-immolation was later regarded as a turning point in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> and a critical point in the collapse of the Diệm regime.<sup id="cite_ref-j269_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j269-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seth_Jacobs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seth Jacobs (page does not exist)">Seth Jacobs</a> asserted that Quảng Đức had "reduced America's Diệm experiment to ashes as well" and that "no amount of pleading could retrieve Diệm's reputation" once Browne's images had become ingrained into the psyche of the world public.<sup id="cite_ref-j149_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j149-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hammer" title="Ellen Hammer">Ellen Hammer</a> described the event as having "evoked dark images of persecution and horror corresponding to a profoundly Asian reality that passed the understanding of Westerners."<sup id="cite_ref-h145_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h145-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Mecklin" title="John Mecklin">John Mecklin</a>, an official from the US embassy, noted that the photograph "had a shock effect of incalculable value to the Buddhist cause, becoming a symbol of the state of things in Vietnam."<sup id="cite_ref-j269_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j269-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a>, then chief of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>'s Far East Division, opined that Diệm "handled the Buddhist crisis fairly badly and allowed it to grow. But I really don't think there was much they could have done about it once that <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bonze</a> burned himself."<sup id="cite_ref-j269_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j269-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_photo_portrait,_looking_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/170px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/255px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/340px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> said that "no news picture in history has generated so much emotion around the world as that one".</figcaption></figure> <p>President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, whose government was the main sponsor of Diệm's regime, learned of Quảng Đức's death when handed the morning newspapers while he was talking to his brother, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, on the phone. Kennedy reportedly interrupted their conversation about segregation in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> by exclaiming "Jesus Christ!" He later remarked that "no news picture in history has generated so much emotion around the world as that one".<sup id="cite_ref-j149_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j149-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US Senator <a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Frank Church</a> (D-Idaho), a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>, claimed that "such grisly scenes have not been witnessed since the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Christian martyrs</a> marched hand in hand into the Roman arenas."<sup id="cite_ref-h145_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h145-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, the photographs were sold on the streets as postcards during the 1960s, and China distributed millions of copies of the photograph throughout Asia and Africa as evidence of what it called US imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-p309_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p309-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Browne's photographs remains affixed to the sedan in which Quảng Đức was riding and is part of a tourist attraction in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p309_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p309-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Browne and the AP, the pictures were a marketing success. Ray Herndon, the <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> (UPI) correspondent who had forgotten to take his camera on the day, was harshly criticized in private by his employer. UPI estimated that 5,000 readers in Sydney, then a city of around 1.5–2 million, had switched to AP news sources.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diệm's English-language mouthpiece, the <i>Times of Vietnam</i>, intensified its attacks on both journalists and Buddhists. Headlines such as "Xá Lợi politburo makes new threats" and "Monks plot murder" were printed.<sup id="cite_ref-p320_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p320-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One article questioned the relationship between the monks and the press by posing the question as to why "so many young girls are buzzing in and out of Xá Lợi early [in the day]" and then going on to allege that they were brought in for sexual purposes for the US reporters.<sup id="cite_ref-p320_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p320-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly 30 years after Quảng Đức's self-immolation, one of Browne's photographs of the event was used as the cover art for American <a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">rap metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine_(album)" title="Rage Against the Machine (album)">eponymous debut album</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precedents_and_influence">Precedents and influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Precedents and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of Vietnamese monks immolating themselves was not unprecedented. Instances of self-immolations in Vietnam had been recorded for centuries, usually carried out to honor Gautama Buddha. The most recently recorded case had been in North Vietnam in 1950. The <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French colonial</a> authorities had tried to eradicate the practice after their conquest of Vietnam in the nineteenth century, but had not been totally successful. They did manage to prevent one monk from setting fire to himself in Huế in the 1920s, but he starved himself to death instead. During the 1920s and 1930s, Saigon newspapers reported multiple instances of self-immolations by monks in a matter-of-fact style. The practice had also been seen in the Chinese city of <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> in 1948 when a monk sat down in the lotus position on a pile of <a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">sawdust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> oil and set fire to himself in protest against the treatment of Buddhism by the anti-religious communists of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. His heart remained intact, as did that of Quảng Đức.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thich_Quang_Duc_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="statue in a small park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Thich_Quang_Duc_3.jpg/220px-Thich_Quang_Duc_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Thich_Quang_Duc_3.jpg/330px-Thich_Quang_Duc_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Thich_Quang_Duc_3.jpg/440px-Thich_Quang_Duc_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Venerable Thich Quảng Đức Monument</i> at the intersection where Quảng Đức performed his self-immolation, <a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Chi%E1%BB%83u" title="Nguyễn Đình Chiểu">Nguyễn Đình Chiểu</a>) Street and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a> (now <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">Cách Mạng Tháng Tám</a>) Street</figcaption></figure> <p>After Quảng Đức, five more Buddhist monks immolated themselves up until late October 1963 as the Buddhist protests in Vietnam escalated.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 November, the ARVN overthrew Diệm in a <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">coup</a>. Diệm and Nhu were <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">assassinated the next day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monks have followed Quảng Đức's example since for other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Americans in Saigon often found the self-immolations to be surreal and made puns about "<a href="/wiki/Bonze" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonze">bonze</a> fires" and "hot cross bonzes".<sup id="cite_ref-p310_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p310-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one instance in 1963, the young son of an American officer based at the Saigon US Embassy doused himself with gasoline and set himself on fire. He was seriously burned before the fire was extinguished and later said "I wanted to see what it was like."<sup id="cite_ref-p310_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p310-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thích Quảng Đức's actions were fatally copied in the United States in <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">protest against the Vietnam War</a>. On 16 March 1965, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Herz" title="Alice Herz">Alice Herz</a>, an 82-year-old peace activist, immolated herself in front of the Federal Department Store in northwest Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-Zinn_2003_486_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn_2003_486-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Later that same year, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Morrison" title="Norman Morrison">Norman Morrison</a>, a 31-year-old Quaker pacifist, poured <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> over himself and set light to himself below the third-floor window of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> on 2 November 1965.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">A week later, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker" title="Catholic Worker">Catholic Worker</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Allen_LaPorte" title="Roger Allen LaPorte">Roger Allen LaPorte</a> did the same thing in front of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/48px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/64px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/48px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/64px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_self-immolations" title="List of political self-immolations">List of political self-immolations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hòa_thượng-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hòa_thượng_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hòa thượng means "The Most Venerable" in Vietnamese.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 19em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&dq=Bodhisattva&pg=PA134">134</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&dq=Bodhisattva++%22Thích+Quảng+Đức%22&pg=PA906">906</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBuswellLopez2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Monk Suicide by Fire in Anti-Diem Protest," <i>New York Times</i>, 11 June 1963, 6.; David Halberstam, "Diem Asks Peace in Religion Crisis," <i>New York Times</i> 12 June 1963. 3.; Marilyn B. Young, <i>The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990</i>, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1990. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zi Jun Toong, "Overthrown by the Press: The US Media's Role in the Fall of Diem," <i>Australasian Journal of American Studies</i> 27 (July 2008), 56–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDung2006">Dung 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qd-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qd_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qd_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qd_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qd_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThích_Nguyên_Tạng2005">Thích Nguyên Tạng 2005</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFThích_Nguyên_Tạng2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hm-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hm_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuỳnh_Minh2006">Huỳnh Minh 2006</a>, pp. 266–267<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuỳnh_Minh2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hm2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hm2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hm2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hm2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuỳnh_Minh2006">Huỳnh Minh 2006</a>, p. 268<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuỳnh_Minh2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGettleman1966">Gettleman 1966</a>, pp. 275–276, 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIME1963-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TIME1963_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnattributed1963a">Unattributed 1963a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2000">Tucker 2000</a>, pp. 49, 291, 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PentagonPapers-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PentagonPapers_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllsberg1963">Ellsberg 1963</a>, pp. 729–733</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2000">Tucker 2000</a>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gettle-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gettle_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gettle_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGettleman1966">Gettleman 1966</a>, pp. 280–282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sv-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sv_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1963b">Harrison 1963b</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1963">Warner 1963</a>, p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFall1963">Fall 1963</a>, p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButtinger1967">Buttinger 1967</a>, p. 993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarnow1997">Karnow 1997</a>, p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j91-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j91_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j91_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs2006">Jacobs 2006</a>, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButtinger1967">Buttinger 1967</a>, p. 933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crusade-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crusade_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1963a">Harrison 1963a</a>, pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs2006">Jacobs 2006</a>, pp. 140–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1963">Browne 1963</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j147-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j147_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j147_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j147_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j147_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j147_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs2006">Jacobs 2006</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k297-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k297_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k297_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k297_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k297_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarnow1997">Karnow 1997</a>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2003">Jones 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHqeyBiPjzQC&pg=PA268">268</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalberstam1965">Halberstam 1965</a>, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j270-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j270_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j270_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2003">Jones 2003</a>, p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2003">Jones 2003</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h149-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h149_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h149_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammer1987">Hammer 1987</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j148-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j148_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs2006">Jacobs 2006</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hm1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hm1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuỳnh_Minh2006">Huỳnh Minh 2006</a>, p. 266<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuỳnh_Minh2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFJones2003">Jones 2003</a>, pp. 307–308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2003">Jones 2003</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hammer_147-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hammer_147_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hammer_147_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammer1987">Hammer 1987</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangguth2002">Langguth 2002</a>, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2003">Jones 2003</a>, p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p309-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p309_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p309_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p309_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProchnau1995">Prochnau 1995</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j269-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j269_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j269_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j269_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFJones2003">Jones 2003</a>, p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j149-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j149_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j149_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs2006">Jacobs 2006</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h145-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h145_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h145_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammer1987">Hammer 1987</a>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProchnau1995">Prochnau 1995</a>, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p320-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p320_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p320_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProchnau1995">Prochnau 1995</a>, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammer1987">Hammer 1987</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs2006">Jacobs 2006</a>, pp. 152, 168, 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs2006">Jacobs 2006</a>, pp. 173–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammer1987">Hammer 1987</a>, p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p310-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p310_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p310_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProchnau1995">Prochnau 1995</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zinn_2003_486-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_2003_486_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZinn2003">Zinn 2003</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Browne, Malcolm</a> (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019014434/http://www.worldpressphoto.org/index.php?option=com_photogallery&task=view&id=170&Itemid=115&bandwidth=high"><i>World Press Photo 1963</i></a>, Amsterdam: World Press Photo, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpressphoto.org/index.php?option=com_photogallery&task=view&id=170&Itemid=115&bandwidth=high">the original</a> on 19 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2007</span></cite><span 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(2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?134id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ"><i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.aulast=Buswell+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Lopez+Jr.%2C+Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3F134id%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtinger1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Buttinger" title="Joseph Buttinger">Buttinger, Joseph</a> (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVMPAAAAMAAJ"><i>Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled</i></a>, Praeger Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+Dragon+Embattled&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Buttinger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVMPAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDung2006" class="citation cs2">Dung, Thay Phap (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orderofinterbeing.org/docs/TNH-Tradition-Lineage.pdf">"A Letter to Friends about our Lineage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>PDF file on the Order of Interbeing website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PDF+file+on+the+Order+of+Interbeing+website&rft.atitle=A+Letter+to+Friends+about+our+Lineage&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dung&rft.aufirst=Thay+Phap&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forderofinterbeing.org%2Fdocs%2FTNH-Tradition-Lineage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsberg1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Ellsberg, Daniel</a>, ed. 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Fall">Fall, Bernard</a> (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MPVAAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Two Viet-Nams</i></a>, Praeger Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Viet-Nams&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Fall&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMPVAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettleman1966" class="citation cs2">Gettleman, Marvin E. 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P. Dutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-24210-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-24210-4"><bdi>0-525-24210-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Death+in+November%3A+America+in+Vietnam%2C+1963&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-525-24210-4&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Ellen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1963a" class="citation cs2">Harrison, Gilbert, ed. (1963a), "Diem's other crusade", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, no. 22 June 1963</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Diem%27s+other+crusade&rft.issue=22+June+1963&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1963b" class="citation cs2">Harrison, Gilbert, ed. (1963b), "South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, no. 29 June 1963, p. 9</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=South+Vietnam%3A+Whose+funeral+pyre%3F&rft.issue=29+June+1963&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2006" class="citation cs2">Jacobs, Seth (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkcuAQAAIAAJ"><i>Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963</i></a>, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4447-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4447-8"><bdi>0-7425-4447-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+Mandarin%3A+Ngo+Dinh+Diem+and+the+Origins+of+America%27s+War+in+Vietnam%2C+1950%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7425-4447-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkcuAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2">Jones, Howard (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHqeyBiPjzQC"><i>Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War</i></a>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505286-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505286-2"><bdi>0-19-505286-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+a+Generation%3A+how+the+assassinations+of+Diem+and+JFK+prolonged+the+Vietnam+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-505286-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNHqeyBiPjzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Karnow, Stanley</a> (1997), <i>Vietnam: A history</i>, New York: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4"><bdi>0-670-84218-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-670-84218-4&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangguth2002" class="citation cs2">Langguth, A. J. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourvietnam00ajla"><i>Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975</i></a>, New York: Simon & Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-1231-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-1231-2"><bdi>0-7432-1231-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Vietnam%3A+the+war%2C+1954%E2%80%931975&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7432-1231-2&rft.aulast=Langguth&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourvietnam00ajla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinh2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Minh, Huỳnh (2006), <i>Gia Định Xưa</i> [<i>Old Family</i>] (in Vietnamese), Ho Chi Minh City: Văn Hóa-Thông Tin Publishing House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gia+%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh+X%C6%B0a&rft.place=Ho+Chi+Minh+City&rft.pub=V%C4%83n+H%C3%B3a-Th%C3%B4ng+Tin+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Minh&rft.aufirst=Hu%E1%BB%B3nh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTạng2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tạng, Thích Nguyên (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quangduc.com/p4608a6669/7/tieu-su-bo-tat-thich-quang-duc"><i>Tiểu Sử Bổ Tát Thích Quảng Dức</i></a> [<i>Biography of Bodhisattva Thich Quang Duc</i>] (in Vietnamese), Fawker: Quảng Đức Monastery (published 1 May 2005)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ti%E1%BB%83u+S%E1%BB%AD+B%E1%BB%95+T%C3%A1t+Th%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+D%E1%BB%A9c&rft.place=Fawker&rft.pub=Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c+Monastery&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=T%E1%BA%A1ng&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%ADch+Nguy%C3%AAn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquangduc.com%2Fp4608a6669%2F7%2Ftieu-su-bo-tat-thich-quang-duc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProchnau1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Prochnau" title="William Prochnau">Prochnau, William</a> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onceupondistantw00proc"><i>Once upon a Distant War</i></a>, New York: Times Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-2633-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-2633-1"><bdi>0-8129-2633-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Once+upon+a+Distant+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8129-2633-1&rft.aulast=Prochnau&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonceupondistantw00proc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchecter1967" class="citation cs2">Schecter, Jerrod L. (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxZDAAAAIAAJ"><i>The New Face of Buddha: Buddhism and Political Power in Southeast Asia</i></a>, New York: Coward-McCann</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Face+of+Buddha%3A+Buddhism+and+Political+Power+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Coward-McCann&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Schecter&rft.aufirst=Jerrod+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxZDAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2015" class="citation cs2">Shaw, Geoffrey (2015), <i>The Lost Mandate of Heaven: The American Betrayal of Ngo Dinh Diem, President of Vietnam</i>, San Francisco, California, USA: Ignatius Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-935-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-935-9"><bdi>978-1-58617-935-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Mandate+of+Heaven%3A+The+American+Betrayal+of+Ngo+Dinh+Diem%2C+President+of+Vietnam&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California%2C+USA&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-935-9&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2000" class="citation cs2">Tucker, Spencer C. (2000), <i>Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War</i>, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-040-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-040-9"><bdi>1-57607-040-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57607-040-9&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnattributed1963a" class="citation cs2">Unattributed (14 June 1963a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204165344/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,874816,00.html">"The Religious Crisis"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time Magazine</a></i>, no. 14 June 1963, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,874816,00.html">the original</a> on 4 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Crisis&rft.issue=14+June+1963&rft.date=1963-06-14&rft.au=Unattributed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C874816%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnattributed1963b" class="citation cs2">Unattributed (30 August 1963b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713073510/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940704-1,00.html">"The Crackdown"</a>, <i>Time Magazine</i>, no. 30 August 1963, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940704-1,00.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Crackdown&rft.issue=30+August+1963&rft.date=1963-08-30&rft.au=Unattributed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C940704-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1963" class="citation cs2">Warner, Denis (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGo1AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Last Confucian</i></a>, New York: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Confucian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGo1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a> (2003), <i><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States">A People's History of the United States</a></i>, New York: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-052842-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-052842-7"><bdi>0-06-052842-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-06-052842-7&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATh%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thich_Quang_Duc" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thich Quang Duc">Thich Quang Duc</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805232042/http://www.quangduc.com/">– Official Buddhist monastery dedicated to Thích Quảng Đức</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_crisis" title="Template:Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhist_crisis" title="Template talk:Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buddhist_crisis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_chemical_attacks" title="Huế chemical attacks">Hue chemical attacks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Self-immolation">Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Seven_Day_scuffle" title="Double Seven Day scuffle">Double Seven Day scuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reaction_to_the_1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_(Vietnam)" title="Joint Communiqué (Vietnam)">Joint Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_243" title="Cable 243">Cable 243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krulak%E2%80%93Mendenhall_mission" title="Krulak–Mendenhall mission">Krulak–Mendenhall mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNamara%E2%80%93Taylor_mission" title="McNamara–Taylor mission">McNamara–Taylor mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political or<br />religious<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bui_Van_Luong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bui Van Luong (page does not exist)">Bui Van Luong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%ADu_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Bửu Hội">Bửu Hội</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thích Quảng Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forrestal" title="Michael Forrestal">Michael Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Hilsman" title="Roger Hilsman">Roger Hilsman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thich_Thien_Hoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thich Thien Hoa (page does not exist)">Thich Thien Hoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thich_Tinh_Khiet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thich Tinh Khiet (page does not exist)">Thich Tinh Khiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Krulak" title="Victor H. Krulak">Victor H. Krulak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mendenhall" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mendenhall">Joseph Mendenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_C%E1%BA%A9n" title="Ngô Đình Cẩn">Ngô Đình Cẩn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c" title="Ngô Đình Thục">Ngô Đình Thục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Đình Thuận">Nguyễn Đình Thuận</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Nhu" title="Madame Nhu">Madame Nhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nolting" title="Frederick Nolting">Frederick Nolting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang" title="Thích Trí Quang">Thích Trí Quang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Chương">Trần Văn Chương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trueheart" class="mw-redirect" title="William Trueheart">William Trueheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9_V%C4%83n_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Vũ Văn Mẫu">Vũ Văn Mẫu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Conein" title="Lucien Conein">Lucien Conein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Cao_Tr%C3%AD" title="Đỗ Cao Trí">Đỗ Cao Trí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BA%ADu" title="Đỗ Mậu">Đỗ Mậu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_V%C4%83n_Cao" title="Huỳnh Văn Cao">Huỳnh Văn Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Quang_Tung" title="Lê Quang Tung">Lê Quang Tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kim" title="Lê Văn Kim">Lê Văn Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3" title="Nguyễn Hữu Có">Nguyễn Hữu Có</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nhung" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhung">Nguyễn Văn Nhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Phạm Ngọc Thảo">Phạm Ngọc Thảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh" title="Tôn Thất Đính">Tôn Thất Đính</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Kim_Tuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Trần Kim Tuyến">Trần Kim Tuyến</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Trần Thiện Khiêm">Trần Thiện Khiêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trần Văn Đôn">Trần Văn Đôn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Arnett" title="Peter Arnett">Peter Arnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Higgins" title="Marguerite Higgins">Marguerite Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Sheehan" title="Neil Sheehan">Neil Sheehan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271847#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271847#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271847#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000021597679">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57904590">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1443174/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfh94THWVXCVKvjXQ6HYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80011059">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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