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class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>November 1963</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November_1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Buddhist crisis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الأزمة البوذية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأزمة البوذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddist_b%C3%B6hran%C4%B1" title="Buddist böhranı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buddist böhranı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_argyfwng_Bwdhaidd" title="Yr argyfwng Bwdhaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr argyfwng Bwdhaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhistenkrise" title="Buddhistenkrise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buddhistenkrise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidente_budista_en_1963" title="Incidente budista en 1963 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Incidente budista en 1963" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhana_krizo" title="Budhana krizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Budhana krizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_bouddhiste" title="Crise bouddhiste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise bouddhiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%EB%85%84_%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90_%EB%B2%95%EB%82%9C" title="1963년 불교 법난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1963년 불교 법난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_Buddhis_Vietnam" title="Krisis Buddhis Vietnam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis Buddhis Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_buddista_del_Vietnam" title="Crisi buddista del Vietnam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crisi buddista del Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Буддистік дағдарыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Буддистік дағдарыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="仏教徒危機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仏教徒危機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="វិបត្តិព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិបត្តិព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_budista" title="Crise budista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise budista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Буддистский кризис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буддистский кризис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Buddhist crisis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhalainen_kriisi" title="Buddhalainen kriisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buddhalainen kriisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98" title="วิกฤตการณ์ชาวพุทธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกฤตการณ์ชาวพุทธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Буддійська криза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буддійська криза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BA%BFn_c%E1%BB%91_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o_1963" title="Biến cố Phật giáo 1963 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biến cố Phật giáo 1963" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%85" title="佛教變故 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="佛教變故" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="佛教徒危機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佛教徒危機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1963 political and religious tension in South Vietnam</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1966 conflict, see <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising" title="Buddhist Uprising">Buddhist Uprising</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Buddhist crisis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg/238px-Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg/357px-Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg/476px-Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_self-immolation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1909" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu%E1%BA%BF_2024_July_-_Altar_to_the_Buddhist_martyrs_of_1963_Buddhist_crisis_in_Hue,_Tu_Hieu_Temple_-_img_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hu%E1%BA%BF_2024_July_-_Altar_to_the_Buddhist_martyrs_of_1963_Buddhist_crisis_in_Hue%2C_Tu_Hieu_Temple_-_img_03.jpg/238px-Hu%E1%BA%BF_2024_July_-_Altar_to_the_Buddhist_martyrs_of_1963_Buddhist_crisis_in_Hue%2C_Tu_Hieu_Temple_-_img_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hu%E1%BA%BF_2024_July_-_Altar_to_the_Buddhist_martyrs_of_1963_Buddhist_crisis_in_Hue%2C_Tu_Hieu_Temple_-_img_03.jpg/357px-Hu%E1%BA%BF_2024_July_-_Altar_to_the_Buddhist_martyrs_of_1963_Buddhist_crisis_in_Hue%2C_Tu_Hieu_Temple_-_img_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hu%E1%BA%BF_2024_July_-_Altar_to_the_Buddhist_martyrs_of_1963_Buddhist_crisis_in_Hue%2C_Tu_Hieu_Temple_-_img_03.jpg/476px-Hu%E1%BA%BF_2024_July_-_Altar_to_the_Buddhist_martyrs_of_1963_Buddhist_crisis_in_Hue%2C_Tu_Hieu_Temple_-_img_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a>'s self-immolation (top)<br />Altar to the Buddhist victims to the 1963 turmoil at <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%AB_Hi%E1%BA%BFu_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Từ Hiếu Temple (page does not exist)">Từ Hiếu Temple</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagode_Tu_Hieu" class="extiw" title="fr:Pagode Tu Hieu">fr</a>; <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B9a_T%E1%BB%AB_Hi%E1%BA%BFu" class="extiw" title="vi:Chùa Từ Hiếu">vi</a>]</span>, Huế (bottom)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">May 8 – November 2, 1963<br />(5 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Violent repression of Buddhists and <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">1963 South Vietnamese coup</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/23px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/35px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/45px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> Buddhists of South Vietnam</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam"><img alt="South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> South Vietnamese government </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg/22px-81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg/33px-81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg/44px-81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces">Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/23px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/35px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/45px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> loyalists</li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/23px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/35px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/45px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang" title="Thích Trí Quang">Thích Trí Quang</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/23px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/35px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/45px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_T%C3%A2m_Ch%C3%A2u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thích Tâm Châu (page does not exist)">Thích Tâm Châu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_T%C3%A2m_Ch%C3%A2u" class="extiw" title="vi:Thích Tâm Châu">vi</a>]</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/23px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/35px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/45px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Minh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thích Thiện Minh (page does not exist)">Thích Thiện Minh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Minh" class="extiw" title="vi:Thích Thiện Minh">vi</a>]</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/23px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/35px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/45px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_T%E1%BB%8Bnh_Khi%E1%BA%BFt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thích Tịnh Khiết (page does not exist)">Thích Tịnh Khiết</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_T%E1%BB%8Bnh_Khi%E1%BA%BFt" class="extiw" title="vi:Thích Tịnh Khiết">vi</a>]</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/23px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/35px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/45px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> </p> </div> <div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam"><img alt="South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam"><img alt="South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/35px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/45px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c" title="Ngô Đình Thục">Ngô Đình Thục</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/23px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/35px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/45px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_L%E1%BB%87_Xu%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Trần Lệ Xuân">Trần Lệ Xuân</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg/22px-81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg/33px-81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg/44px-81st_Airborne_Commando_Battalion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Quang_Tung" title="Lê Quang Tung">Lê Quang Tung</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> Hundreds killed in the <a href="/wiki/Xa_Loi_Pagoda_raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Xa Loi Pagoda raids">Xa Loi Pagoda raids</a>, 8–9 killed in the <a href="/wiki/Hue_Phat_Dan_shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="Hue Phat Dan shootings">Hue Phat Dan shootings</a>, At least <a href="/wiki/Thich_Quang_Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Thich Quang Duc">1</a> self-immolation, 9 <a href="/wiki/ARVN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARVN">ARVN</a> rebels and 20 civilians killed in <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">coup that ended the crisis</a></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> 5 ARVN members killed in coup</div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Buddhist_crisis" title="Template:Campaignbox Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Buddhist_crisis" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Buddhist_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buddhist_crisis715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Buddhist crisis</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_chemical_attacks" title="Huế chemical attacks">Huế chemical attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Seven_Day_scuffle" title="Double Seven Day scuffle">Double Seven Day scuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Buddhist crisis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Biến cố Phật giáo</i>) was a period of political and religious tension in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> between May and November 1963, characterized by a series of repressive acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a>, led mainly by <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhist monks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crisis was precipitated by the <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">shootings of nine unarmed civilians</a> on May 8 in the central city of <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> who were protesting against a ban of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Buddhist flag</a>. The crisis ended with a <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">coup in November 1963</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a> (ARVN), and the <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">arrest and assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm</a> on November 2, 1963. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#25383C; padding:0.25em; border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:White">Violence against Buddhists</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Anti-Buddhist_Persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution">Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Buddhist_Persecutions_in_China" title="Four Buddhist Persecutions in China">Four Buddhist Persecutions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Ramu_violence" title="2012 Ramu violence">2012 Ramu violence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodh Gaya bombings">Bodh Gaya bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Borobudur_bombing" title="1985 Borobudur bombing">1985 Borobudur bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda#Decline_and_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Destruction of Nalanda</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Violence_against_Buddhists" title="Template:Violence against Buddhists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violence_against_Buddhists" title="Template talk:Violence against Buddhists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violence_against_Buddhists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violence against Buddhists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, a country where the Buddhist majority was estimated to comprise between 70 and 90 percent of the population in 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TIME1963_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME1963-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PentagonPapers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PentagonPapers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>'s pro-<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Vietnam">Catholic</a> policies antagonized many Buddhists. A member of the Catholic minority, Diệm headed a government biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as in the allocation of land, business favors, and tax concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diệm once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that he was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted."<sup id="cite_ref-g_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many ARVN officers converted to Catholicism in the belief that their career prospects depended on it, and many were refused promotion if they did not do so.<sup id="cite_ref-g_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> (VC) guerrillas was done so that weapons were given only to Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-sv_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sv-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Catholic priests ran <a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">private armies</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a>, shelling and demolition of <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagodas</a> occurred in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Buddhist villages converted <i>en masse</i> to receive aid and to avoid forced resettlement by Diệm's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was the largest landowner in the country, and the "private" status that was imposed on Buddhism by the French, which required official permission to conduct public activities, was not repealed by Diệm.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land owned by the church was exempt from <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Catholics were also <i>de facto</i> exempt from the <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> labor that the government obliged all other citizens to perform; public spending was disproportionately distributed to Catholic majority villages. Under Diệm, the Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition, and in 1959, Diệm dedicated the country to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vatican_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican flag">Vatican flag</a> was regularly flown at major public events in South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-crusade_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crusade-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier in January 1956, Diệm enacted Order 46 which permitted "Individuals considered dangerous to the national defense and common security [to] be confined by executive order, to a concentration camp."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This order was used against dissenting Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infamous action later caused much anger among the people, which lead to some of the minority supporting or joining the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam" title="Liberation Army of South Vietnam">Liberation Army of South Vietnam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_1963">May 1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: May 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a></div> <p>A rarely enforced 1958 law—known as Decree Number 10—was invoked in May 1963 to prohibit the display of religious flags. This disallowed the flying of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Buddhist flag</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a>, the birthday of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>. The application of the law caused indignation among Buddhists on the eve of the most important religious festival of the year, as a week earlier Catholics had been encouraged to display Vatican flags at a government-sponsored celebration for Diệm's brother, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c" title="Ngô Đình Thục">Ngô Đình Thục</a>, the most senior Catholic cleric in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 8, in Huế, a crowd of Buddhists protested against the ban on the Buddhist flag. The police and army broke up the demonstration by firing guns at and throwing grenades into the gathering, leaving nine dead.<sup id="cite_ref-j143_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j143-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the shootings in Huế, Buddhist leader <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang" title="Thích Trí Quang">Thích Trí Quang</a> proclaimed a five-point "manifesto of the monks" that demanded freedom to fly the Buddhist flag, religious equality between Buddhists and Catholics, compensation for the victims' families, an end to arbitrary arrests, and punishment of the officials responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-j143_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j143-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The request was formalized on May 13, and talks began on May 15.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diệm denied governmental responsibility for the incident. Instead, he blamed the VC for the event. Diệm's Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Dinh_Thuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Dinh Thuan">Nguyen Dinh Thuan</a> accused the VC of exploiting Buddhist unrest and declared that Diệm could not make concessions without fueling further demands. The <i>Vietnam Press</i>, a pro-Diệm newspaper, published a government declaration confirming the existence of religious freedom and emphasizing the supremacy of the country's flag. Diệm's National Assembly affirmed this statement, but this did not placate the Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one meeting, Diệm labeled the Buddhists "damn fools" for demanding something that according to him, they already enjoyed. The government press release detailing the meeting also used the expression "damn fools".<sup id="cite_ref-j143_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j143-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 18, Diệm agreed a modest compensation package of US$7000 for the families of the victims of the shootings in Huế. Diệm also agreed to dismiss those responsible for the shootings, but on the grounds that the officials had failed to maintain order, rather than any responsibility for the deaths of the protesters. He resolutely continued to blame the VC.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 30, more than 500 monks demonstrated in front of the National Assembly in Saigon. The Buddhists had evaded a ban on public assembly by hiring four buses, packing them with monks, and closing the blinds. They drove around the city until the convoy stopped at the designated time and the monks disembarked. This was the first time an open protest had been held in Saigon against Diệm in his eight years of rule.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They unfurled banners and sat down for four hours before disbanding and returning to the pagodas to begin a nationwide 48-hour hunger strike organized by the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch (Buddhism)">patriarch</a> Thich Tinh Khiet.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_1963">June 1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: June 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_chemical_attacks" title="Huế chemical attacks">Huế chemical attacks</a></div> <p>On June 1, Diệm's authorities announced the dismissal of the three major officials involved in the Huế incident: the provincial chief and his deputy, and the government delegate for the Central Region of Vietnam. The stated reason was that they had failed to maintain order. By this time, the situation appeared to be beyond reconciliation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 3, amid nationwide protests in Saigon and other cities,<sup id="cite_ref-j2612_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j2612-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnamese police and ARVN troops poured chemicals on the heads of praying Buddhist protestors in Huế outside <a href="/wiki/Tu_Dam_Pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Dam Pagoda">Từ Đàm Pagoda</a>. Sixty-seven people were hospitalized and the United States privately threatened to withdraw aid.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diệm responded to the controversy of the chemical attacks by agreeing to formal talks with the Buddhist leaders. He appointed a three-member Interministerial Committee, which included Vice President <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Ngoc_Tho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Ngoc Tho">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a> as chairman, Thuan, and Interior Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bui_Van_Luong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bui Van Luong (page does not exist)">Bui Van Luong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-j2634_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j2634-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-h136_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h136-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first meeting with Buddhist leaders took place two days after the attacks and one of the issues discussed was the standoff in Huế, and the cessation of protests if religious equality was implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-nytj7_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytj7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diệm appeared to soften his line, at least in public, in an address on June 7 when he said that some of the tensions were due to his officials lacking "sufficient comprehension and sensitivity" although there was no direct admission of fault regarding any of the violence in Huế since the start of the Buddhist crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 11, Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">burned himself to death</a> at a busy Saigon road intersection in protest against Diệm's policies. </p><p>In response to Buddhist self-immolation as a form of protest, <a href="/wiki/Madame_Nhu" title="Madame Nhu">Madame Nhu</a>—the <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> of South Vietnam at the time (and the wife of <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu</a>, who was the brother and chief advisor to Diệm)—said "Let them burn and we shall clap our hands", and "if the Buddhists wish to have another barbecue, I will be glad to supply the gasoline and a match."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acting US Ambassador <a href="/wiki/William_Trueheart" class="mw-redirect" title="William Trueheart">William Trueheart</a> warned that without meaningful concessions, the US would publicly repudiate Diệm's regime. Diệm said that such a move would scupper the negotiations. On June 14, Diệm's committee met with the Buddhists, who lobbied for Diệm to immediately amend Decree Number 10 by presidential decree as allowed in the constitution, rather than wait for the National Assembly to do so. The National Assembly had announced a committee would be established on June 12 to deal with the issue. Trueheart recommended that the Interministerial Committee accept the Buddhist's position in a "spirit of amity" and then clarify the details at a later point.<sup id="cite_ref-j2745_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j2745-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the negotiations, Thích Tịnh Khiết issued a nationwide plea to urge Buddhists to avoid any actions that could endanger the talks while Diệm ordered government officials to remove all barriers around the temples.<sup id="cite_ref-j2745_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j2745-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 16, an agreement between the committee and the Buddhists was reached. An agreement had been reached pertaining to all five demands, although the terms were vague. Diệm claimed it contained nothing that he had not already accepted. The "<a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_(Vietnam)" title="Joint Communiqué (Vietnam)">Joint Communiqué</a>" asserted that the national flag "should always be respected and be put at its appropriate place".<sup id="cite_ref-h148_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h148-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Assembly would consult with religious groups in an effort to remove them "from the regulations of Ordinance No. 10" and to establish new guidelines appropriate to their religious activities.<sup id="cite_ref-h148_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h148-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime the government committee promised a loose application of the regulation. It also promised leniency in the censorship of Buddhist literature and prayer books and the granting of permits to construct Buddhist pagodas, schools and charitable institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-h148_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h148-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both sides agreed to form an investigative committee to "re-examine" the Buddhist grievances and Diệm agreed to grant a full amnesty to all Buddhists who had protested against the government. The agreement stated the "normal and purely religious activity" could go unhindered without the need for government permission in pagodas or the headquarters of the General Association of Buddhists. Diệm promised an inquiry into the Huế shootings and punishment for any found guilty,<sup id="cite_ref-hl129_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl129-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-j276_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j276-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it denied government involvement. In an attempt to save face, Diệm signed the agreement directly under a paragraph declaring that "the articles written in this joint communiqué have been approved in principle by me from the beginning", which he added with his own handwriting,<sup id="cite_ref-j276_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j276-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby implying that he had nothing to concede.<sup id="cite_ref-hl129_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl129-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Joint Communiqué was presented to the press on June 16 and Thích Tịnh Khiết thanked Diệm and exhorted the Buddhist community to work with the government. He expressed his "conviction that the joint communiqué will inaugurate a new era and that ... no erroneous action from whatever quarter will occur again." He declared that the protest movement was over, and called on Buddhists to return to their normal lives and pray for the success of the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-j150_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j150-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some younger monks were disappointed with the result of the negotiations feeling that Diệm's regime had not been made accountable.<sup id="cite_ref-hl130_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl130-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trueheart was skeptical about its implementation, privately reporting that if Diệm did not follow through, the US should look for alternative leadership options. The troubles had become a public relations issue for Diệm beyond his country, with speculation about a US-Diệm rift being discussed in American newspapers following the self-immolation. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> ran a front page headline on June 14, citing leaked government information that diplomats had privately attacked Diệm. It also reported that General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Harkins">Paul Harkins</a>, the head of the US advisory mission in South Vietnam, ordered his men not to assist ARVN units that were taking action against demonstrators. The US at the time considered telling Vice President Tho that they would support him replacing Diệm as President. This occurred at the same time as the surfacing of rumours that <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Air Force">Republic of Vietnam Air Force</a> Chief of Staff Lieutenant Colonel Đỗ Khắc Mai had begun gauging support among his colleagues for a coup.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agreement was put in doubt by an incident outside <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda">Xá Lợi Pagoda</a> the following day. A crowd of around 2,000 people were confronted by police who persisted in ringing the pagoda despite the agreement. A riot eventually broke out and police attacked the crowd with tear gas, fire hoses, clubs, and gunfire. One protester was killed and scores more injured. Moderates from both sides urged calm while some government officials blamed "extremist elements". An <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> story described the riot as "the most violent anti-Government outburst in South Vietnam in years".<sup id="cite_ref-j150_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j150-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, many protesters remained in jail contrary to the terms of the Joint Communique. The crisis deepened as more Buddhists began calling for a change of government and younger monks such as Thích Trí Quang came to the forefront, blaming Diệm for the ongoing impasse.<sup id="cite_ref-j150_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j150-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the failure of the agreement to produce the desired results, older and more senior monks, who were more moderate, saw their prestige diminished, and the younger, more assertive monks began to take on a more prominent role in Buddhist politics.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thich Tinh Khiet sent Diệm a letter after the funeral of Thích Quảng Đức, noting the government was not observing the agreement and that the condition of Buddhists in South Vietnam had deteriorated. Tho denied the allegation, and Ngô Đình Nhu told a reporter: "If anyone is oppressed in this affair, it is the government which has been constantly attacked and whose mouth has been shut with Scotch tape."<sup id="cite_ref-h1523_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1523-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He criticised the agreements through his <a href="/wiki/Republican_Youth_(Republic_of_Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Youth (Republic of Vietnam)">Republican Youth</a> organization, calling on the population to "resist the indirections [sic] of superstition and fanaticism" and warned against "communists who may abuse the Joint Communique".<sup id="cite_ref-h1523_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1523-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Nhu issued a secret memorandum to the Republican Youth, calling on them to lobby the government to reject the agreement, and calling the Buddhists "rebels" and "communists".<sup id="cite_ref-hl130_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl130-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nhu continued to disparage the Buddhists through his English-language mouthpiece, the <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Vietnam" title="Times of Vietnam">Times of Vietnam</a></i>, whose editorial bent was usually taken to be the Ngô family's own personal opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-hl130_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl130-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A US State Department report concluded that the religious disquiet was not fomented by communist elements.<sup id="cite_ref-j278_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j278-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime the government had quietly informed local officials that the agreements were a "tactical retreat" to buy time before decisively putting down the Buddhist movement. Diệm's regime stalled on implementing the release of Buddhists who had been imprisoned for protesting against it. This led to a discussion within the US government to push for the removal of the Nhus, who were regarded as the extremist influence over Diệm, from power.<sup id="cite_ref-j278_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j278-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhists were becoming increasingly skeptical of government intentions. They had received information that suggested that the agreement was just a governmental tactic to buy time and wait for the popular anger to die down, before Diệm would arrest the leading Buddhist monks.<sup id="cite_ref-hl130_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl130-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began to step up the production of critical pamphlets and began translating articles critical of Diệm in the Western media to distribute to the public. As promises continued to fail to materialise, the demonstrations at Xá Lợi and elsewhere continued to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_1963">July 1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: July 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double_Seven_Day_scuffle" title="Double Seven Day scuffle">Double Seven Day scuffle</a></div> <p>In July, Diệm's government continued to attack the Buddhists. It accused Thích Quảng Đức of having been drugged before being set alight. Tho speculated that the VC had infiltrated the Buddhists and converted them into a political organization. Interior Minister Luong alleged that cabinet ministers had received death threats.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> was announced as the new US ambassador effective in late August, replacing <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nolting" title="Frederick Nolting">Frederick Nolting</a>, who was considered too close to Diệm.<sup id="cite_ref-j278_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j278-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 7, 1963, the secret police of Ngô Đình Nhu attacked a group of journalists from the United States who were covering Buddhist protests on the ninth anniversary of Diệm's rise to power. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Arnett" title="Peter Arnett">Peter Arnett</a> of the Associated Press (AP) was punched in the nose, but the quarrel quickly ended after <a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a> of <i>The New York Times</i>, being much taller than Nhu's men, counterattacked and caused the secret police to retreat. Arnett and his colleague, the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning journalist and photographer <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm Browne</a>, were later accosted by police at their office and taken away for questioning on suspicion of attacking police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l219_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l219-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Diệm agreed to have the charges against Browne and Arnett dropped after intervention from the US Embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-l219_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l219-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the same day, Diệm publicly claimed that the "problems raised by the <a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="General Association of Buddhists">General Association of Buddhists</a> have just been settled."<sup id="cite_ref-h78_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h78-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reinforced perceptions that he was out of touch by attributing any lingering problems to the "underground intervention of international red agents and Communist fellow travelers who in collusion with fascist ideologues disguised as democrats were surreptitiously seeking to revive and rekindle disunity at home while arousing public opinions against us abroad."<sup id="cite_ref-h78_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h78-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_1963">August 1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: August 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a></div> <p>On Sunday, August 18, the Buddhists staged a mass protest at Xá Lợi Pagoda, Saigon's largest, attracting around 15,000 people, undeterred by rain.<sup id="cite_ref-hal140_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal140-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-she354_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-she354-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attendance was approximately three times higher than that at the previous Sunday's rally.<sup id="cite_ref-h164_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h164-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d524_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d524-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event lasted for several hours, as speeches by the monks interspersed religious ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-she354_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-she354-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Vietnamese journalist said that it was the only emotional public gathering in South Vietnam since Diệm's rise to power almost a decade earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-hal140_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal140-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Halberstam of <i>The New York Times</i> speculated that by not exploiting the large crowd by staging a protest march towards <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Long Palace">Gia Long Palace</a> or other government buildings, the Buddhists were saving their biggest demonstration for the scheduled arrival of new US ambassador, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the following week. As a government attack on Xa Loi was anticipated, Halberstam concluded that the Buddhists were playing "a fast and dangerous game".<sup id="cite_ref-hal141_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal141-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote that "the Buddhists themselves appeared to be at least as much aware of all the developments, and their protest seemed to have a mounting intensity".<sup id="cite_ref-hal140_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal140-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the evening of August 18, ten senior ARVN generals met to discuss the situation and decided that martial law needed to be imposed. On August 20, Nhu summoned seven of the generals to Gia Long Palace for consultation. They presented their request to impose martial law and discussed dispersion of the monks. Nhu sent the generals to see Diệm. The president listened to the group of seven, led by General <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trần Văn Đôn">Trần Văn Đôn</a>. Đôn claimed that communists had infiltrated the monks at Xá Lợi Pagoda and warned that ARVN morale was deteriorating because of the civil unrest. He claimed that it was possible that the Buddhists could assemble a crowd to march on Gia Long Palace. Hearing this, Diệm agreed to declare martial law effective the next day, without consulting his cabinet. Troops were ordered into Saigon to occupy strategic points. Đôn was appointed as the acting Chief of the Armed Forces in the place of General <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%B5" title="Lê Văn Tỵ">Lê Văn Tỵ</a>, who was abroad having medical treatment. Đôn noted that Diệm was apparently concerned with the welfare of the monks, telling the generals that he did not want any of them hurt. The martial law orders were authorized with the signature of Đôn, who had no idea that military action was to occur in the early hours of August 21 without his knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-h166_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h166-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-j300_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j300-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after midnight on August 21, on the instructions of Nhu, ARVN Special Forces troops under Colonel <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Quang_Tung" title="Lê Quang Tung">Lê Quang Tung</a> executed a series of synchronized attacks on the Buddhist pagodas in South Vietnam. Over 1400 Buddhists were arrested. The number killed or <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">"disappeared"</a> is estimated to be in the hundreds. The most prominent of the pagodas raided was that of Xá Lợi, which had become the rallying point for Buddhists from the countryside. The troops vandalized the main altar and managed to confiscate the intact charred heart of Thích Quảng Đức, the monk who had self-immolated in protest against the policies of the regime. The Buddhists managed to escape with a receptacle holding the remainder of his ashes. Two monks jumped the back wall of the pagoda into the grounds of the adjoining US Aid Mission, where they were given asylum. Thich Tinh Khiet, the 80-year-old Buddhist patriarch, was seized and taken to a military hospital on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-h168_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h168-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of the ARVN <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="III Corps (South Vietnam)">III Corps</a>, General <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh" title="Tôn Thất Đính">Tôn Thất Đính</a> announced military control over Saigon, canceling all commercial flights into the city and instituting press censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-j298_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j298-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the US government realized the truth about who was behind the raids, they reacted with disapproval towards the Diệm regime. The US had pursued a policy of quietly and privately advising the Ngos to reconcile with the Buddhists while publicly supporting the alliance, but following the attacks, this route was regarded as untenable. Furthermore, the attacks were carried out by US-trained Special Forces personnel funded by the CIA, and presented incoming Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., with a <i>fait accompli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hal147_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal147-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hal151_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal151-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state department issued a statement declaring that the raids were a "direct violation" of the promise to pursue "a policy of reconciliation".<sup id="cite_ref-h168_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h168-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs,_p._153_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs,_p._153-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 24, the Kennedy administration sent <a href="/wiki/Cable_243" title="Cable 243">Cable 243</a> to Lodge at the embassy in Saigon, marking a change in US policy. The message advised Lodge to seek the removal of Nhu from power, and to look for alternative leadership options if Diệm refused to heed American pressure for reform. As the probability of Diệm's sidelining Nhu and his wife was seen as virtually nil, the message effectively meant the fomenting of a coup.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Voice of America also broadcast a statement blaming Nhu for the raids and absolving the army of responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-hal152_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal152-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_1963">September 1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: September 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the events of August, Diệm's regime became a major preoccupation of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy administration">Kennedy administration</a> and a fact-finding mission was launched. The stated purpose of the expedition was to investigate the progress of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">war</a> by South Vietnam and their US military advisers against the VC insurgency. The <a href="/wiki/Krulak_Mendenhall_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Krulak Mendenhall mission">Krulak Mendenhall mission</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Krulak" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Krulak">Victor Krulak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mendenhall" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mendenhall">Joseph Mendenhall</a>. Krulak was a major general in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>, while Mendenhall was a senior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service" title="United States Foreign Service">foreign service officer</a> experienced in dealing with Vietnamese affairs. The trip lasted four days.<sup id="cite_ref-jkm_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkm-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their submissions to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a> (NSC), Krulak presented an extremely optimistic report on the progress of the war, while Mendenhall presented a very bleak picture of military failure and public discontent. Krulak disregarded the effects of popular discontent in combating the Viet Cong. The general felt that the Vietnamese soldiers' efforts in the field would not be affected by the public's unease with Diệm's policies. Mendenhall focused on gauging the sentiment of urban-based Vietnamese and concluded that Diệm's policies increased the possibility of religious civil war. Mendenhall said that Diệm's policies were causing the South Vietnamese to believe that life under the VC would improve the quality of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-jkm_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkm-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The divergent reports led US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> to famously ask his two advisers, "The two of you did visit the same country, didn't you?"<sup id="cite_ref-p357_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p357-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inconclusive report was the subject of bitter and personal debate among Kennedy's senior advisers. Various courses of action towards Vietnam were discussed, such as fostering a regime change or taking a series of selective measures designed to cripple the influence of the Nhus, who were seen as the major causes of the political problems in South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-jkm_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkm-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disparate reports of Krulak and Mendenhall resulted in a follow-up mission, the <a href="/wiki/McNamara%E2%80%93Taylor_mission" title="McNamara–Taylor mission">McNamara–Taylor mission</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_1963">November 1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: November 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/48px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/64px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s portal</a></span></li></ul> <p>On November 1, 1963, after six months of tension and growing opposition to the regime, ARVN generals executed the <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">1963 South Vietnamese coup</a>, which led to <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm">arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Adam Roberts</a>, 'Buddhism and Politics in South Vietnam', <i>The World Today</i>, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, vol. 21, no. 6, June 1965, pp. 240–50 analyses the causes of the Buddhist crisis and its significance as a case of non-violent struggle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moyar, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIME1963-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TIME1963_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204165344/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,874816,00.html">"The Religious Crisis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. June 20, 1963. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,874816,00.html">the original</a> on December 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Crisis&rft.date=1963-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C874816%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, pp. 49, 291, 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maclear, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PentagonPapers-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PentagonPapers_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109110224/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon2/doc125.htm">"The Situation in South Vietnam – SNIE 53–2–63"</a>. <i>The Pentagon Papers</i> (Gravel ed.). July 10, 1963. pp. <span class="nowrap">729–</span>733. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon2/doc125.htm">the original</a> on November 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pentagon+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Situation+in+South+Vietnam+%E2%80%93+SNIE+53%E2%80%932%E2%80%9363&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E729-%3C%2Fspan%3E733&rft.date=1963-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fpentagon2%2Fdoc125.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gettleman, pp. 280–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sv-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sv_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>. June 29, 1963. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=South+Vietnam%3A+Whose+funeral+pyre%3F&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1963-06-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fall, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttinger, p. 993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttinger, p. 933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crusade-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crusade_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Diệm's other crusade". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>. June 22, 1963. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Di%E1%BB%87m%27s+other+crusade&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1963-06-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManhattan1987" class="citation book cs1">Manhattan, Avro (1987). <i>Vietnam: Why Did We Go?</i>. Chick Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+Why+Did+We+Go%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Chick+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Manhattan&rft.aufirst=Avro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 103–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j143-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j143_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j143_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j143_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 113–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pp. 250–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pp. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gettleman, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 118, 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pp. 259–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j2612-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j2612_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pp. 261–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j2634-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j2634_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pp. 263–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h136-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h136_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytj7-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytj7_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam,_David1963" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (June 7, 1963). "Buddhist Accord Sought in Saigon". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Accord+Sought+in+Saigon&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1963-06-07&rft.au=Halberstam%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam,_David1963" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (June 8, 1963). "Diem Concession Won by Buddhists". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Diem+Concession+Won+by+Buddhists&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1963-06-08&rft.au=Halberstam%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorkin2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Sorkin, Amy Davidson (April 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/madame-nhus-match">"Madame Nhu's Match"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225114921/https://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/madame-nhus-match">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Madame+Nhu%27s+Match&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft.aulast=Sorkin&rft.aufirst=Amy+Davidson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Famy-davidson%2Fmadame-nhus-match&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j2745-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j2745_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j2745_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pp. 273–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h148-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h148_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h148_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h148_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hl129-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hl129_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl129_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halberstam, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j276-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j276_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j276_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j150-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j150_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j150_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j150_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hl130-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hl130_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl130_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl130_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hl130_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halberstam, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pp. 275–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halberstam, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h1523-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h1523_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1523_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j278-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j278_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j278_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j278_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prochnau, pp. 328–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l219-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l219_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l219_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Langguth, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h78-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h78_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h78_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hal140-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hal140_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hal140_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hal140_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halberstam, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-she354-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-she354_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-she354_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheehan, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h164-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h164_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d524-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d524_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dommen, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hal141-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hal141_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halberstam, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h166-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h166_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j300-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j300_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h168-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h168_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h168_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j298-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j298_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hal147-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hal147_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halberstam, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hal151-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hal151_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halberstam, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs,_p._153-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs,_p._153_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, pp. 303–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halberstam, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hal152-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hal152_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halberstam, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jkm-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jkm_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jkm_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jkm_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pp. 356–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p357-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p357_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=THUsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BMwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5800,4208883&dq=mendenhall+same-country&hl=en">"Historian Says Viet Nam was JFK's Greatest Failure"</a>. <i>Spartanburg Herald</i>. Spartanburg, SC. November 26, 1965. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101045444/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=THUsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BMwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5800%2C4208883&dq=mendenhall%20same-country&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2023</span> – via news.google.com. <q>The president listened politely and finally said, 'Were you two gentlemen in the same country?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spartanburg+Herald&rft.atitle=Historian+Says+Viet+Nam+was+JFK%27s+Greatest+Failure&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1965-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DTHUsAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DBMwEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5800%2C4208883%26dq%3Dmendenhall%2Bsame-country%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtinger1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Buttinger" title="Joseph Buttinger">Buttinger, Joseph</a> (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt"><i>Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled</i></a></span>. New York: Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+Dragon+Embattled&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Buttinger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvietnamdragonemb02butt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDommen2001" class="citation book cs1">Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). <i>The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33854-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33854-9"><bdi>0-253-33854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indochinese+Experience+of+the+French+and+the+Americans%3A+Nationalism+and+Communism+in+Cambodia%2C+Laos%2C+and+Vietnam&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-253-33854-9&rft.aulast=Dommen&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFall1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall" title="Bernard B. Fall">Fall, Bernard B.</a> (1963). <i>The Two Viet-Nams</i>. London: Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Viet-Nams&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Fall&rft.aufirst=Bernard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettleman1966" class="citation book cs1">Gettleman, Marvin E. (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnamhistorydo00gettrich"><i>Vietnam: History, documents and opinions on a major world crisis</i></a></span>. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+History%2C+documents+and+opinions+on+a+major+world+crisis&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Gettleman&rft.aufirst=Marvin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvietnamhistorydo00gettrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstamSingal,_Daniel_J.2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a>; Singal, Daniel J. (2008). <i>The Making of a Quagmire: America and Vietnam during the Kennedy Era</i>. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6007-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-6007-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Quagmire%3A+America+and+Vietnam+during+the+Kennedy+Era&rft.place=Lanham+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6007-9&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Singal%2C+Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hammer" title="Ellen Hammer">Hammer, Ellen J.</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathinnovembera0000hamm"><i>A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963</i></a></span>. New York: E. P. Dutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-24210-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-24210-4"><bdi>0-525-24210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Death+in+November%3A+America+in+Vietnam%2C+1963&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-525-24210-4&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Ellen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathinnovembera0000hamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2006" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Seth (2006). <i>Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963</i>. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4447-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4447-8"><bdi>0-7425-4447-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+Mandarin%3A+Ngo+Dinh+Diem+and+the+Origins+of+America%27s+War+in+Vietnam%2C+1950%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Lanham+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7425-4447-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Howard (2003). <i>Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505286-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505286-2"><bdi>0-19-505286-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+a+Generation%3A+how+the+assassinations+of+Diem+and+JFK+prolonged+the+Vietnam+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-505286-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Karnow, Stanley</a> (1997). <i>Vietnam: A history</i>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4"><bdi>0-670-84218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-670-84218-4&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangguth2000" class="citation book cs1">Langguth, A. J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f6q3"><i>Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81202-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81202-9"><bdi>0-684-81202-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Vietnam%3A+the+war%2C+1954%E2%80%931975&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-684-81202-9&rft.aulast=Langguth&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_f6q3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclear1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maclear" title="Michael Maclear">Maclear, Michael</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnamtenthousa00macl"><i>Vietnam:The Ten Thousand Day War</i></a>. New York: Methuen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-423-00580-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-423-00580-4"><bdi>0-423-00580-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3AThe+Ten+Thousand+Day+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-423-00580-4&rft.aulast=Maclear&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvietnamtenthousa00macl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Edward (2013). <i>Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam</i>. Boston: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07298-5"><bdi>978-0-674-07298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misalliance%3A+Ngo+Dinh+Diem%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Fate+of+South+Vietnam&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07298-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyar2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Moyar" title="Mark Moyar">Moyar, Mark</a> (2006). <i>Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86911-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86911-0"><bdi>0-521-86911-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+Forsaken%3A+The+Vietnam+War%2C+1954%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-86911-0&rft.aulast=Moyar&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProchnau1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Prochnau" title="William Prochnau">Prochnau, William</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onceupondistantw00proc"><i>Once Upon a Distant War</i></a>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-2633-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-2633-1"><bdi>0-8129-2633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Once+Upon+a+Distant+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8129-2633-1&rft.aulast=Prochnau&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonceupondistantw00proc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Sheehan" title="Neil Sheehan">Sheehan, Neil</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brightshininglie01shee"><i>A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72414-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72414-1"><bdi>0-679-72414-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bright+Shining+Lie%3A+John+Paul+Vann+and+America+in+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-679-72414-1&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrightshininglie01shee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2000" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social and Military History</i>. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-040-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-040-9"><bdi>1-57607-040-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Vietnam+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social+and+Military+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57607-040-9&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1963" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Denis (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastconfucian00warn"><i>The Last Confucian</i></a></span>. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Confucian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastconfucian00warn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Edward (2014). "Religious Revival and the Politics of Nation Building: Reinterpreting the 1963 'Buddhist crisis' in South Vietnam". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1903–</span>1962. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X12000935">10.1017/S0026749X12000935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145166982">145166982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Religious+Revival+and+the+Politics+of+Nation+Building%3A+Reinterpreting+the+1963+%27Buddhist+crisis%27+in+South+Vietnam&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1903-%3C%2Fspan%3E1962&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X12000935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145166982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/secular-state-for-a-religious-nation-the-republic-of-vietnam-and-religious-nationalism-19461963/6686A381A12183648E76430BC646BC85">"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>77</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">741–</span>771. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911818000505">10.1017/S0021911818000505</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1993%2F34017">1993/34017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165729774">165729774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Secular+State+for+a+Religious+Nation%3A+The+Republic+of+Vietnam+and+Religious+Nationalism%2C+1946%E2%80%931963&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E741-%3C%2Fspan%3E771&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1993%2F34017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165729774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911818000505&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Phi-V%C3%A2n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fsecular-state-for-a-religious-nation-the-republic-of-vietnam-and-religious-nationalism-19461963%2F6686A381A12183648E76430BC646BC85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ngo, Hoang (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyotoreview.org/issue-35/remembering-of-thich-quang-duc-and-his-self-immolation/">"From Death to Birth: Biography, Religious Context, and Remembering of Thích Quảng Đức and his Self-Immolation"</a>. <i>Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia</i> (35).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyoto+Review+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=From+Death+to+Birth%3A+Biography%2C+Religious+Context%2C+and+Remembering+of+Th%C3%ADch+Qu%E1%BA%A3ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c+and+his+Self-Immolation&rft.issue=35&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Ngo&rft.aufirst=Hoang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyotoreview.org%2Fissue-35%2Fremembering-of-thich-quang-duc-and-his-self-immolation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Buddhist_crisis107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_crisis" title="Template:Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhist_crisis" title="Template talk:Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buddhist_crisis107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhist crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_chemical_attacks" title="Huế chemical attacks">Hue chemical attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c#Self-immolation" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Seven_Day_scuffle" title="Double Seven Day scuffle">Double Seven Day scuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reaction_to_the_1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_(Vietnam)" title="Joint Communiqué (Vietnam)">Joint Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_243" title="Cable 243">Cable 243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krulak%E2%80%93Mendenhall_mission" title="Krulak–Mendenhall mission">Krulak–Mendenhall mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNamara%E2%80%93Taylor_mission" title="McNamara–Taylor mission">McNamara–Taylor mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political or<br />religious<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bui_Van_Luong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bui Van Luong (page does not exist)">Bui Van Luong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%ADu_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Bửu Hội">Bửu Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forrestal" title="Michael Forrestal">Michael Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Hilsman" title="Roger Hilsman">Roger Hilsman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thich_Thien_Hoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thich Thien Hoa (page does not exist)">Thich Thien Hoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thich_Tinh_Khiet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thich Tinh Khiet (page does not exist)">Thich Tinh Khiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Krulak" title="Victor H. Krulak">Victor H. Krulak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mendenhall" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mendenhall">Joseph Mendenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_C%E1%BA%A9n" title="Ngô Đình Cẩn">Ngô Đình Cẩn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c" title="Ngô Đình Thục">Ngô Đình Thục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Đình Thuận">Nguyễn Đình Thuận</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Nhu" title="Madame Nhu">Madame Nhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nolting" title="Frederick Nolting">Frederick Nolting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang" title="Thích Trí Quang">Thích Trí Quang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Chương">Trần Văn Chương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trueheart" class="mw-redirect" title="William Trueheart">William Trueheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9_V%C4%83n_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Vũ Văn Mẫu">Vũ Văn Mẫu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Conein" title="Lucien Conein">Lucien Conein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Cao_Tr%C3%AD" title="Đỗ Cao Trí">Đỗ Cao Trí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BA%ADu" title="Đỗ Mậu">Đỗ Mậu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_V%C4%83n_Cao" title="Huỳnh Văn Cao">Huỳnh Văn Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Quang_Tung" title="Lê Quang Tung">Lê Quang Tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kim" title="Lê Văn Kim">Lê Văn Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3" title="Nguyễn Hữu Có">Nguyễn Hữu Có</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nhung" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhung">Nguyễn Văn Nhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Phạm Ngọc Thảo">Phạm Ngọc Thảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh" title="Tôn Thất Đính">Tôn Thất Đính</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Kim_Tuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Trần Kim Tuyến">Trần Kim Tuyến</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Trần Thiện Khiêm">Trần Thiện Khiêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trần Văn Đôn">Trần Văn Đôn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Arnett" title="Peter Arnett">Peter Arnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Higgins" title="Marguerite Higgins">Marguerite Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Sheehan" title="Neil Sheehan">Neil Sheehan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vietnam_War416" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnam_War" title="Template:Vietnam War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnam_War" title="Template talk:Vietnam War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vietnam_War416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Outline of the Vietnam War">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Việt Minh / PAVN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">ARVN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_participation_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="International participation in the Vietnam War">International participants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Thailand in the Vietnam War">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Vietnam_relations" title="Philippines–South Vietnam relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="China in the Vietnam War">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Republic of China in the Vietnam War">Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="South Korea in the Vietnam War">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War (1962–1979)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (1949–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Vietnamese migration of 1954–55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">North Vietnamese invasion of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt">1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1962</b>: <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing" title="1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing">Independence Palace bombing</a></li> <li><b>1963</b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">Coup against Diem</a></li> <li><b>1964</b>: <a href="/wiki/January_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="January 1964 South Vietnamese coup">Coup against Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="December 1964 South Vietnamese coup">December coup</a></li> <li><b>1965</b>: <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare_in_South_Vietnam,_1963%E2%80%931969" title="Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969">U.S. escalation / "Americanization"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="1965 South Vietnamese coup">1965 South Vietnamese coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Bombing of North Vietnam</a></li> <li><b>1966</b>: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising" title="Buddhist Uprising">Buddhist Uprising</a></li> <li><b>1968</b>: <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Khe Sanh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Battle of Huế">Hue</a>)</li> <li><b>1970</b>: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">Cambodian campaign</a></li> <li><b>1971</b>: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">ARVN campaign in Laos</a></li> <li><b>1972</b>: <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II" title="Operation Linebacker II">Christmas bombings</a></li> <li><b>1973</b>: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li><b>1974</b>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long" title="Battle of Phước Long">Battle of Phước Long</a></li> <li><b>1975</b>: <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">1975 spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7_Chi_tunnels" title="Củ Chi tunnels">Củ Chi tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Operation Popeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Weapons of the Vietnam War">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mines_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Land mines in the Vietnam War">Land mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Rape during the Vietnam War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_prisoners_of_war_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States prisoners of war during the Vietnam War">United States prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Vietnam" title="List of massacres in Vietnam">War crimes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Massacre at Huế">Huế</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_S%C6%A1n_massacre" title="Đắk Sơn massacre">Đắk Sơn</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Impacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_casualties" title="Vietnam War casualties">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_body_count_controversy" title="Vietnam War body count controversy">Body count controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Agent_Orange_in_Vietnam" title="Impact of Agent Orange in Vietnam">Impact of Agent Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Environmental impact of the Vietnam War">Environmental impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Vietnamese boat people">Vietnamese boat people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_veteran" title="Vietnam veteran">Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Normalization of US–Vietnam relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion in the Vietnam War">Draft evasion in the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">United States news media</a></li> <li>In popular culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam War in film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnam_War_games" title="List of Vietnam War games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of songs about the Vietnam War">Songs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Vietnam" title="CIA activities in Vietnam">CIA activities in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United Kingdom and the Vietnam War">United Kingdom and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Henry Kissinger and the Vietnam War">Henry Kissinger’s involvement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Women in the Vietnam War">Women in the Vietnam War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnam_War" title="Category:Vietnam War">Category</a></li> <li><span 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