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id="toc-North-West_Frontier_Province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North-West_Frontier_Province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>North-West Frontier Province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North-West_Frontier_Province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_to_change_the_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_to_change_the_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Efforts to change the name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efforts_to_change_the_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th-century_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>20th-century efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>21st-century efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaming_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaming_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Renaming controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaming_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_proposed_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_proposed_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Alternative proposed names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_proposed_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gandhara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gandhara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Gandhara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gandhara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazara-Pakhtunkhwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazara-Pakhtunkhwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Hazara-Pakhtunkhwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazara-Pakhtunkhwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Other names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander's_conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander's_conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Alexander's conquests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander's_conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauryan_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauryan_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mauryan rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauryan_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Indo-Greeks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Scythian_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Scythian_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Indo-Scythian Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Scythian_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Parthian_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Indo-Parthian Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Parthian_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kushan_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushan_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Kushan Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushan_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shahi_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shahi_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Shahi dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shahi_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghaznavids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghaznavids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Ghaznavids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghaznavids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delhi_sultanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delhi_sultanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Delhi sultanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delhi_sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Mughal empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Durrani_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durrani_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Durrani Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Durrani_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Sikh Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Raj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Raj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>British Raj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Raj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upper_and_Lower_Chitral_Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_and_Lower_Chitral_Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Upper and Lower Chitral Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_and_Lower_Chitral_Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>National parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_leanings_and_the_legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_leanings_and_the_legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Political leanings and the legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_leanings_and_the_legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Executive branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions_and_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions_and_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Administrative divisions and districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions_and_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Social issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-government_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-government_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Non-government organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-government_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_music_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_music_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Folk music and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_music_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk music and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_music_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_medical_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_medical_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Public medical colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_medical_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Engineering universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_educational_establishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_educational_establishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Major educational establishments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_educational_establishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CNIC_Codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CNIC_Codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>CNIC Codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CNIC_Codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خيبر بختونخوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيبر بختونخوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayber-Paxtunxva" title="Hayber-Paxtunxva – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hayber-Paxtunxva" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خیبر پختونخوا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خیبر پختونخوا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="খাইবার পাখতুনখোয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খাইবার পাখতুনখোয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_S%C3%A9ng" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Séng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Séng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хайбер-Пахтунхва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хайбер-Пахтунхва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хайбэр-Пахтунхва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хайбэр-Пахтунхва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="खैबर पख्तूनख्वा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खैबर पख्तूनख्वा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хайбер Пахтунхва – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хайбер Пахтунхва" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Province" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chajbar_Pa%C5%A1t%C3%BAnchw%C3%A1" title="Chajbar Paštúnchwá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chajbar Paštúnchwá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_provints" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provints – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provints" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaiber_Pastunju%C3%A1" title="Jaiber Pastunjuá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jaiber Pastunjuá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4ajber-Pa%C5%9Dtulando" title="Ĥajber-Paŝtulando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥajber-Paŝtulando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ایالت خیبر پختونخوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت خیبر پختونخوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8C%8C%ED%81%AC%ED%88%B0%ED%81%AC%EC%99%80%EC%A3%BC" title="카이베르파크툰크와주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카이베르파크툰크와주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="ख़ैबर पख़्तूनख़्वा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ख़ैबर पख़्तूनख़्वा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajber_Pahtunva" title="Hajber Pahtunva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hajber Pahtunva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хайбер-Пахтунхва – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хайбер-Пахтунхва" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%97%27%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%97%27%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="ח'ייבר פח'טונח'ווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ח'ייבר פח'טונח'ווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ხაიბერ-პახტუნხვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხაიბერ-პახტუნხვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خیبر پختونخوا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="خیبر پختونخوا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haibara_Paht%C5%ABnhva" title="Haibara Pahtūnhva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Haibara Pahtūnhva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaiber_Pachtunchva" title="Chaiber Pachtunchva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chaiber Pachtunchva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haibar-Paht%C3%BAnhva" title="Haibar-Pahtúnhva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Haibar-Pahtúnhva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="खाइबर पख्तुनख्वा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="खाइबर पख्तुनख्वा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5" title="ഖൈബർ പഖ്തുൻഖ്വ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖൈബർ പഖ്തുൻഖ്വ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="खैबर पख्तूनख्वा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खैबर पख्तूनख्वा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ხაიბერ-პახტუნხვა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხაიბერ-პახტუნხვა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خیبر پختونخوا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خیبر پختونخوا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="खैबर पख्तुनख्वा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खैबर पख्तुनख्वा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF%E5%B7%9E" title="カイバル・パクトゥンクワ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カイバル・パクトゥンクワ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaybar_Paxtunxva" title="Xaybar Paxtunxva – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xaybar Paxtunxva" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE" title="ਖ਼ੈਬਰ ਪਖ਼ਤੁਨਖ਼ਵਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ੈਬਰ ਪਖ਼ਤੁਨਖ਼ਵਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خیبر پختونخوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خیبر پختونخوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%90%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خېبر پښتونخوا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خېبر پښتونخوا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chajber_Pasztunchwa" title="Chajber Pasztunchwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chajber Pasztunchwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayber_Pahtunhva" title="Hayber Pahtunhva – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hayber Pahtunhva" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хайбер-Пахтунхва – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хайбер-Пахтунхва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="खैबर्पख्तूङ्ख्वाप्रदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="खैबर्पख्तूङ्ख्वाप्रदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱷᱚᱭᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱷᱛᱩᱱᱠᱷᱣᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱷᱚᱭᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱷᱛᱩᱱᱠᱷᱣᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81" title="خیبرپختونخواہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="خیبرپختونخواہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خيبر پختونخوا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خيبر پختونخوا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хајбер-Пахтунва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хајбер-Пахтунва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கைபர் பக்துன்வா மாகாணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கைபர் பக்துன்வா மாகாணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="แคว้นแคบาร์ปัคตูนควา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นแคบาร์ปัคตูนควา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Хайбер-Пухтунхво – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хайбер-Пухтунхво" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayber_Pahtunhva" title="Hayber Pahtunhva – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayber Pahtunhva" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хайбер-Пахтунхва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хайбер-Пахтунхва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خیبر پختونخوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خیبر پختونخوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Pakistan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in Pakistan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خیبر پختونخوا</span> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>)<br /> <span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">خېبر پښتونخوا</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Swat,_KPK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/River_Swat%2C_KPK.jpg/268px-River_Swat%2C_KPK.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/River_Swat%2C_KPK.jpg/402px-River_Swat%2C_KPK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/River_Swat%2C_KPK.jpg/536px-River_Swat%2C_KPK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5495" data-file-height="3227" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Swat_River" title="Swat River">Swat River</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="border:1;;height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab-e-Khyber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bab-e-Khyber.jpg/143px-Bab-e-Khyber.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bab-e-Khyber.jpg/215px-Bab-e-Khyber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bab-e-Khyber.jpg/286px-Bab-e-Khyber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="1687" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Khyber" title="Bab-e-Khyber">Bab-e-Khyber</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="border:1;;height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MKmosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/MKmosque.jpg/121px-MKmosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/MKmosque.jpg/182px-MKmosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/MKmosque.jpg/242px-MKmosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1287" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mahabat_Khan_Mosque" title="Mahabat Khan Mosque">Mahabat Khan Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="border:1;;height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalam,_Swat_(Pakistan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kalam%2C_Swat_%28Pakistan%29.jpg/132px-Kalam%2C_Swat_%28Pakistan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kalam%2C_Swat_%28Pakistan%29.jpg/198px-Kalam%2C_Swat_%28Pakistan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kalam%2C_Swat_%28Pakistan%29.jpg/264px-Kalam%2C_Swat_%28Pakistan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kalam_Valley" title="Kalam Valley">Kalam Valley</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="border:1;;height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahrain_Valley,_Swat,_KPK.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bahrain_Valley%2C_Swat%2C_KPK.JPG/132px-Bahrain_Valley%2C_Swat%2C_KPK.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bahrain_Valley%2C_Swat%2C_KPK.JPG/198px-Bahrain_Valley%2C_Swat%2C_KPK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bahrain_Valley%2C_Swat%2C_KPK.JPG/264px-Bahrain_Valley%2C_Swat%2C_KPK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5875" data-file-height="3917" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Bahrain,_Pakistan" title="Bahrain, Pakistan">Bahrain</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saif_ul_malook_lake-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Saif_ul_malook_lake-01.jpg/124px-Saif_ul_malook_lake-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Saif_ul_malook_lake-01.jpg/186px-Saif_ul_malook_lake-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Saif_ul_malook_lake-01.jpg/248px-Saif_ul_malook_lake-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Lake_Saiful_Muluk" title="Lake Saiful Muluk">Lake Saiful Muluk</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beautiful_Kaghan_Valley_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Beautiful_Kaghan_Valley_Pakistan.jpg/140px-Beautiful_Kaghan_Valley_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Beautiful_Kaghan_Valley_Pakistan.jpg/210px-Beautiful_Kaghan_Valley_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Beautiful_Kaghan_Valley_Pakistan.jpg/280px-Beautiful_Kaghan_Valley_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4841" data-file-height="3226" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kaghan_Valley" title="Kaghan Valley">Kaghan Valley</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"><img alt="Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/125px-Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/188px-Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/250px-Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="528" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"><img alt="Official seal of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/95px-Coat_of_arms_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/143px-Coat_of_arms_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/190px-Coat_of_arms_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="354" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_in_Pakistan_(claims_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa within Pakistan"><img alt="Location of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa within Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg/250px-Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg/375px-Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg/500px-Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa within Pakistan</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa&params=34_N_71.32_E_type:city(40641120)_region:PK"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">71°19′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.00°N 71.32°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.00; 71.32</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province#Formation" title="North-West Frontier Province">Established</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(as <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">NWFP</a>)</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1901<span class="noprint">; 123 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">9 November 1901</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provincial status</th><td class="infobox-data">1935<span class="noprint">; 90 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1935</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/1947_North-West_Frontier_Province_referendum" title="1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum">Accession to Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">July / August 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/One_Unit_Scheme" title="One Unit Scheme">Merged into West Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1955<span class="noprint">; 70 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1955</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_1970" title="Legal Framework Order, 1970">Restoration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1970<span class="noprint">; 54 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1 July 1970</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Name Changed</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2010</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">FATA Merger</a></th><td class="infobox-data">May 2018</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">and largest city</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative Divisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>07</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Division" title="Bannu Division">Bannu Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_Division" title="Dera Ismail Khan Division">Dera Ismail Khan Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Division" title="Hazara Division">Hazara Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kohat_Division" title="Kohat Division">Kohat Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Malakand_Division" title="Malakand Division">Malakand Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mardan_Division" title="Mardan Division">Mardan Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Division" title="Peshawar Division">Peshawar Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Self-governing province</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">federal government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Karim_Kundi" title="Faisal Karim Kundi">Faisal Karim Kundi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Chief Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amin_Gandapur" title="Ali Amin Gandapur">Ali Amin Gandapur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Chief Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nadeem Aslam Chaudhry</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_in_South_Asia#Pakistan" title="List of legislatures in South Asia">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Provincial Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_Pakistan" title="High courts of Pakistan">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_High_Court" title="Peshawar High Court">Peshawar High Court</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">101,741 km<sup>2</sup> (39,282 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">4th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2023_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Census of Pakistan">2023 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2023_Census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_Census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">40,641,120</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">3rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">402/km<sup>2</sup> (1,040/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,086,705 (15.01%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">Rural</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">34,554,415 (84.99%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP (nominal)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">Total (2022)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$38 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">3rd</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-g_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP (PPP)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">Total (2022)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$152 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">3rd</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-g_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">UTC+05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time" title="Pakistan Standard Time">PKT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9291</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PK" title="ISO 3166-2:PK">PK-KP</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable sports teams</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">List:</span></i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Zalmi" title="Peshawar Zalmi">Peshawar Zalmi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Panthers" title="Peshawar Panthers">Peshawar Panthers</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_cricket_team" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cricket team">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cricket team</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_units_of_Pakistan_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2019)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.529 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FF0000">low</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Literacy rate</a> (2020)</th><td class="infobox-data">56.1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">Seats in National Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data">65</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Seats in Provincial Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data">145</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data">38</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="List of tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Tehsils</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></th><td class="infobox-data">986</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kp.gov.pk">kp<wbr />.gov<wbr />.pk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="en-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌkaɪbər<span class="wrap"> </span>pəkˈtuːŋkwə/</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: <span lang="ps" dir="rtl">خېبر پښتونخوا</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ps-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">[ˈxebaɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>paxtunˈxwɑ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خیبر پختونخوا</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ur-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈxɛːbəɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>pəxˈtuːnxʷɑː]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton 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href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q1617_%28urd%29-%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7.wav/LL-Q1617_%28urd%29-%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1617_(urd)-%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7.wav" title="File:LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-خیبر پختونخوا.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; abbr. <b>KP</b> or <b>KPK</b>), formerly known as <b><a href="/wiki/North_West_Frontier_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Frontier Province">North West Frontier Province</a></b> (NWFP), is a <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Located in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pakistan" title="Northern Pakistan">northwestern region</a> of the country, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the fourth largest province of Pakistan by land area and the third-largest province by population. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> to the south; <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> to the east; and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> to the north and northeast. It shares an <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">international border</a> with <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the west. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a varied geography of rugged <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a>, valleys, rolling foothills, and dense agricultural farms. </p><p>While it is the third-largest Pakistani province in terms of both its population and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">its economy</a>, it is geographically the smallest. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's share of Pakistan's GDP has historically comprised 10.5%, amounting to over US$ 30 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-T&F_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T&F-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province is home to 16.9 percent of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Pakistan's total population</a>. The province is multiethnic, with the main ethnic groups being the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraikis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Chitralis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a <a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">stronghold of Buddhism</a>, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the site of the ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, including the ruins of the Gandharan capital of <a href="/wiki/Pushkalavati" title="Pushkalavati">Pushkalavati</a> (located near present day <a href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</a>). The region's history is characterized by frequent invasions by various empires, largely due to its geographical proximity to the historically important <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is colloquially known by a variety of other names, the name "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" was brought into effect for the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> in April 2010, following the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">18th Constitutional Amendment</a>. On 24 May 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly of Pakistan</a> voted in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">25th Constitutional Amendment</a>, which merged the <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">FATA</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Provincially_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Provincially Administered Tribal Areas">Provincially Administered Tribal Areas</a> into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> subsequently approved the bill on 28 May 2018;<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was signed into law on 31 May by erstwhile Pakistani president <a href="/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain" title="Mamnoon Hussain">Mamnoon Hussain</a>, which officially completed the administrative merger process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p><i>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</i> means the "<a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber</a> side of the land of the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-USDS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" where the word <i>Pakhtunkhwa</i> means "<a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Land of the Pashtuns</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while according to some scholars, it refers to "Pashtun culture and society".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province has had various names throughout history. Other names used or proposed for the province include <b>Gandhara</b>, <b>Afghania</b>, <b>Pashtunistan</b>, <b>Pathanistan</b>, <b>Sarhad</b>, <b>Abaseen</b>, <b>Khyber</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a combination of names, such as <b>Hazara-Pakhtunkhwa</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the British established it as a province, they called it "North West Frontier Province" (abbreviated as NWFP) until 2010 due to its relative location being in the northwest of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the creation of Pakistan, Pakistan continued with this name but a Pashtun political party, <a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">Awami National Party</a> based in the province demanded that the province name be changed to "Pakhtunkhwa".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their logic behind that demand was that <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhi people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch people</a> have their provinces named after their ethnicities but that is not the case for <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakhtunkhwadotcom_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakhtunkhwadotcom-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a>, the largest opposition party at the time was ready to change the province's name by supporting the ruling <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> and ANP, in a constitutional amendment but wanted to name the province something other than which does not carry only the Pashtun identity in it as they argued that there were other minor communities living in the province especially the <a href="/wiki/Hazarewals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazarewals">Hazarewals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara region</a> who spoke <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> thus the word <i>Khyber</i> was introduced with the name because it is the name of a major <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">pass</a> which connects Pakistan to Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakhtunkhwadotcom_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakhtunkhwadotcom-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North-West_Frontier_Province">North-West Frontier Province</h3></div> <p>For over a hundred years after its founding as a province of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in 1901, it was known as the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a> (abbreviated as NWFP) until 2010 due to its relative location being in the northwest of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unofficially, it was known as <b>Sarhad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سرحد</span></span>), derived from the province's Urdu name given to it by the Mughals, which means "frontier". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efforts_to_change_the_name">Efforts to change the name</h3></div> <p>For most of the history of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), there were efforts to change its name. The name <i>Afghania</i> was proposed first by the founding leaders of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> in 1933 and was at least partly chosen to represent the first "a" in "P<b>a</b>kistan". The need for a change was explained by the man who named Pakistan in his "<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration" title="Pakistan Declaration">Now or Never</a>" pamphlet, <a href="/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Choudhary Rahmat Ali">Choudhary Rahmat Ali</a> Khan, as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "North-West Frontier Province" is semantically non-descript and socially wrongful. It is non-descript because it merely indicates their geographical situation as a province of old "British India" [which no longer exists]. It is wrongful because it suppresses the social entity of these people. In fact, it suppresses that entity so completely that when composing the name "Pakistan" for our homelands, I had to call the North-West Frontier Province the Afghan Province.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Suggestions for new names came and went. Although <a href="#Other_names">some of the names</a> were ethnically neutral, most proposals emphasised the province's Pashtun ethnic identity. The renaming issue was an emotional one which often crossed party lines and not all supporters of a renaming agreed on the name Pakhtunkhwa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th-century_efforts">20th-century efforts</h4></div> <p>By the late 20th century, President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> agreed with <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> to change the name to <i>Pashtunistan</i> but he contended that the term Pashtunistan had become controversial and was being politicized by Afghanistan. Ghaffar Khan suggested Pakhtunkhwa, but Zia-ul-Haq asked Ghaffar Khan to suggest an alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-khyber.org_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khyber.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Pakhtunkhwa was approved by the democratically elected constitutional assembly of the province in 1997 by majority vote.<sup id="cite_ref-ghazali.net_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghazali.net-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the PML (N) parliamentary party of NWFP rejected the ANP demand but called for Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> to suggest another "non-controversial" name.<sup id="cite_ref-ghazali.net_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghazali.net-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PML (N) members noted that Sarhad was a good name for the province but, if a change was needed, then it should be named Khyber or Abasin.<sup id="cite_ref-ghazali.net_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghazali.net-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NWFP chief minister, Sardar Mehtab Ahmed Khan, called for a referendum on the issue as a way of determining the name.<sup id="cite_ref-ghazali.net_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghazali.net-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These offers were rejected by the ANP leadership and the ANP withdrew from both the federal and provincial governments.<sup id="cite_ref-ghazali.net_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghazali.net-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st-century_efforts">21st-century efforts</h4></div> <p>The lack of support for a name change by the PML (N) was defended as opposition to the nationalistic politics being pursued by the ANP.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2008, to accommodate a demand by the people of NWFP who voted for the ANP, the PPP proposed that the name of the North-West Frontier Province be changed to Pakhtunkhwa,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Muslim League Nawaz</a> which had considerable support in the <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara</a> region of the province announced it might oppose the name change because of it "being on ethnic grounds" because of opposition by its provincial leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Pakhtunkhwa</i> was mentioned for the first time in the United Nation's General Assembly by Pakistani President <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Zardari</a> on 26 September 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">Awami National Party</a> based in the province demanded that the province name be changed to "Pakhtunkhwa".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their logic behind that demand was that <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhi people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch people</a> have their provinces named after their ethnicities but that is not the case for <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakhtunkhwadotcom_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakhtunkhwadotcom-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a>, the largest opposition party at the time was ready to change the province's name by supporting the ruling <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> and ANP, in a constitutional amendment but wanted to name the province something other than which does not carry only the Pashtun identity in it as they argued that there were other minor communities living in the province especially the <a href="/wiki/Hazarewals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazarewals">Hazarewals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara region</a> who spoke <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> thus the word <i>Khyber</i> was introduced with the name because it is the name of a major <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">pass</a> which connects Pakistan to Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakhtunkhwadotcom_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakhtunkhwadotcom-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2010, the process of renaming proceeded and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Senate">Pakistani Senate</a> confirmed the name change to <i>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">18th amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a> with a unanimous 90 votes on 15 April 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaming_controversy">Renaming controversy</h3></div> <p>The name change of the province was met with strong opposition from the people of <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara region</a> and protests erupted in the region with wheel and shutter jam strikes. <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a> became the nerve center of the movement. On the 10th of April, the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Police" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police</a> fired at unarmed protesters, leaving 7 dead and dozens injured.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allegedly, the firing was ordered by the coalition government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, led by the <a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">Awami National Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of the earliest incidents of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> in Pakistan in recent years, occurring before the <a href="/wiki/2014_Lahore_clash" title="2014 Lahore clash">Model Town Lahore incident</a>, whose FIR has not been registered still today.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arif Nizami, former editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Pakistani_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)">The Nation</a></i>, said, "This has actually opened a Pandora's box, because of Pakistan's very tenuous polity. Now, on one side, there are identity issues and ethnic issues and provincial autonomy issues. The other side is religious issues and terrorism. It's a very explosive situation."<sup id="cite_ref-Brulliard_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brulliard-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_proposed_names">Alternative proposed names</h3></div> <p>Many alternative names were proposed for the province. Many of these alternatives were designed to avoid or balance the ethnic connotations of Pakhtunkhwa.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gandhara">Gandhara</h4></div> <p>The name <b>Gandhāra</b> was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a>, as a neutral name for the province.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan people">Indo-Aryan</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> civilization centered in the present-day province.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core of the region of Gandhara was the <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshawar valley">Peshawar valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swat_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat valley">Swat valley</a>, though the cultural influence of "Greater Gandhara" extended across the Indus river to the <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Potohar_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Potohar Plateau">Potohar Plateau</a> and westwards into the <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul valley</a> in Afghanistan, and northwards up to the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> range.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was attested in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macdonell1997_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonell1997-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was one of the 16 <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second urbanisation">second urbanisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was a major centre for <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> under later dynasties, including <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians">Indo-Parthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a>. Gandhara was also a central location for the spread of Buddhism to Central Asia and East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharosthi script">Kharosthi script</a>, acted as lingua franca of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famed for its unique <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhara art">Gandharan style of art</a> which is influenced by the classical Hellenistic styles, Gandhara attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century CE under the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, who had their capital at <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3apura" class="mw-redirect" title="Puruṣapura">Puruṣapura</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hazara-Pakhtunkhwa">Hazara-Pakhtunkhwa</h4></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara</a> residents said that the new name should be <b>Hazara-Pakhtunkhwa</b> (in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara region</a> where <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a>-speakers are dominant as compared to the Pashto-speakers elsewhere in the province),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others said the name should not be changed since the people were accustomed to North-West Frontier Province.<sup id="cite_ref-Brulliard_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brulliard-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_names">Other names</h4></div> <ul><li><b>Abaseen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اباسین</span></span>): from the Pashto name for the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> River.<b><sup id="cite_ref-RiazKhan_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiazKhan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><sup id="cite_ref-Khan/Toosi_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan/Toosi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Khyber</b>: from the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RiazKhan_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiazKhan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khan/Toosi_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan/Toosi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <p>During the times of <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> (3300 BCE – 1700 BCE) the Khyber Pass through <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> provided a route to other neighbouring empires and was used by merchants on trade excursions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1500 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian peoples</a> started to enter in the region from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> after having passed the Khyber Pass.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humshehri.org_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humshehri.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, which was primarily based in the area of modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa features prominently in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BCE</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Rigveda_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rigveda-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macdonell1997_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonell1997-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, which mentions it as <i>Vaēkərəta</i>, the sixth most beautiful place on earth created by <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>. It was one of the 16 <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vedic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic era">Vedic era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto22_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto22-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the centre of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Vedic Religion">Vedic</a> and later forms of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Gandhara was frequently mentioned in Vedic epics, including <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. It was the home of <a href="/wiki/Gandhari_(Mahabharata)" title="Gandhari (Mahabharata)">Gandhari</a>, the princess of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhara Kingdom">Gandhara Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexander's_conquests"><span id="Alexander.27s_conquests"></span>Alexander's conquests</h3></div> <p>In the spring of 327 BC <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> crossed the Hindu Kush and advanced to <a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(Punjab)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaea (Punjab)">Nicaea</a>, where Omphis, king of <a href="/wiki/Taxila_Tehsil" title="Taxila Tehsil">Taxila</a> and other chiefs joined him. Alexander then dispatched part of his force through the valley of the Kabul River, while he himself advanced into Bajaur and Swat with his light troops.<sup id="cite_ref-IG148_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG148-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Craterus" title="Craterus">Craterus</a> was ordered to fortify and repopulate <a href="/wiki/Arigaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Arigaion">Arigaion</a>, probably in Bajaur, which its inhabitants had burnt and deserted. Having defeated the Aspasians, from whom he took 40,000 prisoners and 230,000 oxen, Alexander crossed the <a href="/wiki/Gouraios" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouraios">Gouraios</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panjkora" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjkora">Panjkora</a>) and entered the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Assakenoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Assakenoi">Assakenoi</a> and laid siege to Massaga, which he took by storm. Ora and Bazira (possibly Bazar) soon fell. The people of Bazira fled to the rock Aornos, but Alexander made Embolima (possibly <a href="/wiki/Amb_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Amb State">Amb</a>) his base, and attacked the rock from there, which was captured after a desperate resistance. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Peukelaotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukelaotis">Peukelaotis</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Hashtnagar" title="Hashtnagar">Hashtnagar</a>, 17 miles (27 km) north-west of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>) had submitted, and Nicanor, a Macedonian, was appointed satrap of the country west of the Indus.<sup id="cite_ref-IG149_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG149-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauryan_rule">Mauryan rule</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_and_Parvati_BM_OA1939.01-19.17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shiva_and_Parvati_BM_OA1939.01-19.17.jpg/220px-Shiva_and_Parvati_BM_OA1939.01-19.17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shiva_and_Parvati_BM_OA1939.01-19.17.jpg/330px-Shiva_and_Parvati_BM_OA1939.01-19.17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shiva_and_Parvati_BM_OA1939.01-19.17.jpg/440px-Shiva_and_Parvati_BM_OA1939.01-19.17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="4005" /></a><figcaption>An ancient statue of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mauryan rule began with <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> displacing the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a>, establishing the Mauryan Empire. A while after, Alexander's general Seleucus had attempted to once again invade the subcontinent from the Khyber pass hoping to take lands that Alexander had conquered, but never fully absorbed into this empire. Seleucus was defeated and the lands of Aria, Arachosia, Gandhara, and Gedrosia were ceded to the Mauryans in exchange for a matrimonial alliance and 500 elephants. With the defeat of the Greeks, the land was once more under Hindu rule.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandragupta's son <a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a> further expanded the empire. However, it was Chandragupta's grandson <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, who converted to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and made it the official state religion in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Pakhli" title="Pakhli">Pakhli</a>, the modern Hazara, as evidenced by rock-inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Shahbazgarhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahbazgarhi">Shahbazgarhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansehra" title="Mansehra">Mansehra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IG149_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG149-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Ashoka's death the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan">Mauryan</a> empire fell to pieces, just as in the west the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> power was waning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/220px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/330px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/440px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Greco-Buddhist representation of the Buddha, seated to the left of a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a> in the guise of the Hellenic god <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Indo-Greek king <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> (reigned 155–130 BCE) drove the Greco-Bactrians out of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and beyond the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, becoming king shortly after his victory. </p><p>His empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last independent Greek king, <a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a>, disappeared around 10 CE. Around 125 BCE, the Greco-Bactrian king <a href="/wiki/Heliocles" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocles">Heliocles</a>, son of Eucratides, fled from the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> invasion of Bactria and relocated to Gandhara, pushing the Indo-Greeks east of the <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum River</a>. The last known Indo-Greek ruler was <a href="/wiki/Theodamas" title="Theodamas">Theodamas</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Bajaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaur">Bajaur</a> area of Gandhara, mentioned on a 1st-century CE signet ring, bearing the Kharoṣṭhī inscription <i>"Su Theodamasa"</i> (<i>"Su"</i> was the Greek transliteration of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> royal title <i>"Shau"</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>" or "King")). </p><p>It is during this period that the fusion of Hellenistic and South Asian mythological, artistic and religious elements becomes most apparent, especially in the region of Gandhara.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Local Greek rulers still exercised a feeble and precarious power along the borderland, but the last vestige of the Greco-Indian rulers were finished by a people known to the old Chinese as the Yeuh-Chi.<sup id="cite_ref-IG149_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG149-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Scythian_Kingdom">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buner_reliefs_Scythian_bacchanalian_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Buner_reliefs_Scythian_bacchanalian_cropped.jpg/220px-Buner_reliefs_Scythian_bacchanalian_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Buner_reliefs_Scythian_bacchanalian_cropped.jpg/330px-Buner_reliefs_Scythian_bacchanalian_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Buner_reliefs_Scythian_bacchanalian_cropped.jpg/440px-Buner_reliefs_Scythian_bacchanalian_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="2017" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Buner_reliefs" title="Buner reliefs">Buner reliefs</a> showing Scythian soldiers dancing. <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> were descended from the <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a> (Scythians) who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They displaced the Indo-Greeks and ruled a kingdom that stretched from Gandhara to <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>. The first Indo-Scythian king <a href="/wiki/Maues" title="Maues">Maues</a> established <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> hegemony by conquering <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> territories.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power of the Saka rulers declined after the defeat to <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> in the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Parthian_Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takht-e-bahi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Takht-e-bahi.jpg/220px-Takht-e-bahi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Takht-e-bahi.jpg/330px-Takht-e-bahi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Takht-e-bahi.jpg/440px-Takht-e-bahi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> <a href="/wiki/Takht-i-Bahi" title="Takht-i-Bahi">Takht-i-Bahi</a> (a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>) constructed by the Indo-Parthians.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a> was ruled by the Gondopharid dynasty, named after its first ruler <a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a>. For most of their history, the leading Gondopharid kings held <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> (in the present <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) as their residence, but during their last few years of existence the capital shifted between <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. These kings have traditionally been referred to as Indo-Parthians, as their coinage was often inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty of Parthia">Arsacid</a> dynasty, but they probably belonged to a wider groups of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic</a> tribes who lived east of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> proper, and there is no evidence that all the kings who assumed the title <i>Gondophares</i>, which means "Holder of Glory", were even related. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kushan_Empire">Kushan Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KanishkaCasket.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KanishkaCasket.JPG/150px-KanishkaCasket.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KanishkaCasket.JPG/225px-KanishkaCasket.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KanishkaCasket.JPG/300px-KanishkaCasket.JPG 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka stupa">Kanishka stupa</a> once kept sacred <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> relics in the <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> nomads had driven the <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a> from the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and were themselves forced southwards by the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>. One group, known as the Kushan, took the lead, and its chief, <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kadphises I</a>, seized vast territories extending south to the <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> valley. His son Kadphises II conquered North-Western India, which he governed through his generals. His immediate successors were the fabled <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a>: Kanishka, Huvishka, and Vasushka or Vasudeva, of whom the first reigned over a territory which extended as far east as Benares, far south as Malwa, and also including <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and the Kabul valley.<sup id="cite_ref-IG149_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG149-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IG150_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG150-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their dates are still a matter of dispute, but it is beyond question that they reigned early in the Christian era. To this period may be ascribed the fine statues and bas-reliefs found in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and Udyana. Under Huvishka's successor, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sishka" title="Vāsishka">Vasushka</a>, the dominions of the Kushan kings shrank.<sup id="cite_ref-IG150_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG150-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shahi_dynasties">Shahi dynasties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horseman_on_Hindu_Shahi_coinage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Horseman_on_Hindu_Shahi_coinage.jpg/220px-Horseman_on_Hindu_Shahi_coinage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Horseman_on_Hindu_Shahi_coinage.jpg/330px-Horseman_on_Hindu_Shahi_coinage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Horseman_on_Hindu_Shahi_coinage.jpg/440px-Horseman_on_Hindu_Shahi_coinage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord" of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a>. The headgear has been interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehman1976187_and_Pl._V_B."the_horseman_is_shown_wearing_a_turban-like_head-gear_with_a_small_globule_on_the_top"_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman1976187_and_Pl._V_B."the_horseman_is_shown_wearing_a_turban-like_head-gear_with_a_small_globule_on_the_top"-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a> ruled Gandhara until 870, when they were overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a>. The Hindu Shahis are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a> (modern Swat) in Gandhara,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they are also variously stated to be Brāhmāns or Kshātriyas.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first king Kallar had moved the capital into Udabandhapura from Kabul, in the modern village of <a href="/wiki/Hund_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hund (village)">Hund</a> for its new capital.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its zenith, the kingdom stretched over the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul Valley">Kabul Valley</a>, Gandhara and western <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jayapala" title="Jayapala">Jayapala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wynbrandt2009_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wynbrandt2009-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> both in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sebuktigin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebuktigin">Sebuktigin</a> and in that of his son <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud</a>, which initiated the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferishta_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferishta-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the <a href="/wiki/Qarakhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarakhanid">Qarakhanids</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, Jaipal <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1001)" title="Battle of Peshawar (1001)">attacked Ghazni</a> once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1001)" title="Battle of Peshawar (1001)">Battle of Peshawar</a>, he died because of regretting as his subjects brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferishta_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferishta-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jayapala was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Anandapala" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandapala">Anandapala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahiya dynasty took part in various unsuccessful campaigns against the advancing Ghaznvids but were unsuccessful. The Hindu rulers eventually exiled themselves to the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> <a href="/wiki/Siwalik" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwalik">Siwalik</a> Hills.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferishta_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferishta-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</h3></div> <p>After the battle of Peshawar, Mahmud of Ghazni had secured controlled over southern regions of Pakhtunkhwa. He also (1024 and 1025) raided the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IG150_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IG150-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt200952–55_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt200952–55-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His descendants reigned till 1179, when <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> took Peshawar, making it part of his expanding <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delhi_sultanate">Delhi sultanate</h3></div> <p>Following the invasion by the Ghurids, five unrelated heterogeneous dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a> (1206–1290), the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a> (1290–1320), the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> (1320–1414), the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a> (1414–1451), and the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a> (1451–1526).<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> now appeared as a political factor. At the close of the fourteenth century they were firmly established in their present-day demographics south of Kohat, and in 1451 Bahlol Lodi's accession to the throne of Delhi gave them a dominant position in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzai</a> tribes from the Kabul and Jalalabad valleys began migrating to the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Peshawar" title="Valley of Peshawar">Valley of Peshawar</a> beginning in the 15th century,<sup id="cite_ref-bosworth_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosworth-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and displaced the <a href="/wiki/Swati_(Pashtun_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swati (Pashtun tribe)">Swatis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bhittani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhittani">Bhittani</a> confederation and <a href="/wiki/Dilazak" title="Dilazak">Dilazak</a> Pashtun tribes across the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hazara_Division" title="Hazara Division">Hazara Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bosworth_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosworth-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_empire">Mughal empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg/220px-Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg/330px-Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg/440px-Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Bestowed by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mardan_Khan" title="Ali Mardan Khan">Mohabbat Khan bin Ali Mardan Khan</a> in 1630, the white-marble façade of the <a href="/wiki/Mohabbat_Khan_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohabbat Khan Mosque">Mohabbat Khan Mosque</a> is one of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>'s most iconic sights.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mughal suzerainty over the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region was partially established after Babar, the founder of the Mughal Empire, invaded the region in 1505 CE via the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>. The Mughal Empire noted the importance of the region as a weak point in their empire's defences,<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and determined to hold Peshawar and Kabul at all cost against any threats from the <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shaybanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaybanid">Shaybanids</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was forced to retreat westwards to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> but returned to defeat the Lodis in July 1526, when he captured Peshawar from <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Khan_Lodi" title="Daulat Khan Lodi">Daulat Khan Lodi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Miers_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miers-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the region was never considered to be fully subjugated to the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-bosworth_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosworth-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the reign of Babar's son, <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, a direct Mughal rule was briefly challenged with the rise of the Pashtun Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a>, who began construction of the famous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a> – which links Kabul, Afghanistan with <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> over 2000 miles to the east. Later, local rulers once again pledged loyalty to the Mughal emperor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzai</a> tribes rose against Mughals during the Yusufzai Revolt of 1667,<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and engaged in pitched-battles with Mughal battalions in Peshawar and <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Afridi" title="Afridi">Afridi</a> tribes resisted Aurangzeb rule during the Afridi Revolt of the 1670s.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Afridis massacred a Mughal battalion in the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> in 1672 and shut the pass to lucrative trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-richards_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richards-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following another massacre in the winter of 1673, Mughal armies led by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> himself regained control of the entire area in 1674,<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enticed tribal leaders with various awards in order to end the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_83-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Referred to as the "Father of Pashto Literature" and hailing from the city of <a href="/wiki/Akora_Khattak" title="Akora Khattak">Akora Khattak</a>, the warrior-poet <a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khan_Khattak" class="mw-redirect" title="Khushal Khan Khattak">Khushal Khan Khattak</a> actively participated in the revolt against the Mughals and became renowned for his poems that celebrated the rebellious Pashtun warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_83-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 November 1738, Peshawar was captured from the Mughal governor Nawab Nasir Khan by the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid</a> armies during the <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire">Persian invasion of the Mughal Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Durrani_Empire">Durrani Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg/220px-Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg/330px-Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg/440px-Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Peshawar" title="Bala Hissar, Peshawar">Bala Hissar fort</a> in Peshawar. The fort was used as a royal residence for the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The area fell subsequently under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following a grand nine-day long assembly of leaders, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">loya jirga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1749, the Mughal ruler was induced to cede <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindh Province">Sindh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> and the important trans <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> to Ahmad Shah in order to save his capital from the Durrani attack.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Shah invaded the remnants of the Mughal Empire a third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the Kashmir and Punjab regions. In 1757, he captured Delhi and sacked Mathura,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah</a> to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan. </p><p>Their rule was interrupted by a brief invasion of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Marathas</a>, who ruled over the region following the 1758 Battle of Peshawar for eleven months till early 1759 when the Durrani rule was re-established.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield,_Victoria_2003_page_47_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield,_Victoria_2003_page_47-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah</a>, the Mughal practice of using Kabul as a summer capital and Peshawar as a winter capital was reintroduced,<sup id="cite_ref-bosworth_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosworth-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanifi2011_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanifi2011-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peshawar's <a href="/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Peshawar" title="Bala Hissar, Peshawar">Bala Hissar Fort</a> served as the residence of Durrani kings during their winter stay in Peshawar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a> became king, and quickly sought to seize Peshawar from his half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shujah_Durrani" title="Shah Shujah Durrani">Shah Shujah Durrani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shah Shujah was then himself proclaimed king in 1803, and recaptured Peshawar while Mahmud Shah was imprisoned at Bala Hissar fort until his eventual escape.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1809, the British sent an emissary to the court of Shah Shujah in Peshawar, marking the first diplomatic meeting between the British and Afghans.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud Shah allied himself with the <i>Barakzai</i> Pashtuns, and amassed an army in 1809, and captured Peshawar from his half-brother, Shah Shujah, establishing Mahmud Shah's second reign,<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which lasted under 1818. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_Empire">Sikh Empire</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> invaded Peshawar in 1818 and captured it from the Durrani Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> based in Lahore did not immediately secure direct control of the Peshawar region, but rather paid nominal <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to Jehandad Khan of Khattak, who was nominated by Ranjit Singh to be ruler of the region. </p><p>After Ranjit Singh's departure from the region, Khattak's rule was undermined and power seized by Yar Muhammad Khan. In 1823, Ranjit Singh returned to capture Peshawar, and was met by the armies of <a href="/wiki/Azim_Khan" title="Azim Khan">Azim Khan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Nowshera</a>. Following the Sikh victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a>, Ranjit Singh re-captured Peshawar. Rather than re-appointing Jehandad Khan of Khattak, Ranjit Singh selected Yar Muhammad Khan to once again rule the region. </p><p>The Sikh Empire annexed the lower parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region following advances from the armies of <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a>. An 1835 attempt by <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Muhammad Khan</a> to re-occupy Peshawar failed when his army declined to engage in combat with the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)">Dal Khalsa</a>. Dost Muhammad Khan's son, <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Mohammad Akbar Khan</a> engaged with Sikh forces the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a> of 1837, in which prominent sikh commander Hari Singh was killed. </p><p>During Sikh rule, an Italian named <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a> was appointed an administrator of Peshawar in 1838, and is remembered for having unleashed a reign of fear there. The city's famous Mahabat Khan, built in 1630 in the Jeweller's Bazaar, was badly damaged and desecrated by the Sikhs, who also rebuilt the Bala Hissar fort during their occupation of Peshawar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Raj">British Raj</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Khyber_Pass_with_the_fortress_of_Alimusjid_-_lithograph_by_James_Rattray_-_1848_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Khyber_Pass_with_the_fortress_of_Alimusjid_-_lithograph_by_James_Rattray_-_1848_%281%29.jpg/220px-The_Khyber_Pass_with_the_fortress_of_Alimusjid_-_lithograph_by_James_Rattray_-_1848_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Khyber_Pass_with_the_fortress_of_Alimusjid_-_lithograph_by_James_Rattray_-_1848_%281%29.jpg/330px-The_Khyber_Pass_with_the_fortress_of_Alimusjid_-_lithograph_by_James_Rattray_-_1848_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Khyber_Pass_with_the_fortress_of_Alimusjid_-_lithograph_by_James_Rattray_-_1848_%281%29.jpg/440px-The_Khyber_Pass_with_the_fortress_of_Alimusjid_-_lithograph_by_James_Rattray_-_1848_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>A colonial era lithograph of the Khyber Pass, made in 1848 by James Rattray.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> defeated the Sikhs during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> in 1849, and incorporated small parts of the region into the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Province of Punjab</a>. While Peshawar was the site of a small revolt against British during the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutiny of 1857">Mutiny of 1857</a>, local Pashtun tribes throughout the region generally remained neutral or supportive of the British as they detested the Sikhs,<sup id="cite_ref-humshehri.org_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humshehri.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to other parts of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> which rose up in revolt against the British. However, British control of parts of the region was routinely challenged by <a href="/wiki/Wazir_(Pashtun_tribe)" title="Wazir (Pashtun tribe)">Wazir</a> tribesmen in <a href="/wiki/Waziristan" title="Waziristan">Waziristan</a> and other Pashtun tribes, who resisted any foreign occupation until Pakistan was created. By the late 19th century, the official boundaries of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region still had not been defined as the region was still claimed by the Kingdom of Afghanistan. It was only in 1893 The British demarcated the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">boundary with Afghanistan</a> under a treaty agreed to by the Afghan king, <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several princely states within the boundaries of the region were allowed to maintain their autonomy under the terms of maintaining friendly ties with the British. As the British war effort during <a href="/wiki/World_War_One" class="mw-redirect" title="World War One">World War One</a> demanded the reallocation of resources from British India to the European war fronts, some tribesmen from Afghanistan crossed the Durand Line in 1917 to attack British posts in an attempt to gain territory and weaken the legitimacy of the border. The validity of the Durand Line, however, was re-affirmed in 1919 by the Afghan government with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rawalpindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Rawalpindi">Treaty of Rawalpindi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ended the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> – a war in which Waziri tribesmen allied themselves with the forces of Afghanistan's King <a href="/wiki/Amanullah" title="Amanullah">Amanullah</a> in their resistance to British rule. The Wazirs and other tribes, taking advantage of instability on the frontier, <a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%9320)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–20)">continued to resist British occupation until 1920</a> – even after Afghanistan had signed a peace treaty with the British. </p><p>British campaigns to subdue tribesmen along the Durand Line, as well as three Anglo-Afghan wars, made travel between Afghanistan and the densely populated heartlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa increasingly difficult. The two regions were largely isolated from one another from the start of the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1878 until the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939 when conflict along the Afghan frontier largely dissipated. Concurrently, the British continued their large public works projects in the region, and extended the <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway" title="Great Indian Peninsula Railway">Great Indian Peninsula Railway</a> into the region, which connected the modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region to the plains of India to the east. Other projects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Attock_Bridge" title="Attock Bridge">Attock Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamia_College_University" title="Islamia College University">Islamia College University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_train_safari" title="Khyber train safari">Khyber Railway</a>, and establishment of <a href="/wiki/Cantonments" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonments">cantonments</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan">Mardan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nowshera_Cantonment" title="Nowshera Cantonment">Nowshera</a> further cemented British rule in the region. In 1901, the British carved out the northwest portions of Punjab Province to create the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), which was renamed "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, North-West Frontier Province was a "scene of repeated outrages on Hindus."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the independence period there was a <a href="/wiki/Congress_party_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress party of India">Congress</a>-led ministry in the province, which was led by secular <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> leaders, including Bacha Khan, who preferred joining <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> instead of Pakistan. The <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> Pashtun leadership was also of the view that if joining India was not an option then they should espouse the cause of an independent ethnic Pashtun state rather than Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1947, <a href="/wiki/Mirzali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirzali Khan">Mirzali Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacha_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacha Khan">Bacha Khan</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khudai Khidmatgars">Khudai Khidmatgars</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/Bannu_Resolution" title="Bannu Resolution">Bannu Resolution</a>, demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join the new state of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> refused to comply with the demand of this resolution, as their departure from the region required regions under their control to choose either to join India or Pakistan, with no third option.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1947 Pashtun nationalists were advocating for a united India, and no prominent voices advocated for a union with Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The secular stance of Bacha Khan had driven a wedge between the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> of the otherwise pro-<a href="/wiki/Congress_party_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress party of India">Congress</a> (and pro-Indian unity) <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Hind" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind">Jamiat Ulema Hind</a> (JUH) and Bacha Khan's <a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgars</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badshah_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Badshah_Khan.jpg/200px-Badshah_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Badshah_Khan.jpg/300px-Badshah_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Badshah_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bacha_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacha Khan">Bacha Khan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There were other tensions in the area as well, particularly those that involved agitations by Pashtun tribesmen against the Imperial government. For example, in 1936, a British Indian court ruled against the marriage of a Hindu girl allegedly converted to Islam in Bannu, after the girl's family filed a case of abduction and forced conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Yousef_Aboul-Enein_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yousef_Aboul-Enein-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling was based on the fact that the girl was a minor and was asked to make her decision of conversion and marriage after she reaches the age of majority, till then she was asked to live with a third party.<sup id="cite_ref-Yousef_Aboul-Enein_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yousef_Aboul-Enein-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the girl's family filed a case, the court ruled in the family's favour, angering the local Muslims who had later gone on to lead attacks against the <a href="/wiki/Bannu_Brigade" title="Bannu Brigade">Bannu Brigade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yousef_Aboul-Enein_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yousef_Aboul-Enein-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such controversies stirred up anti-Hindu sentiments amongst the province's Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1947 the majority of the ulama in the province began supporting the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>'s idea of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately prior to 1947 <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>, the British held a <a href="/wiki/1947_North-West_Frontier_Province_referendum" title="1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum">referendum in the NWFP</a> to allow voters to choose between joining India or Pakistan. The polling began on 6 July 1947 and the referendum results were made public on 20 July 1947. According to the official results, there were 572,798 registered voters, out of which 289,244 (99.02%) votes were cast in favour of Pakistan, while 2,874 (0.98%) were cast in favour of India. The Muslim League declared the results as valid since over half of all eligible voters backed the merger with Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The then <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Chief Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Jabbar_Khan" title="Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan">Dr. Khan Sahib</a>, along with his brother <a href="/wiki/Bacha_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacha Khan">Bacha Khan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgars</a>, boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Dust_of_Empire_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dust_of_Empire-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their appeal for boycott had an effect, as according to an estimate, the total turnout for the referendum was 15% lower than the total turnout in the 1946 elections,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although over half of all eligible voters backed merger with Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacha Khan pledged allegiance to the new state of Pakistan in 1947, and thereafter abandoned his goals of an independent Pashtunistan and a united India in favour of supporting increased autonomy for the NWFP within Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-humshehri.org_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humshehri.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was subsequently arrested several times for his opposition to the strong centralized rule.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later claimed that "Pashtunistan was never a reality". The idea of Pashtunistan never helped Pashtuns and it only caused suffering for them. He further claimed that the "successive governments of Afghanistan only exploited the idea for their own political goals".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3></div> <p>There had been tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan ever since Afghanistan voted against Pakistan's inclusion in the United Nations in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the creation of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in 1947, Afghanistan was the sole member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to vote against Pakistan's accession to the UN because of Kabul's claim to the Pashtun territories on the Pakistani side of the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pakafgh_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pakafgh-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">loya jirga</a> of 1949 declared the Durand Line invalid. This led to border tensions with Pakistan. Afghanistan's governments have periodically refused to recognize Pakistan's inheritance of British treaties regarding the region.<sup id="cite_ref-pakafgh_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pakafgh-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As had been agreed to by the Afghan governments following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after the treaty ending <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no option was available to cede the territory to the Afghans, even though Afghanistan continued to claim the entire region as it was part of the Durrani Empire prior the conquest of the region by the Sikhs in 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1950s, Afghanistan supported the <a href="/wiki/Pushtunistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtunistan">Pushtunistan</a> Movement, a secessionist movement that failed to gain substantial support amongst the tribes of the North-West Frontier Province. Afghanistan's refusal to recognize the Durrand Line, and its subsequent support for the Pashtunistan Movement has been cited as the main cause of tensions between the two countries that have existed since Pakistan's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Afghan-Soviet War, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has become one of the areas of top focus for the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War against Terror</a>. The province has been reported to struggle with the issues of crumbling schools, non-existent healthcare, and lack of any sound infrastructure while areas such as Islamabad and Rawalpindi receive priority funding.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the name of the province changed to "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa". Protests arose among the locals of the Hazara division due to this name change, as they began to demand their own province.<sup id="cite_ref-:0b_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven people were killed and 100 injured in protests on 11 April 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-:0b_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Swat_Pakistan_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/River_Swat_Pakistan_3.jpg/220px-River_Swat_Pakistan_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/River_Swat_Pakistan_3.jpg/330px-River_Swat_Pakistan_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/River_Swat_Pakistan_3.jpg/440px-River_Swat_Pakistan_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Northern parts of the province feature forests and dramatic mountain scenery, as in <a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat District</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sits primarily on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> and comprises the junction where the slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> mountains on the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a> give way to the Indus-watered hills approaching <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. This situation has led to seismic activity in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> links the province to Afghanistan, while the <a href="/wiki/Kohalla_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohalla Bridge">Kohalla Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Circle_Bakote" title="Circle Bakote">Circle Bakote</a> Abbottabad is a major crossing point over the <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum River</a> in the east. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS053-E-173835_-_View_of_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ISS053-E-173835_-_View_of_Earth.jpg/220px-ISS053-E-173835_-_View_of_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ISS053-E-173835_-_View_of_Earth.jpg/330px-ISS053-E-173835_-_View_of_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ISS053-E-173835_-_View_of_Earth.jpg/440px-ISS053-E-173835_-_View_of_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>View from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bajaur_District" title="Bajaur District">Bajaur District</a> at night; the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> at left and lit-up cities on the right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Geographically the province could be divided into two zones: the northern zone extending from the ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> to the borders of the Peshawar basin and the southern zone extending from Peshawar to the Derajat basin. </p><p>The northern zone is cold and snowy in winters with heavy rainfall and pleasant summers with the exception of the Peshawar basin, which is hot in summer and cold in winter. It has moderate rainfall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The southern zone is arid with hot summers and relatively cold winters and scanty rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sheikh Badin Hills, a spur of clay and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> hills that stretch east from the Sulaiman Mountains to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, separates <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan District</a> from the <i>Marwat</i> plains of the <a href="/wiki/Lakki_Marwat_District" title="Lakki Marwat District">Lakki Marwat</a>. The highest peak in the range is the limestone Sheikh Badin Mountain, which is protected by the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Badin_National_Park" title="Sheikh Badin National Park">Sheikh Badin National Park</a>. Near the Indus River, the terminus of the Sheikh Badin Hills is a spur of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> hills known as the <i>Kafir Kot</i> hills, where the ancient Hindu complex of <a href="/wiki/Kafir_Kot" title="Kafir Kot">Kafir Kot</a> is located.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major rivers that criss-cross the province are Kabul, Swat, Chitral, Kunar, Siran, Panjkora, Bara, Kurram, Dor, Haroo, Gomal, and Zhob. </p><p>Its snow-capped peaks and lush green valleys of unusual beauty have enormous potential for tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa varies immensely for a region of its size, encompassing most of the many climate types found in Pakistan. The province stretching southwards from the <a href="/wiki/Baroghil_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroghil Pass">Baroghil Pass</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> covers almost six degrees of latitude; it is mainly a mountainous region. <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan" title="Dera Ismail Khan">Dera Ismail Khan</a> is one of the hottest places in South Asia while in the mountains to the north the weather is mild in the summer and intensely cold in the winter. The air is generally very dry; consequently, the daily and annual range of temperature is quite large.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rainfall also varies widely. Although large parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are typically dry, the province also contains the wettest parts of Pakistan in its eastern fringe especially in <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season from mid-June to mid-September. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghabral_swatvalley_x004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ghabral_swatvalley_x004.JPG/220px-Ghabral_swatvalley_x004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ghabral_swatvalley_x004.JPG/330px-Ghabral_swatvalley_x004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ghabral_swatvalley_x004.JPG/440px-Ghabral_swatvalley_x004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghabral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghabral">Ghabral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swat_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat Valley">Swat Valley</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_and_Lower_Chitral_Districts">Upper and Lower Chitral Districts</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chitral_District" title="Upper Chitral District">Upper Chitral District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Chitral_District" title="Lower Chitral District">Lower Chitral District</a>, due to their location, are completely sheltered from the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> that controls the weather in eastern Pakistan, owing to its relatively westerly location and the shielding effect of the <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> massif. In many ways, they have more in common regarding climate with <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> than South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Trekking_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trekking-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winters are generally cold even in the valleys, and heavy <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> during the winter blocks passes and isolates the region. In the valleys, however, summers can be hotter than on the windward side of the mountains due to lower cloud cover: Chitral can reach 40 °C (104 °F) frequently during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the humidity is extremely low during these hot spells and, as a result, the summer climate is less torrid than in the rest of the Indian subcontinent. </p><p>Most precipitation falls as thunderstorms or snow during winter and spring, so that the climate at the lowest elevations is <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">classed as</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> (<i>Csa</i>), <a href="/wiki/Continental_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Mediterranean climate">continental Mediterranean</a> (<i>Dsa</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> (<i>BSk</i>). Summers are extremely dry in the north of Chitral district and receive only a little rain in the south around <a href="/wiki/Drosh" title="Drosh">Drosh</a>. </p><p>At elevations above 5,000 metres (16,400 ft), as much as a third of the snow which feeds the large Karakoram and Hindukush <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> comes from the monsoon since these elevations are too high to be shielded from its moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-Trekking_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trekking-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa">Central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</h4></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> <a href="/wiki/Dir_(city)" title="Dir (city)">Dir</a> </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.42em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">121</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.4em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−3</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.54em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">177</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.6em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">254</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.6em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">3</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.32em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">166</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.6em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.72em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">86</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">54</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.2em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">160</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">31</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.38em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">169</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.6em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.68em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">84</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">29</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">50</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:3.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.16em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">58</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:3.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">83</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.8em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−1</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: World Climate Data<sup id="cite_ref-World_Climate_Data_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Climate_Data-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.42em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.4em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.54em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.6em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">10</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.6em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">61</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.32em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.6em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.72em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">82</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.2em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">90</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">61</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">88</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.38em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.6em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">86</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">64</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.68em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">84</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:3.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">77</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">45</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.16em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:3.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">68</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.8em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On the southern flanks of <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Dir_District" title="Upper Dir District">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Dir_District" title="Lower Dir District">Lower Dir Districts</a>, rainfall is much heavier than further north because moist winds from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> are able to penetrate the region. When they collide with the mountain slopes, winter depressions provide heavy precipitation. The <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>, although short, is generally powerful. As a result, the southern slopes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are the wettest part of Pakistan. Annual rainfall ranges from around 500 millimetres (20 in) in the most sheltered areas to as much as 1,750 millimetres (69 in) in parts of Abbottabad and Mansehra Districts. </p><p>This region's climate is classed at lower elevations as <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a> (<i>Cfa</i> in the west; <i>Cwa</i> in the east); whilst at higher elevations with a southerly aspect, it becomes classed as <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (<i>Dfb</i>). However, accurate data for altitudes above 2,000 metres (6,560 ft) are practically nonexistent here, in Chitral, or in the south of the province. </p> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan" title="Dera Ismail Khan">Dera Ismail Khan</a> </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">10</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.8em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.36em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">18</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.7em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">35</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.6em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">22</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.34em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">17</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.6em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.28em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">14</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.4em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:16.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">42</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.22em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">61</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.4em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.16em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">58</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:2.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.36em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">18</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.8em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.4em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.04em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:3.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">10</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:3.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: World Climate Data<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.8em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">68</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.36em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">72</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">45</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.7em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.6em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">55</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">93</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.34em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.6em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">102</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">73</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.28em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.4em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:16.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">108</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.22em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.4em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">102</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.16em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:2.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">99</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.36em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.8em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">99</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">75</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.4em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">91</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.04em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:3.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">82</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:3.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">72</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The seasonality of rainfall in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shows very marked gradients from east to west. At Dir, March remains the wettest month due to frequent frontal cloud bands, whereas in Hazara more than half the rainfall comes from the monsoon.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernsted_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernsted-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This creates a unique situation characterized by a bimodal rainfall regime, which extends into the southern part of the province described below.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernsted_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernsted-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since cold air from the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberian High</a> loses its chilling capacity upon crossing the vast Karakoram and Himalaya ranges, winters in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are somewhat milder than in Chitral. <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> remains very frequent at high altitudes but rarely lasts long on the ground in the major towns and agricultural valleys. Outside of winter, temperatures in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are not so hot as in Chitral. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Significantly higher humidity when the monsoon is active means that heat discomfort can be greater. However, even during the most humid periods the high altitudes typically allow for some relief from the heat overnight.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa">Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</h4></div> <p>As one moves further away from the foothills of the Himalaya and Karakoram ranges, the climate changes from the humid subtropical climate of the foothills to the typically <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">arid climate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>. As in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the seasonality of precipitation shows a very sharp gradient from west to east, but the whole region very rarely receives significant monsoon rainfall. Even at high elevations, annual rainfall is less than 400 millimetres (16 in) and in some places as little as 200 millimetres (8 in). </p><p>Temperatures in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are extremely hot: Dera Ismail Khan in the southernmost district of the province is known as one of the hottest places in the world with temperatures known to have reached 50 °C (122 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the cooler months, nights can be cold and frosts remain frequent; snow is very rare, and daytime temperatures remain comfortably warm with abundant sunshine. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parks">National parks</h3></div> <p>There are about 29 <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">National Parks in Pakistan</a> and 7 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:98%"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Photo </th> <th scope="col">Location </th> <th scope="col">Date established </th> <th scope="col">Area (Hec) </th> <th scope="col">Key wildlife </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ayubia_National_Park" title="Ayubia National Park">Ayubia National Park</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mukeshpuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mukeshpuri.jpg/100px-Mukeshpuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mukeshpuri.jpg/150px-Mukeshpuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mukeshpuri.jpg/200px-Mukeshpuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_District" title="Abbottabad District">Abbottabad District</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001984-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1984</span> </td> <td>3,122 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">Rhesus macaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_giant_flying_squirrel" title="Red giant flying squirrel">Red giant flying squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koklass_pheasant" title="Koklass pheasant">Koklass pheasant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalij_pheasant" title="Kalij pheasant">Kalij pheasant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Gol_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitral Gol National Park">Chitral Gol National Park</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meadows_of_Chitral_Gol_National_Park;_Tahsin_Shah_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Meadows_of_Chitral_Gol_National_Park%3B_Tahsin_Shah_03.jpg/100px-Meadows_of_Chitral_Gol_National_Park%3B_Tahsin_Shah_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Meadows_of_Chitral_Gol_National_Park%3B_Tahsin_Shah_03.jpg/150px-Meadows_of_Chitral_Gol_National_Park%3B_Tahsin_Shah_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Meadows_of_Chitral_Gol_National_Park%3B_Tahsin_Shah_03.jpg/200px-Meadows_of_Chitral_Gol_National_Park%3B_Tahsin_Shah_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chitral_District" title="Lower Chitral District">Lower Chitral District</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001984-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1984</span> </td> <td>7,750 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian leopard">Persian leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_lynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayan lynx">Himalayan lynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_brown_bear" title="Himalayan brown bear">Himalayan brown bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar partridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_partridge" title="Snow partridge">Snow partridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_snowcock" title="Himalayan snowcock">Himalayan snowcock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear" title="Himalayan black bear">Himalayan black bear</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Broghil_Valley_National_Park" title="Broghil Valley National Park">Broghil Valley National Park</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I_took_this_picture_of_Karmbar_lake_on_my_recent_visit._Im_donating_it_only_to_wikipedia_for_public_knowledge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/I_took_this_picture_of_Karmbar_lake_on_my_recent_visit._Im_donating_it_only_to_wikipedia_for_public_knowledge.jpg/100px-I_took_this_picture_of_Karmbar_lake_on_my_recent_visit._Im_donating_it_only_to_wikipedia_for_public_knowledge.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/I_took_this_picture_of_Karmbar_lake_on_my_recent_visit._Im_donating_it_only_to_wikipedia_for_public_knowledge.jpg/150px-I_took_this_picture_of_Karmbar_lake_on_my_recent_visit._Im_donating_it_only_to_wikipedia_for_public_knowledge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/I_took_this_picture_of_Karmbar_lake_on_my_recent_visit._Im_donating_it_only_to_wikipedia_for_public_knowledge.jpg/200px-I_took_this_picture_of_Karmbar_lake_on_my_recent_visit._Im_donating_it_only_to_wikipedia_for_public_knowledge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chitral_District" title="Upper Chitral District">Upper Chitral District</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002010-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2010</span> </td> <td>134,744 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_musk_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayan musk deer">Himalayan musk deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_brown_bear" title="Himalayan brown bear">Himalayan brown bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_marmot" title="Long-tailed marmot">Long-tailed marmot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Badin_National_Park" title="Sheikh Badin National Park">Sheikh Badin National Park</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan District</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1999</span> </td> <td>15,540 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian leopard">Persian leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_wolf" title="Indian wolf">Indian wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar partridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_boar" title="Indian boar">Indian boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_francolin" title="Black francolin">Black francolin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_francolin" title="Grey francolin">Grey francolin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Saiful_Muluk_National_Park" title="Saiful Muluk National Park">Saiful Muluk National Park</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saif_ul_Maluk_Lake_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Saif_ul_Maluk_Lake_2.jpg/100px-Saif_ul_Maluk_Lake_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Saif_ul_Maluk_Lake_2.jpg/150px-Saif_ul_Maluk_Lake_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Saif_ul_Maluk_Lake_2.jpg/200px-Saif_ul_Maluk_Lake_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mansehra_District" title="Mansehra District">Mansehra District</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002003-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2003</span> </td> <td>12,026 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear" title="Himalayan black bear">Himalayan black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_musk_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayan musk deer">Himalayan musk deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_monal" title="Himalayan monal">Himalayan monal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheer_pheasant" title="Cheer pheasant">Cheer pheasant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lulusar-Dudipatsar_National_Park" title="Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park">Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dudiptsar_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dudiptsar_Lake.jpg/100px-Dudiptsar_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dudiptsar_Lake.jpg/150px-Dudiptsar_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dudiptsar_Lake.jpg/200px-Dudiptsar_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mansehra_District" title="Mansehra District">Mansehra District</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002003-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2003</span> </td> <td>75,058 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian leopard">Persian leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear" title="Himalayan black bear">Himalayan black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_monal" title="Himalayan monal">Himalayan monal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_tragopan" title="Western tragopan">Western tragopan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1868</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,713,596</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,955,515</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,281,708</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,125,480</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,819,027</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+79.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,076,476</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+32.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,684,364</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,415,666</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,899,905</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">7,578,186</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+28.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1972</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,879,781</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,259,875</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1998</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,919,976</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+57.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2017</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,501,964</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+69.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,856,097</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-2017census_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017census-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KPK1951_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPK1951-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1941_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1941-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1931_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1931-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1921_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1921-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1911_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1911-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1901_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1901-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1891_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1891-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1881_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1881-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The current province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had a population of 40.9 million at the time of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023 Census of Pakistan</a>. Over 85% of the population lived in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs.gov.pk_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.gov.pk-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions">Divisions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa,_Pakistan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Colours correspond to divisions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan.png/220px-Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan.png/330px-Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan.png/440px-Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa%2C_Pakistan.png 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The various <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Pakistan" title="Divisions of Pakistan">divisions</a> of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. <br /><br /> From the top-right: <br /><br /> Light green: <a href="/wiki/Hazara_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara division">Hazara division</a> <br /> Red: <a href="/wiki/Malakand_Division" title="Malakand Division">Malakand division</a> <br /> Teal: <a href="/wiki/Mardan_Division" title="Mardan Division">Mardan division</a> <br /> Orange: <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Division" title="Peshawar Division">Peshawar division</a> <br /> Pink: <a href="/wiki/Kohat_Division" title="Kohat Division">Kohat division</a> <br /> Brown: <a href="/wiki/Bannu_Division" title="Bannu Division">Bannu division</a> <br /> Blue: <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_Division" title="Dera Ismail Khan Division">Dera Ismail Khan division</a></figcaption></figure> <p>  </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa </th></tr> <tr> <th>Division</th> <th>Population<br />2023 Census<sup id="cite_ref-pbs.gov.pk_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.gov.pk-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Population<br />2017 Census</th> <th>Population<br />1998 Census</th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Capital </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Division" title="Peshawar Division">Peshawar</a></td> <td align="right">10,035,171</td> <td align="right">7,403,817</td> <td align="right">3,923,588</td> <td align="right">9,134</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malakand_Division" title="Malakand Division">Malakand</a></td> <td align="right">9,959,399</td> <td align="right">7,514,694</td> <td align="right">4,262,700</td> <td align="right">31,162</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Sharif" title="Saidu Sharif">Saidu Sharif</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Division" title="Hazara Division">Hazara</a></td> <td align="right">6,188,736</td> <td align="right">5,325,121</td> <td align="right">3,505,581</td> <td align="right">17,064</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mardan_Division" title="Mardan Division">Mardan</a></td> <td align="right">4,639,498</td> <td align="right">3,997,677</td> <td align="right">2,486,904</td> <td align="right">3,175</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan">Mardan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kohat_Division" title="Kohat Division">Kohat</a></td> <td align="right">3,752,436</td> <td align="right">2,218,971</td> <td align="right">1,307,969</td> <td align="right">12,377</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_Division" title="Dera Ismail Khan Division">Dera Ismail Khan</a></td> <td align="right">3,188,779</td> <td align="right">2,019,017</td> <td align="right">1,091,211</td> <td align="right">18,854</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan" title="Dera Ismail Khan">Dera Ismail Khan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Division" title="Bannu Division">Bannu</a></td> <td align="right">3,092,078</td> <td align="right">2,044,074</td> <td align="right">1,165,692</td> <td align="right">9,975</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bannu" title="Bannu">Bannu</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>  </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> <p>The largest ethnic group are the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, who have been living in the region for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been estimated that upto one-third of the province's population is non-Pashtun,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly concentrated in the northern areas. Notable minority ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Kohistanis">Kohistanis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kohistan_region,_Pakistan" title="Kohistan region, Pakistan">Kohistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitralis">Chitralis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalashas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalashas">Kalashas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chitral_District" title="Chitral District">Chitral</a>. The southern district of <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki</a> majority.<sup id="cite_ref-2023censuslanguage_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023censuslanguage-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghan refugees</a> also remain in the province,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the majority of whom are Pashtuns followed by <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gujjar</a>, and other smaller groups. Despite having lived in the province for over two decades, they are registered as <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">citizens of Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa observe tribal code of conduct called <a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a> which has four high value components called <i>nang</i> (honour), <i>badal</i> (revenge), <i>melmastiya</i> (hospitality) and <i>nanawata</i> (rights to refuge).<sup id="cite_ref-T&F_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T&F-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:white; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 535.17176879713px; border-left-color:#F781BF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#F781BF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#F781BF"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 505.22201838816px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 468.05234751542px; border-left-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 390.49270745593px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 233.49754029752px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 144.97990556067px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 39.592800879772px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-2023censuslanguage_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023censuslanguage-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> (81%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> (9.39%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> (3.17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Kohistani language">Kohistani</a> (2.45%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (0.64%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Language">Punjabi</a> (0.24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F781BF; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> (0.17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Others (mainly <a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a>) (2.94%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, being the national and official language, serves as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for inter-ethnic communications, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> and Urdu are the second and third languages among communities that speak other ethnic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-T&F_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T&F-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023 census</a>, the most widely spoken language is <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, native to 81% of the population and spoken throughout the province.<sup id="cite_ref-2023censuslanguage_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023censuslanguage-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other languages with significant numbers of speakers include <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> (9.39%), <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> (3.17%) and <a href="/wiki/Kohistani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohistani languages">Kohistani languages</a> (2.45%).<sup id="cite_ref-2023censuslanguage_145-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023censuslanguage-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindko is primarily spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Hazara_Division" title="Hazara Division">Hazara division</a> in the northeast, and Saraiki-speakers are found in <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan district</a> in the far south of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kohistani languages is an umbrella term encompassing several languages spoken in the north of the province, including <a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gawri_language" title="Gawri language">Gawri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gawro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1 million of the population selected "Other" category, largely referring to <a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a> in the mountainous northwest <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023censuslanguage_145-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023censuslanguage-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011 the provincial government approved in principle the introduction of Pashto, Saraiki, Hindko, Khowar and Kohistani as compulsory subjects for schools in the areas where they are spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1881–2023) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Mother<br />Tongue</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1881<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1881_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1881-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168">: 168 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1891<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1891_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1891-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1901_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1901-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 181">: 181 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1911<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1911_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1911-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 330">: 330 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1921<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1921_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1921-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 370">: 370 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1931_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1931-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 357">: 357 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1951<sup id="cite_ref-KPK1951_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPK1951-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2017<sup id="cite_ref-KPK2017B_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPK2017B-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2023<sup id="cite_ref-KPK2023B_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPK2023B-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Punjabi">Greater Punjabi</a><sup id="cite_ref-PunjabiLanguages_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PunjabiLanguages-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,050,061 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001536974147475217♠" style="display:none"></span>53.7% </td> <td>1,226,648 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001537600779766736♠" style="display:none"></span>53.76% </td> <td>876,604 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001427460740694505♠" style="display:none"></span>42.75% </td> <td>916,365 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001417111036158135♠" style="display:none"></span>41.71% </td> <td>1,000,255 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001444293176508212♠" style="display:none"></span>44.43% </td> <td>1,102,905 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001454791932294080♠" style="display:none"></span>45.48% </td> <td>1,008,434 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001245397014355874♠" style="display:none"></span>24.54% </td> <td>4,820,336 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001135776600979033♠" style="display:none"></span>13.58% </td> <td>5,203,012 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001127349707437790♠" style="display:none"></span>12.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> </td> <td>870,816 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001445312871545347♠" style="display:none"></span>44.53% </td> <td>1,023,021 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001448357546189082♠" style="display:none"></span>44.84% </td> <td>1,088,606 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001530839839978466♠" style="display:none"></span>53.08% </td> <td>1,221,859 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001556165800231504♠" style="display:none"></span>55.62% </td> <td>1,202,326 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001534049055229330♠" style="display:none"></span>53.4% </td> <td>1,279,471 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001527600372112049♠" style="display:none"></span>52.76% </td> <td>2,875,751 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001699798607971289♠" style="display:none"></span>69.98% </td> <td>28,363,363 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001798923772217221♠" style="display:none"></span>79.89% </td> <td>32,919,592 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001805744905099476♠" style="display:none"></span>80.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>17,645 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999902319849246873♠" style="display:none"></span>0.9% </td> <td>15,686 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999687467458588040♠" style="display:none"></span>0.69% </td> <td>15,598 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999760609423793743♠" style="display:none"></span>0.76% </td> <td>16,995 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999773578438668816♠" style="display:none"></span>0.77% </td> <td>8,814 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999391500173230165♠" style="display:none"></span>0.39% </td> <td>19,221 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999792593716650529♠" style="display:none"></span>0.79% </td> <td>50,409 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000122667602407943♠" style="display:none"></span>1.23% </td> <td>298,319 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999840288723181624♠" style="display:none"></span>0.84% </td> <td>259,925 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999636196355222086♠" style="display:none"></span>0.64% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td>4,554 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999232879829610102♠" style="display:none"></span>0.23% </td> <td>5,204 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999228074758032140♠" style="display:none"></span>0.23% </td> <td>4,601 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999224359787080075♠" style="display:none"></span>0.22% </td> <td>5,720 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999260362969649051♠" style="display:none"></span>0.26% </td> <td>9,762 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999433608428757984♠" style="display:none"></span>0.43% </td> <td>7,852 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999323783666986106♠" style="display:none"></span>0.32% </td> <td>125 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997304180807018448♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td>4,028 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999205981544503621♠" style="display:none"></span>0.21% </td> <td>3,962 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999173641850753908♠" style="display:none"></span>0.17% </td> <td>2,851 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999139024071498651♠" style="display:none"></span>0.14% </td> <td>3,454 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999157219177826542♠" style="display:none"></span>0.16% </td> <td>2,352 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999104471114980411♠" style="display:none"></span>0.1% </td> <td>6,030 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999248652001009452♠" style="display:none"></span>0.25% </td> <td>4,422 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999107607002290846♠" style="display:none"></span>0.11% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> </td> <td>3,736 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999191049416649833♠" style="display:none"></span>0.19% </td> <td>2,218 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998972078811136219♠" style="display:none"></span>0.1% </td> <td>821 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998400346414241994♠" style="display:none"></span>0.04% </td> <td>533 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998242610948991161♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>343 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998152353709346433♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>1,796 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998740595346290178♠" style="display:none"></span>0.07% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>46,084 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999129806903077249♠" style="display:none"></span>0.13% </td> <td>6,471 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998158385173209276♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> </td> <td>2,510 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999128354934633587♠" style="display:none"></span>0.13% </td> <td>554 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998242800568696783♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>92 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997448622047628057♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995973378582459036♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>27,846 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998784350972808152♠" style="display:none"></span>0.08% </td> <td>30,636 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998749851362453931♠" style="display:none"></span>0.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> </td> <td>1,020 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998521601726399439♠" style="display:none"></span>0.05% </td> <td>2,655 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999116360200341147♠" style="display:none"></span>0.12% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>5,179 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999235737730736440♠" style="display:none"></span>0.24% </td> <td>4,149 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999184290244920802♠" style="display:none"></span>0.18% </td> <td>5,140 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999211952120263447♠" style="display:none"></span>0.21% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a> </td> <td>624 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998319097526738480♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td> <td>336 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998147258106646424♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>674 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998328664413153598♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td> <td>46 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997209382807759726♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> </td> <td>204 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998104320345279887♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>101 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997442650856288359♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>196 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997955760014511948♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>7 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996310925937441701♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>23 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996559692684913946♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>32,134 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998905133023063174♠" style="display:none"></span>0.09% </td> <td>10,019 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998245226557005677♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> </td> <td>202 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998103297596796751♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>106 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997464564265015505♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>217 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997963870406069274♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>900 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998219010181053283♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a> </td> <td>38 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997194322211795869♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>858 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997210005375697047♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996818198786508924♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>282 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998123591625221106♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>97 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997441524616362902♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>11 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996488597901694102♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995511374241568077♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>61 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997267343586471187♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>219 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997996844236943047♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995444179910631001♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chitrali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitrali language">Chitrali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kalasha_language" title="Kalasha language">Kalasha</a>) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>7 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996306787722180051♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995487632660465279♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>41 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997186623806916278♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>97,489 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000237234261563372♠" style="display:none"></span>2.37% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>5,632 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998137849682508830♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>53,329 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000260049621499528♠" style="display:none"></span>2.6% </td> <td>25,812 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000117491065954218♠" style="display:none"></span>1.17% </td> <td>22,637 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000100549006369539♠" style="display:none"></span>1.01% </td> <td>596 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998245765493535047♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>93 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996227628204426869♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohistani language">Kohistani</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>117 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997532560619736696♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>222 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997986079401600824♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>377 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998155459045407236♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>65,647 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000159748459506720♠" style="display:none"></span>1.6% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>996,182 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000243827010690717♠" style="display:none"></span>2.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>70,357 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999198177768418671♠" style="display:none"></span>0.2% </td> <td>1,570 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997384275570914177♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>70,140 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999171675723209683♠" style="display:none"></span>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>60 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997306824544940846♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>867 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998379978507328720♠" style="display:none"></span>0.04% </td> <td>7,351 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999358458768708027♠" style="display:none"></span>0.36% </td> <td>496 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998225769288367009♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>244 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998108379898193964♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>1,688 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998696060659542216♠" style="display:none"></span>0.07% </td> <td>1,408 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998342629261025580♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td> <td>1,843,525 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000519274088610985♠" style="display:none"></span>5.19% </td> <td>1,136,990 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000278291389410006♠" style="display:none"></span>2.78% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total responses </th> <th>1,955,515 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,281,708 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,050,724 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001964828650469541♠" style="display:none"></span>96.48% </th> <th>2,196,933 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001575259876403073♠" style="display:none"></span>57.53% </th> <th>2,251,340 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001443484811117003♠" style="display:none"></span>44.35% </th> <th>2,425,076 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001517695892121107♠" style="display:none"></span>51.77% </th> <th>4,109,398 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001696519350735308♠" style="display:none"></span>69.65% </th> <th>35,501,964 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>40,641,120 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001994738190483540♠" style="display:none"></span>99.47% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total population </th> <th>1,955,515 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,281,708 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,125,480 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,819,027 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>5,076,476 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>4,684,364 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>5,899,905 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>35,501,964 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>40,856,097 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="25"><span style="font-size:85%;">Note1: 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, and 1931 census populations for language data is for <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> only and excludes the <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Areas</a> (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as linguistic data was not collected in the latter region at the time.<br /><br />Note2: 1951 census populations include all of <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> and some enumerated populations of the <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Areas</a>.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Islam in Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></div> <p>The overwhelming majority of the residents of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa follows and professes the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> while there is a significant amount of shia Muslims in areas such as Kurram, Kohat, Hangu, Orakzai, Dera Ismail khan, Mardan, and many other districts throughout central-southern kpk. Apart from Twelver Shias there are <a href="/wiki/Ismaili_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili Islam">Isma'ilis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Pakistan_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Pakistan-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe of <a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalasha</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a> still retain an ancient form of <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>, a faith once dominant in the mountainous upper northeast of the district.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Pakistan_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Pakistan-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are very small numbers of residents who are the adherents of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Pakistan" title="Catholic Church in Pakistan">Roman Catholicism</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denomination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, mainly living in Peshawar and other urban centres.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1881–2023) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religious</a><br />group </th> <th colspan="2">1881<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1881_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1881-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–18">: 17–18 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1891<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1891_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1891-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14–15">: 14–15 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1901_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1901-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34–36">: 34–36 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1911<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1911_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1911-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 307–308">: 307–308 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1921<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1921_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1921-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 345–346">: 345–346 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1931_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1931-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 373–375">: 373–375 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1941<sup id="cite_ref-NWFP1941_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWFP1941-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1951<sup id="cite_ref-KPK1951-rel_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPK1951-rel-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12–21">: 12–21 </span></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1998<sup id="cite_ref-KPK1998_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPK1998-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2017<sup id="cite_ref-KPK2017_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPK2017-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2023<sup id="cite_ref-KPK2023_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPK2023-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </th> <td>1,787,341 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001914000148298530♠" style="display:none"></span>91.4% </td> <td>2,088,015 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001915110522468256♠" style="display:none"></span>91.51% </td> <td>1,890,479 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001921859304323741♠" style="display:none"></span>92.19% </td> <td>2,039,994 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001928564503332600♠" style="display:none"></span>92.86% </td> <td>2,062,786 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001916248101130882♠" style="display:none"></span>91.62% </td> <td>2,227,303 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001918446679609216♠" style="display:none"></span>91.84% </td> <td>2,788,797 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001917951118260393♠" style="display:none"></span>91.8% </td> <td>5,858,080 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001998896761047309♠" style="display:none"></span>99.89% </td> <td>20,808,480 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001994670357174406♠" style="display:none"></span>99.47% </td> <td>35,428,857 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001997940761812501♠" style="display:none"></span>99.79% </td> <td>40,486,153 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001996186940714232♠" style="display:none"></span>99.62% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-HinduCensus_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HinduCensus-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>154,081 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000787930545150510♠" style="display:none"></span>7.88% </td> <td>166,984 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000731837728578766♠" style="display:none"></span>7.32% </td> <td>129,306 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000630538287941234♠" style="display:none"></span>6.31% </td> <td>119,942 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000545952015832981♠" style="display:none"></span>5.46% </td> <td>149,881 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000665741291852852♠" style="display:none"></span>6.66% </td> <td>142,977 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000589577398811418♠" style="display:none"></span>5.9% </td> <td>180,321 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000593538588846131♠" style="display:none"></span>5.94% </td> <td>2,432 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998414695074643408♠" style="display:none"></span>0.04% </td> <td>7,011 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998335134227687450♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td> <td>6,373 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998179511195493297♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>6,102 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998150143499982283♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> </th> <td>9,205 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999470719989363415♠" style="display:none"></span>0.47% </td> <td>21,110 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999925184116460125♠" style="display:none"></span>0.93% </td> <td>25,733 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000125482512517530♠" style="display:none"></span>1.25% </td> <td>30,345 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000138124376118889♠" style="display:none"></span>1.38% </td> <td>28,040 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000124548046940932♠" style="display:none"></span>1.25% </td> <td>42,510 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000175293475338504♠" style="display:none"></span>1.75% </td> <td>57,939 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000190710079797450♠" style="display:none"></span>1.91% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>4,050 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997996527654749672♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> </th> <td>4,725 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999241624329140916♠" style="display:none"></span>0.24% </td> <td>5,437 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999238286406498991♠" style="display:none"></span>0.24% </td> <td>5,119 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999249619158892176♠" style="display:none"></span>0.25% </td> <td>6,585 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999299758827294304♠" style="display:none"></span>0.3% </td> <td>10,610 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999471274885179493♠" style="display:none"></span>0.47% </td> <td>12,213 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999503613082641533♠" style="display:none"></span>0.5% </td> <td>10,889 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999358418691885333♠" style="display:none"></span>0.36% </td> <td>3,823 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998651882923668482♠" style="display:none"></span>0.07% </td> <td>38,974 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999186300404933542♠" style="display:none"></span>0.19% </td> <td>50,018 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999140887980169209♠" style="display:none"></span>0.14% </td> <td>134,884 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999331890459711740♠" style="display:none"></span>0.33% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span> </th> <td>106 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997542056696062162♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>108 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997473329628506364♠" style="display:none"></span>0.005% </td> <td>37 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997180424084372153♠" style="display:none"></span>0.002% </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996182072006747588♠" style="display:none"></span>0.0002% </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996133253973189300♠" style="display:none"></span>0.0001% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995329156664418526♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </th> <td>52 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997265914605615400♠" style="display:none"></span>0.003% </td> <td>48 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997210368723780606♠" style="display:none"></span>0.002% </td> <td>46 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997224311023814028♠" style="display:none"></span>0.002% </td> <td>49 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997223038208265795♠" style="display:none"></span>0.002% </td> <td>20 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996888359821262004♠" style="display:none"></span>0.001% </td> <td>60 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997247414926377565♠" style="display:none"></span>0.002% </td> <td>24 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996789975994604464♠" style="display:none"></span>0.001% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>36 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995885802359777486♠" style="display:none"></span>0.0001% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </th> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995824716421258550♠" style="display:none"></span>0.0001% </td> <td>25 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996822891661046316♠" style="display:none"></span>0.001% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996175307269817172♠" style="display:none"></span>0.0002% </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996195053064186111♠" style="display:none"></span>0.0002% </td> <td>14 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996637252023616560♠" style="display:none"></span>0.001% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>11 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996453594031692202♠" style="display:none"></span>0.0005% </td> <td>71 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997233701231737153♠" style="display:none"></span>0.002% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/15px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/23px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/30px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>48,703 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999232806194423932♠" style="display:none"></span>0.23% </td> <td>7,204 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998202918351221357♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>951 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997233999456707886♠" style="display:none"></span>0.002% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>5 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996255687120784039♠" style="display:none"></span>0.0003% </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995876536349085860♠" style="display:none"></span>0.0001% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>215 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997366609543784263♠" style="display:none"></span>0.004% </td> <td>16,808 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998803442604331859♠" style="display:none"></span>0.08% </td> <td>9,512 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998267928839091831♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td> <td>8,944 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998220072675162495♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total Responses<sup id="cite_ref-population_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1,955,515 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,281,708 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,050,724 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001964828650469541♠" style="display:none"></span>96.48% </th> <th>2,196,933 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001575259876403073♠" style="display:none"></span>57.53% </th> <th>2,251,340 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001443484811117003♠" style="display:none"></span>44.35% </th> <th>2,425,076 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001517695892121107♠" style="display:none"></span>51.77% </th> <th>3,038,067 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001560977541820341♠" style="display:none"></span>56.1% </th> <th>5,864,550<sup id="cite_ref-KPK1951_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KPK1951-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001994007530629730♠" style="display:none"></span>99.4% </th> <th>20,919,976 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>35,501,964 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>40,641,120 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001994738190483540♠" style="display:none"></span>99.47% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total Population<sup id="cite_ref-population_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1,955,515 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,281,708 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,125,480 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,819,027 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>5,076,476 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>4,684,364 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>5,415,666 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>5,899,905 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>20,919,976 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>35,501,964 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>40,856,097 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="25"><span style="font-size:85%;">Note1: Pre-partition populations for religious data is for <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> only and excludes the <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Areas</a> (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time.<br /><br />Note2: 1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Areas</a>, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villages">Villages</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81la" title="Kalāla">Kalāla</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_leanings_and_the_legislative_branch">Political leanings and the legislative branch</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Provincial Assembly</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> legislature, which consists of 145 members elected to serve for a constitutionally bounded term of five years. Historically, the province perceived to be a stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">Awami National Party</a> (ANP); a <a href="/wiki/Pro-Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Russian">pro-Russian</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Procommunism" class="mw-redirect" title="Procommunism">procommunist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">left-wing</a> and nationalist party.<sup id="cite_ref-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir_Sheikh_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir_Sheikh-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) also enjoyed considerable support in the province due to its <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">socialist agenda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was thought to be another leftist region of the country after <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir_Sheikh_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir_Sheikh-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the nationwide <a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">general elections</a> held in 2002, a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a> <a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">swing</a> in the province elected one of Pakistan's only religiously based provincial governments led by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Islam">ultra-conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal">Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal</a> (MMA) during the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">American involvement</a> in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> contributed towards the electoral victory of the Islamic coalition led by <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a> (JeI) whose social policies made the province a ground-swell of <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Pakistan" title="Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan">anti-Americanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electoral victory of MMA was also in context of <a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">guided democracy</a> in the Musharraff administration that barred the mainstream political parties, the leftist <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a> (PML(N)), whose chairmen and presidents having been barred from participation in the elections.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Policy enforcement of a range of social restrictions, though the implementation of strict <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Shariah</a> was introduced by the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal government the law was never fully enacted due to objections of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> backed by the <a href="/wiki/President_Pervez_Musharaff" class="mw-redirect" title="President Pervez Musharaff">Musharraff administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictions on public musical performances were introduced, as well as a ban prohibiting music to be played in public places as part of the "Prohibition of Dancing and Music Bill, 2005" – which led to the creation of a thriving underground music scene in Peshawar.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamist government also attempted to enforce compulsory <i><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a></i> on women,<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wished to enforce gender segregation in the province's educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coalition further tried to prohibit male doctors from performing ultrasounds on women,<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_172-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tried to close the province's cinemas.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_172-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the coalition successfully passed the "Prohibition of Use of Women in Photograph Bill, 2005," leading to the removal of all public advertisements that featured women.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the height of <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban insurgency in Pakistan">Taliban insurgency in Pakistan</a>, the religious coalition lost its grip in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">general elections held in 2008</a>, and the religious coalition was swept out of power by the leftist <a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">Awami National Party</a> which also witnessed the resignation of President Musharraf in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ANP government eventually led the initiatives to repeal the major Islamist's social programs, with the backing of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">federal government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public disapproval of <a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">ANP</a>'s leftist program integrated in <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">civil administration</a> with the sounded allegations of corruption as well as popular opposition against <a href="/wiki/Religious_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Conservatism">religious program</a> promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal">MMA</a> swiftly shifted the province's leniency away from the left in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the provincial politics shifted towards <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> when the PTI, led by <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>, was able to form the <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> in coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">JeI</a>; the province now serves as the stronghold of the PTI and is perceived as one of the more right wing areas of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-rugpundits,_Yasir_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rugpundits,_Yasir-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/2018_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_provincial_election" title="2018 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election">2018 election</a>, PTI increased their seat share and formed a majority government. </p><p>In non-Pashtun areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_District" title="Abbottabad District">Abbottabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hazara_Division" title="Hazara Division">Hazara Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> party, enjoys considerable public support over economical and public policy issues and has a substantial vote bank.<sup id="cite_ref-rugpundits,_Yasir_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rugpundits,_Yasir-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">executive branch</a> of the Kyber Pakhtunkhwa is led by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Chief Minister</a> elected by popular vote in the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Provincial assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Governor, a ceremonial figure representing the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">federal government</a> in Islamabad, is appointed from the necessary advice of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provincial cabinet is then appointed by the Chief Minister who takes the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">Oath of office</a> from the Governor.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In matters of civil administration, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary (Pakistan)">Chief Secretary</a> assists the Chief Minister on executing its right to ensure the writ of the government and the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Pakistan_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Pakistan-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_High_Court" title="Peshawar High Court">Peshawar High Court</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_High_Court" title="Peshawar High Court">Peshawar High Court</a> is the province's <a href="/wiki/High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court">highest court</a> of law whose judges are appointed by the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Judicial Council</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, interpreting the laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions_and_districts">Administrative divisions and districts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></div> <p>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is divided into seven Divisions – Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Hazara, Kohat, Malakand, Mardan, and Peshawar. Each division is split up into anywhere between two and nine districts, and there are 36 districts in the entire province. Below you can find a list showing each district ordered by alphabetical order. A full list showing different characteristics of each district, such as their population, area, and a map showing their location can be found at the main article. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_District" title="Abbottabad District">Abbottabad District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allai_District" title="Allai District">Allai District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_District" title="Bajaur District">Bajaur District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_District" title="Bannu District">Bannu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battagram_District" title="Battagram District">Battagram District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buner_District" title="Buner District">Buner District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charsadda_District,_Pakistan" title="Charsadda District, Pakistan">Charsadda District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dir_District" title="Central Dir District">Central Dir District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangu_District,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangu District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Hangu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripur_District" title="Haripur District">Haripur District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak_District" title="Karak District">Karak District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_District" title="Khyber District">Khyber District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohat_District" title="Kohat District">Kohat District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolai-Palas_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolai-Palas District">Kolai-Palas District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurram_District" title="Kurram District">Kurram District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakki_Marwat_District" title="Lakki Marwat District">Lakki Marwat District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chitral_District" title="Lower Chitral District">Lower Chitral District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dir_District" title="Lower Dir District">Lower Dir District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Kohistan_District" title="Lower Kohistan District">Lower Kohistan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_South_Waziristan_District" title="Lower South Waziristan District">Lower South Waziristan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakand_District" title="Malakand District">Malakand District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansehra_District" title="Mansehra District">Mansehra District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardan_District" title="Mardan District">Mardan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_District" title="Mohmand District">Mohmand District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Waziristan_District" title="North Waziristan District">North Waziristan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshera_District" title="Nowshera District">Nowshera District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orakzai_District" title="Orakzai District">Orakzai District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangla_District" title="Shangla District">Shangla District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabi_District" title="Swabi District">Swabi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_District" title="Tank District">Tank District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Ghar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Ghar District">Tor Ghar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_South_Waziristan_District" title="Upper South Waziristan District">Upper South Waziristan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chitral_District" title="Upper Chitral District">Upper Chitral District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Dir_District" title="Upper Dir District">Upper Dir District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kohistan_District" title="Upper Kohistan District">Upper Kohistan District</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_by_population" title="List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population">List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> is the capital and largest city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The city is the most populous and comprises more than one-eighth of the province's population. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_Khyber_PakhtunkhwaMain_article:_List_of_cities_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_by_population391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities or towns in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa<br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_by_population" title="List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population">List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population</a></div></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_by_population" title="List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">District</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_by_population" title="List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab-e-Khyber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peshawar"><img alt="Peshawar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bab-e-Khyber.jpg/120px-Bab-e-Khyber.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bab-e-Khyber.jpg/180px-Bab-e-Khyber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bab-e-Khyber.jpg/240px-Bab-e-Khyber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="1687" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guides_Memorial,_Mardan_-_panoramio_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mardan"><img alt="Mardan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Guides_Memorial%2C_Mardan_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/120px-Guides_Memorial%2C_Mardan_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Guides_Memorial%2C_Mardan_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/180px-Guides_Memorial%2C_Mardan_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Guides_Memorial%2C_Mardan_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/240px-Guides_Memorial%2C_Mardan_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan">Mardan</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,964,102 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stars_on_the_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mingora"><img alt="Mingora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Stars_on_the_Earth.jpg/120px-Stars_on_the_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Stars_on_the_Earth.jpg/180px-Stars_on_the_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Stars_on_the_Earth.jpg/240px-Stars_on_the_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1328" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mingora" title="Mingora">Mingora</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durrani_prince_tomb_in_kohat.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kohat"><img alt="Kohat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Durrani_prince_tomb_in_kohat.JPG/120px-Durrani_prince_tomb_in_kohat.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Durrani_prince_tomb_in_kohat.JPG/180px-Durrani_prince_tomb_in_kohat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Durrani_prince_tomb_in_kohat.JPG/240px-Durrani_prince_tomb_in_kohat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan">Mardan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mardan_District" title="Mardan District">Mardan District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">358,604 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mingora" title="Mingora">Mingora</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">331,091 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kohat_District" title="Kohat District">Kohat District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">228,789 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan" title="Dera Ismail Khan">Dera Ismail Khan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">217,457 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_District" title="Abbottabad District">Abbottabad District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">208,491 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mansehra" title="Mansehra">Mansehra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mansehra_District" title="Mansehra District">Mansehra District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,623 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swabi" title="Swabi">Swabi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swabi_District" title="Swabi District">Swabi District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">123,412 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Nowshera</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nowshera_District" title="Nowshera District">Nowshera District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,131 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kabal_Tehsil" title="Kabal Tehsil">Kabal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,103 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forestry_by_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Forestry_by_Province.jpg/220px-Forestry_by_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Forestry_by_Province.jpg/330px-Forestry_by_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Forestry_by_Province.jpg/440px-Forestry_by_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's dominance: forestry</figcaption></figure> <p>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_provinces_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pakistani provinces by GDP">third largest</a> provincial economy in Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's share of Pakistan's GDP has historically comprised 10.5%, although the province accounts for 11.9% of Pakistan's total population. The part of the economy that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa dominates is forestry, where its share has historically ranged from a low of 34.9% to a high of 81%, giving an average of 61.56%.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa accounts for 10% of Pakistan's GDP,<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20% of Pakistan's mining output<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, since 1972, it has seen its economy grow in size by 3.6 times.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture remains important and the main cash crops include wheat, maize, tobacco (in Swabi), rice, sugar beets, as well as fruits are grown in the province. </p><p>Some manufacturing and high-tech investments in Peshawar have helped improve job prospects for many locals, while trade in the province involves nearly every product. The bazaars in the province are renowned throughout Pakistan. Unemployment has been reduced due to the establishment of industrial zones. </p><p>Workshops throughout the province support the manufacture of small arms and weapons. The province accounts for at least 78% of the <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> production in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <p>The Sharmai Hydropower Project is a proposed power generation project located in the Upper Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on the <a href="/wiki/Panjkora_River" title="Panjkora River">Panjkora River</a> with an installed capacity of 150MW.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">Awami National Party</a> sought to rename the province "Pakhtunkhwa", which translates to "Land of Pakhtuns" in the <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was opposed by some non-Pashtuns in the province and political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League-N" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Muslim League-N">Pakistan Muslim League-N</a> (PML-N) and <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal">Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal</a> (MMA), due to the PML-N deriving its support in the province from primarily non-Pashtun <a href="/wiki/Hazara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara people">Hazara</a> regions. </p><p>In 2010 the announcement that the province would have a new name led to a wave of protests in the Hazara region.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 April 2010 <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Pakistan's senate</a> officially named the province "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" with 80 senators in favour and 12 opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-rename_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rename-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MMA, who until the elections of 2008 had a majority in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government, had proposed "Afghania" as a compromise name.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">2008 general election</a>, the Awami National Party formed a coalition provincial government with the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Awami National Party has its strongholds in the Pashtun areas of Pakistan, particularly in the Peshawar valley, while <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> has one of the largest Pashtun populations in the world—around 7 million by some estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2008 election, the ANP won two Sindh assembly seats in Karachi. The Awami National Party has been instrumental in fighting the Taliban. In <a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election" title="2013 Pakistani general election">the 2013 general election</a> Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf won a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly">provincial assembly</a> and has now formed their government in coalition with <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-government_organisations">Non-government organisations</h3></div> <p>The following is a list of some of the major NGOs working in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa:<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkhidmat_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkhidmat Foundation">Alkhidmat Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_Foundation" title="Aurat Foundation">Aurat Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Khanum_Memorial_Cancer_Hospital_%26_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre">Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarhad_Rural_Support_Programme" title="Sarhad Rural Support Programme">Sarhad Rural Support Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Human Rights Commission of Pakistan">Human Rights Commission of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Education_Foundation" title="Frontier Education Foundation">Frontier Education Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music_and_culture">Folk music and culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <p>Pashto folk music is popular in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and has a rich tradition going back hundreds of years. The main instruments are the <a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">rubab</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangey (page does not exist)">mangey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmonium_(hand-pumped)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium (hand-pumped)">harmonium</a>. Khowar folk music is popular in Chitral and northern Swat. The tunes of Khowar music are very different from those of Pashto, and the main instrument is the Chitrali sitar. A form of band music composed of clarinets (Surnai) and drums is popular in Chitral. It is played at polo matches and dances. The same form of band music is played in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Northern_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Areas">Northern Areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <p>There's an important literature produced in the province, mainly in Pashto but also in Urdu and in Hindko, and in 2022 more than 25,000 books were published in these three languages.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Math_Department_Peshawar_University_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Math_Department_Peshawar_University_Panorama.jpg/220px-Math_Department_Peshawar_University_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Math_Department_Peshawar_University_Panorama.jpg/330px-Math_Department_Peshawar_University_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Math_Department_Peshawar_University_Panorama.jpg/440px-Math_Department_Peshawar_University_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="20865" data-file-height="6880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">University of Peshawar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamia_College_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Islamia_College_04.jpg/220px-Islamia_College_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Islamia_College_04.jpg/330px-Islamia_College_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Islamia_College_04.jpg/440px-Islamia_College_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamia_College_University" title="Islamia College University">Islamia College University</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Chitral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/University_of_Chitral.jpg/220px-University_of_Chitral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/University_of_Chitral.jpg/330px-University_of_Chitral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/University_of_Chitral.jpg/440px-University_of_Chitral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chitral" title="University of Chitral">University of Chitral</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_(viewed_from_clock_tower).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg/220px-Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg/330px-Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg/440px-Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology">Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Literacy rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td>15.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>16.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>35.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>51.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>55.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-literacy_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-literacy-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-startuppakistan.com.pk_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startuppakistan.com.pk-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-propakistani.pk_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-propakistani.pk-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has traditionally had a very low literacy rate, although this is changing in recent times. As of the 2017 census, the literacy rate for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including FATA) is 51.66%. In rural areas, the literacy rate is 48.44% of the population while in urban areas it is 66.86%. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a huge gap in literacy rate between sexes – for men it is 66.67% while the female literacy rate is 34.58%, just over half the male literacy rate. This gap is particularly prominent in the overwhelmingly-Pashto rural areas, where traditional gender norms have generally limited education of women. As of 2021, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) has the highest literacy growth rate in the whole country (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-startuppakistan.com.pk_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startuppakistan.com.pk-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-propakistani.pk_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-propakistani.pk-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is a chart of the education market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa estimated<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the government in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Qualification</th> <th>Urban</th> <th>Rural</th> <th>Total</th> <th>Enrolment ratio (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Below primary</td> <td>413,782</td> <td>3,252,278</td> <td>3,666,060</td> <td>100.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary</td> <td>741,035</td> <td>4,646,111</td> <td>5,387,146</td> <td>79.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle</td> <td>613,188</td> <td>2,911,563</td> <td>3,524,751</td> <td>48.97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Matriculation</td> <td>647,919</td> <td>2,573,798</td> <td>3,221,717</td> <td>29.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intermediate</td> <td>272,761</td> <td>728,628</td> <td>1,001,389</td> <td>10.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>BA, BSc ... degrees</td> <td>20,359</td> <td>42,773</td> <td>63,132</td> <td>5.31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MA, MSc ... degrees</td> <td>18,237</td> <td>35,989</td> <td>53,226</td> <td>4.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diploma, Certificate ...</td> <td>82,037</td> <td>165,195</td> <td>247,232</td> <td>1.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other qualifications</td> <td>19,766</td> <td>75,226</td> <td>94,992</td> <td>0.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>—</td> <td><b>2,994,084</b></td> <td><b>14,749,561</b></td> <td><b>17,743,645</b></td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_medical_colleges">Public medical colleges</h3></div> <p>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province has 9 government medical colleges: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Medical_University" title="Khyber Medical University">Khyber Medical University</a>, Peshawar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Medical_College" title="Bannu Medical College">Bannu Medical College</a>, Bannu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Girls_Medical_College" title="Khyber Girls Medical College">Khyber Girls Medical College</a>, Peshawar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Medical_College" title="Ayub Medical College">Ayub Medical College</a>, Abbottabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacha_Khan_Medical_College" title="Bacha Khan Medical College">Bacha Khan Medical College</a>, Mardan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajju_Khan_Medical_College_Swabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajju Khan Medical College Swabi">Gajju Khan Medical College Swabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomal_Medical_College" title="Gomal Medical College">Gomal Medical College</a>, D.I.Khan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshera_Medical_College" title="Nowshera Medical College">Nowshera Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Medical_College" title="Saidu Medical College">Saidu Medical College</a> Swat</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_universities">Engineering universities</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CECOS_University" title="CECOS University">CECOS University</a> of Information Technology and Emerging Science, Peshawar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology">National University of Sciences and Technology</a>, Islamabad- <a href="/wiki/College_of_Aeronautical_Engineering" title="College of Aeronautical Engineering">College of Aeronautical Engineering</a>, Risalpur Campus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMSATS_Institute_of_Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="COMSATS Institute of Information Technology">COMSATS Institute of Information Technology</a>, Islamabad (Abbottabad Campus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Science_and_Information_Technology,_Peshawar" class="mw-redirect" title="City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar">City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar</a></li> <li>Gandhara Institute of Science & Technology, PGS Engineering College (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology,_Peshawar" title="University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar">University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology">Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology</a>, Topi-Swabi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqra_University" title="Iqra University">Iqra University</a> Peshawar (Formerly Iqra University, Karachi (Peshawar Campus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology">National University of Sciences and Technology</a>, Islamabad- <a href="/wiki/Military_College_of_Engineering_(Pakistan)" title="Military College of Engineering (Pakistan)">Military College of Engineering</a>, Risalpur Campus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Computer_%26_Emerging_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences">National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences</a>, Islamabad (Peshawar Campus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology,_Peshawar" title="University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar">University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar</a> (Main Campus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_and_Technology,_Peshawar" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar">University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar</a> (Mardan Campus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology,_Peshawar" title="University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar">University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar</a> (Bannu Campus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology,_Peshawar" title="University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar">University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar</a> (Abbottabad Campus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology,_Peshawar" title="University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar">University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar</a> (Kohat Campus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarhad_University_of_Science_and_Information_Technology,_Peshawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar">Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abasyn_University,_Peshawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abasyn University, Peshawar">Abasyn University, Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology,_Bannu" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Science and Technology, Bannu">University of Science and Technology, Bannu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSciences" title="IMSciences">IMSciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomal_University" title="Gomal University">Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_educational_establishments">Major educational establishments</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_College_Razmak" title="Cadet College Razmak">Cadet College Razmak</a>, North Waziristan District.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_Public_School" title="Abbottabad Public School">Abbottabad Public School</a>, Abbottabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Burn_Hall_College" title="Army Burn Hall College">Army Burn Hall College</a>, Abbottabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_Bannu" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Science and Technology Bannu">University of Science and Technology Bannu</a>, Bannu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_College_Kohat" title="Cadet College Kohat">Cadet College Kohat</a>, Kohat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardes_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardes College">Edwardes College</a>, Peshawar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Khan_University_Mardan" title="Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan">Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan</a>, Mardan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomal_University" title="Gomal University">Gomal University</a>, Dera Ismail Khan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamia_College_University" title="Islamia College University">Islamia College University</a>, Peshawar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Agriculture_(Peshawar)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Agriculture (Peshawar)">University of Agriculture</a>, Peshawar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Malakand" title="University of Malakand">University of Malakand</a>, Chakdara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">University of Peshawar</a>, Peshawar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khan_Khattak_University" title="Khushal Khan Khattak University">Khushal Khan Khattak University</a>, Karak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSciences" title="IMSciences">IMSciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Degree_College" title="Forward Degree College">Forward Degree College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Medical_University" title="Khyber Medical University">Khyber Medical University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Girls_Medical_College" title="Khyber Girls Medical College">Khyber Girls Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Medical_College" title="Khyber Medical College">Khyber Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricket (sport)">Cricket</a> is the main sport played in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It has produced world-class sportsmen like <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Afridi" title="Shahid Afridi">Shahid Afridi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Younis_Khan" title="Younis Khan">Younis Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khushdil_Shah" title="Khushdil Shah">Khushdil Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakhar_Zaman_(cricketer)" title="Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)">Fakhar Zaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naseem_Shah" title="Naseem Shah">Naseem Shah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar_Gul" title="Umar Gul">Umar Gul</a>. Besides producing cricket players, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has the honour of being the birthplace of many world-class <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a> players, including greats like Hashim Khan, Qamar Zaman, <a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khan" title="Jahangir Khan">Jahangir Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jansher_Khan" title="Jansher Khan">Jansher Khan</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Tourism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Tourism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg/250px-Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg/375px-Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg/500px-Masjid_Muhabat_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahabat_Khan_Mosque" title="Mahabat Khan Mosque">Mahabat Khan Mosque</a> in Peshawar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balahisar-peshawar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Balahisar-peshawar.jpg/220px-Balahisar-peshawar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Balahisar-peshawar.jpg/330px-Balahisar-peshawar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Balahisar-peshawar.jpg/440px-Balahisar-peshawar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Peshawar" title="Bala Hissar, Peshawar">Bala Hissar Fort</a> in Peshawar</figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CNIC_Codes">CNIC Codes</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Division" title="Bannu Division">Bannu Division</a> (11XXX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_Division" title="Dera Ismail Khan Division">Dera Ismail Khan Division</a> (12XXX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Division" title="Hazara Division">Hazara Division</a> (13XXX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohat_Division" title="Kohat Division">Kohat Division</a> (14XXX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakand_Division" title="Malakand Division">Malakand Division</a> (15XXX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardan_Division" title="Mardan Division">Mardan Division</a> (16XXX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Division" title="Peshawar Division">Peshawar Division</a> (17XXX)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pakistan" title="Northern Pakistan">Northern Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_by_population" title="List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population">List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_heritage_sites_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="List of cultural heritage sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">List of cultural heritage sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hospitals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">List of hospitals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="List of populated places in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">List of populated places in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_clothing" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa clothing">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Highways_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Highways of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Provincial Highways of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Tourism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Tourism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Areas</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-g-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">KPK's contribution to national economy was 10.39%, or $152 billion (PPP) and $38 billion (nominal) in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-kp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PunjabiLanguages-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PunjabiLanguages_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_languages_and_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi languages and dialects">Punjabi languages and dialects</a> amalgamated for comparative purposes, as they were previously enumerated jointly as <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_languages_and_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi languages and dialects">Punjabi languages and dialects</a>. Includes speakers of <a href="/wiki/Western_Punjabi_(Lahnda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Punjabi (Lahnda)">Western Punjabi (Lahnda)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peshawari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshawari dialect">Peshawari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derawali_dialect" title="Derawali dialect">Derawali</a>, Chinawab, <a href="/wiki/Multani_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Multani (language)">Multani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chachhi_dialect" title="Chachhi dialect">Chachhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghebi" title="Ghebi">Ghebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanoli" title="Tanoli">Tanoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohati" title="Kohati">Kohati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awankari_dialect" title="Awankari dialect">Awankari</a>, Hariani, and others) and also includes speakers of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Punjabi">Standard Punjabi</a>. Both are included as one on table for continuity between censuses, as enumeration results frequently shifted as standardization of the various Punjabi dialects and languages was an ongoing process, with speakers of Standard Punjabi comprising a majority as per the 1911 census, while speakers of Western Punjabi (Lahnda) comprised a majority as per the 1921 and 1931 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Previously also enumerated as <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes <a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Odki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HinduCensus-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HinduCensus_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1951, 1998, 2017, 2023: Including Hindu (Jati) and Scheduled Castes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pre-partition populations for religious data is for <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> only and excludes the <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Areas</a> (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time.<br /><br />1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Areas</a>, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KPK1951-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KPK1951_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluding 35,355 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2023_Census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2023_Census_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/KP.pdf">"Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics">Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</a></i>. 5 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006024258/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/KP.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Announcement+of+Results+of+7th+Population+and+Housing+Census-2023+%28Khyber+Pakhtunkhwa+province%29&rft.date=2023-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2FKP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kp_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kpbos.gov.pk/assets/docs/reports/NTL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf">"GDP of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa's Districts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>kpbos.gov.pk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121002610/https://kpbos.gov.pk/assets/docs/reports/NTL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kpbos.gov.pk&rft.atitle=GDP+of+Khyber+Pukhtunkhwa%27s+Districts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkpbos.gov.pk%2Fassets%2Fdocs%2Freports%2FNTL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603081010/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2022%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D564%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIEPCH%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2022%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/PAK/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global">"Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>Globaldatalab.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404003000/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/PAK/?levels=1+4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Subnational+HDI+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Fshdi%2FPAK%2F%3Flevels%3D1%252B4%26interpolation%3D1%26extrapolation%3D0%26nearest_real%3D0%26colour_scales%3Dglobal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T&F-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T&F_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T&F_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T&F_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausDiamondAnn_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Ann Mills, Margaret (2003). <i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415939195" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415939195"><bdi>978-0415939195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Bangladesh%2C+India%2C+Nepal%2C+Pakistan%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415939195&rft.aulast=Claus&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Ann+Mills%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/196193/ethno-linguistic-provinces">"Ethno-linguistic provinces"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 25 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923120751/https://tribune.com.pk/story/196193/ethno-linguistic-provinces">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021. <q>Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa could gain the Pashto-speaking areas of Balochistan but would lose the Hindko-speaking parts to the Hazara Province, the Siraiki-speaking areas to the Siraiki province and the Khowar and other smaller language areas to yet another province.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ethno-linguistic+provinces&rft.date=2011-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F196193%2Fethno-linguistic-provinces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApril_14,_20102010" class="citation web cs1">April 14, 2010, Kalsoom Lakhani (14 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/14/a-province-by-any-other-name/">"A province by any other name"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423153648/https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/14/a-province-by-any-other-name/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=A+province+by+any+other+name&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft.aulast=April+14%2C+2010&rft.aufirst=Kalsoom+Lakhani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2010%2F04%2F14%2Fa-province-by-any-other-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafi U. Samad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA33"><i>The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul, and Indus Valleys</i></a>. Algora Publishing, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875868592" title="Special:BookSources/0875868592">0875868592</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/320943-na-approves-merger-of-fata-pata-with-kp">"NA approves merger of Fata, Pata with KP"</a>. <i>www.thenews.com.pk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115144244/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/320943-na-approves-merger-of-fata-pata-with-kp">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=NA+approves+merger+of+Fata%2C+Pata+with+KP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F320943-na-approves-merger-of-fata-pata-with-kp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0a_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayat2018" class="citation news cs1">Hayat, Arif (27 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1410351">"KP Assembly approves landmark bill merging Fata with province"</a>. <i>Dawn.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527130911/https://www.dawn.com/news/1410351">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn.com&rft.atitle=KP+Assembly+approves+landmark+bill+merging+Fata+with+province&rft.date=2018-05-27&rft.aulast=Hayat&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1410351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201211/https://nation.com.pk/01-Jun-2018/president-signs-fata-kp-merger-bill-into-law">"President signs Fata-KP merger bill into law"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. 1 June 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.com.pk/01-Jun-2018/president-signs-fata-kp-merger-bill-into-law">the original</a> on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=President+signs+Fata-KP+merger+bill+into+law&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F01-Jun-2018%2Fpresident-signs-fata-kp-merger-bill-into-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.tv/latest/197519-fata-official-merged-with-kp-as-president-mamnoon-signs">"President signs amendment bill, merging FATA with KP"</a>. <i>Geo News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190747/https://www.geo.tv/latest/197519-fata-official-merged-with-kp-as-president-mamnoon-signs">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo+News&rft.atitle=President+signs+amendment+bill%2C+merging+FATA+with+KP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Flatest%2F197519-fata-official-merged-with-kp-as-president-mamnoon-signs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_State2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1m-AIPgzDAC"><i>Background Notes: South Asia, May, 2011</i></a>. InfoStrategist.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592431298" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592431298"><bdi>978-1592431298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Background+Notes%3A+South+Asia%2C+May%2C+2011&rft.pub=InfoStrategist.com&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1592431298&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw1m-AIPgzDAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarwat1997" class="citation book cs1">Marwat, Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan (1997). <i>The evolution and growth of communism in Afghanistan, 1917–79: an appraisal</i>. Royal Book Co. p. XXXV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+and+growth+of+communism+in+Afghanistan%2C+1917%E2%80%9379%3A+an+appraisal&rft.pages=XXXV&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Co.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Marwat&rft.aufirst=Fazal-ur-Rahim+Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesGrayKingsbury1995" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Robert Harrison; Gray, Andrew; Kingsbury, Benedict (1995). <i>Indigenous peoples of Asia</i>. Association for Asian Studies. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0924304146" title="Special:BookSources/0924304146"><bdi>0924304146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+peoples+of+Asia&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Association+for+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0924304146&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert+Harrison&rft.au=Gray%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Kingsbury%2C+Benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/126080-Its-KP-not-KPK">"It's KP, not KPK"</a>. <i>www.thenews.com.pk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>Initially, a number of names were proposed for the province. These ranged from its ancient names, Gandhara and Afghania, to the controversial Pakhtunistan and Pashtunistan and the absurd Pathanistan, and from Abaseen denoting the River Indus passing through it to the meaningless Sarhad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=It%27s+KP%2C+not+KPK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F126080-Its-KP-not-KPK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Spat-over-renaming-NWFP/article16583699.ece">"Spat over renaming NWFP"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 22 March 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>Besides Pukhtoonkhwa, five other names are under consideration. The ANP has suggested Pukhtoonistan and Afghania. And, the PML(N) Gandhara, Khyber and Abbasin (Pushto for the river Indus). Senior ANP leader Zahid Khan was hopeful of a compromise on the issue and suggested that the leaderships of the two parties may settle for a hyphenated name that pleases all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Spat+over+renaming+NWFP&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2FSpat-over-renaming-NWFP%2Farticle16583699.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid2014" class="citation news cs1">Hamid, Shahid (22 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/685872/divided-they-stand-k-p-assembly-passes-two-resolutions-on-hazara-province">"Divided they stand: K-P Assembly passes two resolutions on Hazara province"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Divided+they+stand%3A+K-P+Assembly+passes+two+resolutions+on+Hazara+province&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Shahid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F685872%2Fdivided-they-stand-k-p-assembly-passes-two-resolutions-on-hazara-province&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.dawn.com/news/892941/renaming-of-nwfp-pml-n-suggests-hazara-pakhtunkhwa">"Renaming of NWFP: PML-N suggests 'Hazara Pakhtunkhwa'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. 13 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Renaming+of+NWFP%3A+PML-N+suggests+%27Hazara+Pakhtunkhwa%27&rft.date=2010-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F892941%2Frenaming-of-nwfp-pml-n-suggests-hazara-pakhtunkhwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1909" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Cameron (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56267"><i>A New Geography of the Indian Empire and Ceylon</i></a>. T.Nelson and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56267/page/n180">176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Geography+of+the+Indian+Empire+and+Ceylon&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=T.Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.56267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers2009" class="citation book cs1">Ayers, Alyssa (23 July 2009). <i>Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521519311" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521519311"><bdi>978-0521519311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Like+a+State%3A+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0521519311&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakhtunkhwadotcom-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pakhtunkhwadotcom_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakhtunkhwadotcom_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakhtunkhwadotcom_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakhtunkhwadotcom_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131042427/http://pakhtunkhwa.com/html/body_nwfp_in_search_of_a_name.html">"NWFP in search of a name"</a>. <i>pakhtunkhwa.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakhtunkhwa.com/html/body_nwfp_in_search_of_a_name.html">the original</a> on 31 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pakhtunkhwa.com&rft.atitle=NWFP+in+search+of+a+name&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpakhtunkhwa.com%2Fhtml%2Fbody_nwfp_in_search_of_a_name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1909" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Cameron (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56267"><i>A New Geography of the Indian Empire and Ceylon</i></a>. T.Nelson and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56267/page/n180">176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Geography+of+the+Indian+Empire+and+Ceylon&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=T.Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.56267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choudhary Rahmat Ali, 1947, <i>Pakistan: The Fatherland of the Pak Nation</i>, Cambridge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12241695">12241695</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khyber.org-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khyber.org_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060107011718/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2003/MatterofIdentity.shtml">Matter of Identity by Dr. Sher Zaman Taizai</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghazali.net-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghazali.net_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghazali.net_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghazali.net_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghazali.net_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghazali.net_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdus Sattar Ghazali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghazali.net/book1/Chapter10a/body_page_3.html">"Pakhtoonkhwa: Renaming of the NWFP."</a> <i>Islamic Pakistan: Illusions & Reality.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\11\05\story_5-11-2008_pg7_45">"ANP asks opponents not to raise Pakhtunkhwa issue."</a> 5 November 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529055302/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/2032986/Pakistan-renames-North-West-Frontier-Province-to-end-%27colonial-anachronism%27.html">"Pakistan renames North West Frontier Province to end 'colonial anachronism' – Telegraph"</a>. 29 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/2032986/Pakistan-renames-North-West-Frontier-Province-to-end-%27colonial-anachronism%27.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+renames+North+West+Frontier+Province+to+end+%27colonial+anachronism%27+%E2%80%93+Telegraph&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fpakistan%2F2032986%2FPakistan-renames-North-West-Frontier-Province-to-end-%2527colonial-anachronism%2527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasim2008" class="citation web cs1">Wasim, Amir (25 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.dawn.com/news/304319/ppp-out-to-tame-presidency-empower-parliament">"PPP out to tame presidency, empower parliament"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=PPP+out+to+tame+presidency%2C+empower+parliament&rft.date=2008-05-25&rft.aulast=Wasim&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F304319%2Fppp-out-to-tame-presidency-empower-parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=116938">PML-N may oppose NWFP renaming as Pakhtunkhwa – The News</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riaz Khan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=138240">"ANP jubilant as Pakhtunkhwa echoes in UNGA."</a> 27 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers2009" class="citation book cs1">Ayers, Alyssa (23 July 2009). <i>Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521519311" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521519311"><bdi>978-0521519311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Like+a+State%3A+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0521519311&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/07-senate-begins-voting-on-18th-amendment-ha-02">"NWFP officially renamed as Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn.com</a>. 15 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NWFP+officially+renamed+as+Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa&rft.pub=Dawn.com&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fdawn-content-library%2Fdawn%2Fnews%2Fpakistan%2F07-senate-begins-voting-on-18th-amendment-ha-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/848922">"Seven killed in Abbottabad violence"</a>. <i>Dawn.com</i>. 13 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn.com&rft.atitle=Seven+killed+in+Abbottabad+violence&rft.date=2010-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F848922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaheen2010" class="citation news cs1">Shaheen, Sikander (14 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.com.pk/14-Apr-2010/complete-strike-observed-in-hazara-division">"Complete strike observed in Hazara Division"</a>. <i>The Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Complete+strike+observed+in+Hazara+Division&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft.aulast=Shaheen&rft.aufirst=Sikander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F14-Apr-2010%2Fcomplete-strike-observed-in-hazara-division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/763254/abbottabad-firing-incident-tehreek-suba-hazara-to-request-khattak-to-order-registration-of-fir/">"Abbottabad firing incident: Tehreek Suba Hazara to request Khattak to order registration of FIR"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 17 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Abbottabad+firing+incident%3A+Tehreek+Suba+Hazara+to+request+Khattak+to+order+registration+of+FIR&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F763254%2Fabbottabad-firing-incident-tehreek-suba-hazara-to-request-khattak-to-order-registration-of-fir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brulliard-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brulliard_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brulliard_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karin Brulliard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/16/AR2010041602398.html">"Tensions over renamed Pakistan province overshadow government reforms."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. 17 April 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.com.pk/22-Mar-2010/N-ANP-still-apart-on-NWFP-renaming">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'N', ANP still apart on NWFP renaming"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. 22 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>He said that PML-N had also suggested the name 'Gandhara but half of the Gandhara population was living in Punjab, therefore, would Punjab agree to include that part in the NWFP, he questioned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=%27N%27%2C+ANP+still+apart+on+NWFP+renaming&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F22-Mar-2010%2FN-ANP-still-apart-on-NWFP-renaming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApril_14,_2010" class="citation web cs1">April 14, 2010, Kalsoom Lakhani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/14/a-province-by-any-other-name/">"A province by any other name"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>But the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), a mainstream conservative political party with its stronghold in Punjab province, staunchly opposed this label, (officially calling for a referendum last September), claiming the title marginalized other ethnic and linguistic groups in the province, including Hindko, Seraiki, and Khowar-speakers. A deadlock over the name continued, with an array of alternative names proposed as a compromise. While some reflected more neutral geographical areas (Khyber, Neelab and Abaseen) and historical references (Gandhara, the old Buddhist-era name of the region), other noteworthy runner-ups included Afghania, the clandestine 'A' in "Pakistan," coined by one of the earliest proponents of the Pakistani state, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali in 1933.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=A+province+by+any+other+name&rft.aulast=April+14%2C+2010&rft.aufirst=Kalsoom+Lakhani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2010%2F04%2F14%2Fa-province-by-any-other-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2002" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin Francis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3UWFPwAACAAJ"><i>The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565361-8"><bdi>978-0-19-565361-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Origins+of+Vedic+Culture%3A+The+Indo-Aryan+Migration+Debate&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565361-8&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3UWFPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Professor of Asian History Hermann; Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA53"><i>A History of India</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32919-4&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Professor+of+Asian+History+Hermann&rft.au=Kulke%2C+Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPVq3ykHyH4C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarikoo2004" class="citation book cs1">Warikoo, K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsdvkRtAtusC&pg=PA73"><i>Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage</i></a>. Third Eye. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86505-66-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86505-66-3"><bdi>978-81-86505-66-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bamiyan%3A+Challenge+to+World+Heritage&rft.pub=Third+Eye&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-86505-66-3&rft.aulast=Warikoo&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsdvkRtAtusC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2000" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA377"><i>A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation</i></a>. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4"><bdi>978-87-7876-177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Thirty+City-state+Cultures%3A+An+Investigation&rft.pub=Kgl.+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskab&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-87-7876-177-4&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Mogens+Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qvY8pxVxcwC%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Neelis2010" class="citation book cs1">Jason Neelis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC"><i>Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia</i></a>. BRILL Academic. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18159-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18159-5"><bdi>978-90-04-18159-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Transmission+and+Trade+Networks%3A+Mobility+and+Exchange+Within+and+Beyond+the+Northwestern+Borderlands+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18159-5&rft.au=Jason+Neelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGB-JV2eOr2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggermont1975" class="citation book cs1">Eggermont, Pierre (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nG0_xoDS3hUC"><i>Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahman Town of Harmatelia</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">175–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-037-2"><bdi>978-90-6186-037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander%27s+Campaigns+in+Sind+and+Baluchistan+and+the+Siege+of+the+Brahman+Town+of+Harmatelia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-6186-037-2&rft.aulast=Eggermont&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnG0_xoDS3hUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadian1987" class="citation cs2">Badian, Ernst (1987), "Alexander at Peucelaotis", <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>, <b>37</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>128, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800031712">10.1017/S0009838800031712</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/639350">639350</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246878679">246878679</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Alexander+at+Peucelaotis&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246878679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639350%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800031712&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffith-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01126.htm">"Rigveda 1.126:7, English translation by Ralph TH Griffith"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rigveda+1.126%3A7%2C+English+translation+by+Ralph+TH+Griffith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Frigveda%2Frv01126.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonell1997-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonell1997_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonell1997_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Anthony_Macdonell1997" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wM-dNOa7fMC&pg=PA130"><i>A History of Sanskrit Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 130–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0095-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0095-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0095-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.pages=130-&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0095-3&rft.au=Arthur+Anthony+Macdonell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wM-dNOa7fMC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html">"UW Press: Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara"</a>. Retrieved April 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gandhari-language"><i>GĀNDHĀRĪ LANGUAGE</i>, Encyclopædia Iranica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/685872/divided-they-stand-k-p-assembly-passes-two-resolutions-on-hazara-province">"Divided they stand: K-P Assembly passes two resolutions on Hazara province"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 22 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Divided+they+stand%3A+K-P+Assembly+passes+two+resolutions+on+Hazara+province&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F685872%2Fdivided-they-stand-k-p-assembly-passes-two-resolutions-on-hazara-province&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RiazKhan-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RiazKhan_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RiazKhan_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanToosiWriters2010" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Riaz; Toosi, Nahal; Writers, Associated Press (31 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-pakistan-moves-closer-to-renaming-volatile-region-2010mar31-story.html">"Pakistan moves closer to renaming volatile region"</a>. <i>San Diego Union-Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Pakistan+moves+closer+to+renaming+volatile+region&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Riaz&rft.au=Toosi%2C+Nahal&rft.au=Writers%2C+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-pakistan-moves-closer-to-renaming-volatile-region-2010mar31-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan/Toosi-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan/Toosi_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan/Toosi_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanToosi2010" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Riaz; <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Toosi" title="Nahal Toosi">Toosi, Nahal</a> (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/31/AR2010033101247.html">"Pakistan moves closer to renaming volatile region"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pakistan+moves+closer+to+renaming+volatile+region&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Riaz&rft.au=Toosi%2C+Nahal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F03%2F31%2FAR2010033101247.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPrinceton_Roadmap_to_Regents">Princeton Roadmap to Regents</a>, p. 80)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohiuddin2007" class="citation book cs1">Mohiuddin, Yasmeen (2007). <i>Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851098019" title="Special:BookSources/9781851098019"><bdi>9781851098019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Global+Studies+Handbook&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781851098019&rft.aulast=Mohiuddin&rft.aufirst=Yasmeen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-humshehri.org-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humshehri.org_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humshehri.org_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humshehri.org_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311194150/http://humshehri.org/history/kpk-historical-overview/">"KP Historical Overview"</a>. <i>Humshehri</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humshehri.org/history/kpk-historical-overview/">the original</a> on 11 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humshehri&rft.atitle=KP+Historical+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumshehri.org%2Fhistory%2Fkpk-historical-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rigveda-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rigveda_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01126.htm">"Rig Veda: Rig-Veda Book 1: HYMN CXXVI. Bhāvayavya"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316221215/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01126.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Rig+Veda%3A+Rig-Veda+Book+1%3A+HYMN+CXXVI.+Bh%C4%81vayavya.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Frigveda%2Frv01126.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarikoo2004" class="citation book cs1">Warikoo, K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsdvkRtAtusC&pg=PA73"><i>Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage</i></a>. Third Eye. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86505-66-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86505-66-3"><bdi>978-81-86505-66-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130173938/https://books.google.com/books?id=NsdvkRtAtusC&pg=PA73">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bamiyan%3A+Challenge+to+World+Heritage&rft.pub=Third+Eye&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-86505-66-3&rft.aulast=Warikoo&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsdvkRtAtusC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto22-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto22_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2000" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA377"><i>A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation</i></a>. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4"><bdi>978-87-7876-177-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130174052/https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA377#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Thirty+City-state+Cultures%3A+An+Investigation&rft.pub=Kgl.+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskab&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-87-7876-177-4&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Mogens+Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qvY8pxVxcwC%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* Schmidt, Karl J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ"><i>An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History</i></a>, p.120: "In addition to being a center of religion for Buddhists, as well as Hindus, Taxila was a thriving center for art, culture, and learning." <ul><li>Srinivasan, Doris Meth (2008). "Hindu Deities in Gandharan art," in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHBEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Gandhara, The Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan: Legends, Monasteries, and Paradise</i></a>, pp.130–143: "Gandhara was not cut off from the heartland of early Hinduism in the Gangetic Valley. The two regions shared cultural and political connections and trade relations and this facilitated the adoption and exchange of religious ideas. [...] It is during the Kushan Era that flowering of religious imagery occurred. [...] Gandhara often introduced its own idiosyncratic expression upon the Buddhist and Hindu imagery it had initially come in contact with."</li> <li>Blurton, T. Richard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC"><i>Hindu Art</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115090452/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC">Archived</a> 15 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Harvard University Press: "The earliest figures of Shiva which show him in purely human form come from the area of ancient Gandhara" (p.84) and "Coins from Gandhara of the first century BC show Lakshmi [...] four-armed, on a lotus." (p.176)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-IG148-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IG148_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer">Imperial Gazetteer</a>, p. 148)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IG149-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IG149_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IG149_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IG149_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IG149_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer">Imperial Gazetteer</a>, p. 149)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFaber_and_Faber">Faber and Faber</a>, pp. 52–53)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Buddha accompanied by Vajrapani, who has the characteristics of the Greek Heracles" Description of the same image on the cover page in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2021" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (8 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4"><i>The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21747-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21747-5"><bdi>978-0-691-21747-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Experience+of+India%3A+From+Alexander+to+the+Indo-Greeks&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21747-5&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMx4OEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span> Also "Herakles found an independent life in India in the guise of Vajrapani, the bearded, club-wielding companion of the Buddha" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2021" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (8 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">88–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21747-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21747-5"><bdi>978-0-691-21747-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Experience+of+India%3A+From+Alexander+to+the+Indo-Greeks&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21747-5&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMx4OEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Grandeur of Gandhara, Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.64-67 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&pg=PA66">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IG150-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IG150_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IG150_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IG150_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer">Imperial Gazetteer</a>, p. 150)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERehman1976187_and_Pl._V_B."the_horseman_is_shown_wearing_a_turban-like_head-gear_with_a_small_globule_on_the_top"-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERehman1976187_and_Pl._V_B."the_horseman_is_shown_wearing_a_turban-like_head-gear_with_a_small_globule_on_the_top"_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRehman1976">Rehman 1976</a>, p. 187 and Pl. V B., "the horseman is shown wearing a turban-like head-gear with a small globule on the top".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman, Abdul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf">"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ancient Pakistan</i>. <b>XV</b>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426060455/http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Pakistan&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+Khingal%2C+Turk+and+the+Hindu+Sahis&rft.volume=XV&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uop.edu.pk%2Fpapers%2FAP_v15_37to42.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister2005" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Michael W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf">"The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ancient Pakistan</i>. <b>XVI</b>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201184532/http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Pakistan&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Platform+Extensions+at+Kafirkot+North&rft.volume=XVI&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uop.edu.pk%2Fpapers%2FAP_v16_41to48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink1991" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA125"><i>Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World</i></a>. BRILL. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09249-5"><bdi>978-90-04-09249-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115114345/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA125">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-hind%3A+The+Making+of+the+Indo-islamic+World&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09249-5&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCVyhH5VDjAC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Shahi Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, pp 1, 45–46, 48, 80, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians; Country, Culture and Political life in early and medieval India, 2004, p 34, Daud Ali.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954, pp 112 ff; The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, p 46, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">India, A History, 2001, p 203, John Keay.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979). Hund: <i>The Forgotten City of Gandhara</i>, p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wynbrandt2009-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wynbrandt2009_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFWynbrandt2009">Wynbrandt 2009</a>, pp. 52–54)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2_78-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._M._HoltAnn_K._S._LambtonBernard_Lewis1977" class="citation cs2">P. M. Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, eds. (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ccI0u5XDR0C"><i>The Cambridge history of Islam</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29137-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29137-8"><bdi>978-0-521-29137-8</bdi></a>, <q>... Jaypala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna, but was defeated ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Islam&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29137-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ccI0u5XDR0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferishta-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferishta_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferishta_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferishta_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ferishtashistory01firi"><i>Ferishta's History of Dekkan from the first Mahummedan conquests(etc)</i></a>. Shrewsbury [Eng.] : Printed for the editor by J. and W. Eddowes. 1794 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferishta%27s+History+of+Dekkan+from+the+first+Mahummedan+conquests%28etc%29&rft.pub=Shrewsbury+%5BEng.%5D+%3A+Printed+for+the+editor+by+J.+and+W.+Eddowes&rft.date=1794&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fferishtashistory01firi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt200952–55-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynbrandt200952–55_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynbrandt2009">Wynbrandt 2009</a>, pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen2_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. Primus Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"><bdi>978-9-38060-734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-734-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bosworth-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bosworth_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosworth_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosworth_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosworth_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2007" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&q=ancient+peshawar"><i>Historic Cities of the Islamic World</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004153882" title="Special:BookSources/9789004153882"><bdi>9789004153882</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004153882&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUB4uSVt3ulUC%26q%3Dancient%2Bpeshawar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_83-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_83-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_83-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1995" class="citation book cs1">Richards, John F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=peshawar&pg=PA50"><i>The Mughal Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521566032" title="Special:BookSources/9780521566032"><bdi>9780521566032</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780521566032&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC%26q%3Dpeshawar%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miers-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miers_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Miers2013" class="citation book cs1">Henry Miers, Elliot (2013) [1867]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AGBNfe8ZQC&q=peshawar&pg=PA25"><i>The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108055871" title="Special:BookSources/9781108055871"><bdi>9781108055871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+as+Told+by+Its+Own+Historians%3A+The+Muhammadan+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781108055871&rft.aulast=Henry+Miers&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw2AGBNfe8ZQC%26q%3Dpeshawar%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richards-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-richards_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">Richards, John F.</a> (1996), "Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658–1869. Testing the limits of the empire: the Northwest.", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC"><i>The Mughal Empire</i></a>, New Cambridge history of India: The Mughals and their contemporaries, vol. 5 (illustrated, reprint ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">170–</span>171, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817155248/https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC">archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+expansion+under+Aurangzeb+1658%E2%80%931869.+Testing+the+limits+of+the+empire%3A+the+Northwest.&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.series=New+Cambridge+history+of+India%3A+The+Mughals+and+their+contemporaries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56603-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrdiVPsFRYIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1999" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, S.R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&q=peshawar+mughal&pg=PA728"><i>Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material, Volume 3</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171568192" title="Special:BookSources/9788171568192"><bdi>9788171568192</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+Empire+in+India%3A+A+Systematic+Study+Including+Source+Material%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788171568192&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4j_VLlGqVSoC%26q%3Dpeshawar%2Bmughal%26pg%3DPA728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadiem2007" class="citation book cs1">Nadiem, Ihsan H. (2007). <i>Peshawar: heritage, history, monuments</i>. Sang-e-Meel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789693519716" title="Special:BookSources/9789693519716"><bdi>9789693519716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peshawar%3A+heritage%2C+history%2C+monuments&rft.pub=Sang-e-Meel&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789693519716&rft.aulast=Nadiem&rft.aufirst=Ihsan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlikuzai2013" class="citation book cs1">Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&pg=PA204"><i>A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14</i></a>. Trafford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490714417" title="Special:BookSources/9781490714417"><bdi>9781490714417</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055639/https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&pg=PA204">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Afghanistan+in+25+Volumes%2C+Volume+14&rft.pub=Trafford&rft.date=2013-10&rft.isbn=9781490714417&rft.aulast=Alikuzai&rft.aufirst=Hamid+Wahed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYZJcAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpeshawar%2Bcapture%2Bdurrani%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddique2014" class="citation book cs1">Siddique, Abubakar (2014). <i>The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan</i>. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849044998" title="Special:BookSources/9781849044998"><bdi>9781849044998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pashtun+Question%3A+The+Unresolved+Key+to+the+Future+of+Pakistan+and+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781849044998&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Abubakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meredith L. Runion <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&dq=ahmad+shah+durrani+1749+sindh+and+punjab&pg=PA69"><i>The History of Afghanistan</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232109/https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&dq=ahmad+shah+durrani+1749+sindh+and+punjab&pg=PA69">Archived</a> 3 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp 69 Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313337985" title="Special:BookSources/0313337985">0313337985</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rivalries in India", C.C. Davies, <i>The New Cambridge Modern History</i>, Vol. VII The Old Regime 1713–63, ed. J.O. Lindsay, (Cambridge University Press, 1988), 564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schofield,_Victoria_2003_page_47-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schofield,_Victoria_2003_page_47_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schofield, Victoria, "Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia", London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks (2003), page 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanifi2011-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanifi2011_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanifi2011" class="citation book cs1">Hanifi, Shah (11 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC"><i>Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7777-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-7777-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204401/https://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>Timur Shah transferred the Durrani capital from Qandahar during the period of 1775 and 1776. Kabul and Peshawar then shared time as the dual capital cities of Durrani, the former during the summer and the latter during the winter season.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connecting+Histories+in+Afghanistan%3A+Market+Relations+and+State+Formation+on+a+Colonial+Frontier&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7777-3&rft.aulast=Hanifi&rft.aufirst=Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkh1hpPLSpcEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDani2003" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2003). <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century</i>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231038761" title="Special:BookSources/9789231038761"><bdi>9789231038761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+Development+in+contrast%3A+from+the+sixteenth+to+the+mid-nineteenth+century&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789231038761&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LoC_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408085103/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf">"Country Profile: Afghanistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FAfghanistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robson, <i>Crisis on the Frontier</i> pp. 136–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.travel-culture.com/2018/05/15/from-nwfp-to-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-an-overview/">"NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"</a>. <i>Blog.travel-culture.com</i>. 14 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112231/http://blog.travel-culture.com/2018/05/15/from-nwfp-to-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-an-overview/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blog.travel-culture.com&rft.atitle=NWFP+to+Khyber+Pakhtunkhwa&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.travel-culture.com%2F2018%2F05%2F15%2Ffrom-nwfp-to-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-an-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elst, Koenraad (2018). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"70 (b)". <i>Why I killed the Mahatma: Uncovering Godse's defence</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=70+%28b%29&rft.btitle=Why+I+killed+the+Mahatma%3A+Uncovering+Godse%27s+defence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span> New Delhi : Rupa, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPande2011" class="citation book cs1">Pande, Aparna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C&dq=congress+party+united+india+north+west+frontier+province&pg=PA66"><i>Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136818943" title="Special:BookSources/9781136818943"><bdi>9781136818943</bdi></a>. <q>At Independence there was a Congress-led ministry in the North West Frontier...The Congress-supported government of the North West Frontier led by the secular Pashtun leaders, the Khan brothers, wanted to join India and not Pakistan. If joining India was not an option, then the secular Pashtun leaders espoused the cause of <a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a>: an ethnic state for Pashtuns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Pakistan%27s+Foreign+Policy%3A+Escaping+India&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781136818943&rft.aulast=Pande&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dceg-kSmft94C%26dq%3Dcongress%2Bparty%2Bunited%2Bindia%2Bnorth%2Bwest%2Bfrontier%2Bprovince%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Shah1993" class="citation book cs1">Ali Shah, Sayyid Vaqar (1993). Marwat, Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c05uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Afghanistan and the Frontier</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>: Emjay Books International. p. 256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+and+the+Frontier&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Emjay+Books+International&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ali+Shah&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Vaqar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc05uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH_JohnsonZellen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard_Johnson" title="Thomas Howard Johnson">H Johnson, Thomas</a>; Zellen, Barry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9ZZAgAAQBAJ"><i>Culture, Conflict, and Counterinsurgency</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804789219" title="Special:BookSources/9780804789219"><bdi>9780804789219</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231116101845/https://books.google.com/books?id=B9ZZAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Counterinsurgency&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780804789219&rft.aulast=H+Johnson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Zellen%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB9ZZAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Selig S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203710/http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/pakistan_the_state_of_the_union.pdf">"Pakistan: The State of the Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Center for International Policy. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/pakistan_the_state_of_the_union.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+State+of+the+Union&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Center+for+International+Policy&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Selig+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciponline.org%2Fimages%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2Fpakistan_the_state_of_the_union.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Vipul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&q=north-west+frontier+province+referendum"><i>The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination</i></a>. Pearson. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131717530" title="Special:BookSources/9788131717530"><bdi>9788131717530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearson+Indian+History+Manual+for+the+UPSC+Civil+Services+Preliminary+Examination&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788131717530&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Vipul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwsiXwh_tIGkC%26q%3Dnorth-west%2Bfrontier%2Bprovince%2Breferendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yousef_Aboul-Enein-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yousef_Aboul-Enein_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yousef_Aboul-Enein_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yousef_Aboul-Enein_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousef_Aboul-EneinBasil_Aboul-Enein2013" class="citation book cs1">Yousef Aboul-Enein; Basil Aboul-Enein (2013). <i>The Secret War for the Middle East</i>. Naval Institute Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612513096" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612513096"><bdi>978-1612513096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War+for+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1612513096&rft.au=Yousef+Aboul-Enein&rft.au=Basil+Aboul-Enein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaroon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Haroon, Sana (2008). "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 55. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755911">27755911</a>. <q>The stance of the central JUH was pro-Congress, and accordingly the JUS supported the Congressite Khudai Khidmatgars through to the elections of 1937. However the secular stance of Ghaffar Khan, leader of the Khudai Khidmatgars, disparaging the role of religion in government and social leadership, was driving a wedge between the ulama of the JUS and the Khudai Khidmatgars, irrespective of the commitments of mutual support between the JUH and Congress leaderships. In trying to highlight the separateness and vulnerability of Muslims in a religiously diverse public space, the directives of the NWFP ulama began to veer away from simple religious injunctions to take on a communalist tone. The ulama highlighted 'threats' posed by Hindus to Muslims in the province. Accusations of improper behaviour and molestation of Muslim women were levelled against 'Hindu shopkeepers' in Nowshera. Sermons given by two JUS-connected maulvis in Nowshera declared the Hindus the 'enemies' of Islam and Muslims. Posters were distributed in the city warning Muslims not to buy or consume food prepared and sold by Hindus in the bazaars. In 1936, a Hindu girl was abducted by a Muslim in Bannu and then married to him. The government demanded the girl's return, But popular Muslim opinion, supported by a resolution passed by the Jamiyatul Ulama Bannu, demanded that she stay, stating that she had come of her free will, had converted to Islam, and was now lawfully married and had to remain with her husband. Government efforts to retrieve the girl led to accusations of the government being anti-Muslim and of encouraging apostasy, and so stirred up strong anti-Hindu sentiment across the majority Muslim NWFP.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Deobandi+Islam+in+the+North-West+Frontier+Province+and+Its+Implications+in+Colonial+India+and+Pakistan+1914%E2%80%931996&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haroon&rft.aufirst=Sana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaroon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Haroon, Sana (2008). "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755911">27755911</a>. <q>By 1947 the majority of NWFP ulama supported the Muslim League idea of Pakistan. Because of the now long-standing relations between JUS ulama and the Muslim League, and the strong communalist tone in the NWFP, the move away from the pro-Congress and anti-Pakistan party line of the central JUH to interest and participation in the creation of Pakistan by the NWFP Deobandis was not a dramatic one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Deobandi+Islam+in+the+North-West+Frontier+Province+and+Its+Implications+in+Colonial+India+and+Pakistan+1914%E2%80%931996&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haroon&rft.aufirst=Sana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_J._Roberts2003" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey J. Roberts (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&q=nwfp+referendum&pg=PA108"><i>The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">108–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275978785" title="Special:BookSources/9780275978785"><bdi>9780275978785</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Conflict+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780275978785&rft.au=Jeffrey+J.+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPj8DIT_bva0C%26q%3Dnwfp%2Breferendum%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dust_of_Empire-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dust_of_Empire_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_E._Meyer2008" class="citation book cs1">Karl E. Meyer (5 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9iwFmvKTwcC"><i>The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery In The Asian Heartland</i></a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786724819" title="Special:BookSources/9780786724819"><bdi>9780786724819</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dust+of+Empire%3A+The+Race+For+Mastery+In+The+Asian+Heartland&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.isbn=9780786724819&rft.au=Karl+E.+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9iwFmvKTwcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515045036/https://dailytimes.com.pk/110699/was-jinnah-democratic-ii/">"Was Jinnah democratic? — II"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i>. 25 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/110699/was-jinnah-democratic-ii/">the original</a> on 15 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Was+Jinnah+democratic%3F+%E2%80%94+II&rft.date=2011-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F110699%2Fwas-jinnah-democratic-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810052331/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf">"Electoral history of NWFP"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+history+of+NWFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprr.hec.gov.pk%2FChapters%2F1159S-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdul Ghaffar Khan(1958) Pashtun Aw Yoo Unit. Peshawar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19800331-everything-in-afghanistan-is-done-in-the-name-of-religion-khan-abdul-ghaffar-khan-806546-2014-01-31">"Everything in Afghanistan is done in the name of religion: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108203154/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19800331-everything-in-afghanistan-is-done-in-the-name-of-religion-khan-abdul-ghaffar-khan-806546-2014-01-31">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Everything+in+Afghanistan+is+done+in+the+name+of+religion%3A+Khan+Abdul+Ghaffar+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fneighbours%2Fstory%2F19800331-everything-in-afghanistan-is-done-in-the-name-of-religion-khan-abdul-ghaffar-khan-806546-2014-01-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFKiessling2016">Kiessling 2016</a>, p. 8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pakafgh-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pakafgh_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pakafgh_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003151837/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/cp72_grare_final.pdf">"Pakistan-Afghanistan relations in the post-9/11 era, October 2006, Frédéric Grare"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/cp72_grare_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan-Afghanistan+relations+in+the+post-9%2F11+era%2C+October+2006%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Grare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegieendowment.org%2Ffiles%2Fcp72_grare_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthorp2002" class="citation book cs1">Barthorp, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bRxQgAACAAJ"><i>Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier, 1839–1947</i></a>. Cassell. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36294-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36294-3"><bdi>978-0-304-36294-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232111/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bRxQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Wars+and+the+North-West+Frontier%2C+1839%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-304-36294-3&rft.aulast=Barthorp&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bRxQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthorp2002" class="citation book cs1">Barthorp, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bRxQgAACAAJ"><i>Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier, 1839–1947</i></a>. Cassell. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36294-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36294-3"><bdi>978-0-304-36294-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232111/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bRxQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Wars+and+the+North-West+Frontier%2C+1839%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-304-36294-3&rft.aulast=Barthorp&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bRxQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hyman, Anthony (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879829">"Nationalism in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">299–</span>315. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879829">3879829</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210205140/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879829">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2023</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Greater Afghanistan," an irredentist vision based on the extensive empire conquered by Ahmad Shah Durrani.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Nationalism+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E315&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3879829%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3879829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynovitz" class="citation news cs1">Synovitz, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1067048.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pashtunistan' Issues Linger Behind Row"</a>. <i>Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071949/https://www.rferl.org/a/1067048.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiofreeeurope%2FRadioliberty&rft.atitle=%27Pashtunistan%27+Issues+Linger+Behind+Row&rft.aulast=Synovitz&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1067048.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill2014" class="citation book cs1">Underhill, Natasha (2014). <i>Countering Global Terrorism and Insurgency: Calculating the Risk of State Failure in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq</i>. Macmillan Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-48064-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-48064-7"><bdi>978-1-349-48064-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countering+Global+Terrorism+and+Insurgency%3A+Calculating+the+Risk+of+State+Failure+in+Afghanistan%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Iraq&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-349-48064-7&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0b-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0b_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0b_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124091840/http://www.thestatesmen.net/news/anti-pakhtunkhwa-protest-claims-seven-lives-in-abbottabad/">"Anti-Pakhtunkhwa protest claims 7 lives in Abbottabad"</a>. <i>The Statesmen</i>. 13 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestatesmen.net/news/anti-pakhtunkhwa-protest-claims-seven-lives-in-abbottabad">the original</a> on 24 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Statesmen&rft.atitle=Anti-Pakhtunkhwa+protest+claims+7+lives+in+Abbottabad&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesmen.net%2Fnews%2Fanti-pakhtunkhwa-protest-claims-seven-lives-in-abbottabad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/419493/Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa/249136/Geography">"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (province, Pakistan) :: Geography"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518165219/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/419493/Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa/249136/Geography">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khyber+Pakhtunkhwa+%28province%2C+Pakistan%29+%3A%3A+Geography&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F419493%2FKhyber-Pakhtunkhwa%2F249136%2FGeography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dawn.com/2012/11/29/its-wintertime-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa/">"It's wintertime in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Newspaper"</a>. Dawn.Com. 29 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212191514/http://dawn.com/2012/11/29/its-wintertime-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+wintertime+in+Khyber+Pakhtunkhwa+%26%23124%3B+Newspaper&rft.pub=Dawn.Com&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdawn.com%2F2012%2F11%2F29%2Fits-wintertime-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolbort1871" class="citation book cs1">Tolbort, T (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVQOAAAAQAAJ&q=dera+ismail+khan"><i>The District of Dera Ismail Khan, Trans-Indus</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+District+of+Dera+Ismail+Khan%2C+Trans-Indus&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Tolbort&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVQOAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Ddera%2Bismail%2Bkhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130802050456/http://www.paperpkads.com/news/index.php/cold-dry-weather-observed-in-upper-areas-of-country/">"Cold weather in upper areas & dry weather observed in almost all parts of the country | PaperPK News about Pakistan"</a>. Paperpkads.com. 29 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paperpkads.com/news/index.php/cold-dry-weather-observed-in-upper-areas-of-country/">the original</a> on 2 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cold+weather+in+upper+areas+%26+dry+weather+observed+in+almost+all+parts+of+the+country+%26%23124%3B+PaperPK+News+about+Pakistan&rft.pub=Paperpkads.com&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paperpkads.com%2Fnews%2Findex.php%2Fcold-dry-weather-observed-in-upper-areas-of-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_153.gif">"North-West Frontier Province – Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 19, p. 147"</a>. Dsal.uchicago.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160041/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_153.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North-West+Frontier+Province+%E2%80%93+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India%2C+v.+19%2C+p.+147&rft.pub=Dsal.uchicago.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fobjectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V19_153.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trekking-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trekking_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trekking_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mock, John and O'Neil, Kimberley; <i>Trekking in the Karakoram and Hindukush</i>; p. 15 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86442-360-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86442-360-8">0-86442-360-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mock and O'Neil; <i>Trekking in the Karakoram and Hindukush</i>; pp. 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Climate_Data-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_Climate_Data_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520134806/http://climate-charts.com/Locations/p/PK41508.php">"World Climate Data: Dir, Pakistan"</a>. Weatherbase. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/p/PK41508.php">the original</a> on 20 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Climate+Data%3A+Dir%2C+Pakistan&rft.pub=Weatherbase&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate-charts.com%2FLocations%2Fp%2FPK41508.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101225100/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/p/PK41624.php">"World Climate Data: Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan"</a>. Weatherbase. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/p/PK41624.php">the original</a> on 1 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Climate+Data%3A+Dera+Ismail+Khan%2C+Pakistan&rft.pub=Weatherbase&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate-charts.com%2FLocations%2Fp%2FPK41624.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernsted-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wernsted_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernsted_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Wernsted, Frederick L.; <i>World Climatic Data</i>; published 1972 by Climatic Data Press; 522 pp. 31 cm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/m/article_e.htm?title=ele_00079">[2]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237410649">"Birds of Dera Ismail Khan District of the Northwest Frontier Province in Pakistan"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Birds+of+Dera+Ismail+Khan+District+of+the+Northwest+Frontier+Province+in+Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237410649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017census-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017census_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927171509/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/National.pdf">"Table 1: Area, Population by Sex, Sex ratio, Population density, Urban Proportion, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/National.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1%3A+Area%2C+Population+by+Sex%2C+Sex+ratio%2C+Population+density%2C+Urban+Proportion%2C+Household+Size+and+Annual+Growth+Rate&rft.pub=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpopulation_census%2FNational.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KPK1951-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KPK1951_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPK1951_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31337">"North-West Frontier Province, Report & Tables, Vol-4 Pakistan – Census 1951"</a>. <i>Census Digital Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=North-West+Frontier+Province%2C+Report+%26+Tables%2C+Vol-4+Pakistan+%E2%80%93+Census+1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F31337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWFP1941-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1941_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1941_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1941" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215543">"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 10, North-West Frontier Province"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215543">saoa.crl.28215543</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064219/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215543">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1941.+Vol.+10%2C+North-West+Frontier+Province&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWFP1931-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1931_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1931_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1931_136-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallamDundas1933" class="citation web cs1">Mallam, G. L.; Dundas, A. D. F. (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793233">"Census of India, 1931, vol. XV. North-west frontier province. Part I-Report. Part II-Tables"</a>. Peshawar, Printed by the manager, Government stationery and printing, 1933. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793233">saoa.crl.25793233</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208000202/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793233">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1931%2C+vol.+XV.+North-west+frontier+province.+Part+I-Report.+Part+II-Tables&rft.pub=Peshawar%2C+Printed+by+the+manager%2C+Government+stationery+and+printing%2C+1933.&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25793233%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mallam&rft.aufirst=G.+L.&rft.au=Dundas%2C+A.+D.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25793233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWFP1921-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1921_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1921_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1921_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163">"Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables"</a>. 1921. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163">saoa.crl.25430163</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212084456/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1921.+Vol.+14%2C+North-west+Frontier+Province+%3A+part+I%2C+Report%3B+part+II%2C+Tables.&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25430163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25430163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWFP1911-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1911_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1911_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1911_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394102">"Census of India 1911. Vol. 13, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables"</a>. 1911. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394102">saoa.crl.25394102</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1911.+Vol.+13%2C+North-west+Frontier+Province+%3A+part+I%2C+Report%3B+part+II%2C+Tables.&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25394102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25394102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWFP1901-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1901_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1901_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWFP1901_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739">"Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province"</a>. 1901. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739">saoa.crl.25363739</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233148/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1718614,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Religion%27s+Defeat+in+Pakistan%27s+Election&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1718614%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2004" class="citation news cs1">Ali, Kamran Asdar (Summer 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233410/http://www.merip.org/mer/mer231/pakistani-islamists-gamble-general">"Pakistani Islamists Gamble on the General"</a>. Middle East Research and Information Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merip.org/mer/mer231/pakistani-islamists-gamble-general">the original</a> on 7 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistani+Islamists+Gamble+on+the+General&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Kamran+Asdar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merip.org%2Fmer%2Fmer231%2Fpakistani-islamists-gamble-general&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirmiziRizwan-ul-Haq2007" class="citation news cs1">Tirmizi, Maria; Rizwan-ul-Haq (24 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024510/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2007-weekly/nos-24-06-2007/instep/mainissue.htm">"Peshawar underground: It's difficult to be a rock star in the land the epitomises conservatism, yet something shocking is happening. There is a rock scene waiting to burst out of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Rahim Shah was just the beginning, Sajid and Zeeshan were proof that originality can spring out of unlikely places and there are others who are making their riffs and ragas heard... slowly, but surely"</a>. <i>The News on Sunday Instep</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2007-weekly/nos-24-06-2007/instep/mainissue.htm">the original</a> on 25 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PESHAWAR%3A+Advertisers+forced+to+deface+billboards&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F190452%2Fpeshawar-advertisers-forced-to-deface-billboards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-music-idUSISL3885020080316">"Musicians in Pakistan's northwest long for better times"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 15 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144453/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-music-idUSISL3885020080316">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rugpundits.com&rft.atitle=Rightwing+Tsunami%3A+PTI%27s+rise+in+Pakistani+politics&rft.aulast=Sheikh&rft.aufirst=Yasir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frugpundits.com%2F2012%2F12%2F24%2Ftsunami-ptis-rise-in-pakistani-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch3.html">Article 130(4)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420072714/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch3.html">Archived</a> 20 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Chapter 3: The Provincial Governments, in Part IV: Provinces, of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch1.html">Article 101(1)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704073401/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch1.html">Archived</a> 4 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Chapter 1: The Governors, in Part IV: Provinces, of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch3.html">Article 132(2)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420072714/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part4.ch3.html">Archived</a> 20 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Chapter 3: The Provincial Governments, in Part IV: Provinces, of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510092950/http://kp.gov.pk/page/government">"Government of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa functions"</a>. <i>kp.gov.pk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ngos.org.pk&rft.atitle=List+of+NGOs+in+KPK-+Khyber+Pakhtunkhwa+%28NWFP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngos.org.pk%2Fcities%2Fkpk-ngos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/847933/light-in-dark-times-the-abc-of-empowering-women/">"Light in dark times: The ABC of empowering women"</a>. <i>Tribune.com.pk</i>. 4 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113710/http://tribune.com.pk/story/847933/light-in-dark-times-the-abc-of-empowering-women/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune.com.pk&rft.atitle=Light+in+dark+times%3A+The+ABC+of+empowering+women&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F847933%2Flight-in-dark-times-the-abc-of-empowering-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. (Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 5). Routledge; Har/Com edition (November 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1">978-0-8240-4946-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinwari2022" class="citation web cs1">Shinwari, Sher Alam (29 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250109150735/https://www.dawn.com/news/1728752/outgoing-year-sees-rise-in-literary-activities">"Outgoing year sees rise in literary activities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_News" title="Dawn News">Dawn News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1728752/outgoing-year-sees-rise-in-literary-activities">the original</a> on 9 January 2025. <q>Several private publication houses brought out more than 25,000 titles covering variety of topics in Pashto, Urdu and Hindko languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News&rft.atitle=Outgoing+year+sees+rise+in+literary+activities&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft.aulast=Shinwari&rft.aufirst=Sher+Alam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1728752%2Foutgoing-year-sees-rise-in-literary-activities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145959e.pdf">"Pakistan: where and who are the world's illiterates?; Background paper for the Education for all global monitoring report 2006: literacy for life; 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223003430/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145959e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+where+and+who+are+the+world%27s+illiterates%3F%3B+Background+paper+for+the+Education+for+all+global+monitoring+report+2006%3A+literacy+for+life%3B+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0014%2F001459%2F145959e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-literacy-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-literacy_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118104420/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table13n.pdf">"2017 census Final Results – TABLE- 13 POPULATION (10 YEARS AND ABOVE) BY LITERACY, SEX AND RURAL/URBAN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>pbs.gov.pk</i>. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table13n.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.gov.pk&rft.atitle=2017+census+Final+Results+%E2%80%93+TABLE-+13+POPULATION+%2810+YEARS+AND+ABOVE%29+BY+LITERACY%2C+SEX+AND+RURAL%2FURBAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpopulation_census%2Fcensus_2017_tables%2Fpakistan%2FTable13n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-startuppakistan.com.pk-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-startuppakistan.com.pk_199-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-startuppakistan.com.pk_199-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://startuppakistan.com.pk/kpk-achieves-highest-literacy-growth-rate-among-all-provinces/">"KPK Achieves Highest Literacy Growth Rate Among All Provinces"</a>. 9 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627131357/https://startuppakistan.com.pk/kpk-achieves-highest-literacy-growth-rate-among-all-provinces/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KPK+Achieves+Highest+Literacy+Growth+Rate+Among+All+Provinces&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstartuppakistan.com.pk%2Fkpk-achieves-highest-literacy-growth-rate-among-all-provinces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-propakistani.pk-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-propakistani.pk_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-propakistani.pk_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://propakistani.pk/2022/06/09/kp-achieves-highest-literacy-rate-among-all-provinces/">"KP Achieves Highest Literacy Rate Growth Among All Provinces"</a>. <i>Propakistani</i>. 9 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404002315/https://propakistani.pk/2022/06/09/kp-achieves-highest-literacy-rate-among-all-provinces/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Propakistani&rft.atitle=KP+Achieves+Highest+Literacy+Rate+Growth+Among+All+Provinces&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpropakistani.pk%2F2022%2F06%2F09%2Fkp-achieves-highest-literacy-rate-among-all-provinces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720044627/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html">"Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html">the original</a> on 20 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Census+Organization%2C+Government+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statpak.gov.pk%2Fdepts%2Fpco%2Fstatistics%2Fpop_education%2Fpop_education_rural_urban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819013654/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_by_province/pop_by_province.html">"Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan"</a>. Statpak.gov.pk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_by_province/pop_by_province.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Census+Organization%2C+Government+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Statpak.gov.pk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statpak.gov.pk%2Fdepts%2Fpco%2Fstatistics%2Fpop_by_province%2Fpop_by_province.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaber_and_Faber" class="citation book cs1">Docherty, Patty (2007). <i>The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion</i>. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5696-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5696-2"><bdi>978-1-4027-5696-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khyber+Pass%3A+A+History+of+Empire+and+Invasion&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-5696-2&rft.aulast=Docherty&rft.aufirst=Patty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif">"Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India"</a>. Digital South Asia Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205202857/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+Gazetteer2+of+India%2C+Volume+19%E2%80%93+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India&rft.pub=Digital+South+Asia+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fobjectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiessling2016" class="citation book cs1">Kiessling, Hein (2016). <i>Faith, Unity, Discipline</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849045179" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849045179"><bdi>978-1849045179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+Unity%2C+Discipline&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1849045179&rft.aulast=Kiessling&rft.aufirst=Hein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehman1976" class="citation thesis cs1">Rehman, Abdur (January 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11229"><i>The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography</i></a> (Thesis). Australian National University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122191649/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11229">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Last+Two+Dynasties+of+the+Sahis%3A+An+analysis+of+their+history%2C+archaeology%2C+coinage+and+palaeography&rft.inst=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1976-01&rft.aulast=Rehman&rft.aufirst=Abdur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F1885%2F11229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinceton_Roadmap_to_Regents" class="citation book cs1"><i>Roadmap to the Regents: Global History and Geography</i>. Princeton. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375763120" title="Special:BookSources/9780375763120"><bdi>9780375763120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roadmap+to+the+Regents%3A+Global+History+and+Geography&rft.pub=Princeton&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780375763120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhyber+Pakhtunkhwa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="extiw" title="c:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa&#124;link=Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Province_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_topics585" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_topics" title="Template:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_topics" title="Template talk:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_topics" 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href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peshawar" title="History of Peshawar">History of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%932010)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)">British period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Highways_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Highways of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Provincial Highways of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture and<br />places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun people</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtuns" title="List of Pashtuns">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribal_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun tribal structure">Pashtun tribal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan (name)">Afghan (name)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun names">Pashtun names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_music" title="Pashto music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Highways_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Highways of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Provincial highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Literature and poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">List of poets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_dialects" title="Pashto dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_cinema" title="Pashto cinema">Pollywood</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_films" title="List of Pashto-language films">List of films</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_television_channels" title="List of Pashto-language television channels">List of television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindkowan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindkowan people">Hindkowan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindko language">Hindko language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghan refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_and_monuments_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeological sites and monuments in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Archaeological sites and monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincially_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Provincially Administered Tribal Areas">Provincially Administered Tribal Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Most_populous_cities_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Most populous cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">List of largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Education & Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_University" title="Hazara University">Hazara University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">University of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hospitals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Hospitals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_cricket_team" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cricket team">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Zalmi" title="Peshawar Zalmi">Peshawar Zalmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Panthers" title="Peshawar Panthers">Peshawar Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_Rhinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbottabad Rhinos">Abbottabad Rhinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Category:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x17px_Provinces_and_administrative_units_of_Pakistan226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Administrative units of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Administrative units of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative units of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x17px_Provinces_and_administrative_units_of_Pakistan226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Provinces and administrative units</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/66px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/99px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/132px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Former_administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Former administrative units of Pakistan">Former administrative units of Pakistan</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Template:Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Template talk:Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Provincial capital: <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Division" title="Bannu Division">Bannu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_District" title="Bannu District">Bannu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakki_Marwat_District" title="Lakki Marwat District">Lakki Marwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Waziristan_District" title="North Waziristan District">North Waziristan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KPK_Districts_Political_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/KPK_Districts_Political_Locator.png/200px-KPK_Districts_Political_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/KPK_Districts_Political_Locator.png/300px-KPK_Districts_Political_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/KPK_Districts_Political_Locator.png/400px-KPK_Districts_Political_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1554" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_Division" title="Dera Ismail Khan Division">Dera Ismail Khan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_District" title="Tank District">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_South_Waziristan_District" title="Lower South Waziristan District">Lower South Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_South_Waziristan_District" title="Upper South Waziristan District">Upper South Waziristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Division" title="Hazara Division">Hazara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_District" title="Abbottabad District">Abbottabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allai_District" title="Allai District">Allai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battagram_District" title="Battagram District">Battagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripur_District" title="Haripur District">Haripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolai-Palas_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolai-Palas District">Kolai-Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kohistan_District" title="Upper Kohistan District">Upper Kohistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Kohistan_District" title="Lower Kohistan District">Lower Kohistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansehra_District" title="Mansehra District">Mansehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghar_District" title="Torghar District"> Torghar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kohat_Division" title="Kohat Division">Kohat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangu_District,_Pakistan" title="Hangu District, Pakistan">Hangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak_District" title="Karak District">Karak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohat_District" title="Kohat District">Kohat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurram_District" title="Kurram District">Kurram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orakzai_District" title="Orakzai District">Orakzai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malakand_Division" title="Malakand Division">Malakand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_District" title="Bajaur District">Bajaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buner_District" title="Buner District">Buner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dir_District" title="Central Dir District">Central Dir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chitral_District" title="Lower Chitral District">Lower Chitral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dir_District" title="Lower Dir District">Lower Dir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakand_District" title="Malakand District">Malakand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangla_District" title="Shangla District">Shangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Dir_District" title="Upper Dir District">Upper Dir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chitral_District" title="Upper Chitral District">Upper Chitral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mardan_Division" title="Mardan Division">Mardan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardan_District" title="Mardan District">Mardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabi_District" title="Swabi District">Swabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Division" title="Peshawar Division">Peshawar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charsadda_District,_Pakistan" title="Charsadda District, Pakistan">Charsadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshera_District" title="Nowshera District">Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_District" title="Khyber District">Khyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_District" title="Mohmand District">Mohmand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_District" title="Chitral District">Chitral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Waziristan_District" title="South Waziristan District">South Waziristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_articles445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_topics" title="Template talk:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_articles445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Muhammad ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-nation theory (Pakistan)">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Jinnah's 14 Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dominion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pakistan (1947–present)">1947–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">1971 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamisation</a></li> <li>Insurgencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Balochistan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Liberalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan" title="List of lakes of Pakistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" title="List of mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan" title="Topography of Pakistan">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwatar_Bay" title="Gwatar Bay">Gwatar Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Coal mines in Pakistan">Coal fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan">Gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Oil fields of Pakistan">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan" title="List of floods in Pakistan">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">national parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">game reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan">sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites in Pakistan">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">weather records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Natural disasters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan" title="List of floods">floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Subdivisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Governance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">C<sup>2</sup>NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">National government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Majlis-e-Shoora</i>)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">LFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">PPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">WPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">PCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan" title="Enforced disappearances in Pakistan">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan" title="List of bridges in Pakistan">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan" title="Water resources management in Pakistan">Water management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)" title="Board of Investment (Pakistan)">Investment board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities & Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">Stock markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan" title="Trading Corporation of Pakistan">Trading Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Directive investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan#Economy" title="Pakistan">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Military economisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Public-private partnering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Redundant Islamic economisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_Culture445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Pakistan">Society and Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Society of Pakistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Gender discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Pakistan" title="Youth in Pakistan">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films" title="Lists of Pakistani films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Dance in Pakistan">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan" title="List of festivals in Pakistan">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles of Pakistan">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan" title="Gun law in Pakistan">Gun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan" title="List of songs about Pakistan">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Athletics in Pakistan">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Baseball in Pakistan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Boxing in Pakistan">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan" title="Cricket in Pakistan">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation" title="Pakistan Hockey Federation">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan" title="Football in Pakistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Golf in Pakistan">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Motorsport in Pakistan">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Marathon" title="Lahore Marathon">Marathon (Lahore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Polo in Pakistan">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Rugby union in Pakistan">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan" title="Squash in Pakistan">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Swimming in Pakistan">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tennis in Pakistan">Tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan" title="List of cemeteries in Pakistan">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan" title="List of forts in Pakistan">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Hindu temples in Pakistan">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan" title="List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan">Mausolea and shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan" title="List of museums in Pakistan">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of parks and gardens in Pakistan">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stadiums">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan" title="Outline of Pakistan">Basic topics</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183314#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1883" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183314#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1883" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183314#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127092200">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1864825/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4581264-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010134213">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119603765">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119603765">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36591621">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan : Province)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1220885&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6086070">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000330662&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007486869705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8dd868ba-4d97-4739-9c94-537cee8a2fd0">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1589856X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027598128">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa&oldid=1276115908">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa&oldid=1276115908</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Category:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2005_Kashmir_earthquake" title="Category:2005 Kashmir earthquake">2005 Kashmir earthquake</a></li><li><a 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