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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Transparency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enacted_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enacted_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Enacted legislation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Enacted_legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Enacted legislation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Enacted_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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data-title="Parandamisõigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_derecho_a_reparar" title="El derecho a reparar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El derecho a reparar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جنبش حق تعمیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش حق تعمیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%A0_%EA%B6%8C%EB%A6%AC" title="수리할 권리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수리할 권리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in_Gyare-Gyare" title="Haƙƙin Gyare-Gyare – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haƙƙin Gyare-Gyare" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="הזכות לתקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הזכות לתקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_ao_reparo" title="Direito ao reparo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito ao reparo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Право на ремонт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Право на ремонт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_drejta_p%C3%ABr_riparim" title="E drejta për riparim – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="E drejta për riparim" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/75px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/113px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/150px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theoretical distinctions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights by beneficiary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_accused" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of the accused">Accused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditors%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditors' rights">Creditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_rights_movement" title="Deaf rights movement">Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disabled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_rights" title="Elder rights">Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture#Farmers'_rights" title="International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patients%27_rights" title="Patients' rights">Patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_rights" title="Plant rights">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence#Robot_rights" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Robots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other groups of rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination of people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rights" title="Template:Rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rights" title="Template talk:Rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerism" title="Category:Anti-consumerism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories and ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_hacking" title="Billboard hacking">Billboard hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_remorse" title="Buyer's remorse">Buyer's remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Compulsive buying disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conviviality" title="Conviviality">Conviviality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Feminist political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food loss and waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperconsumerism" title="Hyperconsumerism">Hyperconsumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconophilia" title="Laconophilia">Laconophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">Local food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Non-possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned obsolescence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumerism" title="Post-consumerism">Post-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Food" title="Slow Food">Slow Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvertising" title="Subvertising">Subvertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Sustainable consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Affluent_Society" title="The Affluent Society">The Affluent Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></li> <li>The Society of the Spectacle (<a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle_(film)" title="The Society of the Spectacle (film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Consumer_Society:_Myths_and_Structures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures (page does not exist)">The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_consommation_(ouvrage)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Société de consommation (ouvrage)">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be%3F" title="To Have or to Be?">To Have or to Be?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></li> <li>Fight Club (<a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Logo" title="No Logo">No Logo</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Profit_over_People" title="Profit over People">Profit over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives" title="The Cultural Creatives">The Cultural Creatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza:_The_All-Consuming_Epidemic" title="Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic">Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evasion_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evasion (book)">Evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(2003_film)" title="The Corporation (2003 film)">The Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus:_Terrorized_into_Being_Consumers" title="Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers">Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So,_What%27s_Your_Price%3F" title="So, What's Your Price?">So, What's Your Price?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Would_Jesus_Buy%3F" title="What Would Jesus Buy?">What Would Jesus Buy?</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerist_groups" title="Category:Anti-consumerist groups">Organizations and groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adbusters" title="Adbusters">Adbusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Green_Resistance" title="Deep Green Resistance">Deep Green Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">Freecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Anarchy">Green Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverend_Billy_and_the_Church_of_Stop_Shopping" title="Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping">Reverend Billy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venus_Project" title="The Venus Project">The Venus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yes_Men" title="The Yes Men">The Yes Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/350.org" title="350.org">350.org</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerists" title="Category:Anti-consumerists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Bonaiuti" title="Mauro Bonaiuti">Mauro Bonaiuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Goldsmith" title="Edward Goldsmith">Edward Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Latouche" title="Serge Latouche">Serge Latouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rabhi" title="Pierre Rabhi">Pierre Rabhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related social movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporate activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers (theater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(sociology)" title="Consumption (sociology)">Consumption (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyfication" title="Disneyfication">Disneyfication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">Economic materialism</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_problems" title="Category:Economic problems">Economic problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">HospEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">Informal sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monetary_economy" title="Non-monetary economy">Non-monetary economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Right to repair is a legal right for owners of devices and equipment to freely modify and repair products such as automobiles, electronics, and farm equipment. Right to repair may also refer to the social movement of citizens putting pressure on their governments to enact laws protecting a right to repair. Common obstacles to repair include requirements to use only the manufacturer's maintenance services, restrictions on access to tools and components, and software barriers. Proponents for this right point to the benefits in affordability, sustainability, and availability of critical supplies in times of crisis. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Impacts">edit</a>]</div> While initially driven majorly by automotive consumers protection agencies and the automotive after sales service industry, the discussion of establishing a right to repair not only for vehicles but for any kind of electronic product gained traction as consumer electronics such as smartphones and computers became universally available causing broken and used electronics to become the fastest growing waste stream.<a href="#cite_note-:4-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Today it's estimated that more than half of the population of the western world has one or more used or broken electronic devices at home that are not introduced back into the market due to a lack of affordable repair.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In addition to the consumer goods, healthcare equipment repair access made news at the start of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic in 2020</a>, when hospitals had trouble getting maintenance for some critical high-demand medical equipment, most notably ventilators.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The pandemic has also been credited with helping to grow the right-to-repair movement since many repair shops were closed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> The Economist also cites the expectation that owners of products should be able to repair them as a sense of moral justice or <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Those fighting against <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a> have also taken note of when repair costs exceeds replacement costs because the companies that created the product have retained a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on its repair, driving up prices.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repairability" title="Repairability">Repairability</a></div> Right to repair refers to the concept that end users of technical, electronic or automotive devices should be allowed to freely repair these products. Some notable aspects of a product include:<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <ol><li>the device should be constructed and designed in a manner that allows repairs to be made easily;</li> <li>end users and independent repair providers should be able to access original spare parts and necessary tools (software as well as physical tools) at fair market conditions;</li> <li>repairs should, by design, be possible and not be hindered by software programming; and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Repairability" title="Repairability">repairability</a> of a device should be clearly communicated by the manufacturer.</li></ol> Some goals of the right to repair are to favor repair instead of replacement, and make such repairs more affordable leading to a more sustainable economy and reduction in electronic waste.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repair-friendly_design">Repair-friendly design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Repair-friendly design">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Design_for_the_environment" title="Design for the environment">Design for the environment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned obsolescence</a></div> The use of glue or proprietary screws can make repairs more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a> In general, proprietary parts and accessories can make products more difficult to repair, such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s "Lightning" charging ports and adapters, which require a non-standard process to repair, leading the European Union to standardize charging ports for small devices, requiring all devices to use <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessible_spare_parts_and_tools">Accessible spare parts and tools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accessible spare parts and tools">edit</a>]</div> Parts and tools needed to make repairs, should be available to everyone, including consumers.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> Parts pairing is when a company does not allow parts to be swapped without a password that they provide to preferred technicians.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> New ways to lock devices like part pairing (components of a device are serialized and can not be swapped against others) became increasingly popular among manufacturers, including <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Using approved parts can increase the cost of the repair, leading many consumers to speed up their upgrade cycle to a new device.<a href="#cite_note-auto-14">[14]</a> In addition to access to software updates, the ability to install third-party software is also mentioned as a major goal, which would, for example, allow some devices to be adapted over time.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency">Transparency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transparency">edit</a>]</div> Manuals and design schematics should be freely available and help consumers know how to repair their devices.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Example of a law addressing different aspects of repairability </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Aspect of repairability </th> <th>Scope </th> <th>Jurisdiction </th></tr> <tr> <td>Repairability scorecards </td> <td> </td> <td>France </td></tr> <tr> <td>Standardized parts </td> <td>USB-C </td> <td>European Union </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parts pairing </td> <td> </td> <td>Oregon<a href="#cite_note-:6-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third-party software allowed </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Software update support </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sell spare parts </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tools needed to make repairs can be found easily </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manuals and design schematic freely available </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Right_to_repair" title="Talk:Right to repair">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (March 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_lightbulb,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Electric_lightbulb%2C_Paris.jpg/220px-Electric_lightbulb%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Electric_lightbulb%2C_Paris.jpg/330px-Electric_lightbulb%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Electric_lightbulb%2C_Paris.jpg/440px-Electric_lightbulb%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="3507" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Phoebus_cartel" title="Phoebus cartel">Phoebus cartel</a> is often claimed to be an example of <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a>.</figcaption></figure> The strategy to continuously change products to create continuous demand for the latest generation was pursued at a large scale by <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> executive <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloan" title="Alfred P. Sloan">Alfred P. Sloan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> GM overtook Ford as the biggest American automaker and planned obsolescence with annual variants of a product became widely adopted across industries in the American economy, eventually becoming adopted by Ford by 1933.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-20">[20]</a> The car industry was at the forefront of establishing the concept of certified repair: starting from the 1910s, Ford established certified dealerships and service networks to promote parts made by Ford instead of independent repair shops and often after-sales parts. Ford also pushed for standardized pricing among certified repair shops, making flat fees mandatory even for different repairs. The combination of annual updates to cars and components made it more difficult for independent repair shops to maintain a stock of parts.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-20">[20]</a> A couple of court cases have required products with repaired or refurbished components to be labeled as "used."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1947, a business owner was refurbishing old spark plugs and reselling them. However, he was reselling them under a trademarked name. This led to a lawsuit that provided the framework for legislation that would provide a right to resell repaired or refurbished items, as long as they were labelled correctly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/331/125/">Champion Spark Plug Co. v. Sanders</a> provided the basis of FTC guidelines which provides an uninfringeable right to resell repaired or refurbished items as long as they were labeled as such. The decision also provided the framework for trademark guidelines regarding the resale of used goods under a trademarked namesake. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-20?toc=1">FTC guidelines Title 16, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 20</a> provides guidance and regulations on the labeling of items that have been “rebuilt”, “refurbished”, or “re-manufactured” in order to prevent unfair competitive advantage in selling components in the automobile industry. This guideline hence allowed businesses the ability to repair items, for resale later. Some manufacturers shifted towards more repairable designs. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, which rose quickly to become one of the largest computer manufacturers, sold the first computers with circuit board descriptions, easy-to-swap components, and clear repair instructions.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Copyright with regard to computer software source code also became a front on the limitation of repairability. In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> of 1998 prohibits repairs unless granted an exception, and has been used to block repairs as software became more common in a range of devices and appliances.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> To prevent refilling of empty <a href="/wiki/Ink_cartridge" title="Ink cartridge">ink cartridges</a>, manufacturers had started placing microchips counting fill levels and usage, rendering refills difficult or impossible. Reselling and refurbishing products was confirmed to be legal by the Supreme Court in 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Impression_Prods.,_Inc._v._Lexmark_Int%27l,_Inc." title="Impression Prods., Inc. v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc.">Impression Prods., Inc. v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc.</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> As of 2022, complaints about the longevity and repairability of printers remains.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEF_CON_30_Right_to_Repair_-_Louis_Rossmann_and_Joe_Grand_24-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DEF_CON_30_Right_to_Repair_-_Louis_Rossmann_and_Joe_Grand_24-2.png/220px-DEF_CON_30_Right_to_Repair_-_Louis_Rossmann_and_Joe_Grand_24-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DEF_CON_30_Right_to_Repair_-_Louis_Rossmann_and_Joe_Grand_24-2.png/330px-DEF_CON_30_Right_to_Repair_-_Louis_Rossmann_and_Joe_Grand_24-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DEF_CON_30_Right_to_Repair_-_Louis_Rossmann_and_Joe_Grand_24-2.png/440px-DEF_CON_30_Right_to_Repair_-_Louis_Rossmann_and_Joe_Grand_24-2.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Right to repair activists speaking at a conference</figcaption></figure> In the early 2000s, the automotive industry defeated the <a href="/wiki/Motor_Vehicle_Owners%27_Right_to_Repair_Act" title="Motor Vehicle Owners' Right to Repair Act">first proposal of a right to repair bill for the automotive sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Right_to_Tinker-29">[29]</a> While the National Automotive Service Task Force (NASTF), an organization supported by the automotive industry, established an online directory for accessing manufacturer information and tools in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-Autoparts_Report-30">[30]</a> a study conducted by the Terrance Group found that around 59% of independent repair services continued to struggle to get access to diagnostic tools and parts from manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] The share of electronic components in the total bill of materials for a car also rose from 5% in the 1970s to over 22% in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The increasing hybridization of cars brought the need of special tools that a manufacturer only shared with authorized repair services.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> A trend towards right to repair in automotive and other industries gained traction with more proposed laws and court decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Right_to_Tinker-29">[29]</a> While initially driven by <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive</a> <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumers protection</a> agencies and the automotive after-sales service industry, the discussion of establishing a right to repair for any kind of industrially produced device gained traction as <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> such as smartphones and computers became widely used, alongside advanced computerized integration in farming equipment. The movement was also backed by climate change activists aiming to reduce e-waste.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Major events concerning the "Right to Repair" movement since 2000 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Events </th> <th>Description</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>Automotive <a href="/wiki/2012_Massachusetts_Question_1" title="2012 Massachusetts Question 1">right to repair</a> passed in Massachusetts<a href="#cite_note-:7-35">[35]</a> </td> <td>Requires manufacturers to provide vehicle owners and independent repair shops with access to the same diagnostic and repair information as dealers and authorized repair shops.</td> <td>The first automotive right to repair act in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-:7-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>Bill passes in the US to allow for phone unlocking </td> <td>Enables consumers to unlock their cell phones in order to take them to a carrier that best suits their needs.</td> <td>Forces mobile operators to unlock cell phones<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>Library of Congress ruled in favor of repair-related exemption in DMCA </td> <td>Broad protections for consumer devices that rely on copyrighted software to function.</td> <td>DMCA act copy protection circumvention exemption for repairs<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>France created repairability index </td> <td>A rating from 1-10 providing a value for how repairable a device is. </td> <td>First government to do so, modeled on iFixit's scorecard.<a href="#cite_note-:8-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>U.K. Right to Repair law in effect </td> <td>Requires manufacturers provide repair information and spare parts available for repairs for up to ten years for certain new white goods and televisions. </td> <td>Electronic appliance manufacturers required to be able to provide consumers with spare parts for "simple and safe" repairs and to make complex parts available to repair shops.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>New York enacts the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Fair_Repair_Act" title="Digital Fair Repair Act">Digital Fair Repair Act</a> </td> <td>Requires original equipment manufacturers to make diagnostic and repair information for digital electronic parts and equipment available to independent repair providers and consumers.</td> <td>First state in the U.S. to enact a Right to Repair law covering <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>Colorado enacts the Consumer Right To Repair Agricultural Equipment Act </td> <td>Requires agricultural equipment manufacturers to provide owners or independent repair providers with the resources and information to repair their equipment.</td> <td>First state in the U.S. to enact a Right to Repair law covering farming equipment<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>Minnesota law passed<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[41]</a> </td> <td>Requires manufactures of certain electronic products to make documentation, parts, and tools for diagnosis, maintenance, or repair available to independent repair providers and consumers. </td> <td>It is the first right-to-repair law to address home appliances; the Verge called it 'groundbreaking'<a href="#cite_note-:1-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>California enacts a Right to Repair Act<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td> <td>Requires that manufacturers of electronic and/or appliance products provide documentation, parts, and tools to owners, service and repair facilities, and service dealers for diagnostics and repair.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a> believes this bill will be the model for future federal legislation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td>European Union adopted a set of right-to-repair rules<a href="#cite_note-:5-43">[43]</a> </td> <td>Aims to make it easier and more cost-effective for consumers to repair their goods. </td> <td>The rules are not yet finalized as they must be adopted by member states and approved by the Council.<a href="#cite_note-:5-43">[43]</a> They seek to incentivize repair instead of replacement for consumer devices.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td>Oregon bans parts pairing starting in 2025<a href="#cite_note-:6-16">[16]</a> </td> <td>Prohibits a practice known as “parts pairing,” which can be used to block consumers from installing certain parts. </td> <td>The first law to do so according to WIRED<a href="#cite_note-:6-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td>Colorado passes Consumer Right to Repair Digital Electronic Equipment<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td> <td>Expands the scope of the right-to-repair statutes to include digital electronic equipment manufactured and sold or used for the first time in Colorado on or after July 1, 2021. </td> <td>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pirg.org/media-center/statement-colorado-lawmakers-approve-broad-nation-leading-right-to-repair-law/">...most comprehensive right to repair bill in the country</a>" </td></tr></tbody></table> The first successful implementation of a right to repair came when <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> passed the United States' first right to repair law for the automotive sector in 2012, which required automobile manufacturers to sell the same service materials and diagnostics directly to consumers or to independent mechanics as they used to provide exclusively to their dealerships. As a result, major automobile <a href="/wiki/Trade_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade organization">trade organizations</a> signed a Memorandum of Understanding in January 2014 using the Massachusetts law as the basis of their agreement for all 50 states starting in the 2018 automotive year.<a href="#cite_note-:7-35">[35]</a> Companies like Apple, John Deere, and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> have lobbied against Right to Repair bills, and created a number of "strange bedfellows" from high tech and agricultural sectors on both sides of the issue, according to <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The tech industry has lobbied in opposition through groups like TechNet,<a href="#cite_note-sfchronicle-17185453-47">[47]</a> the Entertainment Software Alliance ("ESA").<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Equipment_Manufacturers" title="Association of Equipment Manufacturers">Association of Equipment Manufacturers</a> ("AEM") and their dealership counterparts the Equipment Dealers Association's 2018 Statement of Principles became the subject of media backlash when in January 2021 the promised means to make complete repairs had not been visibly available.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In late 2017, users of older <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> models discovered evidence that recent updates to the phone's operating system, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, were throttling the phone's performance. This led to accusations that Apple sabotaged the performance of older iPhones to compel customers to buy new models more frequently.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Apple disputed this assumed intention, stating instead that the goal of the software was to prevent overtaxing older <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a>, which have degraded over time, to avoid unexpected shutdowns of the phone.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Furthermore, Apple allowed users to disable the feature in an iOS update but advised against it.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Additionally, Apple allowed users of affected iPhones to obtain service to replace batteries in their phones for a reduced cost of service (US$29 compared to US$79) for the next six months.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> However, the "right to repair" movement argued that the best outcome would be Apple allowing consumers to purchase third-party batteries and possess the instructions to replace it at a lower cost.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In April 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> sent notice to six automobile, consumer electronics, and video game console manufacturers, later revealed through a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> request to be <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, stating that their warranty practices may violate the <a href="/wiki/Magnuson-Moss_Warranty_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act">Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The FTC specifically identified that informing consumers that warranties are voided if they break a warranty sticker or seal on the unit's packaging, use third-party replacement parts, or use third-party repair services is a deceptive practice, as these terms are only valid if the manufacturer provides free warranty service or replacement parts.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Both Sony and Nintendo released updated warranty statements following this notice.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In April 2018, US <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Research_Group" title="Public Interest Research Group">Public Interest Research Group</a> issued a statement defending <a href="/wiki/Eric_Lundgren" title="Eric Lundgren">Eric Lundgren</a> over his sentencing for creating the ‘restore disks’ to extend the life of computers.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] In 2018, the exemption for making software modifications to "land-based motor vehicles" was expanded to allow equipment owners to engage the services of third parties to assist with making changes. These changes were endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation" title="American Farm Bureau Federation">American Farm Bureau Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In its 2021 recommendations, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> further extend the exemption, with favorable right-to-repair considerations for automobiles, boats, agricultural vehicles, and medical equipment, as well as modifying prior rules related to other consumer goods.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, as part of her campaign for president, laid out plans for legislation related to agriculture in March 2019, stated her intent to introduce legislation to affirm the right to repair farm equipment, potentially expanding this to other electronic devices.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] In August 2019, Apple announced a program where independent repair shops may have the ability to buy official replacement parts for Apple products. Several operators became Authorized under their "IRP" program but many smaller repair operators avoided the option due to legally onerous burdens.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] In the 2010s the trend of making one's repairs to devices spread from the east into the Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-vice_EU_dec2018-66">[66]</a> In July 2017, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> approved recommendations that member states should pass laws that give consumers the right to repair their electronics, as part of a larger update to its previous <a href="/wiki/European_Ecodesign_Directive" title="European Ecodesign Directive">Ecodesign Directive</a> from 2009 which called for manufacturers to produce more energy-efficient and cleaner consumer devices. The ability to repair devices is seen by these recommendations as a means to reduce waste to the environment.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> With these recommendations, work began on establishing the legal Directive for the EU to support the recommendations, and from which member states would then pass laws to meet the Directive. One of the first areas of focus was consumer appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines. Some were assembled using adhesives instead of mechanical fasteners which made it impossible for consumers or repair technicians from making non-destructive repairs. The right-to-repair facets of appliances were a point of contention and lobbying between European consumer groups and appliance manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-vice_EU_dec2018-66">[66]</a> Ultimately, the EU passed legislation in October 2019 that required manufacturers of appliances to be able to supply replacement parts to professional repairmen for ten years from manufacture. The legislation did not address other facets related to right-to-repair, and activists noted that this still limited the consumer's ability to perform their own repairs.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Sweden also offers tax breaks for people who repair their own goods.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The EU also has directives toward a <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a> which are aimed toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other excessive wastes through recycling and other programs. A 2020 "Circular Economy Action Plan" draft included the electronics right to repair for EU citizens to allow device owners to replace only malfunctioning parts rather than replace the entire device, reducing electronics waste. The Action Plan included additional standardization that would aid toward rights to repair, such as common power ports on mobile devices.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In the midst of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, where medical equipment became critical for many hospitals, iFixit and a team of volunteers worked to publish and make accessible the largest known collection of manuals and service guides for medical equipment, using information crowdsourced from hospitals, medical institutions and sites like Frank's Hospital Workshop. iFixit had found, like with consumer electronics, some of the more expensive medical equipment had used means to make non-routine servicing difficult for end-users and requiring authorized repair processes.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/2020_Massachusetts_Question_1" title="2020 Massachusetts Question 1">2020 Massachusetts Question 1</a> passed to update the previous measure on automobile repair to include electronic vehicle data.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Before it could come into effect, in June 2023, the federal <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> instructed manufacturers to ignore the 2020 Massachusetts law, asserting it was preempted by federal law because opening telematics to other organizations could make cars more vulnerable to computer hackers. (Both claims are disputed by Massachusetts in the lawsuit.)<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In May 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) issued a report "Nixing the Fix" to Congress that outlined issues around corporations' policies that limit repairs on consumer goods that it considered in violation of trade laws, and outlined steps that could be done to better enforce this. This included self-regulation by the industries involved, as well as expansion of existing laws such as the <a href="/wiki/Magnuson-Moss_Warranty_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act">Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act</a> or new laws to give the FTC better enforcement to protect consumers from overzealous repair restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In July 2021, the Biden administration issued an executive order to the FTC<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and the Department of Agriculture<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> to widely improve access to repair for both consumers and farmers. The executive order to the FTC included instructions to craft rules to prevent manufacturers from preventing repairs performed by owners or independent repair shops.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> About two weeks later, the FTC voted unanimously to enforce the right to repair as policy and to look to take action against companies that limit the type of repair work that can be done at independent repair shops.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Apple announced in November 2021 that it would be allowing consumers to order parts and make repairs on Apple products, initially with iPhone 12 and 13 devices but eventually rolling out to include Mac computers.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] Reception to the program has been mixed, with Right to Repair advocate <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rossmann" title="Louis Rossmann">Louis Rossmann</a> seeing the program as a step in the right direction, but criticized the omission of certain parts, and the need to input a serial number before ordering parts.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] In 2021, France created a <a href="/wiki/Repairability#French_Repairability_index" title="Repairability">repairability scoring system</a> that took inspiration from <a href="/wiki/IFixit" title="IFixit">iFixit's</a> scorecard. France expressed its intent to merge it into a 'Durability index' that also considers how long items are expected to last.<a href="#cite_note-:8-38">[38]</a> In 2022, Apple started enabling customers to repair batteries and screens.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Additionally, Apple has prevented companies from repairing or refurbishing Apple's products without their permission. These action have irritated consumers who believe Apple is against the right to repair.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Framework_Computer" title="Framework Computer">Framework Computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adafruit_Industries" title="Adafruit Industries">Adafruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a>, among other computer systems, started sharing <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D-printable</a> models for replacement parts.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On December 28, 2022, New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Kathy Hochul</a> signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Fair_Repair_Act" title="Digital Fair Repair Act">Digital Fair Repair Act</a>, nearly seven months after it had passed the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">state senate</a>. The law established the right of consumers and independent repairers to get manuals, diagrams, and original parts from manufacturers, although <a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a> noted that the bill was made less vigorous by way of last-minute changes that provided exceptions to original equipment manufacturers. It will apply to electronic devices sold in the state in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> John Deere announced in January 2023 that it was signing a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> with the <a href="/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation" title="American Farm Bureau Federation">American Farm Bureau Federation</a> agreeing that American farmers had the right to repair their own equipment or have it serviced at independent repair shops in the United States. Consumers and independent repair centers would still be bound against divulging certain trade secrets, and cannot tamper or override emission control settings, but are otherwise free to repair as they see fit.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 2023, three business professors cautioned that right-to-repair laws by themselves, could have unintended consequences including incentivizing companies to create cheaper products that are lower-cost and less repairable or durable, or raise the initial sale price of the item.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The U.S. Copyright Office, as part of the tri-annual review of exemptions for the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a>, approved an exemption for bypassing technical controls for retail-level commercial food preparation equipment for the purposes of repair and maintenance. Notoriously, the inability for third-party repairs of such equipment had been the cause of numerous <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_ice_cream_machine" title="McDonald's ice cream machine">McDonald's ice cream machines</a> being out-of-service, as the manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Company" title="Taylor Company">Taylor Company</a>, had only allowed themselves to repair these machines.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enacted_legislation">Enacted legislation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Enacted legislation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>State legislation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Law </th> <th>Bill </th> <th>Effective date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=PRC&division=30.&title=&part=3.&chapter=8.6.">PRC § 42488–42488.3</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB244">2023–24 SB 244</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advance.lexis.com/documentpage/?pdmfid=1000516&crid=9753d44f-152e-4c74-bfc0-466216d5374b&nodeid=AAGAABAABAAQAAB&nodepath=%2FROOT%2FAAG%2FAAGAAB%2FAAGAABAAB%2FAAGAABAABAAQ%2FAAGAABAABAAQAAB&level=5&haschildren=&populated=false&title=6-1-1501.+Short+title.&indicator=true&config=014FJAAyNGJkY2Y4Zi1mNjgyLTRkN2YtYmE4OS03NTYzNzYzOTg0OGEKAFBvZENhdGFsb2d592qv2Kywlf8caKqYROP5&pddocfullpath=%2Fshared%2Fdocument%2Fstatutes-legislation%2Furn%3AcontentItem%3A691C-69T1-JGHR-M0KT-00008-00&ecomp=6gf59kk&prid=446a9542-a587-48c1-a779-fb64bbebf3db">C.R.S. § 6-1-1501 – 6-1-1505</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb23-1011">HB23-1011</a> </td> <td>January 1, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb24-1121">HB24-1121</a> </td> <td>January 1, 2026 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Automotive Right to Repair </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Massachusetts_Question_1" title="2020 Massachusetts Question 1">2020 Massachusetts Question 1</a> </td> <td>TBD </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/325E.72">MN Stat. § 325E.72</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?b=senate&f=sf2744&ssn=0&y=2023">2023 SF 2744</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_Fair_Repair_Act" title="Digital Fair Repair Act">Digital Fair Repair Act</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td>TBD </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2024R1/Measures/Overview/SB1596">2024 SB1596</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2027 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> Adopted on May 30, 2024, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2023-0316-AM-086-086_EN.pdf">European Union's Right to Repair Directive (R2RD)</a> requires manufacturers to offer repair services that are both efficient and affordable, while also making sure consumers are aware of their repair rights.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Previously, the right to repair in the EU was regulated by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/771/oj">Sale of Goods Directive</a> and the different product-specific Commission Regulations provided under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02009L0125-20121204">Ecodesign Directive</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompilation">Decompilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">Patch (computing)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unofficial_patch" title="Unofficial patch">Unofficial patch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repair_Caf%C3%A9" title="Repair Café">Repair Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repair_monopoly" title="Repair monopoly">Repair monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">Reverse engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-back_system" title="Take-back system">Take-back system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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Retrieved 2024-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Research%3A+The+Unintended+Consequences+of+Right-to-Repair+Laws&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft.issn=0017-8012&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Luyi&rft.au=Jin%2C+Chen&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Cungen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2023%2F01%2Fresearch-the-unintended-consequences-of-right-to-repair-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+repair" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinYangZhu2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jin, Chen; Yang, Luyi; Zhu, Cungen (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4401">"Right to Repair: Pricing, Welfare, and Environmental Implications"</a>. Management Science. 69 (2): 1017–1036. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1287%2Fmnsc.2022.4401">10.1287/mnsc.2022.4401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1909">0025-1909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Science&rft.atitle=Right+to+Repair%3A+Pricing%2C+Welfare%2C+and+Environmental+Implications&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1017-1036&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1287%2Fmnsc.2022.4401&rft.issn=0025-1909&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Chen&rft.au=Yang%2C+Luyi&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Cungen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubsonline.informs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1287%2Fmnsc.2022.4401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+repair" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2024" class="citation web cs1">Roth, Emma (October 25, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/25/24279371/mcdonalds-ice-cream-machines-right-to-repair-copyright">"McDonald's busted ice cream machines can now be fixed — legally"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>. Retrieved October 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=McDonald%E2%80%99s+busted+ice+cream+machines+can+now+be+fixed+%E2%80%94+legally&rft.date=2024-10-25&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2024%2F10%2F25%2F24279371%2Fmcdonalds-ice-cream-machines-right-to-repair-copyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+repair" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240419IPR20590/right-to-repair-making-repair-easier-and-more-appealing-to-consumers">"Right to repair: Making repair easier and more appealing to consumers | News | European Parliament"</a>. www.europarl.europa.eu. 2024-04-23. Retrieved 2024-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Right+to+repair%3A+Making+repair+easier+and+more+appealing+to+consumers+%7C+News+%7C+European+Parliament&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fnews%2Fen%2Fpress-room%2F20240419IPR20590%2Fright-to-repair-making-repair-easier-and-more-appealing-to-consumers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+repair" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_repair&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repair.org">Repair.org</a> - website of the Repair Association (US-based group of mostly smaller repair professionals and firms that support Right to Repair policies)</li></ul>    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