CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Circular economy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ca3298a5-70d0-42bf-8dc3-3fe217462bdf","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Circular_economy","wgTitle":"Circular economy","wgCurRevisionId":1257953035,"wgRevisionId":1257953035,"wgArticleId":31666505,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2021","All articles with style issues", "Articles that may contain original research from July 2021","All articles that may contain original research","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","Articles containing French-language text","Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2021","Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","All articles needing additional references","Articles needing additional references from January 2022","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from July 2023","Financial systems","Bright green environmentalism","Economic ideologies","Environmental economics","Products and the environment"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Circular_economy","wgRelevantArticleId": 31666505,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q497743","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Circular_Economy_concept.png/1200px-The_Circular_Economy_concept.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="612"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Circular_Economy_concept.png/800px-The_Circular_Economy_concept.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="408"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Circular_Economy_concept.png/640px-The_Circular_Economy_concept.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="326"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Circular economy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Circular_economy rootpage-Circular_economy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Circular+economy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Circular+economy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Circular+economy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Circular+economy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History and aims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sustainability </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sustainability subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Scope </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_the_idea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_the_idea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Emergence of the idea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_the_idea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moving_away_from_the_linear_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving_away_from_the_linear_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Moving away from the linear model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moving_away_from_the_linear_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cradle_to_Cradle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cradle_to_Cradle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Cradle to Cradle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cradle_to_Cradle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levels_of_circularity_("R"_models)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_of_circularity_("R"_models)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Levels of circularity ("R" models) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levels_of_circularity_("R"_models)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_the_circular_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_the_circular_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Towards the circular economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Towards_the_circular_economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Towards the circular economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Towards_the_circular_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circular_product_design_and_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_product_design_and_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Circular product design and standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_product_design_and_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_of_circularity_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_of_circularity_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Design of circularity processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_of_circularity_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circular_business_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_business_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Circular business models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_business_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_circular_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_circular_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Digital circular economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_circular_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform_for_Accelerating_the_Circular_Economy_(PACE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_for_Accelerating_the_Circular_Economy_(PACE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_for_Accelerating_the_Circular_Economy_(PACE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circular_economy_standard_BS_8001:2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_economy_standard_BS_8001:2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Circular economy standard BS 8001:2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_economy_standard_BS_8001:2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_ISO/TC_323_circular_economy_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_ISO/TC_323_circular_economy_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Development of ISO/TC 323 circular economy standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_ISO/TC_323_circular_economy_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_management_in_a_circular_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_management_in_a_circular_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Strategic management in a circular economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_management_in_a_circular_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_the_Circular_Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_the_Circular_Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Engineering the Circular Life cycle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Engineering_the_Circular_Life_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Engineering the Circular Life cycle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Engineering_the_Circular_Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Circular_Lifecycle_for_Complex_Engineering_Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Circular_Lifecycle_for_Complex_Engineering_Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 The Circular Lifecycle for Complex Engineering Systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Circular_Lifecycle_for_Complex_Engineering_Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lifecycle-Value_Stream_Matrix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifecycle-Value_Stream_Matrix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Lifecycle-Value Stream Matrix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifecycle-Value_Stream_Matrix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circular_Engineering_Lifecycle_Implementation_Challenges_and_Opportunities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_Engineering_Lifecycle_Implementation_Challenges_and_Opportunities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Circular Engineering Lifecycle Implementation Challenges and Opportunities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_Engineering_Lifecycle_Implementation_Challenges_and_Opportunities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_and_applications_by_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_and_applications_by_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Adoption and applications by industry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adoption_and_applications_by_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adoption and applications by industry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adoption_and_applications_by_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textile_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Textile industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Construction industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automotive_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Automotive industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logistics_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Logistics industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furniture_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furniture_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Furniture industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furniture_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Oil and gas industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Renewable energy industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Education industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic_waste_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_waste_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Plastic waste management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_waste_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rare-earth_elements_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rare-earth_elements_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Rare-earth elements recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rare-earth_elements_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circular_developments_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_developments_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Circular developments around the world </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Circular_developments_around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Circular developments around the world subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Circular_developments_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Closing_the_loop"_(December_2015_–_2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Closing_the_loop"_(December_2015_–_2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 "Closing the loop" (December 2015 – 2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Closing_the_loop"_(December_2015_–_2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circular_Economy_Action_Plan_of_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_Economy_Action_Plan_of_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Circular Economy Action Plan of 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_Economy_Action_Plan_of_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Countries ranking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benelux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benelux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Benelux </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benelux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.1 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.2 The Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.3 Luxembourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.1 England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.2 Scotland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.3 Wales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.4 Northern Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circular_bioeconomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_bioeconomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Circular bioeconomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_bioeconomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_European_Circular_Bioeconomy_Fund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_European_Circular_Bioeconomy_Fund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8.1 The European Circular Bioeconomy Fund </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_European_Circular_Bioeconomy_Fund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circular_Carbon_Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_Carbon_Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Circular Carbon Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_Carbon_Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critiques_of_circular_economy_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critiques_of_circular_economy_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Critiques of circular economy models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critiques_of_circular_economy_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Related concepts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Related concepts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biomimicry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomimicry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Biomimicry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomimicry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Blue economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cradle_to_cradle_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cradle_to_cradle_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Cradle to cradle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cradle_to_cradle_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Industrial ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Resource recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_Material-Cycle_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_Material-Cycle_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Sound Material-Cycle Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_Material-Cycle_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_thinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_thinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Systems thinking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_thinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Circular economy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkul%C3%AAre_ekonomie" title="Sirkulêre ekonomie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sirkulêre ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="اقتصاد دائري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد دائري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_circular" title="Economía circular – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Economía circular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dair%C9%99vi_iqtisadiyyat" title="Dairəvi iqtisadiyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dairəvi iqtisadiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кръгова икономика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръгова икономика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_circular" title="Economia circular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Economia circular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_ekonomika" title="Cirkulární ekonomika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cirkulární ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economi_gylchol" title="Economi gylchol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Economi gylchol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Circular economy" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkul%C3%A6r_%C3%B8konomi" title="Cirkulær økonomi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cirkulær økonomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreislaufwirtschaft" title="Kreislaufwirtschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreislaufwirtschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringmajandus" title="Ringmajandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ringmajandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κυκλική οικονομία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυκλική οικονομία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_circular" title="Economía circular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía circular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkla_ekonomio" title="Cirkla ekonomio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cirkla ekonomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_zirkular" title="Ekonomia zirkular – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekonomia zirkular" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="اقتصاد چرخشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد چرخشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_circulaire" title="Économie circulaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie circulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C" title="순환 경제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="순환 경제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="चक्रीय अर्थव्यवस्था – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चक्रीय अर्थव्यवस्था" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%E1%BB%A5_na_%E1%BB%A5ba_okirikiri" title="Akụ na ụba okirikiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Akụ na ụba okirikiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_sirkular" title="Ekonomi sirkular – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekonomi sirkular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hringhagkerfi" title="Hringhagkerfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hringhagkerfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_circolare" title="Economia circolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Economia circolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כלכלה מעגלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלכלה מעגלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="წრიული ეკონომიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წრიული ეკონომიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiedin%C4%97_ekonomika" title="Žiedinė ekonomika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žiedinė ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rforg%C3%A1sos_gazdas%C3%A1g" title="Körforgásos gazdaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Körforgásos gazdaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="സർക്കുലറിറ്റി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സർക്കുലറിറ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%85_%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%84_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯣꯢꯅ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯁꯦꯟꯃꯤꯠꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯢꯅ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯁꯦꯟꯃꯤꯠꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Тойрог эдийн засаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тойрог эдийн засаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulaire_economie" title="Circulaire economie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Circulaire economie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8E%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC" title="サーキュラーエコノミー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サーキュラーエコノミー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreisluupwiartskap" title="Kreisluupwiartskap – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kreisluupwiartskap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkul%C3%A6r%C3%B8konomi" title="Sirkulærøkonomi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sirkulærøkonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospodarka_o_obiegu_zamkni%C4%99tym" title="Gospodarka o obiegu zamkniętym – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gospodarka o obiegu zamkniętym" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_circular" title="Economia circular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia circular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economie_circular%C4%83" title="Economie circulară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Economie circulară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Экономика замкнутого цикла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономика замкнутого цикла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_qarkore" title="Ekonomia qarkore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekonomia qarkore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="චක්‍රීය ආර්ථිකය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චක්‍රීය ආර්ථිකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obehov%C3%A9_hospod%C3%A1rstvo" title="Obehové hospodárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obehové hospodárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiertotalous" title="Kiertotalous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiertotalous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkul%C3%A4r_ekonomi" title="Cirkulär ekonomi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cirkulär ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6ng%C3%BCsel_ekonomi" title="Döngüsel ekonomi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Döngüsel ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Циркулярна економіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Циркулярна економіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n" title="Kinh tế tuần hoàn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh tế tuần hoàn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="循環經濟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="循環經濟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q497743#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Circular_economy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Circular_economy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Circular_economy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&oldid=1257953035" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Circular_economy&id=1257953035&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCircular_economy">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCircular_economy">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Circular_economy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Circular_economy" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q497743" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Production model to minimise wastage and emissions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Circular_economy" title="Special:EditPage/Circular economy">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Circular_economy" title="Talk:Circular economy">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions. (July 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A circular economy (also referred to as circularity or CE)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a model of resource <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resource_consumption" title="Resource consumption">consumption</a> in any economy that involves <a href="/wiki/Sharing" title="Sharing">sharing</a>, leasing, <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reusing</a>, repairing, refurbishing, and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> existing materials and products for as long as possible.<a href="#cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The concept aims to tackle global challenges such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> by emphasizing the design-based implementation of the three base principles of the model. The main three principles required for the transformation to a circular economy are: designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> CE is defined in contradistinction to the traditional linear economy.<a href="#cite_note-New_to_circular_economy_overview-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuter-7">[7]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Circular_Economy_concept.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Circular_Economy_concept.png/300px-The_Circular_Economy_concept.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Circular_Economy_concept.png/450px-The_Circular_Economy_concept.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Circular_Economy_concept.png/600px-The_Circular_Economy_concept.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the circular economy concept<a href="#cite_note-:14-8">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> The idea and concepts of a circular economy have been studied extensively in academia, business, and government over the past ten years. It has been gaining popularity because it can help to minimize <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">carbon emissions</a> and the consumption of raw materials, open up new market prospects, and, principally, increase the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">sustainability of consumption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> At a government level, a circular economy is viewed as a method of combating <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" class="extiw" title="simple:Global warming">global warming</a>, as well as a facilitator of long-term growth.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> CE may geographically connect actors and resources to stop material loops at the regional level.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In its core principle, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> defines CE as "a model of production and consumption that involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of products is extended."<a href="#cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-2">[2]</a> Global implementation of circular economy can reduce global emissions by 22.8 billion tons, 39% of global emissions in the year 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Circle-13">[13]</a> By implementing circular economy strategies in five sectors alone: <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> 9.3 billion metric tons of CO2 equivalent (equal to all current emissions from transportation), can be reduced.<a href="#cite_note-ellenmacarthurfoundation.org-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1522-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg/300px-Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg/450px-Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg/600px-Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>An illustration showing the difference between the take, make waste linear economy approach, and the circular economy approach</figcaption></figure>In a circular economy, business models play a crucial role in enabling the shift from linear to circular processes. Various business models have been identified that support circularity, including product-as-a-service, sharing platforms, and product life extension models, among others.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> These models aim to optimize resource utilization, reduce waste, and create value for businesses and customers alike, while contributing to the overall goals of the circular economy. Businesses can also make the transition to the circular economy, where holistic adaptations in firms' business models are needed.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The implementation of circular economy principles often requires new visions and strategies and a fundamental redesign of product concepts, service offerings, and channels towards long-life solutions, resulting in the so-called 'circular business models'.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> There are many definitions of the circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-Kirchherr_221–232-22">[22]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/China%27s_circular_economy" title="China's circular economy">China</a>, CE is promoted as a top-down national political objective, meanwhile in other areas, such as the European Union, Japan, and the USA, it is a tool to design bottom-up environmental and waste management policies. The ultimate goal of promoting CE is the decoupling of environmental pressure from economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Ghisellini_11–32-23">[23]</a> A comprehensive definition could be: "Circular economy is an economic system that targets zero waste and pollution throughout materials lifecycles, from environment extraction to industrial transformation, and final consumers, applying to all involved ecosystems. Upon its lifetime end, materials return to either an industrial process or, in the case of a treated organic residual, safely back to the environment as in a natural regenerating cycle. It operates by creating value at the macro, meso, and micro levels and exploiting to the fullest the <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> nested concept. Used energy sources are clean and renewable. Resource use and consumption are efficient. Government agencies and responsible consumers play an active role in ensuring the correct system long-term operation."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/220px--Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="299" data-mwtitle="Circular_Economy_Explained.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Circular_Economy_Explained.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Circular economy explained</figcaption></figure>More generally, circular development is a model of economic, social, and environmental production and consumption that aims to build an autonomous and sustainable society in tune with the issue of environmental resources.<a href="#cite_note-africa.iclei.org-25">[25]</a> The circular economy aims to transform our economy into one that is regenerative. An economy that innovates to reduce waste and the ecological and environmental impact of industries prior to happening, rather than waiting to address the consequences of these issues.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This is done by designing new processes and solutions for the optimization of resources, decoupling reliance on finite resources.<a href="#cite_note-africa.iclei.org-25">[25]</a> The circular economy is a framework of three principles, driven by design: eliminating waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems.<a href="#cite_note-New_to_circular_economy_overview-6">[6]</a> It is based increasingly on renewable energy and materials, and it is accelerated by digital innovation. It is a resilient, distributed, diverse, and inclusive economic model. The circular economy is an economic concept often linked to <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, provision of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (Global Development Goals), and an extension of a green economy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other definitions and precise thresholds that separate linear from circular activity have also been developed in the economic literature.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirchherr_221–232-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghisellini_11–32-23">[23]</a> In a linear economy, <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> are turned into products that are ultimately destined to become waste because of the way they have been designed and manufactured. This process is often summarized as "take, make, waste."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> By contrast, a circular economy aims to transition from a 'take-make-waste' approach to a more restorative and regenerative system. It employs <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">sharing</a>, repair, refurbishment, <a href="/wiki/Remanufacturing" title="Remanufacturing">remanufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> to create a closed-loop system, reducing the use of <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource inputs</a> and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">waste</a>, pollution, and carbon emissions.<a href="#cite_note-Geissdoerfer_757–768-29">[29]</a> The circular economy aims to keep products, materials, equipment, and infrastructure<a href="#cite_note-Invernizzi2020-30">[30]</a> in use for longer, thus improving the productivity of these resources. Waste materials and energy should become input for other processes through <a href="/wiki/Waste_valorization" title="Waste valorization">waste valorization</a>: either as a component for another industrial process or as regenerative resources for nature (e.g., compost). The Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF) defines the circular economy as an industrial economy that is restorative or regenerative by value and design.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[32]</a> Circular economy strategies can be applied at various scales, from individual products and services to entire industries and cities. For example, industrial symbiosis is a strategy where waste from one industry becomes an input for another, creating a network of resource exchange and reducing waste, pollution, and resource consumption.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Similarly, circular cities aim to integrate circular principles into urban planning and development, foster local resource loops, and promote sustainable lifestyles among their citizens.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Less than 10% of economic activity worldwide in 2022 and 2023 is circular.<a href="#cite_note-:1522-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2012-35">[35]</a> Every year, the global population uses approximately 100 billion tonnes of materials, with more than 90% of them being wasted. The circular economy seeks to address this by eliminating waste entirely.<a href="#cite_note-:2013-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_aims">History and aims</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and aims">edit</a>]</div> The concept of a circular economy cannot be traced back to one single date or author, rather to different schools of thought.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The concept of a circular economy can be linked to various schools of thought, including <a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">industrial ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">biomimicry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">cradle-to-cradle design</a> principles. Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems, which forms the basis of the circular economy. Biomimicry involves emulating nature's time-tested patterns and strategies in designing human systems. Cradle-to-cradle design is a holistic approach to designing products and systems that considers their entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal, and seeks to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. These interrelated concepts contribute to the development and implementation of the circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> General systems theory, founded by the biologist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a>, considers growth and energy for open and closed state systems. This theory was then applied to other areas, such as, in the case of the circular economy, economics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Economist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a>, in his paper "The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth," argued that a circular economic system is a prerequisite for the maintenance of the sustainability of human life on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Aggeri_2020-39">[39]</a> Boulding describes the so-called "cowboy economy" as an open system in which the natural environment is typically perceived as limitless: no limit exists on the capacity of the outside to supply or receive energy and material flows. Walter R. Stahel and Geneviève Reday-Mulvey, in their book "The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy," lay the foundation for the principles of the circular economy by describing how increasing labour may reduce energy intensive activities. Simple economic models have ignored the economy-environment interrelationships. Allan Kneese in "The Economics of Natural Resources" indicates how resources are not endlessly renewable, and mentions the term circular economy for the first time explicitly in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In their book Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Pearce and Turner explain the shift from the traditional linear or open-ended economic system to the circular economic system (Pearce and Turner, 1990).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> They describe an economic system where waste at extraction, production, and consumption stages is turned into inputs. In the early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/China%27s_Circular_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="China's Circular Economy">China</a> integrated the notion into its industrial and environmental policies to make them resource-oriented, production-oriented, waste-oriented, use-oriented, and life cycle-oriented.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The Ellen MacArthur Foundation <a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> was instrumental in the diffusion of the concept in Europe and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Press_Corner-44">[44]</a> In 2010, the concept of circular economy started to become popular internationally after the publication of several reports.<a href="#cite_note-Aggeri_2020-39">[39]</a> The European Union introduced its vision of the circular economy in 2014, with a New Circular Economy Action Plan launched in 2020 that "shows the way to a climate-neutral, competitive economy of empowered consumers".<a href="#cite_note-Press_Corner-44">[44]</a> The original diffusion of the notion benefited from three major events: the explosion of raw material prices between 2000 and 2010, the Chinese control of rare earth materials, and the 2008 economic crisis.<a href="#cite_note-ecologie.gouv.fr-45">[45]</a> Today, the climate emergency and environmental challenges induce companies and individuals in rethink their production and consumption patterns. The circular economy is framed as one of the answers to these challenges. Key macro-arguments in favour of the circular economy are that it could enable economic growth that does not add to the burden on natural resource extraction but decouples resource uses from the development of economic welfare for a growing population, reduces foreign dependence on critical materials, lowers CO2 emissions, reduces waste production, and introduces new modes of production and consumption able to create further value.<a href="#cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-2">[2]</a> Corporate arguments in favour of the circular economy are that it could secure the supply of raw materials, reduce the price volatility of inputs and control costs, reduce spills and waste, extend the life cycle of products, serve new segments of customers, and generate long-term shareholder value. A key idea behind the circular business models is to create loops throughout to recapture value that would otherwise be lost.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Of particular concern is the irrevocable loss of raw materials due to their increase in <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> in the linear business model.<a href="#cite_note-Lienig_&_Bruemmer_2017-47">[47]</a> Starting with the production of waste in manufacturing, the entropy increases further by mixing and diluting materials in their manufacturing assembly, followed by corrosion and wear and tear during the usage period. At the end of the life cycle, there is an exponential increase in disorder arising from the mixing of materials in landfills.<a href="#cite_note-Lienig_&_Bruemmer_2017-47">[47]</a> As a result of this directionality of the entropy law, the world's resources are effectively "lost forever".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Circular development is directly linked to the circular economy and aims to build a sustainable society based on recyclable and renewable resources, to protect society from waste, and to be able to form a model that no longer considering resources as infinite.<a href="#cite_note-africa.iclei.org-25">[25]</a> This new model of economic development focuses on the production of goods and services, taking into account environmental and social costs.<a href="#cite_note-africa.iclei.org-25">[25]</a> Circular development, therefore, supports the circular economy to create new societies in line with new waste management and sustainability objectives that meet the needs of citizens. It is about enabling economies and societies, in general, to become more sustainable.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, critiques of the circular economy<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> suggest that proponents of the circular economy may overstate the potential benefits of the circular economy. These critiques put forward the idea that the circular economy has too many definitions to be delimited, making it an umbrella concept that, although exciting and appealing, is hard to understand and assess. Critiques mean that the literature ignores much-established knowledge. In particular, it neglects the thermodynamic principle that one can neither create nor destroy matter. Therefore, a future where waste no longer exists, where material loops are closed, and products are recycled indefinitely is, in any practical sense, impossible. They point out that a lack of inclusion of indigenous discourses from the Global South means that the conversation is less eco-centric than it depicts itself. There is a lack of clarity as to whether the circular economy is more sustainable than the linear economy and what its social benefits might be, in particular, due to diffuse contours.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Other issues include the increasing risks of <a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">cascading failures</a> which are a feature of highly <a href="/wiki/Interdependent_networks" title="Interdependent networks">interdependent systems</a>, and have potential harm to the general public. When implemented in <a href="/wiki/Bad_faith" title="Bad faith">bad faith</a>, touted "Circular Economy" activities can often be little more than <a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">reputation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">impression management</a> for <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> purposes by large corporations and other vested interests; constituting a new form of <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a>. It may thus not be the panacea many had hoped for.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sustainability">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_life_cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Car_life_cycle.svg/220px-Car_life_cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Car_life_cycle.svg/330px-Car_life_cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Car_life_cycle.svg/440px-Car_life_cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Car life cycle</figcaption></figure> Intuitively, the circular economy would appear to be more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> than the current linear economic system. Reducing the resources used and the waste and leakage created conserves resources and helps to reduce environmental pollution. However, it is argued by some that these assumptions are simplistic and that they disregard the complexity of existing systems and their potential trade-offs. For example, the social dimension of sustainability seems to be only marginally addressed in many publications on the circular economy. Some cases that might require different or additional strategies, like purchasing new, more energy-efficient equipment. By reviewing the literature, a team of researchers from Cambridge and TU Delft showed that there are at least eight different relationship types between sustainability and the circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-Geissdoerfer_757–768-29">[29]</a> In addition, it is important to underline the innovation aspect at the heart of sustained development based on circular economy components.<a href="#cite_note-Hysa_et_al_2020-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope">Scope</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scope">edit</a>]</div> The circular economy can have a broad scope. Researchers have focused on different areas such as industrial applications with both product-oriented and natural resources and services,<a href="#cite_note-:22-52">[52]</a> practices and policies<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> to better understand the limitations that the CE currently faces, strategic management for details of the circular economy and different outcomes such as potential re-use applications<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and waste management.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The circular economy includes products, infrastructure, equipment, services<a href="#cite_note-nordicwaves.org-56">[56]</a> and buildings <a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>and applies to every industry sector. It includes 'technical' resources (metals, minerals, fossil resources) and 'biological' resources (food, fibres, timber, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[32]</a> Most schools of thought advocate a shift from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> to the use of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, and emphasize the role of diversity as a characteristic of resilient and sustainable systems. The circular economy includes a discussion of the role of money and finance as part of the wider debate, and some of its pioneers have called for a revamp of economic performance measurement tools.<a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a> One study points out how modularization could become a cornerstone to enabling a circular economy and enhancing the sustainability of energy infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> One example of a circular economy model is the implementation of renting models in traditional ownership areas (e.g., electronics, clothes, furniture, transportation). By renting the same product to several clients, manufacturers can increase revenues per unit, thus decreasing the need to produce more to increase revenues. Recycling initiatives are often described as circular economy and are likely to be the most widespread models.<a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a> According to a report of the organization "Circle economy" global implementation of circular economy can reduce global emissions by 22.8 billion tons, 39% of global emissions in the year 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Circle-13">[13]</a> By 2050, 9.3 billion metric tons ofCO2 equivalent, or almost half of the global greenhouse gas emissions from the production of goods, might be reduced by implementing circular economy strategies in only five significant industries: cement, aluminum, steel, plastics, and food. That would equal to eliminating all current emissions caused by transportation.<a href="#cite_note-ellenmacarthurfoundation.org-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1522-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> As early as 1966, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Boulding" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Boulding">Kenneth Boulding</a> raised awareness of an "open economy" with unlimited input resources and output sinks, in contrast with a "closed economy," in which resources and sinks are tied and remain as long as possible part of the economy. Boulding's essay "The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth"<a href="#cite_note-Boulding1966-61">[61]</a> is often cited as the first expression of the "circular economy",<a href="#cite_note-Allwood2014-62">[62]</a> although Boulding does not use that phrase.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The circular economy is grounded in the study of <a href="/wiki/Feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback loop">feedback</a>-rich (<a href="/wiki/Non-linear_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear system">non-linear</a>) systems, particularly <a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">living systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[32]</a> The contemporary understanding of the circular economy and its practical applications to economic systems has evolved, incorporating different features and contributions from a variety of concepts sharing the idea of closed loops. Some of the relevant theoretical influences are <a href="/wiki/Cradle_to_cradle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle to cradle">cradle to cradle</a>, laws of ecology (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner#The_Closing_Circle" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner § The Closing Circle</a>), looped and performance economy (<a href="/wiki/Walter_R._Stahel" title="Walter R. Stahel">Walter R. Stahel</a>), <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">regenerative design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">industrial ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">biomimicry</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Economy" title="The Blue Economy">blue economy</a> (see section "Related concepts").<a href="#cite_note-Geissdoerfer_757–768-29">[29]</a> The circular economy was further modelled by British environmental economists <a href="/wiki/David_W._Pearce" class="mw-redirect" title="David W. Pearce">David W. Pearce</a> and R. Kerry Turner in 1989. In Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> they pointed out that a traditional open-ended economy was developed with no built-in tendency to recycle, which was reflected by treating the environment as a waste reservoir.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Jackson_(economist)" title="Tim Jackson (economist)">Tim Jackson</a> began to create the scientific basis for this new approach to industrial production in his edited collection Clean Production Strategies,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> including chapters from preeminent writers in the field such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_R._Stahel" title="Walter R. Stahel">Walter R Stahel</a>, Bill Rees and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Costanza" title="Robert Costanza">Robert Constanza</a>. At the time still called 'preventive environmental management', his follow-on book <a href="/wiki/Material_Concerns" title="Material Concerns">Material Concerns: Pollution, Profit and Quality of Life</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> synthesized these findings into a manifesto for change, moving industrial production away from an extractive linear system towards a more circular economy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_the_idea">Emergence of the idea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emergence of the idea">edit</a>]</div> In their 1976 research report to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, "The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy," Walter Stahel and Genevieve Reday sketched the vision of an economy in loops (or a circular economy) and its impact on <a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">job creation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">economic competitiveness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resource_consumption" title="Resource consumption">resource savings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waste_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste prevention">waste prevention</a>. The report was published in 1982 as the book Jobs for Tomorrow: The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In 1982, Walter Stahel was awarded third prize in the Mitchell Prize competition on sustainable business models with his paper, The Product-Life Factor. The first prize went to the then US Secretary of Agriculture, the second prize to Amory and Hunter Lovins, and fourth prize to Peter Senge.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Considered one of the first pragmatic and credible sustainability <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a>, the main goals of Stahel's institute are to extend the working life of products, to make goods last longer, to reuse existing goods, and ultimately to prevent waste. This model emphasizes the importance of <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">selling services</a> rather than products, an idea referred to as the "functional service economy" and sometimes put under the wider notion of "performance economy." This model also advocates "more localization of economic activity".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Promoting a circular economy was identified as a national policy in <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China#Eleventh_Plan_(2006–2010)" title="Five-year plans of China">China's 11th five-year plan</a> starting in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen MacArthur Foundation">Ellen MacArthur Foundation</a> has more recently outlined the economic opportunity of a circular economy, bringing together complementary schools of thought in an attempt to create a coherent framework, thus giving the concept a wide exposure and appeal.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Most frequently described as a framework for thinking, its supporters claim it is a coherent model that has value as part of a response to the end of the era of <a href="/wiki/Oil_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price">cheap oil</a> and materials and, moreover, contributes to the transition to a <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low-carbon economy</a>. In line with this, a circular economy can contribute to meeting the COP 21 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>. The emissions reduction commitments made by 195 countries at the COP 21 Paris Agreement are not sufficient to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. To reach the 1.5 °C ambition, it is estimated that additional emissions reductions of 15 billion tonnes of CO2 per year need to be achieved by 2030. Circle Economy and Ecofys estimated that circular economy strategies may deliver emissions reductions that could bridge the gap by half.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moving_away_from_the_linear_model">Moving away from the linear model</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Moving away from the linear model">edit</a>]</div> Linear "take, make, dispose" <a href="/wiki/List_of_industrial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of industrial processes">industrial processes</a>, and the lifestyles dependent on them, use up finite reserves to create products with a finite lifespan, which end up in <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Incinerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Incinerator">incinerators</a>. The circular approach, by contrast, takes insights from living systems. It considers that our systems should work like organisms, processing nutrients that can be fed back into the cycle—whether biological or technical—hence the "closed loop" or "regenerative" terms usually associated with it. The generic circular economy label can be applied to or claimed by several different schools of thought, but all of them gravitate around the same basic principles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One prominent thinker on the topic is <a href="/wiki/Walter_R._Stahel" title="Walter R. Stahel">Walter R. Stahel</a>, an architect, economist, and founding father of industrial sustainability. Credited with having coined the expression "Cradle to Cradle" (in contrast with "Cradle to Grave," illustrating our "Resource to Waste" way of functioning), in the late 1970s, Stahel worked on developing a "closed loop" approach to production processes, co-founding the Product-Life Institute in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. In the UK, Steve D. Parker researched waste as a resource in the UK agricultural sector in 1982, developing novel closed-loop production systems. These systems mimicked and worked with the biological ecosystems they exploited.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cradle_to_Cradle">Cradle to Cradle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cradle to Cradle">edit</a>]</div> Circular economy often refers to quantities of recycled materials or reduced waste, however <a href="/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle to Cradle Design">Cradle to Cradle Design</a> focuses on quality of products including safety for humans and environmental health. Popularized by the book <a href="/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle:_Remaking_the_Way_We_Make_Things" title="Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things">Cradle to Cradle: Remaking The Way We Make Things</a>, Cradle to Cradle Design has been widely implemented by architect <a href="/wiki/William_McDonough" title="William McDonough">William McDonough</a>, who was introduced as the "father of the circular economy" while receiving the 2017 Fortune Award for Circular Economy Leadership in Davos during the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levels_of_circularity_("R"_models)">Levels of circularity ("R" models)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Levels of circularity ("R" models)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm/220px-seek%3D383-Towards_a_Circular_City.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="3470" data-mwtitle="Towards_a_Circular_City.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Towards_a_Circular_City.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:06:23,00:08:30" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:06:23,00:08:30" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm#t=00:06:23,00:08:30" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm.1080p.vp9.webm#t=00:06:23,00:08:30" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov#t=00:06:23,00:08:30" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:06:23,00:08:30" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:06:23,00:08:30" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm/Towards_a_Circular_City.webm.360p.webm#t=00:06:23,00:08:30" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cramer" title="Jacqueline Cramer">Jacqueline Cramer</a> explaining the 10R principle in Vancouver (2017)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/220px--Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="299" data-mwtitle="Circular_Economy_Explained.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Circular_Economy_Explained.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm/Circular_Economy_Explained.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Another circular model using mostly "R"s: "Long-lasting, Maintenance, Repair, Reuse, Remanufacturing, Refurbishing, Recycling."</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economie_circulaire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Economie_circulaire.png/220px-Economie_circulaire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Economie_circulaire.png/330px-Economie_circulaire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Economie_circulaire.png/440px-Economie_circulaire.png 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>A French-language model of circularity using mostly "R"s: partage (share), réparation (repair), réemploi (reemploy), remise à neuf (refurbish/renew), recyclage (recycle)</figcaption></figure> In the 2010s, several models of a circular economy were developed that employed a set of steps, or levels of circularity, typically using English verbs or nouns starting with the letter "r".<a href="#cite_note-Breteler-72">[72]</a> The first such model, known as the "Three R principle", was "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle",<a href="#cite_note-Breteler-72">[72]</a> which can be traced back as early as the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> According to Breteler (2022), the 'most comprehensive and extensive' of four compared models was the "10R principle", developed by sustainable entrepreneurship professor and former <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Spatial_Planning_and_the_Environment_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)">Dutch Environment Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cramer" title="Jacqueline Cramer">Jacqueline Cramer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Breteler-72">[72]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Levels of circularity (Breteler 2022)<a href="#cite_note-Breteler-72">[72]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>10R principle Cramer 2017<a href="#cite_note-Cramer_2017-74">[74]</a> </th> <th>Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2013<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </th> <th>Ladder of Lansink Lansink 2015<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </th> <th>Three R principle (1970s) </th> <th>Explanation (Cramer 2017)<a href="#cite_note-Cramer_2017-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Breteler-72">[72]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Refuse </td> <td>Maintain/prolong </td> <td>Prevention </td> <td rowspan="3">Reduce </td> <td>'Prevent raw materials use' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reduce </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>'Decrease raw materials use' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Renew/Redesign<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>'Redesign product in view of circularity' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reuse </td> <td>Reuse/redistribute </td> <td>Reuse </td> <td rowspan="5">Reuse </td> <td>'Use product again (second hand)' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Repair </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>'Maintain and repair product' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Refurbish </td> <td rowspan="2">Refurbish/ Remanufacture </td> <td> </td> <td>'Revive product' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Remanufacture </td> <td> </td> <td>'Make new product from second hand' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Repurpose </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>'Re-use product but with other function' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Recycle </td> <td>Recycle </td> <td>Recycling </td> <td rowspan="2">Recycle </td> <td>'Salvage material streams with highest possible value' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Recover </td> <td>Energy recovery </td> <td>Energy recovery </td> <td>'Incinerate waste with energy recovery' </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Incineration </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Landfill </td> <td>Landfill </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towards_the_circular_economy">Towards the circular economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Towards the circular economy">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, a report was released entitled Towards the Circular Economy: Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition. The report, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen MacArthur Foundation">Ellen MacArthur Foundation</a> and developed by <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a>, was the first volume of its kind<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> to consider the economic and business opportunity for the transition to a restorative, circular model. Using product case studies and economy-wide analysis, the report details the potential for significant benefits across the EU. It argues that a subset of the EU manufacturing sector could realize net materials cost savings worth up to $630 billion annually towards 2025—stimulating economic activity in the areas of product development, remanufacturing and refurbishment. Towards the Circular Economy also identified the key building blocks in making the transition to a circular economy, namely in skills in circular design and production, new business models, skills in building cascades and reverse cycles, and cross-cycle/cross-sector collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> This is supported by a case study from the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:11-81">[81]</a> highlighting the importance of integrating a circular model holistically within the entire value chain of a company, taking into account the interdependencies between the product, process, and system level.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another report by WRAP and the Green Alliance (called "Employment and the circular economy: job creation in a more resource efficient Britain"), done in 2015 has examined different public policy scenarios to 2030. It estimates that, with no policy change, 200,000 new jobs will be created, reducing unemployment by 54,000. A more aggressive policy scenario could create 500,000 new jobs and permanently reduce unemployment by 102,000.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The International Labour Organization predicts that implementing a circular economy by 2030 might result in an additional 7-8 million jobs being created globally.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1522-15">[15]</a> However, other research has also found that the adoption of circular economy principles may lead to job losses in emerging economies.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On the other hand, implementing a circular economy in the United States has been presented by Ranta et al.<a href="#cite_note-:22-52">[52]</a> who analyzed the institutional drivers and barriers for the circular economy in different regions worldwide, by following the framework developed by Scott R.<a href="#cite_note-:32-85">[85]</a> In the article, different worldwide environment-friendly institutions were selected, and two types of manufacturing processes were chosen for the analysis (1) a product-oriented, and (2) a waste management.<a href="#cite_note-:22-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-85">[85]</a> Specifically, in the U.S., the product-oriented company case in the study was <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, a US manufacturing company for computer technology, which was the first company to offer free recycling to customers and to launch to the market a computer made from recycling materials from a verified third-party source.<a href="#cite_note-:22-52">[52]</a> Moreover, the waste management case that includes many stages such as collection, disposal, recycling<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> in the study was <a href="/wiki/Republic_Services" title="Republic Services">Republic Services</a>, the second-largest waste management company in the US. The approach to defining the drivers and barriers was to first identify indicators for their cases in study and then to categorize these indicators into drivers when the indicator was in favor of the circular economy model or a barrier when it was not.<a href="#cite_note-:22-52">[52]</a> On 2 March 2022 in Nairobi, representatives of 175 countries pledged to create a legally binding agreement to end plastic pollution by the end of the year 2024. The agreement should address the full lifecycle of plastic and propose alternatives including <a href="/wiki/Reusability" title="Reusability">reusability</a>. The agreement is expected to facilitate the transition to a circular economy that will reduce GHG emissions by 25 percent, according to the published statement.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circular_product_design_and_standards">Circular product design and standards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Circular product design and standards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></div> Product designs that optimize durability, ease of maintenance and repair, upgradability, re-manufacturability, separability, disassembly, and reassembly are considered key elements for the transition toward circularity of products.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Standardization#Environmental_protection" title="Standardization">Standardization</a> can facilitate related "innovative, sustainable and competitive advantages for European businesses and consumers".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Design for standardization and compatibility would make "product parts and interfaces suitable for other products and aims at multi-functionality and modularity".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> A "Product Family Approach" has been proposed to establish "commonality, compatibility, standardization, or modularization among different products or product lines".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> It has been argued that emerging technologies should be designed with circular economy principles from the start, <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell#Recycling" title="Solar cell">including solar panels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_of_circularity_processes">Design of circularity processes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Design of circularity processes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg/220px-Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg/330px-Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg/440px-Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Not all types of recycling processes (one circularity process) have equal impact on health and sustainability.</figcaption></figure> For sustainability and health, the circularity process designs may be of crucial importance. Large amounts of electronic waste are already recycled but far from where they were consumed, with often low efficiency, and with substantial <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste#Human_health_and_safety" title="Electronic waste">negative effects on human health and the foreign environment</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Recycling should therefore "reduce environmental impacts of the overall product/service provision system assessed based on the <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life-cycle assessment</a> approach".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> One study suggests that "a mandatory certification scheme for recyclers of electronic waste, in or out of Europe, would help to incentivize high-quality treatment processes and efficient material recovery".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Digitalization may enable more efficient corporate processes and minimize waste.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circular_business_models">Circular business models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Circular business models">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Sustainable business</a></div> While the initial focus of the academic, industry, and policy activities was mainly focused on the development of re-X (recycling, remanufacturing, reuse, etc.) technology, it soon became clear that the technological capabilities increasingly exceed their implementation. To leverage this technology for the transition toward a circular economy, various stakeholders have to work together. This shifted attention towards business-model innovation as a key leverage for 'circular' technology adaption.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rheaply" title="Rheaply">Rheaply</a>, a platform that aims to scale reuse within and between organizations, is an example of a technology that focuses on asset management & disposition to support organizations transitioning to circular business models.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circular_business_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Circular_business_model.png/220px-Circular_business_model.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Circular_business_model.png/330px-Circular_business_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Circular_business_model.png/440px-Circular_business_model.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Circular business models<a href="#cite_note-Geissdoerfer2018-99">[99]</a></figcaption></figure>Circular business models can be defined as business models that are closing, narrowing, slowing, intensifying, and dematerializing loops, to minimize the resource inputs into and the waste and emission leakage out of the organizational system. This comprises recycling measures (closing), efficiency improvements (narrowing), use phase extensions (slowing), a more intense use phase (intensifying), and the substitution of products by service and software solutions (dematerializing).<a href="#cite_note-Geissdoerfer2018-99">[99]</a> These strategies can be achieved through the purposeful design of material recovery processes and related circular supply chains.<a href="#cite_note-Batista-100">[100]</a> As illustrated in the Figure, these five approaches to resource loops can also be seen as generic strategies or archetypes of circular business model innovation. The development of circular products, circular business models, and, more generally, the circular economy is conditioned upon the affordances of the materials involved, that is the enablement and constraints afforded by these materials to someone engaging with them for circular purposes.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Circular business models, as the economic model more broadly, can have different emphases and various objectives, for example: extend the life of materials and products, where possible over multiple 'use cycles'; use a 'waste = food' approach to help recover materials, and ensure those biological materials returned to earth are benign, not toxic; retain the embedded energy, water, and other process inputs in the product and the material for as long as possible; Use systems-thinking approaches in designing solutions; regenerate or at least conserve nature and living systems; push for policies, taxes and market mechanisms that encourage product stewardship, for example 'polluter pays' regulations.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Circular business models are enabled by circular supply chains. In practice, collaboration for circular supply chains can enable the creation, transfer, and/or capture of value stemming from circular business solutions. Collaboration in supply chains can extend to downstream and upstream partners, and include existing and new collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-103">[103]</a> Similarly, circular supply chain collaboration allows innovation into the circular business model, focusing on its processes, products, or services.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_circular_economy">Digital circular economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digital circular economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smart_circular_economy_framework.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Smart_circular_economy_framework.jpg/303px-Smart_circular_economy_framework.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Smart_circular_economy_framework.jpg/455px-Smart_circular_economy_framework.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Smart_circular_economy_framework.jpg/606px-Smart_circular_economy_framework.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>Smart circular economy framework<a href="#cite_note-:4-105">[105]</a></figcaption></figure> Building on circular business model innovation, <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">digital technologies</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">internet of things</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a>) are seen as a key enabler for upscaling the circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-nordicwaves.org-56">[56]</a> Also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Data_economy" title="Data economy">data economy</a>, the central role of digital technologies for accelerating the circular economy transition is emphasized within the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">Circular Economy Action Plan</a> of the European Green deal. The smart circular economy framework illustrates this by establishing a link between digital technologies and sustainable resource management.<a href="#cite_note-:4-105">[105]</a> This allows assessment of different digital circular economy strategies with their associated level of maturity, providing guidance on how to leverage data and analytics to maximize circularity (i.e., optimizing functionality and resource intensity). Supporting this, a Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for circular economy was published in the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Horizon_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2020">Horizon 2020</a> project CICERONE that puts digital technologies at the core of many key innovation fields (waste management, industrial symbiosis, products traceability).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Some researchers have emphasised a need to comply with several requirements for implementing blockchain technology in order to make circular economy a reality.<a href="#cite_note-:15-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_for_Accelerating_the_Circular_Economy_(PACE)">Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE)">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute">World Resources Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen MacArthur Foundation">Ellen MacArthur Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>, and over 40 other partners launched the Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> PACE follows on the legacy of WEF's CEO-led initiative, Project MainStream, which sought to scale up circular economy innovations.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> PACE's original intent has three focal areas: <ol><li>developing models of <a href="/wiki/Blended_finance" title="Blended finance">blended finance</a> for circular economy projects, especially in developing and emerging economies;</li> <li>creating policy frameworks to address specific barriers to advancing the circular economy; and</li> <li>promoting <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public–private partnership</a> for these purposes.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li></ol> In 2020, PACE released a report with partner Circle Economy claiming that the world is 8.6% circular, claiming all countries are "developing countries" given the unsustainable levels of consumption in countries with higher levels of human development.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> PACE is a coalition of CEOs and Ministers—including the leaders of global corporations like <a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DSM_(company)" title="DSM (company)">DSM</a>, governmental partners and development institutions from Denmark, The Netherlands, Finland, Rwanda, UAE, China, and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Initiatives currently managed under PACE include the Capital Equipment Coalition with <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> and numerous other partners<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and the Global Battery Alliance with over 70 partners.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In January 2019, PACE released a report entitled "A New Circular Vision for Electronics: Time for a Global Reboot" (in support of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/E-waste" class="mw-redirect" title="E-waste">E-waste</a> Coalition).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The coalition is hosted by a Secretariat headed by David B. McGinty, former leader of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Innovation_Fund" title="Human Development Innovation Fund">Human Development Innovation Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palladium_International" title="Palladium International">Palladium International</a>, and board member of <a href="/wiki/BoardSource" title="BoardSource">BoardSource</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Board Members include <a href="/wiki/Inger_Andersen_(environmentalist)" title="Inger Andersen (environmentalist)">Inger Andersen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_van_Houten" title="Frans van Houten">Frans van Houten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur" title="Ellen MacArthur">Ellen MacArthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa P. Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stientje_van_Veldhoven" title="Stientje van Veldhoven">Stientje van Veldhoven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circular_economy_standard_BS_8001:2017">Circular economy standard BS 8001:2017</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Circular economy standard BS 8001:2017">edit</a>]</div> To provide authoritative guidance to organizations implementing circular economy (CE) strategies, in 2017, the British Standards Institution (BSI) developed and launched the first circular economy standard "BS 8001:2017 Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The circular economy standard BS 8001:2017 tries to align the far-reaching ambitions of the CE with established business routines at the organizational level. It contains a comprehensive list of CE terms and definitions, describes the core CE principles, and presents a flexible management framework for implementing CE strategies in organizations. Little concrete guidance on circular economy monitoring and assessment is given, however, as there is no consensus yet on a set of central circular economy performance indicators applicable to organizations and individual products.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_ISO/TC_323_circular_economy_standard">Development of ISO/TC 323 circular economy standard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Development of ISO/TC 323 circular economy standard">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) established a technical <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_technical_committees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of International Organization for Standardization technical committees">committee</a>, TC 323, in the field of circular economy to develop frameworks, guidance, supporting tools, and requirements for the implementation of activities of all involved organizations, to maximize the contribution to Sustainable Development.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Four new ISO standards are under development and in the direct responsibility of the committee (consisting of 70 participating members and 11 observing members).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategic_management_in_a_circular_economy">Strategic management in a circular economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Strategic management in a circular economy">edit</a>]</div> The CE does not aim at changing the <a href="/wiki/Profit_maximization" title="Profit maximization">profit maximization</a> paradigm of businesses. Rather, it suggests an alternative way of thinking how to attain a sustained <a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">competitive advantage</a> (SCA), while concurrently addressing the environmental and socio-economic concerns of the 21st century. Indeed, stepping away from linear forms of production most often leads to the development of new core competencies along the value chain and ultimately superior performance that cuts costs, improves efficiency, promote brand names, mitigate risks, develop new products,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and meets advanced government regulations and the expectations of green consumers. But despite the multiple examples of companies successfully embracing circular solutions across industries, and notwithstanding the wealth of opportunities that exist when a firm has clarity over what circular actions fit its unique profile and goals, CE decision-making remains a highly complex exercise with no one-size-fits-all solution. The intricacy and fuzziness of the topic is still felt by most companies (especially SMEs), which perceive circular strategies as something not applicable to them or too costly and risky to implement.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> This concern is today confirmed by the results of ongoing monitoring studies like the Circular Readiness Assessment.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic management</a> is the field of <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> that comes to the rescue allowing companies to carefully evaluate CE-inspired ideas, but also to take a firm apart and investigate if/how/where seeds of circularity can be found or implanted. Prior research has identified strategic development for circularity to be a challenging process for companies, demanding multiple iterative strategic cycles.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-103">[103]</a> The book Strategic Management and the Circular Economy defined for the first time a CE strategic decision-making process,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> covering the phases of analysis, formulation, and planning. Each phase is supported by frameworks and concepts popular in management consulting—like <a href="/wiki/Concept_map" title="Concept map">idea tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_chain" title="Value chain">value chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/VRIO" title="VRIO">VRIE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porter%27s_five_forces_analysis" title="Porter's five forces analysis">Porter's five forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/PEST_analysis" title="PEST analysis">PEST</a>, <a href="/wiki/SWOT_analysis" title="SWOT analysis">SWOT</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> strategic clock, or the <a href="/wiki/Internationalization" title="Internationalization">internationalization</a> matrix—all adapted through a CE lens, hence revealing new sets of questions and considerations. Although yet to be verified, it is argued that all standard tools for strategic management can and should be calibrated and applied to a CE. A specific argument has already been made for the strategy direction matrix of product vs market and the <a href="/wiki/GE_multifactorial_analysis" title="GE multifactorial analysis">3 × 3 GE-McKinsey matrix</a> to assess business strength vs industry attractiveness, the <a href="/wiki/Growth%E2%80%93share_matrix" title="Growth–share matrix">BCG matrix</a> of market share vs industry growth rate, and Kraljic's portfolio matrix.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engineering_the_Circular_Life_cycle">Engineering the Circular Life cycle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Engineering the Circular Life cycle">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/File:Figure_3_The_engineering_life_cycle_for_a_complex_engineering_system_Rebecca_Meldrum_SAE_International_2023010988.png" title="File:Figure 3 The engineering life cycle for a complex engineering system Rebecca Meldrum SAE International 2023010988.png">engineering lifecycle</a> is a well-established approach in the design and systems engineering of complex and certified systems. It refers to the series of stages that a complex engineered product passes through, from initial concept and design through production, use, and end-of-life management. The approach is commonly used in heavy manufacturing and heavily regulated industries (for example aviation). <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_3_The_engineering_life_cycle_for_a_complex_engineering_system_Rebecca_Meldrum_SAE_International_2023010988.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Figure 3: The engineering life cycle for a complex engineering system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Figure_3_The_engineering_life_cycle_for_a_complex_engineering_system_Rebecca_Meldrum_SAE_International_2023010988.png/300px-Figure_3_The_engineering_life_cycle_for_a_complex_engineering_system_Rebecca_Meldrum_SAE_International_2023010988.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Figure_3_The_engineering_life_cycle_for_a_complex_engineering_system_Rebecca_Meldrum_SAE_International_2023010988.png/450px-Figure_3_The_engineering_life_cycle_for_a_complex_engineering_system_Rebecca_Meldrum_SAE_International_2023010988.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Figure_3_The_engineering_life_cycle_for_a_complex_engineering_system_Rebecca_Meldrum_SAE_International_2023010988.png/600px-Figure_3_The_engineering_life_cycle_for_a_complex_engineering_system_Rebecca_Meldrum_SAE_International_2023010988.png 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Complex and certified engineering systems, however, include many of the smaller products encountered on a daily basis, for example bicycles and household appliances. Implementing the principles of circularity requires all engineering design teams to take a lifecycle approach to the product. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Circular_Lifecycle_for_Complex_Engineering_Systems">The Circular Lifecycle for Complex Engineering Systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Circular Lifecycle for Complex Engineering Systems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_4_Engineering_the_Circular_Lifecycle_A_conceptual_framework_for_applying_engineering_principles_for_circularity_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="'Engineering the Circular Life Cycle: For Complex and Certified Systems. A framework for applying engineering principles to design and innovate for circularity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Figure_4_Engineering_the_Circular_Lifecycle_A_conceptual_framework_for_applying_engineering_principles_for_circularity_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Figure_4_Engineering_the_Circular_Lifecycle_A_conceptual_framework_for_applying_engineering_principles_for_circularity_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Figure_4_Engineering_the_Circular_Lifecycle_A_conceptual_framework_for_applying_engineering_principles_for_circularity_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="2677" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>'Engineering the Circular Life Cycle: For Complex and Certified Systems. A framework for applying engineering principles to design and innovate for circularity.</figcaption></figure> Building on both the engineering lifecycle and the principles of the circular economy, the Circular Lifecycle for Complex Engineering Systems newly established framework, "<a href="/wiki/File:Figure_4_Engineering_the_Circular_Lifecycle_A_conceptual_framework_for_applying_engineering_principles_for_circularity_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png" title="File:Figure 4 Engineering the Circular Lifecycle A conceptual framework for applying engineering principles for circularity SAE INTERNATIONAL MELDRUM REBECCA 2023010988.png">Circular Lifecycle for Complex Engineering Systems</a>", forms the core of this approach. This framework advocates for a reassessment of recognized engineering disciplines with an emphasis on integrating less familiar circular principles. It particularly focuses on designing to meet user needs, the application of established engineering disciplines to achieve product longevity, engineering for the transition to renewable energy sources, and maximizing value generation from waste.<a href="#cite_note-:16-138">[138]</a> As with the traditional engineering lifecycle, this approach can be applied to all engineering systems, with the depth of activity tailored depending on the complexity of the product. and can incorporate multiple inter requiring planning, substantial resource consumption, and prolonged service lifetimes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lifecycle-Value_Stream_Matrix">Lifecycle-Value Stream Matrix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lifecycle-Value Stream Matrix">edit</a>]</div> The key to implementing the circular lifecycle for complex engineering systems is ensuring the engineering design team have a solid understanding of the product's ecosystem. The <a href="/wiki/File:The_life_cycle_-_value_stream_matrix_for_a_complex_engineering_systems_DESIGNING_AND_INNOVATING_FOR_CIRCULARITY_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png" title="File:The life cycle - value stream matrix for a complex engineering systems DESIGNING AND INNOVATING FOR CIRCULARITY SAE INTERNATIONAL MELDRUM REBECCA 2023010988.png">Lifecycle-Value Stream Matrix for complex and certified circular systems</a> assists engineers and product design teams in visualizing the product's ecosystem more effectively. It enables engineers to map the intricate ecosystem surrounding their products, leading to the identification of potential strategic partners and novel opportunities for technology and service innovation. The matrix captures the value stream for various suppliers, providing increasing levels of complexity in products and services. It is important to note that these suppliers will change throughout the life cycle. In the design phase of the complex engineering system, traditionally, the system-level suppliers would only be those suppliers who are integrating the engineering system itself. Later in the life cycle, the initial systems-level suppliers will be joined by other suppliers operating at a systems level, who may deliver products and services that facilitate the operation and usage of the initial engineering system.<a href="#cite_note-:16-138">[138]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_life_cycle_-_value_stream_matrix_for_a_complex_engineering_systems_DESIGNING_AND_INNOVATING_FOR_CIRCULARITY_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_life_cycle_-_value_stream_matrix_for_a_complex_engineering_systems_DESIGNING_AND_INNOVATING_FOR_CIRCULARITY_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png/220px-The_life_cycle_-_value_stream_matrix_for_a_complex_engineering_systems_DESIGNING_AND_INNOVATING_FOR_CIRCULARITY_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_life_cycle_-_value_stream_matrix_for_a_complex_engineering_systems_DESIGNING_AND_INNOVATING_FOR_CIRCULARITY_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png/330px-The_life_cycle_-_value_stream_matrix_for_a_complex_engineering_systems_DESIGNING_AND_INNOVATING_FOR_CIRCULARITY_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_life_cycle_-_value_stream_matrix_for_a_complex_engineering_systems_DESIGNING_AND_INNOVATING_FOR_CIRCULARITY_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png/440px-The_life_cycle_-_value_stream_matrix_for_a_complex_engineering_systems_DESIGNING_AND_INNOVATING_FOR_CIRCULARITY_SAE_INTERNATIONAL_MELDRUM_REBECCA_2023010988.png 2x" data-file-width="2537" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The life cycle - value stream matrix for a complex engineering system.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circular_Engineering_Lifecycle_Implementation_Challenges_and_Opportunities">Circular Engineering Lifecycle Implementation Challenges and Opportunities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Circular Engineering Lifecycle Implementation Challenges and Opportunities">edit</a>]</div> Adopting an engineering circular lifecycle approach undeniably brings a considerable set of challenges. Complex engineering systems, especially those with extended lifecycles and intricate safety and certification governance frameworks, may encounter difficulties while transitioning to renewable energy sources. However, the circular lifecycle concept is adaptable to a broad range of manufactured and engineered products, affirming its universal applicability. The primary challenge within organizations will be a mindset shift and establishment of these innovative methodologies. Despite these hurdles, the implementation of this engineering lifecycle approach holds enormous potential for both consumers and businesses. This is especially true when a collaborative, through-life service approach is applied, highlighting the vast economic opportunities that can arise from embracing circularity in engineering lifecycles.<a href="#cite_note-:16-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption_and_applications_by_industry">Adoption and applications by industry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Adoption and applications by industry">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textile_industry">Textile industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Textile industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Circular_fashion" title="Circular fashion">Circular fashion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion#Recycled_clothing" title="Sustainable fashion">Sustainable fashion § Recycled clothing</a></div> A circular economy within the textiles industry refers to the practice of clothes and fibers continually being recycled, to re-enter the economy as much as possible rather than ending up as waste.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A circular textile economy is in response to the current linear model of the fashion industry, "in which raw materials are extracted, manufactured into commercial goods, and then bought, used, and eventually discarded by consumers" (Business of Fashion, 2017).<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> '<a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">Fast fashion</a>' companies have fueled the high rates of consumption which further magnify the issues of a linear system. "The take-make-dispose model not only leads to an <a href="/wiki/Economic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic value">economic value</a> loss of over $500 billion per year but also has numerous negative environmental and societal impacts" (Business of Fashion, 2018).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Such environmental effects include tons of clothing ending up in landfills and incineration, while the societal effects put human rights at risk. A documentary about the world of fashion, The True Cost (2015),<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> explained that in fast fashion, "wages, unsafe conditions, and factory disasters are all excused because of the needed jobs they create for people with no alternatives." This shows that fast fashion is harming the planet in more ways than one by running on a linear system.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is argued that by following a circular economy, the textile industry can be transformed into a sustainable business. A 2017 report, "A New Textiles Economy,"<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> stated the four key ambitions needed to establish a circular economy: "phasing out substances of concern and microfiber release; transforming the way clothes are designed, sold, and used to break free from their increasingly disposable nature; radically improving recycling by transforming clothing design, collection, and reprocessing; and making effective use of resources and moving to renewable input." While it may sound like a simple task, only a handful of designers in the fashion industry have taken charge, including <a href="/wiki/Patagonia_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patagonia (clothing)">Patagonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Fisher" title="Eileen Fisher">Eileen Fisher</a>, Nathalia JMag, and <a href="/wiki/Stella_McCartney" title="Stella McCartney">Stella McCartney</a>. An example of a circular economy within a fashion brand is Eileen Fisher's Tiny Factory, in which customers are encouraged to bring their worn clothing to be manufactured and resold. In a 2018 interview,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Fisher explained, "A big part of the problem with fashion is <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a>. We need to make less and sell less. You get to use your creativity but you also get to sell more but not create more stuff."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Circular initiatives, such as clothing rental start-ups, are also getting more and more highlight in the EU and in the US as well. Operating with circular business model, rental services offer everyday fashion, baby wear, maternity wear for rent. The companies either offer flexible pricing in a 'pay as you rent' model like Palanta does,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> or offer fixed monthly subscriptions such as <a href="/wiki/Rent_the_Runway" title="Rent the Runway">Rent The Runway</a> or <a href="/wiki/Le_Tote" title="Le Tote">Le Tote</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Both China and Europe have taken the lead in pushing a circular economy. McDowall et al. 2017 stated that the "Chinese perspective on the circular economy is broad, incorporating pollution and other issues alongside waste and resource concerns, [while] Europe's conception of the circular economy has a narrower environmental scope, focusing on waste and resources and opportunities for business".<a href="#cite_note-McDowall_et_al_2017-145">[145]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_supply_chain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Circular economy in construction industry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Construction_supply_chain.jpg/369px-Construction_supply_chain.jpg" decoding="async" width="369" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Construction_supply_chain.jpg/554px-Construction_supply_chain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Construction_supply_chain.jpg/738px-Construction_supply_chain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Circular economy in the construction supply chain<a href="#cite_note-:15-109">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_industry">Construction industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Construction industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction_(building)" title="Deconstruction (building)">Deconstruction (building)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Concrete_recycling" title="Concrete recycling">Concrete recycling</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modular_construction_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Modular construction systems">Modular construction systems</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Construction#Industry_scale_and_characteristics" title="Construction">construction</a> sector is one of the world's largest waste generators. The circular economy appears as a helpful solution to diminish the environmental impact of the industry. Construction is very important to the economy of the European Union and its state members. It provides 18 million direct jobs and contributes to about 9% of the EU's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The main causes of the construction's environmental impact are found in the consumption of non-renewable resources and the generation of contaminant residues, both of which are increasing at an accelerating pace.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In the European Union alone, people and companies generate more than 2 billion tonnes of garbage year, or 4.8 tonnes per person, mostly from the building, mining, and manufacturing sectors.<a href="#cite_note-:1522-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Each individual in Europe generates half a tonne of municipal garbage annually, less than half of which gets recycled.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Cement production accounts for 2.4% of worldwide CO2 emissions from industrial and energy sources.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Decision making about the circular economy can be performed on the operational (connected with particular parts of the production process), tactical (connected with whole processes) and strategic (connected with the whole organization) levels. It may concern both construction companies as well as construction projects (where a construction company is one of the <a href="/wiki/Project_stakeholder" title="Project stakeholder">stakeholders</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">End-of-life buildings</a> can be deconstructed, hereby creating new construction elements that can be used for creating new buildings and <a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">freeing up space for new development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Modular construction systems can be useful to create new buildings in the future, and have the advantage of allowing easier deconstruction and reuse of the components afterwards (end-of-life buildings).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another example that fits the idea of circular economy in the construction sector on the operational level, there can be pointed <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a> husks, that belong to hard, light and natural <a href="/wiki/Abrasives" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasives">abrasives</a> used for example in cleaning brick surfaces. Abrasive grains are produced from crushed, cleaned and selected walnut shells. They are classified as reusable abrasives. A first attempt to measure the success of circular economy implementation was done in a construction company.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The circular economy can contribute to creating new posts and economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> According to Gorecki,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> one of such posts may be the Circular economy manager employed for construction projects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive_industry">Automotive industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Automotive industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecoleasing" title="Ecoleasing">Ecoleasing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">Vehicle recycling</a></div> The circular economy is beginning to catch on inside the automotive industry.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> A case study within the heavy-duty and off-road industry<a href="#cite_note-:11-81">[81]</a> analyses the implementation of circular practices into a lean manufacturing context, the currently dominant production strategy in automotive. Lean has continuously shown to increase efficiency by eliminating waste and focusing on customer value,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> contributing to eco-efficiency by narrowing resource loops. However, other measures are needed to slow down and close the resource loops altogether and reach eco-effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The study finds significant potentials by combining the lean and the circular approach, to not only focus on the product and process levels (eco-efficiency), but also on the system perspective (eco-effectiveness).<a href="#cite_note-:11-81">[81]</a> There are also incentives for carmakers to do so as a 2016 report by Accenture stated that the circular economy could redefine competitiveness in the automotive sector in terms of price, quality, and convenience and could double revenue by 2030 and lower the cost base by up to fourteen percent. So far, it has typically translated itself into using parts made from recycled materials,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> remanufacturing of car parts and looking at the <a href="/wiki/Ecodesign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecodesign">design of new cars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Remanufacturing is currently limited to provide spare parts, where a common use is remanufacturing gearboxes, which has the potential of reducing the global warming potential (CO2-eq) by 36% compared to a newly manufactured one.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> With the vehicle recycling industry (in the EU) only being able to recycle just 75% of the vehicle, meaning 25% is not recycled and may end up in <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> there is much to improve here. In the electric vehicle industry, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">disassembly robots</a> are used to help disassemble the vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In the EU's ETN-Demeter project (European Training Network for the Design and Recycling of Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators in Hybrid and Full Electric Vehicles)<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> they are looking at the sustainable design issue. They are for example making designs of electric motors of which the magnets can be easily removed for recycling the rare earth metals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some car manufacturers such as Volvo are also looking at alternative ownership models (leasing from the automotive company; "Care by Volvo").<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics_industry">Logistics industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Logistics industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Circular_economy" title="Talk:Circular economy">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (December 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The logistics industry plays an important role in the Dutch economy because the Netherlands is located in a specific area where the transit of commodities takes place on a daily basis. The Netherlands is an example of a country from the EU that has increasingly moved towards incorporating a circular economy given the vulnerability of the Dutch economy (as well as other EU countries) to be highly dependable on raw materials imports from countries such as China, which makes the country susceptible to the unpredictable importation costs for such primary goods.<a href="#cite_note-:log-168">[168]</a> Research related to the Dutch industry shows that 25% of the Dutch companies are knowledgeable and interested in a circular economy; furthermore, this number increases to 57% for companies with more than 500 employees. Some of the areas are chemical industries, wholesale trade, industry and agriculture, forestry and fisheries because they see a potential reduction of costs when reusing, recycling and reducing raw materials imports. In addition, logistic companies can enable a connection to a circular economy by providing customers incentives to reduce costs through shipment and route optimization, as well as, offering services such as prepaid shipping labels, smart packaging, and take-back options.<a href="#cite_note-:log-168">[168]</a> The shift from linear flows of packaging to circular flows as encouraged by the circular economy is critical for the sustainable performance and reputation of the packaging industry.<a href="#cite_note-Batista-100">[100]</a> The government-wide program for a circular economy is aimed at developing a circular economy in the Netherlands by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Several statistics have indicated that there will be an increase in freight transport worldwide, which will affect the environmental impacts of the <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> causing a challenge to the logistics industry. However, the Dutch council for the Environment and Infrastructure (Dutch acronym: Rli) provided a new framework in which it suggests that the logistics industry can provide other ways to add value to the different activities in the Dutch economy. Examples of adding value in innovative ways to the Dutch economy are an exchange of resources (either waste or water flows) for production from different industries and changing the transit port to a transit hub concept. The Rli studied the role of the potentials of the logistics industry for three sectors, agriculture and food, chemical industries and high tech industries.<a href="#cite_note-:log-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Circular_economy" title="Talk:Circular economy">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (October 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There has been widespread adoption of circular economic models in agriculture which is essential to global food security and to help mitigate against climate change, however there are also potential risks to human and environmental health from contaminants remaining in recycled water or organic material.<a href="#cite_note-:2-170">[170]</a> These risks can be mitigated by addressing three specific issues that will also depend on the local context. These are contaminant monitoring, collection, transport, and treatment, and regulation and policy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-170">[170]</a> The Netherlands, aiming to have a completely circular economy by 2050,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> intends a shift to circular agriculture <a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> as part of this plan. This shift plans on having a "sustainable and strong agriculture" by as early as 2030.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Changes in the Dutch laws and regulations will be introduced. Some key points in this plant include: <ul><li>closing the fodder-manure cycle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">reusing</a> as much waste streams as possible (a team Reststromen will be appointed)</li> <li>reducing the use of artificial fertilizers in favor of natural manure</li> <li>providing the chance for farms within experimentation areas to deviate from law and regulations</li> <li>implementing uniform methods to measure the <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a></li> <li>providing the opportunity to agricultural entrepreneurs to sign an agreement with the Staatsbosbeheer ("State forest management") to have it use the lands they lease for natuurinclusieve landbouw ("nature-inclusive management")</li> <li>providing initiatives to increase the earnings of farmers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Furniture_industry">Furniture industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Furniture industry">edit</a>]</div> When it comes to the furniture industry, most of the products are passive durable products, and accordingly implementing strategies and business models that extend the lifetime of the products (like repairing and remanufacturing) would usually have lower environmental impacts and lower costs.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Companies such as GGMS are supporting a circular approach to furniture by refurbishing and reupholstering items for reuse.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The EU has seen a huge potential for implementing a circular economy in the furniture sector. Currently, out of 10,000,000 tonnes of annually discarded furniture in the EU, most of it ends up in landfills or is incinerated. There is a potential increase of €4.9 billion in Gross Value Added by switching to a circular model by 2030, and 163,300 jobs could be created.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> A study about the status of Danish furniture companies' efforts on a circular economy states that 44% of the companies included maintenance in their business models, 22% had take-back schemes, and 56% designed furniture for recycling. The authors of the study concluded that although a circular furniture economy in Denmark is gaining momentum, furniture companies lack knowledge on how to effectively transition, and the need to change the business model could be another barrier.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Another report in the UK saw a huge potential for reuse and recycling in the furniture sector. The study concluded that around 42% of the bulk waste sent to landfills annually (1.6 million tonnes) is furniture. They also found that 80% of the raw material in the production phase is waste.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas_industry">Oil and gas industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Oil and gas industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform#Repurposing" title="Oil platform">Oil platform § Repurposing</a></div> Between 2020 and about 2050, the oil and gas sector will have to decommission 600 installations in the UK alone. Over the next decade around 840,000 tonnes of materials will have to be recovered at an estimated cost of £25Bn. In 2017 North Sea oil and gas decommissioning became a net drain on the public purse. With UK taxpayers covering 50–70% of the bill, discussion of the most economic, social and environmentally beneficial decommissioning solutions for the general public may lead to financial benefits.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Organizations such as Zero Waste Scotland have conducted studies to identify areas with reuse potential, allowing equipment to continue life in other industries, or to be redeployed for oil and gas.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy_industry">Renewable energy industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Renewable energy industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a></div> Oil and gas energy resources are incompatible with the idea of a circular economy, since they are defined as "development that meets the needs of the present while compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> A sustainable circular economy can only be powered by renewable energies, such as wind, solar, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, and geothermal.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> What gives entities the ability to achieve 'net zero' carbon-emissions, is that they can offset their fossil fuel consumption by removing carbon from the atmosphere. While this is a necessary first step, global smart grid technologist, Steve Hoy, believes that in order to create a circular economy we should adapt the concept of 'True Zero' as opposed to 'net zero', which is eliminating fossil fuel consumption entirely so that all energy is produced from renewable sources.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Current growth projections in the renewable energy industry expect a significant amount of energy and raw materials to manufacture and maintain these renewable systems. "Due to the emissions attributed to fossil-fuel electricity generation, the overall carbon footprint of renewable energy technologies is significantly lower than for fossil-fuel generation over the respective systems lifespan."<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> However, there are still linear trajectories when establishing renewable energy systems that should be assessed in order to fully transition to a circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-Reuter-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_industry">Education industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Education industry">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, The Ellen MacArthur Foundation identified 138 institutions with circular economy course offerings.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Since then the theme of CE topics in teaching has been incorporated at a steadily increasing pace, with plans for adoption at university, city, and country wide levels.<a href="#cite_note-emf.thirdlight.com-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Circular_economy_in_education-188">[188]</a> Zero Waste Scotland is an example of a country wide program that plans to implement CE into the Scottish education system through the "YES Circular Economy Challenge" which advocates that "every learning environment should have a whole-environment approach to learning for sustainability that is robust, demonstrable, evaluated and supported by leadership at all levels".<a href="#cite_note-Circular_economy_in_education-188">[188]</a> A 2021 report by the EMF compares London and New York CE course offerings and finds that there is not a "whole-environment" representation when it comes to different CE topics, with an element of the technical CE cycle being covered in 90% and element of the biological cycle covered in 50% of the 80 analyzed circular economy courses.<a href="#cite_note-emf.thirdlight.com-187">[187]</a> The EMF looks critically at the distribution of CE courses and researchers at Utrecht University Julian Kirchherr and Laura Piscicelli analyze the success of their introductory CE course in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344919303015#!">Towards an Education for the Circular Economy (ECE): Five Teaching Principles and a Case Study</a>". With 114 published definitions for the Circular Economy, synthesis and collaboration, previously exemplified, could benefit and popularize CE application in higher education.<a href="#cite_note-emf.thirdlight.com-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_waste_management">Plastic waste management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Plastic waste management">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution#Circular_economy_policies" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution#Circular economy policies</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plastic_pollution&action=edit#Circular_economy_policies">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plastic_pollution&action=history#Circular_economy_policies">history</a>)</div> Laws related to recyclability, waste management, domestic materials recovery facilities, product composition, biodegradability and prevention of import/export of specific wastes may support prevention of plastic pollution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A study considers producer/manufacturer responsibility "a practical approach toward addressing the issue of plastic pollution", suggesting that "Existing and adopted policies, legislations, regulations, and initiatives at global, regional, and national level play a vital role".<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709-189">[189]</a> Standardization of products, especially of packaging<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] which are, as of 2022, often composed of different materials (each and across products) that are hard or currently impossible to either separate or recycle together in general or in an automated way<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> could support recyclability and recycling. For instance, there are systems that can theoretically <a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">distinguish between and sort</a> 12 types of plastics such as PET using <a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging" title="Hyperspectral imaging">hyperspectral imaging</a> and algorithms developed via <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> while only an estimated 9% of the estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic waste from the 1950s up to 2018 has been recycled (12% has been incinerated and the rest reportedly being "dumped in landfills or the natural environment").<a href="#cite_note-economist.com-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rare-earth_elements_recovery">Rare-earth elements recovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Rare-earth elements recovery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element#Recycling_and_reusing_REEs" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth element#Recycling and reusing REEs</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rare-earth_element&action=edit#Recycling_and_reusing_REEs">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rare-earth_element&action=history#Recycling_and_reusing_REEs">history</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circular economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy#Conservation_areas,_recycling_and_rare-earth_elements" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy § Conservation areas, recycling and rare-earth elements</a></div> The rare-earth elements (REEs) are vital to modern technologies and society and are amongst the most critical elements. Despite this, typically only around 1% of REEs are recycled from end-products.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Recycling and reusing REEs is not easy: these elements are mostly present in tiny amounts in small electronic parts and they are difficult to separate chemically.<a href="#cite_note-Balaram2019-198">[198]</a> For example, recovery of neodymium requires manual disassembly of hard disk drives because shredding the drives only recovers 10% of the REE.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> REE recycling and reuse have been increasingly focused on in recent years. The main concerns include environmental pollution during REE recycling and increasing recycling efficiency. Literature published in 2004 suggests that, along with previously established pollution mitigation, a more circular supply chain would help mitigate some of the pollution at the extraction point. This means recycling and reusing REEs that are already in use or reaching the end of their life cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Ali_123–134-200">[200]</a> A study published in 2014 suggests a method to recycle REEs from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries, demonstrating a recovery rate of 95.16%.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Rare-earth elements could also be recovered from industrial wastes with practical potential to reduce environmental and health impacts from mining, waste generation, and imports if known and experimental processes are scaled up.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> A study suggests that "fulfillment of the circular economy approach could reduce up to 200 times the impact <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">in the climate change category</a> and up to 70 times the cost due to the REE mining."<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In most of the reported studies reviewed by a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific review">scientific review</a>, "secondary waste is subjected to chemical and or bioleaching followed by solvent extraction processes for clean separation of REEs."<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Currently, people take two essential resources into consideration for the secure supply of REEs: one is to extract REEs from primary resources like mines harboring REE-bearing ores, regolith-hosted clay deposits,<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> ocean bed sediments, coal fly ash,<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> etc. A work developed a green system for recovery of REEs from coal fly ash by using citrate and oxalate who are strong organic ligand and capable of complexing or precipItating with REE.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The other one is from secondary resources such as electronic, industrial waste and municipal waste. E-waste contains a significant concentration of REEs, and thus is the primary option for REE recycling now[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]. According to a study, approximately 50 million metric tons of electronic waste are dumped in landfills worldwide each year. Despite the fact that e-waste contains a significant amount of rare-earth elements (REE), only 12.5% of e-waste is currently being recycled for all metals.<a href="#cite_note-Balaram2019-198">[198]</a> One study suggests that by 2050, up to 40 to 75% of the EU's clean energy metal needs could come from local recycling.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> A study estimates losses of 61 metals, showing that use spans of, often scarce, <a href="/wiki/Technology-critical_element" title="Technology-critical element">tech-critical metals</a> are short.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> A study using <a href="/wiki/Project_Drawdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Drawdown">Project Drawdown</a>'s modeling framework indicates that, even without considering costs or bottlenecks of expansion of renewable energy generation, metal recycling can lead to significant <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_chemicals" title="Regulation of chemicals">Regulation of chemicals</a></div> Researchers have developed recycling-routes for 200 industrial <a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">waste chemicals</a> into important drugs and agrochemicals, for productive reuse that reduces disposal costs and hazards to the environment.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> A study has called for new molecules and materials for products with open-environmental applications, such as pesticides, that can be neither circulated nor recycled and provides a set of guidelines on how to integrate chemistry into a circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circular_developments_around_the_world">Circular developments around the world</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Circular developments around the world">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Already since 2006, the European Union has been concerned about environmental transition issues by translating this into directives and regulations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Three important laws can be mentioned in this regard:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Ecodesign_Directive" title="European Ecodesign Directive">Ecodesign Framework Directive</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Waste_framework_directive" title="Waste framework directive">Waste Framework Directive</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals Regulation</a></li></ul> On 17 December 2012, the European Commission published a document entitled "Manifesto for a Resource Efficient Europe".<a href="#cite_note-:5-216">[216]</a> In July 2014, a zero-waste program for Europe has been put in place aiming at the circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Since then, several documents on this subject have been published. The following table summarizes the various European reports and legislation on the circular economy that have been developed between 2014 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:7-218">[218]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_1_-_Core_set_of_circular_economy_policy_documents_and_reports.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Table_1_-_Core_set_of_circular_economy_policy_documents_and_reports.png/645px-Table_1_-_Core_set_of_circular_economy_policy_documents_and_reports.png" decoding="async" width="645" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Table_1_-_Core_set_of_circular_economy_policy_documents_and_reports.png/968px-Table_1_-_Core_set_of_circular_economy_policy_documents_and_reports.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Table_1_-_Core_set_of_circular_economy_policy_documents_and_reports.png/1290px-Table_1_-_Core_set_of_circular_economy_policy_documents_and_reports.png 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>In addition to the above legislation, the EU has amended the Eco-design Working Plan to add circularity criteria and has enacted eco-design regulations with circular economy components for 7 product types (refrigerators, dishwashers, electronic displays, washing machines, welding equipment and servers and data storage products).<a href="#cite_note-:12-219">[219]</a> These eco-design regulations are aimed at increasing the reparability of products by improving the availability of spare parts and manuals.<a href="#cite_note-:12-219">[219]</a> At the same time, the European research budget related to the circular economy has increased considerably in the last few years: it has reached 964 million euros between 2018 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:7-218">[218]</a> In total, the European Union has invested 10 billion euros on Circular Economy projects between 2016 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:12-219">[219]</a> One waste atlas aggregates some data about waste management of countries and cities, albeit the data is very limited.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The "Circularity Gap Report" indicates that "out of all the minerals, biomass, fossil fuels and metals that enter the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world's economy</a>, only 8.6 percent are reused".<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission's</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">Circular Economy Action Plan</a> has resulted in a wide range of projects, with an emphasis on waste and material sustainability, as well as the circularity of consumer items. Despite a huge number of EU legislative measures, the European Union's circularity rate was 11.5% in 2022 and is slowing down currently.<a href="#cite_note-:201-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programs">Programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Programs">edit</a>]</div> The "Manifesto for a Resource Efficient Europe" of 2012 clearly stated that "In a world with growing pressures on resources and the environment, the EU has no choice but to go for the transition to a resource-efficient and ultimately regenerative circular economy."<a href="#cite_note-:5-216">[216]</a> Furthermore, the document highlighted the importance of "a systemic change in the use and recovery of resources in the economy" in ensuring future jobs and competitiveness, and outlined potential pathways to a circular economy, in innovation and investment, regulation, tackling harmful subsidies, increasing opportunities for new business models, and setting clear targets.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/European_environmental_research_and_innovation_policy" title="European environmental research and innovation policy">European environmental research and innovation policy</a> aims at supporting the transition to a circular economy in Europe, defining and driving the implementation of a transformative agenda to green the economy and the society as a whole, to achieve a truly <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. Research and innovation in Europe are financially supported by the program <a href="/wiki/Horizon_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2020">Horizon 2020</a>, which is also open to participation worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Circular economy is found to play an important role to economic growth of European Countries, highlighting the crucial role of sustainability, innovation, and investment in no-waste initiatives to promote wealth.<a href="#cite_note-Hysa_et_al_2020-51">[51]</a> The European Union plans for a circular economy are spearheaded by its 2018 Circular Economy Package.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Historically, the policy debate in Brussels mainly focused on waste management which is the second half of the cycle, and very little is said about the first half: <a href="/wiki/Eco-design" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-design">eco-design</a>. To draw the attention of policymakers and other stakeholders to this loophole, the Ecothis, an EU campaign was launched raising awareness about the economic and environmental consequences of not including eco-design as part of the circular economy package.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2020, the European Union released its <a href="/wiki/Circular_Economy_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular Economy Action Plan">Circular Economy Action Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Closing_the_loop"_(December_2015_–_2018)">"Closing the loop" (December 2015 – 2018)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: "Closing the loop" (December 2015 – 2018)">edit</a>]</div> This first circular economy Action Plan consisted of 54 measures to strengthen Europe's global competitiveness, promote sustainable economic growth and create more jobs.<a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-228">[228]</a> Among these 54 measures, for example, is the importance of optimizing the use of raw materials, products and waste in order to create energy savings and reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. The main goal being in this respect to lead to the development of a framework conducive to the circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-228">[228]</a> In addition, the development of this Action Plan was also intended to enable the development of a new market for secondary raw materials. Concretely, here are the principal areas concerned by the Action Plan:<a href="#cite_note-McDowall_et_al_2017-145">[145]</a> <ul><li>Production</li> <li>Consumption</li> <li>Waste Management</li> <li>Boosting markets for secondary materials</li> <li>Innovation, investment and 'horizontal' measures</li> <li>Monitoring progress</li></ul> The Action plan was also a way to integrate a policy framework, an integration of existing policies and legal instruments. It includes notably some amendments.<a href="#cite_note-McDowall_et_al_2017-145">[145]</a> As a matter of fact, the implementation of this new plan was supported by the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC). This support included in-depth consultation.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circular_Economy_Action_Plan_of_2020">Circular Economy Action Plan of 2020</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Circular Economy Action Plan of 2020">edit</a>]</div> This new action was adopted by the European Commission in March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:6-230">[230]</a> A total of 574 out of 751 MEPs voted in favour of the action plan.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> It focuses on better management of resource-intensive industries, waste reduction, zero-carbonization and standardization of sustainable products in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:6-230">[230]</a> Prior to the development of this new action plan, we can also mention the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">Green Deal</a> of 2019, which integrated ecological and environmental ambitions to make Europe a carbon-neutral continent. On 10 February 2021, the European Parliament submitted its proposals to the Circular Economic Action Plan (CEAP) of the commission, highlighting five major areas in particular.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Those are the following: <ul><li>Batteries</li> <li>Construction and Buildings</li> <li>ICT</li> <li>Plastics</li> <li>Textiles</li></ul> Two additional sectors on which the CEAP focuses could be added: packaging & food and water.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries_ranking">Countries ranking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Countries ranking">edit</a>]</div> The European leaders in terms of circular economy are designated mostly by their current efforts for a shift towards circular economy but also by their objectives and the means implemented in this shift. It remains difficult to precisely rank how countries score in terms of circular economy, given the many principles and aspects of it and how differently one single country can score in each of these principles but some tendencies do appear in the average score, when combining the principles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: the government aims to reuse 50% of all materials as far as possible by 2030<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> and to convert waste into reusable materials anywhere it is possible. The next goal is then to make the country shift towards a 100% waste-free economy by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-:8-235">[235]</a> These objectives were all set from 2016 to 2019 in a series of programs for a governmental circular economy, raw materials agreements and transition agendas focusing on the five most important sectors for waste: biomass and food, plastics, manufacturing industry, construction and consumer goods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Germany is a leader in some aspects of circular economy, like waste management and recycling.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> is also adding several texts and measures for a better circular economy in the country such as the roadmap for circular economy in 2018, consisting of 50 measures for a successful transition to circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is also a consequent actor in the field. It scored second in the circular material use rate, before France but after the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-:02-238">[238]</a> In the other principles of circular economy, it usually scores in the top 5.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> Other notable countries are Italy, the United Kingdom, Austria, Slovenia, and Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-:02-238">[238]</a> Outside the EU, countries such as <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> are working on the shift towards it.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Most countries that are in the lead in the field of circular economy are European countries, meaning that Europe in general is in the lead group at the moment. The reasons behind this are numerous. First of all, circular economy is a field that is, at the moment mostly advanced in the developed countries, thanks to, between others, technology.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> The efforts of the European Commission are also non negligible, with documents such as the Commission staff working document "Leading the way to a global circular economy: state of play and outlook"<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> or the new action plan for circular economy in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> being one of the main blocs of the green deal.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Even if Europe as a whole is a good actor in the field, some European countries are still struggling to make the shift faster. These countries are mostly the eastern European countries (Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Slovakia, etc.) but also in some fields Portugal, Greece, Croatia and even Germany.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> In 2018, the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> made a ranking of the (by then) 28 European countries by making an aggregation of the seven key metrics of the commission for each country. The advantage here is that it gives a general view of how countries work towards circular development and how they compare to each other but the main drawback is that, as mentioned in the article, the seven metrics all have equal weight and importance in Politico's calculations, which is not the case in real life. Indeed, it is said in the same article that the countries that score the highest in CE are not necessarily the greenest according to the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> For example, Germany, which scores 1st in the Politico ranking, only scores 13th worldwide in the EPI and is behind 10 European countries.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> Beginning in the early 2000s, China started passing a series of laws and regulations to promote the circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-:17-247">[247]</a>: 182–183  Policymakers' views expanded from a focus on recycling to broad efforts to promote efficiency and closed-loop flows of materials at all stages, from production to distribution to consumption.<a href="#cite_note-:17-247">[247]</a>: 182  As part of its efforts to enhance the circular economy, China is attempting to decrease its reliance on <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_China" title="Mining industry of China">mining for its mineral supply</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:17-247">[247]</a>: 182  Academic Jing Vivian Zhan writes that promoting the circular economy helps China to avoid the resource curse and helps to alleviate overreliance on extractive industries.<a href="#cite_note-:17-247">[247]</a>: 182–183  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar">Calendar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Calendar">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> Since 2015, there is a plan concerning the circular economy adopted by the European Commission. This first plan includes 54 actions. There are also 4 legislative proposals with the objective of legal change. <dl><dd>a) the framework directive on waste</dd> <dd>b) the directive on the landfill of waste</dd> <dd>c) the directive on packaging and <a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">packaging waste</a></dd> <dd>d) the directive on batteries and accumulators and their waste<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></dd></dl> During the 2018 negotiations between the Parliament and the council, different elements will be adopted in four directives. These are mainly: « The main objectives are the following in the European framework <ul><li>Minimum 65% of municipal waste to be recycled by 2035</li> <li>Minimum 70% of all packaging waste to be recycled by 2030</li> <li>Maximum 10% of municipal waste to be landfilled by 2035</li> <li>Certain types of single use plastic will be prohibited to place on market as of July 2021</li> <li>Minimum 32% of the Union's gross final consumption of energy to originate from renewable sources by 2030</li></ul> The main objectives are the following in the European framework.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Since 2020, Europe's new green deal plan focuses on "design and production from the perspective of the circular economy",<a href="#cite_note-Press_corner-250">[250]</a> its main objective is to ensure that the European economy keeps these resources as long as possible. The action plan of this circular development is mainly based on different objectives. They are: <ul><li>"To make sustainable products the norm in the EU.</li> <li>To empower consumers to choose.</li> <li>Focusing on the most resource-intensive sectors with a high potential to contribute to the circular economy.</li> <li>Ensure less waste."<a href="#cite_note-Press_corner-250">[250]</a></li></ul> Europe's green deal, which came into being in 2019, aims at a climate-neutral circular economy. For this, a distinct difference between economic growth and resources will be found. "A circular economy reduces the pressure on natural resources and is an indispensable prerequisite for achieving the goal of climate neutrality by 2050 and halting biodiversity loss."<a href="#cite_note-Press_corner-250">[250]</a> From 2019 to 2023, the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> funded €3.83 billion to co-finance 132 circular economy initiatives across many industries. Circular economy initiatives with a higher risk profile have secured finance through risk-sharing instruments and EU guarantees.<a href="#cite_note-:2014-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benelux">Benelux</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Benelux">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> Since 2014, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> has adopted a circular strategy.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> This is marked by 21 measures to be followed. In Belgium, the three Belgian regions (Flanders, Brussels and Wallonia) have different personal objectives. For Flanders, a strategy called Vision 2050 has been put in place.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> For Wallonia, there is a plan following the declaration of the regional policy for Wallonia from 2019 to 2024. Since 23 January 2020, Wallonia has adopted a new strategy including three governance bodies: a steering committee, an intra-administration platform and an orientation committee.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> For Brussels, a plan was adopted in 2016 to develop the circular economy in its region. This plan will be in place for a period of 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: The Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> set a plan of action for circular economy in 2016 and have been doing additional efforts for a transition towards a 100% circular economy by 2050 (and 50% by 2030). The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research estimates that a full shift towards Circular Economy will, at the long term, generate not less than 7.3 billion euros and 540,000 new jobs in the sector. The work will be developed around the five pillars mentioned above: plastics, biomass and food, the construction sector, the manufacturing industry, and consumer goods.<a href="#cite_note-:8-235">[235]</a> The government has also put a fund in place to facilitate and accelerate the shift. These funds are part of the 300 million € annually spent by the government for climate-related decisions and actions. The envelope is also completed by the ministry of infrastructure, which allocated €40 million for circular economy-related actions in 2019 and 2020. Other actions such as an allocation of subsidies for enterprises that make change or invest in the field have been taken. Initiatives at the subnational level are also encouraged and regions such as Groningen, Friesland, the Northern Netherlands, etc. ere taking actions to not only reduce their environmental impact but accelerate and accentuate their actions towards Circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Luxembourg">edit</a>]</div> CE is one of the major deals of the 2018-2023 Luxembourg government. The <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> added in 2019 Circular economy in their data-driven innovation strategy, considering it now as a crucial field for innovation in the next years. It is present in most sectors of the country's development plan even if it is still only at the beginning of its development.<a href="#cite_note-:9-257">[257]</a> More initiatives are starting to emerge, however, to develop better in the field: <ul><li>The 2019 "Circular economy strategy Luxembourg", a document testifying on the efforts made and to be made and the willingness to transform the Grand Duchy into an example in the field;<a href="#cite_note-:10-258">[258]</a></li> <li>Holistic strategic studies such as the "strategic group for circular economy";<a href="#cite_note-:9-257">[257]</a></li> <li>Insertion of circular economy as a subject to be discussed by all the six main pillars of the "third industrial revolution";<a href="#cite_note-:9-257">[257]</a></li> <li>Creation of the Fit4Circularity program to allocate funds to innovative businesses in the field;<a href="#cite_note-:9-257">[257]</a></li> <li>Participation in Circular economy-related events such as "Financing the circular economy" (2015) at the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> or the "Circular economy hotspot" (2017);<a href="#cite_note-:9-257">[257]</a></li> <li>Work on educational tools in the field;<a href="#cite_note-:9-257">[257]</a></li> <li>Collaboration with municipalities, at the subnational level, to encourage them to become more circular;<a href="#cite_note-:9-257">[257]</a></li> <li>The establishment of value chains for local materials such as wood and a better management of raw materials in general;<a href="#cite_note-:10-258">[258]</a></li> <li>A cooperation between the public and the private sector;<a href="#cite_note-:10-258">[258]</a></li> <li>The 'Product Circularity Data Sheet' (PCDS) launched in 2019 by the government to study and determine the circular potential of products and materials;<a href="#cite_note-:10-258">[258]</a></li> <li>An implementation of tools and methods such as a regulatory framework (laws), a financial framework (financial helps and sanctions), creation, management and sharing of knowledge on the subject, etc.;<a href="#cite_note-:10-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></li> <li>A coordination of the Luxembourg goals with the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">SDGs</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2030_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="2030 Agenda">2030 agenda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-258">[258]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, the UK government published its Circular Economy Package policy statement in coordination with the Welsh and Scottish governments.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: England">edit</a>]</div> From 1 October 2023, certain single-use plastic items have been placed under bans or restrictions in England.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Scotland">edit</a>]</div> In 2021 the Scottish Parliament banned single use plastics being provided by businesses.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> In 2024, the Scottish Parliament passed the Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024, which would require the setting of targets and providing updates to the strategy to achieve those targets as frequently as 5 years or more frequently than that.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Wales">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, the Welsh Government published its Circular Economy strategy.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> In 2023, the Senedd banned single use plastics, which would require the setting of targets and providing updates to the strategy to achieve those targets as frequently as 5 years or more frequently than that.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland">edit</a>]</div> In 2022, the Northern Ireland Executive held a Circular Economy consultation.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circular_bioeconomy">Circular bioeconomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Circular bioeconomy">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Bioeconomy" title="Bioeconomy">bio-economy</a>, especially the circular bio-economy, decreases dependency on natural resources by encouraging sustainable goods that generate food, materials, and energy using <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable biological resources</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Lupinus" title="Lupinus">lupins</a>). According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s EU Science Center, the circular bioeconomy produces €1.5 trillion in value added, accounting for 11% of EU GDP. The <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> invests between €6 billion and €9 billion in the bio-economy per year.<a href="#cite_note-:83-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_European_Circular_Bioeconomy_Fund">The European Circular Bioeconomy Fund</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: The European Circular Bioeconomy Fund">edit</a>]</div> Eligibility requirements and core terms of reference for an equity and mezzanine debt fund were established by the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> directorates-general for agriculture and research and innovation. As a result, an investment adviser was chosen, and the European Circular Bioeconomy Fund was created.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> As of 2023, a €65 million investment from the EIB has been made.<a href="#cite_note-:1522-15">[15]</a> The European Circular Bioeconomy Fund invests in early-stage companies with developed innovations that are searching for funds to broaden their activities and reach new markets.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-:83-268">[268]</a> It specifically invests in: <ul><li>circular/bio-economy technologies,</li> <li>biomass/feed stock production that boots agricultural productivity while lowering environmental impact,</li> <li>biomass/feed stock technologies that result in higher-value, green goods,</li> <li>bio-based chemicals and materials, and</li> <li>biological alternatives in fields such as cosmetics.<a href="#cite_note-:83-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circular_Carbon_Economy">Circular Carbon Economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Circular Carbon Economy">edit</a>]</div> During the 2019 <a href="/wiki/COP25" class="mw-redirect" title="COP25">COP25</a> in Madrid, <a href="/wiki/William_McDonough" title="William McDonough">William McDonough</a> and marine ecologist <a href="/wiki/Carlos_M._Duarte" title="Carlos M. Duarte">Carlos Duarte</a> presented the Circular Carbon Economy at an event with the BBVA Foundation. The Circular Carbon Economy is based on McDonough's ideas from Carbon Is Not The Enemy<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> and aims to serve as the framework for developing and organizing effective systems for carbon management. McDonough used the Circular Carbon Economy to frame discussions at the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> workshops in March 2020 before the framework's formal acceptance by the G20 Leaders in November 2020. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critiques_of_circular_economy_models">Critiques of circular economy models</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Critiques of circular economy models">edit</a>]</div> There is some criticism of the idea of the circular economy. As Corvellec (2015) put it, the circular economy privileges continued economic growth with soft "anti-programs", and the circular economy is far from the most radical "anti-program".<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Corvellec (2019) raised the issue of multi-species and stresses "impossibility for waste producers to dissociate themselves from their waste and emphasizes the contingent, multiple, and transient value of waste".<a href="#cite_note-Corvellec_2019-278">[278]</a>: 217  "Scatolic engagement draws on Reno's analogy of waste as scats and of scats as signs for enabling interspecies communication. This analogy stresses the impossibility for waste producers to dissociate themselves from their waste and emphasizes the contingent, multiple, and transient value of waste".<a href="#cite_note-Corvellec_2019-278">[278]</a>: 217  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A key tenet of a scatolic approach to waste is to consider waste as unavoidable and worthy of interest. Whereas total quality sees in waste a sign of failure, a scatolic understanding sees a sign of life. Likewise, whereas the Circular Economy analogy of a circle evokes endless perfection, the analogy of scats evokes disorienting messiness. A scatolic approach features waste as a lively matter open for interpretation, within organizations as well as across organizational species.<a href="#cite_note-Corvellec_2019-278">[278]</a>: 219 </blockquote> Corvellec and Stål (2019) are mildly critical of apparel manufacturing circular economy take-back systems as ways to anticipate and head off more severe waste reduction programs: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Apparel retailers exploit that the circular economy is evocative but still sufficiently vague to create any concrete policies (Lüdeke‐Freund, Gold, & Bocken, 2019) that might hinder their freedom of action (Corvellec & Stål, 2017). Their business-centered qualification of take-back systems amounts to an engagement in "market action ... as leverage to push policymakers to create or repeal particular rules," as Funk and Hirschman (2017:33) put it.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a>: 26 </blockquote> Research by Zink and Geyer (2017: 593) questioned the circular economy's engineering-centric assumptions: "However, proponents of the circular economy have tended to look at the world purely as an engineering system and have overlooked the economic part of the circular economy. Recent research has started to question the core of the circular economy—namely, whether closing material and product loops do, in fact, prevent primary production."<a href="#cite_note-Zink-280">[280]</a> There are other critiques of the circular economy (CE).<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> For example, Allwood (2014) discussed the limits of CE 'material circularity', and questioned the desirability of the CE in a reality with growing demand.<a href="#cite_note-Allwood2014-62">[62]</a> Do CE secondary production activities (reuse, repair, and remake) actually reduce, or instead displace, primary production (natural resource extraction)? The problem CE overlooks, its untold story, is how displacement is governed mainly by market forces, according to McMillan et al. (2012).<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> It's the tired old narrative, that the invisible hand of market forces will conspire to create full displacement of virgin material of the same kind, said Zink & Geyer (2017).<a href="#cite_note-Zink-280">[280]</a> Korhonen, Nuur, Feldmann, and Birkie (2018) argued that "the basic assumptions concerning the values, societal structures, cultures, underlying world-views and the paradigmatic potential of CE remain largely unexplored".<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> It is also often pointed out that there are fundamental limits to the concept, which are based, among other things, on the laws of <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuter-7">[7]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>, all spontaneous processes are <a href="/wiki/Irreversible_process" title="Irreversible process">irreversible</a> and associated with an increase in <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a>. It follows that in a real implementation of the concept, one would either have to deviate from the perfect reversibility in order to generate an entropy increase by generating waste, which would ultimately amount to still having parts of the economy which follow a linear scheme, or enormous amounts of energy would be required (from which a significant part would be dissipated in order to for the total entropy to increase).<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> In its comment to concept of the circular economy the European Academies' Science Advisory Council (EASAC) came to a similar conclusion: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Recovery and recycling of materials that have been dispersed through pollution, waste and end-of-life product disposal require energy and resources, which increase in a nonlinear manner as the percentage of recycled material rises (owing to the second law of thermodynamics: entropy causing dispersion). Recovery can never be 100% (Faber et al., 1987). The level of recycling that is appropriate may differ between materials.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></blockquote> In addition to this, the circular economy has been criticized for lacking a strong <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> component.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Indeed, most circular economy visions, projects and policies do not address key social questions regarding how circular economy technologies and solutions will be controlled and how their benefits and costs will be distributed.<a href="#cite_note-:13-288">[288]</a> To respond to these limitations some academics and social movements prefer to speak of a circular society rather than a circular economy.<a href="#cite_note-:13-288">[288]</a> They thereby advocate for a circular society where knowledge, political power, wealth, and resources are sustainably circulated in fundamentally democratic and redistributive manners, rather than just improving resource efficiency as most circular economy proposals do.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> Moreover, it has been argued that a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption#Degrowth" title="Sustainable consumption">post-growth approach</a> should be adopted for the circular economy where material loops are put (directly) at the service of wellbeing, instead of attempting to reconcile the circular economy with GDP growth.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> For example, efficiency improvements at the level of individual products could be offset by a growth in total or per-capita consumption,<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> which only beyond-circularity measures like <a href="/wiki/Choice_editing" title="Choice editing">choice editing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> unsustainable products or emissions may be able to address. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Related concepts">edit</a>]</div> The various approaches to 'circular' business and economic models share several common principles with other conceptual frameworks: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomimicry">Biomimicry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Biomimicry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">Biomimicry</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Janine_Benyus" title="Janine Benyus">Janine Benyus</a>, author of Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature, defined biomimicry as "a new discipline that studies nature's best ideas and then imitates these designs and processes to solve human problems. Studying a leaf to invent a better solar cell is an example. I think of it as 'innovation' inspired by nature".<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_economy">Blue economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Blue economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Economy" title="The Blue Economy">The Blue Economy</a></div> Initiated by former <a href="/wiki/Ecover" title="Ecover">Ecover</a> CEO and Belgian entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Gunter_Pauli" title="Gunter Pauli">Gunter Pauli</a>, derived from the study of natural biological production processes the official manifesto states, "using the resources available ... the waste of one product becomes the input to create a new cash flow".<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cradle_to_cradle_2">Cradle to cradle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Cradle to cradle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cradle_to_cradle_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle to cradle design">Cradle to cradle design</a></div> Created by Walter R. Stahel and similar theorists, in which industry adopts the reuse and service-life extension of goods as a strategy of <a href="/wiki/Waste_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste prevention">waste prevention</a>, regional job creation, and <a href="/wiki/Resource_efficiency" title="Resource efficiency">resource efficiency</a> in order to decouple wealth from <a href="/wiki/Resource_consumption" title="Resource consumption">resource consumption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zhong-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-295">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_ecology">Industrial ecology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Industrial ecology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></div> Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. Focusing on connections between operators within the "industrial ecosystem", this approach aims at creating closed-loop processes in which waste is seen as input, thus eliminating the notion of undesirable by-product.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_recovery">Resource recovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Resource recovery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a> is using wastes as an input material to create valuable products as new outputs. The aim is to reduce the amount of waste generated, therefore, reducing the need for <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> space and also extracting maximum value from waste.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_Material-Cycle_Society">Sound Material-Cycle Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Sound Material-Cycle Society">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sound_Material-Cycle_Society" title="Sound Material-Cycle Society">Sound Material-Cycle Society</a></div> A similar concept used in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems_thinking">Systems thinking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Systems thinking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a></div> The ability to understand how things influence one another within a whole. Elements are considered as 'fitting in' their infrastructure, environment and social context.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueCity" title="BlueCity">BlueCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tech" title="Carbon tech">Carbon tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_procurement" title="Circular procurement">Circular procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation" title="Container-deposit legislation">Container-deposit legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Product_Passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Product Passport">Digital Product Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doughnut_(economic_model)" title="Doughnut (economic model)">Doughnut (economic model)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._feed" title="Food vs. feed">Food vs. feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_(analytical_tool)" title="Scale (analytical tool)">Scale (analytical tool)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Government by algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_symbiosis" title="Industrial symbiosis">Industrial symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_economics" title="Infrastructure and economics">Infrastructure and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development" title="Infrastructure-based development">Infrastructure-based development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">Life cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_thinking" title="Life cycle thinking">Life cycle thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environment_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environment topics">List of environment topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop analysis">Loop analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_analysis_(statistics)" title="Path analysis (statistics)">Path analysis (statistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative economics">Regenerative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_vending_machine" title="Reverse vending machine">Reverse vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_metabolism" title="Social metabolism">Social metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">Synthetic fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Product_Policy_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable Product Policy Initiative">Sustainable Product Policy Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwaway_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Throwaway society">Throwaway society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_%26_Resources_Action_Programme" title="Waste & Resources Action Programme">Waste & Resources Action Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_heat_recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste heat recovery">Waste heat recovery</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731195422/https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/resources/apply/circularity-indicators">"Circularity Indicators"</a>. www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/resources/apply/circularity-indicators">the original</a> on 2019-07-31. Retrieved 2019-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Circularity+Indicators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org%2Fresources%2Fapply%2Fcircularity-indicators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europarl.europa.eu_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-europarl.europa.eu_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-europarl.europa.eu_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20151201STO05603/circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits">"Circular economy: definition, importance and benefits - European Parliament"</a>. www.europarl.europa.eu. 2015-02-12. Retrieved 2021-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Circular+economy%3A+definition%2C+importance+and+benefits+-+European+Parliament&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fnews%2Fen%2Fheadlines%2Feconomy%2F20151201STO05603%2Fcircular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIacovidouHahladakisPurnell2021" class="citation journal cs1">Iacovidou, Eleni; Hahladakis, John N.; Purnell, Phil (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8144154">"A systems thinking approach to understanding the challenges of achieving the circular economy"</a>. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28 (19): 24785–24806. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ESPR...2824785I">2021ESPR...2824785I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-020-11725-9">10.1007/s11356-020-11725-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8144154">8144154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33289042">33289042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=A+systems+thinking+approach+to+understanding+the+challenges+of+achieving+the+circular+economy&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=24785-24806&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8144154%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33289042&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-020-11725-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ESPR...2824785I&rft.aulast=Iacovidou&rft.aufirst=Eleni&rft.au=Hahladakis%2C+John+N.&rft.au=Purnell%2C+Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8144154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchherrReikeHekkert2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kirchherr, Julian; Reike, Denise; Hekkert, Marko (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.09.005">"Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions"</a>. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 127: 221–232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RCR...127..221K">2017RCR...127..221K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.09.005">10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Conceptualizing+the+circular+economy%3A+An+analysis+of+114+definitions&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=221-232&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.09.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017RCR...127..221K&rft.aulast=Kirchherr&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Reike%2C+Denise&rft.au=Hekkert%2C+Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.resconrec.2017.09.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/concept">"Circular Economy Concept"</a>. www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. Retrieved 2023-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy+Concept&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org%2Fcircular-economy%2Fconcept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_to_circular_economy_overview-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_to_circular_economy_overview_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_to_circular_economy_overview_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-introduction/overview">"New to circular economy overview"</a>. ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ellenmacarthurfoundation.org&rft.atitle=New+to+circular+economy+overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fellenmacarthurfoundation.org%2Ftopics%2Fcircular-economy-introduction%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuter-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuter_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuter_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuter_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReutervan_SchaikGutzmerBartie2019" class="citation journal cs1">Reuter, Markus A.; van Schaik, Antoinette; Gutzmer, Jens; Bartie, Neill; Abadías-Llamas, Alejandro (1 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070218-010057">"Challenges of the Circular Economy: A Material, Metallurgical, and Product Design Perspective"</a>. Annual Review of Materials Research. 49 (1): 253–274. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AnRMS..49..253R">2019AnRMS..49..253R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-matsci-070218-010057">10.1146/annurev-matsci-070218-010057</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-7331">1531-7331</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140525621">140525621</a>. Retrieved 27 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Materials+Research&rft.atitle=Challenges+of+the+Circular+Economy%3A+A+Material%2C+Metallurgical%2C+and+Product+Design+Perspective&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=253-274&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-matsci-070218-010057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140525621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1531-7331&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AnRMS..49..253R&rft.aulast=Reuter&rft.aufirst=Markus+A.&rft.au=van+Schaik%2C+Antoinette&rft.au=Gutzmer%2C+Jens&rft.au=Bartie%2C+Neill&rft.au=Abad%C3%ADas-Llamas%2C+Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-matsci-070218-010057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-8"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeissdoerfer,_M.,_Pieroni,_M.P.,_Pigosso,_D.C._and_Soufani,_K.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Geissdoerfer, M., Pieroni, M.P., Pigosso, D.C. and Soufani, K. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/222423121/1_s2.0_S0959652620337860_main.pdf">"Circular business models: A review"</a> (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production. 277: 123741. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCPro.27723741G">2020JCPro.27723741G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.123741">10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225282542">225282542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Circular+business+models%3A+A+review&rft.volume=277&rft.pages=123741&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225282542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.123741&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JCPro.27723741G&rft.au=Geissdoerfer%2C+M.%2C+Pieroni%2C+M.P.%2C+Pigosso%2C+D.C.+and+Soufani%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbit.dtu.dk%2Ffiles%2F222423121%2F1_s2.0_S0959652620337860_main.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunnBockenvan_den_HendeSchoormans2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tunn, V. S. C.; Bocken, N. M. P.; van den Hende, E. A.; Schoormans, J. P. L. (2019-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965261833693X">"Business models for sustainable consumption in the circular economy: An expert study"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 212: 324–333. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCPro.212..324T">2019JCPro.212..324T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.11.290">10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158627557">158627557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Business+models+for+sustainable+consumption+in+the+circular+economy%3A+An+expert+study&rft.volume=212&rft.pages=324-333&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.11.290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158627557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JCPro.212..324T&rft.aulast=Tunn&rft.aufirst=V.+S.+C.&rft.au=Bocken%2C+N.+M.+P.&rft.au=van+den+Hende%2C+E.+A.&rft.au=Schoormans%2C+J.+P.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS095965261833693X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShpakKuzminMelnykRuda2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shpak, Nestor; Kuzmin, Oleh; Melnyk, Olga; Ruda, Mariana; Sroka, Włodzimierz (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources9080096">"Implementation of a Circular Economy in Ukraine: The Context of European Integration"</a>. Resources. 9 (8): 96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources9080096">10.3390/resources9080096</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2079-9276">2079-9276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources&rft.atitle=Implementation+of+a+Circular+Economy+in+Ukraine%3A+The+Context+of+European+Integration&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fresources9080096&rft.issn=2079-9276&rft.aulast=Shpak&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rft.au=Kuzmin%2C+Oleh&rft.au=Melnyk%2C+Olga&rft.au=Ruda%2C+Mariana&rft.au=Sroka%2C+W%C5%82odzimierz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fresources9080096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalisto_FriantVermeulenSalomone2020" class="citation journal cs1">Calisto Friant, Martin; Vermeulen, Walter J. V.; Salomone, Roberta (2020-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2020.104917">"A typology of circular economy discourses: Navigating the diverse visions of a contested paradigm"</a>. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 161: 104917. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RCR...16104917C">2020RCR...16104917C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2020.104917">10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104917</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-3449">0921-3449</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222121823">222121823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=A+typology+of+circular+economy+discourses%3A+Navigating+the+diverse+visions+of+a+contested+paradigm&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=104917&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2020.104917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222121823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0921-3449&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RCR...16104917C&rft.aulast=Calisto+Friant&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+Walter+J.+V.&rft.au=Salomone%2C+Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.resconrec.2020.104917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastroTrevisanPigossoMascarenhas2022" class="citation journal cs1">Castro, Camila Gonçalves; Trevisan, Adriana Hofmann; Pigosso, Daniela C. A.; Mascarenhas, Janaina (2022-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2022.131136">"The rebound effect of circular economy: Definitions, mechanisms and a research agenda"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 345: 131136. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JCPro.34531136C">2022JCPro.34531136C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2022.131136">10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247150037">247150037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=The+rebound+effect+of+circular+economy%3A+Definitions%2C+mechanisms+and+a+research+agenda&rft.volume=345&rft.pages=131136&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2022.131136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247150037%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JCPro.34531136C&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Camila+Gon%C3%A7alves&rft.au=Trevisan%2C+Adriana+Hofmann&rft.au=Pigosso%2C+Daniela+C.+A.&rft.au=Mascarenhas%2C+Janaina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jclepro.2022.131136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Circle-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Circle_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circle_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.circle-economy.com/news/circular-economy-strategies-can-cut-global-emissions-by-39">"Circular economy strategies can cut global emissions by 39%"</a>. Circle economy. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Circle+economy&rft.atitle=Circular+economy+strategies+can+cut+global+emissions+by+39%25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.circle-economy.com%2Fnews%2Fcircular-economy-strategies-can-cut-global-emissions-by-39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellenmacarthurfoundation.org-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ellenmacarthurfoundation.org_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellenmacarthurfoundation.org_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/completing-the-picture">"Completing the picture: How the circular economy tackles climate change"</a>. ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. Retrieved 2023-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ellenmacarthurfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Completing+the+picture%3A+How+the+circular+economy+tackles+climate+change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fellenmacarthurfoundation.org%2Fcompleting-the-picture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1522-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1522_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1522_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1522_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1522_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1522_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1522_15-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2023" class="citation web cs1">Bank, European Investment (26 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230157-circular-economy-overview-2023">"Circular economy Overview 2023"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+economy+Overview+2023&rft.date=2023-05-26&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20230157-circular-economy-overview-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/emf_completing_the_picture.pdf">"COMPLETING THE PICTURE: HOW THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY TACKLES CLIMATE CHANGE"</a> (PDF). circulareconomy.europa.eu/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=circulareconomy.europa.eu%2F&rft.atitle=COMPLETING+THE+PICTURE%3A+HOW+THE+CIRCULAR+ECONOMY+TACKLES+CLIMATE+CHANGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcirculareconomy.europa.eu%2Fplatform%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Femf_completing_the_picture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbinatiChiaroniChiesa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Urbinati, Andrea; Chiaroni, Davide; Chiesa, Vittorio (2017-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.09.047">"Towards a new taxonomy of circular economy business models"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 168: 487–498. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCPro.168..487U">2017JCPro.168..487U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.09.047">10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.047</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F1087435">11311/1087435</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157679243">157679243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Towards+a+new+taxonomy+of+circular+economy+business+models&rft.volume=168&rft.pages=487-498&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11311%2F1087435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157679243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JCPro.168..487U&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.09.047&rft.aulast=Urbinati&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Chiaroni%2C+Davide&rft.au=Chiesa%2C+Vittorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jclepro.2017.09.047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockende_PauwBakkervan_der_Grinten2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bocken, Nancy M. P.; de Pauw, Ingrid; Bakker, Conny; van der Grinten, Bram (2016-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21681015.2016.1172124">"Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy"</a>. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering. 33 (5): 308–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21681015.2016.1172124">10.1080/21681015.2016.1172124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-1015">2168-1015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+and+Production+Engineering&rft.atitle=Product+design+and+business+model+strategies+for+a+circular+economy&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=308-320&rft.date=2016-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21681015.2016.1172124&rft.issn=2168-1015&rft.aulast=Bocken&rft.aufirst=Nancy+M.+P.&rft.au=de+Pauw%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Bakker%2C+Conny&rft.au=van+der+Grinten%2C+Bram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F21681015.2016.1172124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManninenKoskelaAntikainenBocken2018" class="citation journal cs1">Manninen, Kaisa; Koskela, Sirkka; Antikainen, Riina; Bocken, Nancy; Dahlbo, Helena; Aminoff, Anna (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652617322965">"Do circular economy business models capture intended environmental value propositions?"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 171: 413–422. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCPro.171..413M">2018JCPro.171..413M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.10.003">10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Do+circular+economy+business+models+capture+intended+environmental+value+propositions%3F&rft.volume=171&rft.pages=413-422&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.10.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JCPro.171..413M&rft.aulast=Manninen&rft.aufirst=Kaisa&rft.au=Koskela%2C+Sirkka&rft.au=Antikainen%2C+Riina&rft.au=Bocken%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Dahlbo%2C+Helena&rft.au=Aminoff%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0959652617322965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewandowski2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lewandowski, Mateusz (2016-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu8010043">"Designing the Business Models for Circular Economy—Towards the Conceptual Framework"</a>. Sustainability. 8 (1): 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu8010043">10.3390/su8010043</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Designing+the+Business+Models+for+Circular+Economy%E2%80%94Towards+the+Conceptual+Framework&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu8010043&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.aulast=Lewandowski&rft.aufirst=Mateusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu8010043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerassoBeliaevaKrausClauss2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ferasso, Marcos; Beliaeva, Tatiana; Kraus, Sascha; Clauss, Thomas; Ribeiro-Soriano, Domingo (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2554">"Circular economy business models: The state of research and avenues ahead"</a>. Business Strategy and the Environment. 29 (8): 3006–3024. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbse.2554">10.1002/bse.2554</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0964-4733">0964-4733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Strategy+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Circular+economy+business+models%3A+The+state+of+research+and+avenues+ahead&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3006-3024&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.2554&rft.issn=0964-4733&rft.aulast=Ferasso&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft.au=Beliaeva%2C+Tatiana&rft.au=Kraus%2C+Sascha&rft.au=Clauss%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Ribeiro-Soriano%2C+Domingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbse.2554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirchherr_221–232-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirchherr_221–232_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirchherr_221–232_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchherrReikeHekkert2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kirchherr, Julian; Reike, Denise; Hekkert, Marko (2017-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.09.005">"Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions"</a>. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 127: 221–232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RCR...127..221K">2017RCR...127..221K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.09.005">10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-3449">0921-3449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Conceptualizing+the+circular+economy%3A+An+analysis+of+114+definitions&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=221-232&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.issn=0921-3449&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.09.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017RCR...127..221K&rft.aulast=Kirchherr&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Reike%2C+Denise&rft.au=Hekkert%2C+Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.resconrec.2017.09.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghisellini_11–32-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghisellini_11–32_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghisellini_11–32_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiselliniCialaniUlgiati2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ghisellini, Patrizia; Cialani, Catia; Ulgiati, Sergio (2016-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652615012287">"A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. Towards Post Fossil Carbon Societies: Regenerative and Preventative Eco-Industrial Development. 114: 11–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JCPro.114...11G">2016JCPro.114...11G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2015.09.007">10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=A+review+on+circular+economy%3A+the+expected+transition+to+a+balanced+interplay+of+environmental+and+economic+systems&rft.volume=114&rft.pages=11-32&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2015.09.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JCPro.114...11G&rft.aulast=Ghisellini&rft.aufirst=Patrizia&rft.au=Cialani%2C+Catia&rft.au=Ulgiati%2C+Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0959652615012287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobreTavares2021" class="citation journal cs1">Nobre, Gustavo Cattelan; Tavares, Elaine (2021-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652621021910">"The quest for a circular economy final definition: A scientific perspective"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 314: 127973. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JCPro.31427973N">2021JCPro.31427973N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2021.127973">10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127973</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=The+quest+for+a+circular+economy+final+definition%3A+A+scientific+perspective&rft.volume=314&rft.pages=127973&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2021.127973&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JCPro.31427973N&rft.aulast=Nobre&rft.aufirst=Gustavo+Cattelan&rft.au=Tavares%2C+Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0959652621021910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-africa.iclei.org-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-africa.iclei.org_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa.iclei.org_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa.iclei.org_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa.iclei.org_25-3">d</a> Local Government for Sustainability Africa. (s. d.). Circular development | ICLEI Africa. Circular Development Pathway. Consulté le 15 mars 2021, à l'adresse <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://africa.iclei.org/pathways_cat/circular-development-pathway/">https://africa.iclei.org/pathways_cat/circular-development-pathway/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Économie circulaire - Ellen Macarthur Foundation. (s. d.). Ellen Macarthur Foundation. Consulté le 9 mars 2021, à l'adresse <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/fr/economie-circulaire/concept">https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/fr/economie-circulaire/concept</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-BarragánEyckmansRousseau2019" class="citation journal cs1">García-Barragán, Juan F.; Eyckmans, Johan; Rousseau, Sandra (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/632927">"Defining and Measuring the Circular Economy: A Mathematical Approach"</a>. Ecological Economics. 157: 369–372. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EcoEc.157..369G">2019EcoEc.157..369G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2018.12.003">10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.12.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158885640">158885640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=Defining+and+Measuring+the+Circular+Economy%3A+A+Mathematical+Approach&rft.volume=157&rft.pages=369-372&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158885640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2018.12.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EcoEc.157..369G&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa-Barrag%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Juan+F.&rft.au=Eyckmans%2C+Johan&rft.au=Rousseau%2C+Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F632927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrydges2021" class="citation journal cs1">Brydges, Taylor (2021-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2021.126245">"Closing the loop on take, make, waste: Investigating circular economy practices in the Swedish fashion industry"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 293: 126245. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JCPro.29326245B">2021JCPro.29326245B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2021.126245">10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233577453">233577453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Closing+the+loop+on+take%2C+make%2C+waste%3A+Investigating+circular+economy+practices+in+the+Swedish+fashion+industry&rft.volume=293&rft.pages=126245&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2021.126245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233577453%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JCPro.29326245B&rft.aulast=Brydges&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jclepro.2021.126245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geissdoerfer_757–768-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geissdoerfer_757–768_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geissdoerfer_757–768_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geissdoerfer_757–768_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeissdoerferSavagetBockenHultink2017" class="citation journal cs1">Geissdoerfer, Martin; Savaget, Paulo; Bocken, Nancy M. P.; Hultink, Erik Jan (2017-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261957">"The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm?"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 143: 757–768. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCPro.143..757G">2017JCPro.143..757G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.12.048">10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157449142">157449142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=The+Circular+Economy+%E2%80%93+A+new+sustainability+paradigm%3F&rft.volume=143&rft.pages=757-768&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157449142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2016.12.048&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JCPro.143..757G&rft.aulast=Geissdoerfer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Savaget%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Bocken%2C+Nancy+M.+P.&rft.au=Hultink%2C+Erik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F261957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Invernizzi2020-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Invernizzi2020_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInvernizziLocatelliVelenturfLove2020" class="citation journal cs1">Invernizzi, Diletta Colette; Locatelli, Giorgio; Velenturf, Anne; Love, Peter ED.; Purnell, Phil; Brookes, Naomi J. (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2020.111677">"Developing policies for the end-of-life of energy infrastructure: Coming to terms with the challenges of decommissioning"</a>. Energy Policy. 144: 111677. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EnPol.14411677I">2020EnPol.14411677I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2020.111677">10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111677</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F1204791">11311/1204791</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225307513">225307513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Policy&rft.atitle=Developing+policies+for+the+end-of-life+of+energy+infrastructure%3A+Coming+to+terms+with+the+challenges+of+decommissioning&rft.volume=144&rft.pages=111677&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11311%2F1204791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225307513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2020.111677&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020EnPol.14411677I&rft.aulast=Invernizzi&rft.aufirst=Diletta+Colette&rft.au=Locatelli%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Velenturf%2C+Anne&rft.au=Love%2C+Peter+ED.&rft.au=Purnell%2C+Phil&rft.au=Brookes%2C+Naomi+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.enpol.2020.111677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorseletto2020" class="citation journal cs1">Morseletto, Piero (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.12987">"Restorative and regenerative: Exploring the concepts in the circular economy"</a>. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 24 (4): 763–773. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JInEc..24..763M">2020JInEc..24..763M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.12987">10.1111/jiec.12987</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-9290">1530-9290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203500060">203500060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Restorative+and+regenerative%3A+Exploring+the+concepts+in+the+circular+economy&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=763-773&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjiec.12987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203500060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1530-9290&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JInEc..24..763M&rft.aulast=Morseletto&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjiec.12987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110100128/http://www.thecirculareconomy.org/">Towards the Circular Economy: an economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition</a>. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. 2012. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecirculareconomy.org">the original</a> on 2013-01-10. Retrieved 2012-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+the+Circular+Economy%3A+an+economic+and+business+rationale+for+an+accelerated+transition&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Ellen+MacArthur+Foundation&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecirculareconomy.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChertow2000" class="citation journal cs1">Chertow, Marian R. (2000-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.25.1.313">"Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy"</a>. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 25 (1): 313–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.25.1.313">10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1056-3466">1056-3466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Energy+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Industrial+symbiosis%3A+Literature+and+taxonomy&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=313-337&rft.date=2000-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.25.1.313&rft.issn=1056-3466&rft.aulast=Chertow&rft.aufirst=Marian+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.energy.25.1.313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrendevilleCherimBocken2018" class="citation journal cs1">Prendeville, Sharon; Cherim, Emma; Bocken, Nancy (2018-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eist.2017.03.002">"Circular cities: Mapping six cities in transition"</a>. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. 26: 171–194. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EIST...26..171P">2018EIST...26..171P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eist.2017.03.002">10.1016/j.eist.2017.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-4224">2210-4224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157408918">157408918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Innovation+and+Societal+Transitions&rft.atitle=Circular+cities%3A+Mapping+six+cities+in+transition&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=171-194&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eist.2017.03.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157408918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2210-4224&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018EIST...26..171P&rft.aulast=Prendeville&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft.au=Cherim%2C+Emma&rft.au=Bocken%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.eist.2017.03.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2012-35"><a href="#cite_ref-:2012_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnyiego2022" class="citation web cs1">Anyiego, Beldine (2022-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copip.eu/news/africa-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected/">"AFRICA: The Clean Oceans initiative will fund twice as many projects as expected?"</a>. COPIP. Retrieved 2023-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COPIP&rft.atitle=AFRICA%3A+The+Clean+Oceans+initiative+will+fund+twice+as+many+projects+as+expected%3F&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.aulast=Anyiego&rft.aufirst=Beldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copip.eu%2Fnews%2Fafrica-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2013-36"><a href="#cite_ref-:2013_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnyiego2022" class="citation web cs1">Anyiego, Beldine (2022-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copip.eu/news/africa-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected/">"AFRICA: The Clean Oceans initiative will fund twice as many projects as expected?"</a>. COPIP. Retrieved 2023-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COPIP&rft.atitle=AFRICA%3A+The+Clean+Oceans+initiative+will+fund+twice+as+many+projects+as+expected%3F&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.aulast=Anyiego&rft.aufirst=Beldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copip.eu%2Fnews%2Fafrica-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWautelet2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wautelet, Thibaut (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.17021.87523">"The Concept of Circular Economy: its Origins and its Evolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.17021.87523">10.13140/RG.2.2.17021.87523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Circular+Economy%3A+its+Origins+and+its+Evolution&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.17021.87523&rft.aulast=Wautelet&rft.aufirst=Thibaut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgdoi.net%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.17021.87523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutschkeReseBaier2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kutschke, Anke; Rese, Alexandra; Baier, Daniel (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu8121281">"The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept and Application in a Global Context"</a>. Sustainability. 8 (12): 1281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu8121281">10.3390/su8121281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=The+Circular+Economy%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Exploration+of+the+Concept+and+Application+in+a+Global+Context&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1281&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu8121281&rft.aulast=Kutschke&rft.aufirst=Anke&rft.au=Rese%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Baier%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu8121281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aggeri_2020-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aggeri_2020_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aggeri_2020_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggeri2020" class="citation book cs1">Aggeri, Frank (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/haljournl/hal-03021053.htm">The Circular Economy: Historical Perspective and Contemporary Issues</a>. Wiley. pp. 3–12. Retrieved 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Circular+Economy%3A+Historical+Perspective+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pages=3-12&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Aggeri&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconpapers.repec.org%2Fpaper%2Fhaljournl%2Fhal-03021053.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKneese1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kneese, Allen V. (1988). "The Economics of Natural Resources". Population and Development Review. 14: 281–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2808100">10.2307/2808100</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808100">2808100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Development+Review&rft.atitle=The+Economics+of+Natural+Resources&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=281-309&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2808100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2808100%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kneese&rft.aufirst=Allen+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pearson.com/uk/educators/higher-education-educators/program/Pearce-Economics-Natural-Resources-Environment/PGM515981.html?tab=overview">"Pearce & Turner, Economics Natural Resources Environment | Pearson"</a>. www.pearson.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pearson.com&rft.atitle=Pearce+%26+Turner%2C+Economics+Natural+Resources+Environment+%7C+Pearson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearson.com%2Fuk%2Feducators%2Fhigher-education-educators%2Fprogram%2FPearce-Economics-Natural-Resources-Environment%2FPGM515981.html%3Ftab%3Doverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuFanShiShi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Junming; Fan, Chengming; Shi, Haijia; Shi, Lei (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.12754">"Efforts for a Circular Economy in China: A Comprehensive Review of Policies"</a>. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 23 (1): 110–118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JInEc..23..110Z">2019JInEc..23..110Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.12754">10.1111/jiec.12754</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-9290">1530-9290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158702257">158702257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Efforts+for+a+Circular+Economy+in+China%3A+A+Comprehensive+Review+of+Policies&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=110-118&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjiec.12754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158702257%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1530-9290&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JInEc..23..110Z&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Junming&rft.au=Fan%2C+Chengming&rft.au=Shi%2C+Haijia&rft.au=Shi%2C+Lei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjiec.12754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/">"Let's build a circular economy"</a>. ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. Retrieved 2021-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ellenmacarthurfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Let%27s+build+a+circular+economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fellenmacarthurfoundation.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press_Corner-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Corner_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Corner_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en">"Press corner"</a>. European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 2021-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission+-+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Press+corner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fhome%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecologie.gouv.fr-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ecologie.gouv.fr_45-0">^</a> L'économie circulaire. (2020, 4 novembre). Ministère de la Transition écologique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/leconomie-circulaire">https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/leconomie-circulaire</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/why-the-circular-economy-is-all-about-retaining-value">"Why the circular economy is all about retaining value | McKinsey"</a>. www.mckinsey.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mckinsey.com&rft.atitle=Why+the+circular+economy+is+all+about+retaining+value+%7C+McKinsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Fbusiness-functions%2Fsustainability%2Four-insights%2Fwhy-the-circular-economy-is-all-about-retaining-value&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lienig_&_Bruemmer_2017-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lienig_&_Bruemmer_2017_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lienig_&_Bruemmer_2017_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLienigBruemmer2017" class="citation book cs1">Lienig, Jens; Bruemmer, Hans (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0_7">"Recycling Requirements and Design for Environmental Compliance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0">Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design</a>. Springer. pp. 193–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-55840-0_7">10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-55839-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-55839-4"><bdi>978-3-319-55839-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recycling+Requirements+and+Design+for+Environmental+Compliance&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Electronic+Systems+Design&rft.pages=193-218&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-55840-0_7&rft.isbn=978-3-319-55839-4&rft.aulast=Lienig&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft.au=Bruemmer%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-55840-0_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorvellecStowellJohansson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Corvellec, Hervé; Stowell, Alison F.; Johansson, Nils (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.13187">"Critiques of the circular economy"</a>. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 26 (2): 421–432. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JInEc..26..421C">2022JInEc..26..421C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.13187">10.1111/jiec.13187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-9290">1530-9290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238087986">238087986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Critiques+of+the+circular+economy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=421-432&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjiec.13187&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238087986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1530-9290&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JInEc..26..421C&rft.aulast=Corvellec&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Stowell%2C+Alison+F.&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Nils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjiec.13187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/pentland/research/selected-publications/systems-perspectives-on-sustainability-in-business/waste-and-the-circular-economy/critiques-of-the-circular-economy/">"Critiques of the Circular Economy"</a>. www.lancaster.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lancaster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Critiques+of+the+Circular+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.ac.uk%2Fpentland%2Fresearch%2Fselected-publications%2Fsystems-perspectives-on-sustainability-in-business%2Fwaste-and-the-circular-economy%2Fcritiques-of-the-circular-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund_University_[Press_Release]2021" class="citation web cs1">Lund University [Press Release] (Sep 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/article/circular-economy-not-panacea-many-had-hoped">"Circular economy is not the panacea many had hoped for"</a>. Lund University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929103932/https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/article/circular-economy-not-panacea-many-had-hoped">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved October 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lund+University&rft.atitle=Circular+economy+is+not+the+panacea+many+had+hoped+for&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft.au=Lund+University+%5BPress+Release%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lunduniversity.lu.se%2Farticle%2Fcircular-economy-not-panacea-many-had-hoped&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hysa_et_al_2020-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hysa_et_al_2020_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hysa_et_al_2020_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHysaKrujaRehmanLaurenti2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hysa, Eglantina; Kruja, Alba; Rehman, Naqeeb Ur; Laurenti, Rafael (12 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12124831">"Circular Economy Innovation and Environmental Sustainability Impact on Economic Growth: An Integrated Model for Sustainable Development"</a>. Sustainability. 12 (12): 4831. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12124831">10.3390/su12124831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy+Innovation+and+Environmental+Sustainability+Impact+on+Economic+Growth%3A+An+Integrated+Model+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4831&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu12124831&rft.aulast=Hysa&rft.aufirst=Eglantina&rft.au=Kruja%2C+Alba&rft.au=Rehman%2C+Naqeeb+Ur&rft.au=Laurenti%2C+Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu12124831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_52-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRantaAarikka-StenroosRitalaMäkinen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ranta, Valtteri; Aarikka-Stenroos, Leena; Ritala, Paavo; Mäkinen, Saku J. (August 2018). "Exploring institutional drivers and barriers of the circular economy: A cross-regional comparison of China, the US, and Europe". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 135: 70–82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RCR...135...70R">2018RCR...135...70R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.08.017">10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10024%2F158840">10024/158840</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11329865">11329865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Exploring+institutional+drivers+and+barriers+of+the+circular+economy%3A+A+cross-regional+comparison+of+China%2C+the+US%2C+and+Europe&rft.volume=135&rft.pages=70-82&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10024%2F158840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11329865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.08.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018RCR...135...70R&rft.aulast=Ranta&rft.aufirst=Valtteri&rft.au=Aarikka-Stenroos%2C+Leena&rft.au=Ritala%2C+Paavo&rft.au=M%C3%A4kinen%2C+Saku+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurraySkeneHaynes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Alan; Skene, Keith; Haynes, Kathryn (2015-05-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/fulltext.aspx?url=208884/EB16068A-8D6E-4D8F-9FA3-83DF5775D4FE.pdf&pub_id=208884">"The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept and Application in a Global Context"</a>. Journal of Business Ethics. 140 (3): 369–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2693-2">10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41486703">41486703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Circular+Economy%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Exploration+of+the+Concept+and+Application+in+a+Global+Context&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-380&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-015-2693-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41486703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Skene%2C+Keith&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprint.ncl.ac.uk%2Ffulltext.aspx%3Furl%3D208884%2FEB16068A-8D6E-4D8F-9FA3-83DF5775D4FE.pdf%26pub_id%3D208884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaurUisanLun_OngSze_Ki_Lin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kaur, Guneet; Uisan, Kristiadi; Lun Ong, Khai; Sze Ki Lin, Carol (2017). "Recent trend in Green sustainable Chemistry & waste valorisation: Rethinking plastics in a circular economy". Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 9: 30–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2017.11.003">10.1016/j.cogsc.2017.11.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Green+and+Sustainable+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Recent+trend+in+Green+sustainable+Chemistry+%26+waste+valorisation%3A+Rethinking+plastics+in+a+circular+economy&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=30-39&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2017.11.003&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Guneet&rft.au=Uisan%2C+Kristiadi&rft.au=Lun+Ong%2C+Khai&rft.au=Sze+Ki+Lin%2C+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasarejosBastosRufinFrota2018" class="citation journal cs1">Casarejos, Fabricio; Bastos, Claudio R.; Rufin, Carlos; Frota, Mauricio N. (November 2018). "Rethinking packaging production and consumption vis-à-vis circular economy: A case study of compostable cassava starch-based material". Journal of Cleaner Production. 201: 1019–1028. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCPro.201.1019C">2018JCPro.201.1019C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.08.114">10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158684066">158684066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Rethinking+packaging+production+and+consumption+vis-%C3%A0-vis+circular+economy%3A+A+case+study+of+compostable+cassava+starch-based+material&rft.volume=201&rft.pages=1019-1028&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158684066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.08.114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JCPro.201.1019C&rft.aulast=Casarejos&rft.aufirst=Fabricio&rft.au=Bastos%2C+Claudio+R.&rft.au=Rufin%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Frota%2C+Mauricio+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nordicwaves.org-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nordicwaves.org_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordicwaves.org_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordicwaves.org/">"Circular Economy Pioneer | Nordic Waves Group"</a>. Nordic Waves ENG. Retrieved 2022-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Waves+ENG&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy+Pioneer+%7C+Nordic+Waves+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordicwaves.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanIllankoonBeardSher2024" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Josephine; Illankoon, I. M. Chethana S.; Beard, Cameron; Sher, Willy; MacKee, Jamie (2024). "26 - Hazardous building materials threaten circular economy and sustainable outcomes". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-98336-5.00026-1">Sustainability and Toxicity of Building Materials</a>. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 573–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-323-98336-5.00026-1">10.1016/B978-0-323-98336-5.00026-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-98336-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-98336-5"><bdi>978-0-323-98336-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=26+-+Hazardous+building+materials+threaten+circular+economy+and+sustainable+outcomes&rft.btitle=Sustainability+and+Toxicity+of+Building+Materials&rft.pages=573-599&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-323-98336-5.00026-1&rft.isbn=978-0-323-98336-5&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rft.au=Illankoon%2C+I.+M.+Chethana+S.&rft.au=Beard%2C+Cameron&rft.au=Sher%2C+Willy&rft.au=MacKee%2C+Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-323-98336-5.00026-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNEWS.in2021" class="citation web cs1">NEWS.in, My Digital (2021-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mydigitalnews.in/scope-of-circular-economy">"Scope of Circular Economy"</a>. My Digital NEWS.in. Retrieved 2021-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Digital+NEWS.in&rft.atitle=Scope+of+Circular+Economy&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft.aulast=NEWS.in&rft.aufirst=My+Digital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmydigitalnews.in%2Fscope-of-circular-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignaccaLocatelliVelenturf2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mignacca, Benito; Locatelli, Giorgio; Velenturf, Anne (26 Feb 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2020.111371">"Modularisation as enabler of circular economy in energy infrastructure"</a>. Energy Policy. 139: 111371. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EnPol.13911371M">2020EnPol.13911371M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2020.111371">10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111371</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F1204921">11311/1204921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Policy&rft.atitle=Modularisation+as+enabler+of+circular+economy+in+energy+infrastructure&rft.volume=139&rft.pages=111371&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11311%2F1204921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2020.111371&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020EnPol.13911371M&rft.aulast=Mignacca&rft.aufirst=Benito&rft.au=Locatelli%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Velenturf%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.enpol.2020.111371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/emf_completing_the_picture.pdf">"COMPLETING THE PICTURE: HOW THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY TACKLES CLIMATE CHANGE"</a> (PDF). circulareconomy.europa.eu/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=circulareconomy.europa.eu%2F&rft.atitle=COMPLETING+THE+PICTURE%3A+HOW+THE+CIRCULAR+ECONOMY+TACKLES+CLIMATE+CHANGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcirculareconomy.europa.eu%2Fplatform%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Femf_completing_the_picture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boulding1966-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Boulding1966_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulding,_Kenneth_E.1966" class="citation web cs1">Boulding, Kenneth E. (March 8, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.edu/prometheus21/articulos/obsprometheus/BOULDING.pdf">"The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+the+Coming+Spaceship+Earth&rft.date=1966-03-08&rft.au=Boulding%2C+Kenneth+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ub.edu%2Fprometheus21%2Farticulos%2Fobsprometheus%2FBOULDING.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> In H. Jarrett (ed.) Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, Resources for the Future, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, pp. 3-14. Retrieved 26 August 2018, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dieoff.org/page160.htm">dieoff.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416192225/http://dieoff.org/page160.htm">Archived</a> 2019-04-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 26 August 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Allwood2014-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allwood2014_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allwood2014_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllwood2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Allwood" title="Julian Allwood">Allwood, Julian M.</a> (2014). "Squaring the Circular Economy". Handbook of Recycling. pp. 445–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-396459-5.00030-1">10.1016/b978-0-12-396459-5.00030-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-396459-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-396459-5"><bdi>978-0-12-396459-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Squaring+the+Circular+Economy&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Recycling&rft.pages=445-477&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-396459-5.00030-1&rft.isbn=978-0-12-396459-5&rft.aulast=Allwood&rft.aufirst=Julian+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_W._Pearce_and_R._Kerry_Turner1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Pearce" class="mw-redirect" title="David W. Pearce">David W. Pearce</a> and R. Kerry Turner (1989). Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801839870" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801839870"><bdi>978-0801839870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+of+Natural+Resources+and+the+Environment&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0801839870&rft.au=David+W.+Pearce+and+R.+Kerry+Turner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuHeshmatiGengYu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Su, Biwei; Heshmati, Almas; Geng, Yong; Yu, Xiaoman (2012). "A review of the circular economy in China: moving from rhetoric to implementation". Journal of Cleaner Production. 42: 215–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2012.11.020">10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+circular+economy+in+China%3A+moving+from+rhetoric+to+implementation&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=215-227&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2012.11.020&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=Biwei&rft.au=Heshmati%2C+Almas&rft.au=Geng%2C+Yong&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xiaoman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1993" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Tim (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crcpress.com/Clean-Production-Strategies-Developing-Preventive-Environmental-Management/Jackson/p/book/9780873718844">Clean Production Strategies Developing Preventive Environmental Management in the Industrial Economy</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873718844" title="Special:BookSources/9780873718844"><bdi>9780873718844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clean+Production+Strategies+Developing+Preventive+Environmental+Management+in+the+Industrial+Economy&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780873718844&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crcpress.com%2FClean-Production-Strategies-Developing-Preventive-Environmental-Management%2FJackson%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780873718844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1996" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Tim (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Material-Concerns-Pollution-Profit-and-Quality-of-Life/Jackson/p/book/9780415132497">Material Concerns — Pollution, Profit and Quality of Life</a>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Material+Concerns+%E2%80%94+Pollution%2C+Profit+and+Quality+of+Life&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FMaterial-Concerns-Pollution-Profit-and-Quality-of-Life%2FJackson%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415132497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.product-life.org/en/cradle-to-cradle">"Cradle to Cradle | The Product-Life Institute"</a>. Product-life.org. 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2013-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cradle+to+Cradle+%26%23124%3B+The+Product-Life+Institute&rft.pub=Product-life.org&rft.date=2012-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.product-life.org%2Fen%2Fcradle-to-cradle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Clift & Allwood, "Rethinking the economy", The Chemical Engineer, March 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhijunNailing2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zhijun, F; Nailing, Y (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmental-expert.com/Files%5C6063%5Carticles%5C15086%5Cart9.pdf">"Putting a circular economy into practice in China"</a> (PDF). Sustain Sci. 2 (1): 95–101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SuSc....2...95Z">2007SuSc....2...95Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11625-006-0018-1">10.1007/s11625-006-0018-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29150129">29150129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustain+Sci&rft.atitle=Putting+a+circular+economy+into+practice+in+China&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-101&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29150129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11625-006-0018-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007SuSc....2...95Z&rft.aulast=Zhijun&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Nailing%2C+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environmental-expert.com%2FFiles%255C6063%255Carticles%255C15086%255Cart9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org">"The Ellen MacArthur Foundation website"</a>. Ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ellen+MacArthur+Foundation+website&rft.pub=Ellenmacarthurfoundation.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlokHoogzaadRamkumarRidley" class="citation web cs1">Blok, Kornelis; Hoogzaad, Jelmer; Ramkumar, Shyaam; Ridley, Shyaam; Srivastav, Preeti; Tan, Irina; Terlouw, Wouter; de Wit, Terlouw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circle-economy.com/case/circular-economy-a-key-lever-in-bridging-the-emissions-gap-to-a-1-5-c-pathway/">"Implementing Circular Economy Globally Makes Paris Targets Achievable"</a>. Circle Economy. Circle Economy, Ecofys. Retrieved 20 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Circle+Economy&rft.atitle=Implementing+Circular+Economy+Globally+Makes+Paris+Targets+Achievable&rft.aulast=Blok&rft.aufirst=Kornelis&rft.au=Hoogzaad%2C+Jelmer&rft.au=Ramkumar%2C+Shyaam&rft.au=Ridley%2C+Shyaam&rft.au=Srivastav%2C+Preeti&rft.au=Tan%2C+Irina&rft.au=Terlouw%2C+Wouter&rft.au=de+Wit%2C+Terlouw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circle-economy.com%2Fcase%2Fcircular-economy-a-key-lever-in-bridging-the-emissions-gap-to-a-1-5-c-pathway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breteler-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breteler_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breteler_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breteler_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breteler_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breteler_72-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.H.R._Breteler2022" class="citation web cs1">F.H.R. Breteler (6 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/205362293/Breteler_1490729_CME_Vries_d.pdf">"Enhancement of the process of reusing building products"</a> (PDF). pure.tue.nl. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pure.tue.nl&rft.atitle=Enhancement+of+the+process+of+reusing+building+products&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.au=F.H.R.+Breteler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.tue.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F205362293%2FBreteler_1490729_CME_Vries_d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pantheonchemical.com/reduce-reuse-recycle/">"The Story Behind "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" - Pantheon Enterprises"</a>. Pantheon Enterprises. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pantheon+Enterprises&rft.atitle=The+Story+Behind+%22Reduce%2C+Reuse%2C+Recycle%22+-+Pantheon+Enterprises&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpantheonchemical.com%2Freduce-reuse-recycle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cramer_2017-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_2017_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cramer_2017_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cramer, Jacqueline (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00139157.2017.1301167">"The Raw Materials Transition in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area: Added Value for the Economy, Well-Being, and the Environment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environment_(magazine)" title="Environment (magazine)">Environment</a>. 59 (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 14–21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ESPSD..59c..14C">2017ESPSD..59c..14C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00139157.2017.1301167">10.1080/00139157.2017.1301167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157859507">157859507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment&rft.atitle=The+Raw+Materials+Transition+in+the+Amsterdam+Metropolitan+Area%3A+Added+Value+for+the+Economy%2C+Well-Being%2C+and+the+Environment&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=14-21&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157859507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00139157.2017.1301167&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ESPSD..59c..14C&rft.aulast=Cramer&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00139157.2017.1301167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen_MacArthur_Foundation2013" class="citation web cs1">Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616035015/https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/EllenMacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf">"Towards The Circular Economy - Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition"</a> (PDF). Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/EllenMacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+The+Circular+Economy+-+Economic+and+Business+Rationale+for+an+Accelerated+Transition&rft.pub=Ellen+MacArthur+Foundation&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Ellen+MacArthur+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org%2Fassets%2Fdownloads%2Fpublications%2FEllenMacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansink2015" class="citation web cs1">Lansink, Ad (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recycling.com/wp-content/uploads/waste%20hierarchy/Waste%20Hierarchy%20presentation%20From%20waste%20to%20resource-management.pdf">"From waste-to resource-management: Waste management and circular economy: a critical analysis"</a> (PDF). Recycling.com. Recycling Vision B.V. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recycling.com&rft.atitle=From+waste-to+resource-management%3A+Waste+management+and+circular+economy%3A+a+critical+analysis&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lansink&rft.aufirst=Ad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recycling.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fwaste%2520hierarchy%2FWaste%2520Hierarchy%2520presentation%2520From%2520waste%2520to%2520resource-management.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_Cramer2017" class="citation web cs1">Jacqueline Cramer (22 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ifoIooVkys&t=383s&ab_channel=CarbonTalks">"Towards a Circular City"</a>. YouTube. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Circular+City&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft.au=Jacqueline+Cramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1ifoIooVkys%26t%3D383s%26ab_channel%3DCarbonTalks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/t4gb0fs4knot-n8nz6f/@/preview/1?o">"Towards the Circular Economy Vol. 3: Accelerating the scale-up across global supply chains | Shared by Business"</a>. emf.thirdlight.com. Retrieved 2021-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emf.thirdlight.com&rft.atitle=Towards+the+Circular+Economy+Vol.+3%3A+Accelerating+the+scale-up+across+global+supply+chains+%7C+Shared+by+Business&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femf.thirdlight.com%2Flink%2Ft4gb0fs4knot-n8nz6f%2F%40%2Fpreview%2F1%3Fo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf">"Towards the Circular Economy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123022159/http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org:80/assets/downloads/publications/Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+the+Circular+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org%2Fassets%2Fdownloads%2Fpublications%2FEllen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf">Towards the Circular Economy: Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition</a> (PDF) (Report). Ellen MacArthur Foundation. 2013. Retrieved 2020-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Towards+the+Circular+Economy%3A+Economic+and+Business+Rationale+for+an+Accelerated+Transition&rft.pub=Ellen+MacArthur+Foundation&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org%2Fassets%2Fdownloads%2Fpublications%2FEllen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> And: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110100128/http://www.thecirculareconomy.org/">Towards the Circular Economy: an economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition</a>. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. 2012. p. 60. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecirculareconomy.org">the original</a> on 2013-01-10. Retrieved 2012-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+the+Circular+Economy%3A+an+economic+and+business+rationale+for+an+accelerated+transition&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Ellen+MacArthur+Foundation&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecirculareconomy.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmittWolfLennerforsOkwir2021" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitt, Thomas; Wolf, Christopher; Lennerfors, Thomas Taro; Okwir, Simon (2021-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2021.128531">"Beyond "Leanear" production: A multi-level approach for achieving circularity in a lean manufacturing context"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 318: 128531. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JCPro.31828531S">2021JCPro.31828531S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2021.128531">10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Beyond+%22Leanear%22+production%3A+A+multi-level+approach+for+achieving+circularity+in+a+lean+manufacturing+context&rft.volume=318&rft.pages=128531&rft.date=2021-10-10&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2021.128531&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JCPro.31828531S&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Lennerfors%2C+Thomas+Taro&rft.au=Okwir%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jclepro.2021.128531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iisd.org/library/estimating-employment-effects-circular-economy">Estimating Employment Effects of the Circular Economy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/sector/news/WCMS_881334/lang--en/index.htm">"Global South circular economy could generate millions of job opportunities"</a>. www.ilo.org. 2023-05-09. Retrieved 2023-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ilo.org&rft.atitle=Global+South+circular+economy+could+generate+millions+of+job+opportunities&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fsector%2Fnews%2FWCMS_881334%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReppHekkertKirchherr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Repp, Lars; Hekkert, Marko; Kirchherr, Julian (2021-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2021.105621">"Circular economy-induced global employment shifts in apparel value chains: Job reduction in apparel production activities, job growth in reuse and recycling activities"</a>. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 171: 105621. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021RCR...17105621R">2021RCR...17105621R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2021.105621">10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105621</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-3449">0921-3449</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236242336">236242336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Circular+economy-induced+global+employment+shifts+in+apparel+value+chains%3A+Job+reduction+in+apparel+production+activities%2C+job+growth+in+reuse+and+recycling+activities&rft.volume=171&rft.pages=105621&rft.date=2021-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2021.105621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236242336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0921-3449&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021RCR...17105621R&rft.aulast=Repp&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Hekkert%2C+Marko&rft.au=Kirchherr%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.resconrec.2021.105621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2008" class="citation book cs1">Scott, W. Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y-0bDCw_aEC&pg=PA50">Institutions and Organization: Ideas and Interest</a> (Third ed.). Stanford University: Sage Publications. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5090-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5090-9"><bdi>978-1-4129-5090-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions+and+Organization%3A+Ideas+and+Interest&rft.place=Stanford+University&rft.pages=50-51&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5090-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=W.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Y-0bDCw_aEC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_Services" class="citation web cs1">Republic Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216210930/https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NYSE_RSG_2017.pdf">"Republic Services Annual Report 2017"</a> (PDF). annualreports.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NYSE_RSG_2017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=annualreports.com&rft.atitle=Republic+Services+Annual+Report+2017&rft.au=Republic+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreports.com%2FHostedData%2FAnnualReports%2FPDF%2FNYSE_RSG_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/historic-day-campaign-beat-plastic-pollution-nations-commit-develop">"Historic day in the campaign to beat plastic pollution: Nations commit to develop a legally binding agreement"</a>. UN Environment Programme (UNEP). 2 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Environment+Programme+%28UNEP%29&rft.atitle=Historic+day+in+the+campaign+to+beat+plastic+pollution%3A+Nations+commit+to+develop+a+legally+binding+agreement&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fnews-and-stories%2Fpress-release%2Fhistoric-day-campaign-beat-plastic-pollution-nations-commit-develop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/38522/k2200647_-_unep-ea-5-l-23-rev-1_-_advance.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"End plastic pollution: Towards an international legally binding instrument*"</a> (PDF). United Nations Environmental Programm. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Environmental+Programm&rft.atitle=End+plastic+pollution%3A+Towards+an+international+legally+binding+instrument%2A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs.unep.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11822%2F38522%2Fk2200647_-_unep-ea-5-l-23-rev-1_-_advance.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTecchioMcAlisterMathieuxArdente2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tecchio, Paolo; McAlister, Catriona; Mathieux, Fabrice; Ardente, Fulvio (1 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5656090">"In search of standards to support circularity in product policies: A systematic approach"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 168: 1533–1546. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCPro.168.1533T">2017JCPro.168.1533T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.05.198">10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5656090">5656090</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29200663">29200663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=In+search+of+standards+to+support+circularity+in+product+policies%3A+A+systematic+approach&rft.volume=168&rft.pages=1533-1546&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5656090%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JCPro.168.1533T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29200663&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.05.198&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft.aulast=Tecchio&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=McAlister%2C+Catriona&rft.au=Mathieux%2C+Fabrice&rft.au=Ardente%2C+Fulvio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5656090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bkv-gmbh.de/files/bkv-neu/brochures-pdf-en/CEN-CENELEC_Standardization_in_a_Circular_Economy_Brochure_Oct19.pdf">"Standardization in a Circular Economy – Closing the Loop"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standardization+in+a+Circular+Economy+%E2%80%93+Closing+the+Loop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bkv-gmbh.de%2Ffiles%2Fbkv-neu%2Fbrochures-pdf-en%2FCEN-CENELEC_Standardization_in_a_Circular_Economy_Brochure_Oct19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedkovaFifield" class="citation journal cs1">Medkova, Katerina; Fifield, Brett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/121322/LAMK_2016_24.pdf?sequence=2#page=32">"Circular Design - Design for Circular Economy"</a> (PDF). Lahti Cleantech Annual Review 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lahti+Cleantech+Annual+Review+2016&rft.atitle=Circular+Design+-+Design+for+Circular+Economy&rft.aulast=Medkova&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rft.au=Fifield%2C+Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theseus.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F121322%2FLAMK_2016_24.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2%23page%3D32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParajulyWenzel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Parajuly, Keshav; Wenzel, Henrik (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu9050768">"Product Family Approach in E-Waste Management: A Conceptual Framework for Circular Economy"</a>. Sustainability. 9 (5): 768. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu9050768">10.3390/su9050768</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Product+Family+Approach+in+E-Waste+Management%3A+A+Conceptual+Framework+for+Circular+Economy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=768&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu9050768&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.aulast=Parajuly&rft.aufirst=Keshav&rft.au=Wenzel%2C+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu9050768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techxplore.com/news/2021-11-solar-panels-recycle-mountain.html">"Solar panels: we need to recycle parts of them to use again and avoid a mountain of waste"</a>. techxplore.com. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=techxplore.com&rft.atitle=Solar+panels%3A+we+need+to+recycle+parts+of+them+to+use+again+and+avoid+a+mountain+of+waste&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechxplore.com%2Fnews%2F2021-11-solar-panels-recycle-mountain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagossnigSchneider2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ragossnig, Arne M; Schneider, Daniel R (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242X19826776">"Circular economy, recycling and end-of-waste"</a>. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy. 37 (2): 109–111. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019WMR....37..109R">2019WMR....37..109R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242X19826776">10.1177/0734242X19826776</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-242X">0734-242X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30803418">30803418</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73458186">73458186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waste+Management+%26+Research%3A+The+Journal+for+a+Sustainable+Circular+Economy&rft.atitle=Circular+economy%2C+recycling+and+end-of-waste&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-111&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73458186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019WMR....37..109R&rft.issn=0734-242X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0734242X19826776&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30803418&rft.aulast=Ragossnig&rft.aufirst=Arne+M&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Daniel+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0734242X19826776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagelükenLee-ShinCarpentierHeron2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hagelüken, Christian; Lee-Shin, Ji Un; Carpentier, Annick; Heron, Chris (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frecycling1020242">"The EU Circular Economy and Its Relevance to Metal Recycling"</a>. Recycling. 1 (2): 242–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frecycling1020242">10.3390/recycling1020242</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2313-4321">2313-4321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recycling&rft.atitle=The+EU+Circular+Economy+and+Its+Relevance+to+Metal+Recycling&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-253&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frecycling1020242&rft.issn=2313-4321&rft.aulast=Hagel%C3%BCken&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Lee-Shin%2C+Ji+Un&rft.au=Carpentier%2C+Annick&rft.au=Heron%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frecycling1020242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntikainenUusitaloKivikytö-Reponen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Antikainen, Maria; Uusitalo, Teuvo; Kivikytö-Reponen, Päivi (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2018.04.027">"Digitalisation as an Enabler of Circular Economy"</a>. Procedia CIRP. 73: 45–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.procir.2018.04.027">10.1016/j.procir.2018.04.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-8271">2212-8271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+CIRP&rft.atitle=Digitalisation+as+an+Enabler+of+Circular+Economy&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=45-49&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.procir.2018.04.027&rft.issn=2212-8271&rft.aulast=Antikainen&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Uusitalo%2C+Teuvo&rft.au=Kivikyt%C3%B6-Reponen%2C+P%C3%A4ivi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.procir.2018.04.027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashidAsifKrajnikNicolescu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rashid, Amir; Asif, Farazee M.A.; Krajnik, Peter; Nicolescu, Cornel Mihai (October 2013). "Resource Conservative Manufacturing: an essential change in business and technology paradigm for sustainable manufacturing". Journal of Cleaner Production. 57: 166–177. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JCPro..57..166R">2013JCPro..57..166R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2013.06.012">10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Resource+Conservative+Manufacturing%3A+an+essential+change+in+business+and+technology+paradigm+for+sustainable+manufacturing&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=166-177&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2013.06.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JCPro..57..166R&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft.au=Asif%2C+Farazee+M.A.&rft.au=Krajnik%2C+Peter&rft.au=Nicolescu%2C+Cornel+Mihai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/circular-economy/solutions/10158">"Solutions"</a>. solve.mit.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=solve.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Solutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolve.mit.edu%2Fchallenges%2Fcircular-economy%2Fsolutions%2F10158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geissdoerfer2018-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geissdoerfer2018_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geissdoerfer2018_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeissdoerferMoriokade_CarvalhoEvans2018" class="citation journal cs1">Geissdoerfer, Martin; Morioka, Sandra Naomi; de Carvalho, Marly Monteiro; Evans, Steve (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/280260">"Business models and supply chains for the circular economy"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 190: 712–721. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCPro.190..712G">2018JCPro.190..712G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.04.159">10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158887458">158887458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Business+models+and+supply+chains+for+the+circular+economy&rft.volume=190&rft.pages=712-721&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158887458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.04.159&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JCPro.190..712G&rft.aulast=Geissdoerfer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Morioka%2C+Sandra+Naomi&rft.au=de+Carvalho%2C+Marly+Monteiro&rft.au=Evans%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F280260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batista-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Batista_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Batista_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatistaGongPereiraJia2019" class="citation journal cs1">Batista, Luciano; Gong, Yu; Pereira, Susana; Jia, Fu; Bittar, Alexandre (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/37859/1/IJPR_TP_Ch_Br_paper_Final.pdf">"Circular supply chains in emerging economies – a comparative study of packaging recovery ecosystems in China and Brazil"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Production Research. 57 (23): 7248–7268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207543.2018.1558295">10.1080/00207543.2018.1558295</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116320263">116320263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Production+Research&rft.atitle=Circular+supply+chains+in+emerging+economies+%E2%80%93+a+comparative+study+of+packaging+recovery+ecosystems+in+China+and+Brazil&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=7248-7268&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00207543.2018.1558295&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A116320263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Batista&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft.au=Gong%2C+Yu&rft.au=Pereira%2C+Susana&rft.au=Jia%2C+Fu&rft.au=Bittar%2C+Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.aston.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F37859%2F1%2FIJPR_TP_Ch_Br_paper_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabriCorvellecStål2021" class="citation journal cs1">Babri, Maira; Corvellec, Hervé; Stål, Herman I. (2021-10-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14759551.2021.1986506">"Material affordances in circular products and business model development: for a relational understanding of human and material agency"</a>. Culture and Organization. 28 (1): 79–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14759551.2021.1986506">10.1080/14759551.2021.1986506</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-9551">1475-9551</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240732205">240732205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture+and+Organization&rft.atitle=Material+affordances+in+circular+products+and+business+model+development%3A+for+a+relational+understanding+of+human+and+material+agency&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-96&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240732205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1475-9551&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14759551.2021.1986506&rft.aulast=Babri&rft.aufirst=Maira&rft.au=Corvellec%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=St%C3%A5l%2C+Herman+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14759551.2021.1986506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeetman2016" class="citation book cs1">Weetman, Catherine (2016). A circular economy handbook for business and supply chains : repair, remake, redesign, rethink. London, United Kingdom: Kogan Page. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74947675-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74947675-5"><bdi>978-0-74947675-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/967729002">967729002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+circular+economy+handbook+for+business+and+supply+chains+%3A+repair%2C+remake%2C+redesign%2C+rethink&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Kogan+Page&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F967729002&rft.isbn=978-0-74947675-5&rft.aulast=Weetman&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencedirect.com-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAarikka-StenroosChiaroniKaipainenUrbinati2022" class="citation journal cs1">Aarikka-Stenroos, Leena; Chiaroni, Davide; Kaipainen, Jenni; Urbinati, Andrea (2022-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.indmarman.2022.06.015">"Companies' circular business models enabled by supply chain collaborations: An empirical-based framework, synthesis, and research agenda"</a>. Industrial Marketing Management. 105: 322–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.indmarman.2022.06.015">10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.06.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F1233334">11311/1233334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-8501">0019-8501</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250233904">250233904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Marketing+Management&rft.atitle=Companies%27+circular+business+models+enabled+by+supply+chain+collaborations%3A+An+empirical-based+framework%2C+synthesis%2C+and+research+agenda&rft.volume=105&rft.pages=322-339&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11311%2F1233334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250233904%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-8501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.indmarman.2022.06.015&rft.aulast=Aarikka-Stenroos&rft.aufirst=Leena&rft.au=Chiaroni%2C+Davide&rft.au=Kaipainen%2C+Jenni&rft.au=Urbinati%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.indmarman.2022.06.015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaipainenUrbinatiChiaroniAarikka-Stenroos2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kaipainen, Jenni; Urbinati, Andrea; Chiaroni, Davide; Aarikka-Stenroos, Leena (2022-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/143633">"How companies innovate business models and supply chains for a circular economy : a multiple-case study and framework"</a>. International Journal of Innovation Management. 26 (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1363919622400242">10.1142/S1363919622400242</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F1231117">11311/1231117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1363-9196">1363-9196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252956518">252956518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Innovation+Management&rft.atitle=How+companies+innovate+business+models+and+supply+chains+for+a+circular+economy+%3A+a+multiple-case+study+and+framework&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11311%2F1231117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252956518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1363-9196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS1363919622400242&rft.aulast=Kaipainen&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft.au=Urbinati%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Chiaroni%2C+Davide&rft.au=Aarikka-Stenroos%2C+Leena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrepo.tuni.fi%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F143633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristoffersenBlomsmaMikalefLi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kristoffersen, Eivind; Blomsma, Fenna; Mikalef, Patrick; Li, Jingyue (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2020.07.044">"The smart circular economy: A digital-enabled circular strategies framework for manufacturing companies"</a>. Journal of Business Research. 120: 241–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2020.07.044">10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.07.044</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2730135">11250/2730135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Research&rft.atitle=The+smart+circular+economy%3A+A+digital-enabled+circular+strategies+framework+for+manufacturing+companies&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=241-261&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2730135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2020.07.044&rft.aulast=Kristoffersen&rft.aufirst=Eivind&rft.au=Blomsma%2C+Fenna&rft.au=Mikalef%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Li%2C+Jingyue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jbusres.2020.07.044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/intelligent-assets">"Intelligent Assets: Unlocking the circular economy potential, by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and World Economic Forum as part of Project MainStream"</a>. www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. Retrieved 2020-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Intelligent+Assets%3A+Unlocking+the+circular+economy+potential%2C+by+the+Ellen+MacArthur+Foundation+and+World+Economic+Forum+as+part+of+Project+MainStream&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org%2Fpublications%2Fintelligent-assets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gstic.org/inspiration/how-to-transition-to-a-digital-circular-economy/">"How to transition to a digital circular economy?"</a>. G-STIC. 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G-STIC&rft.atitle=How+to+transition+to+a+digital+circular+economy%3F&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gstic.org%2Finspiration%2Fhow-to-transition-to-a-digital-circular-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cicerone-h2020.eu/2020/09/27/new-circular-economy-sria-now-available/">"New Circular Economy Strategic R&I Agenda now available"</a>. CICERONE. 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2020-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CICERONE&rft.atitle=New+Circular+Economy+Strategic+R%26I+Agenda+now+available&rft.date=2020-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcicerone-h2020.eu%2F2020%2F09%2F27%2Fnew-circular-economy-sria-now-available%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadeghiMahmoudiDengLuo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sadeghi, M.; Mahmoudi, A.; Deng, X.; Luo, X. (2022-06-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04298-2">"Prioritizing requirements for implementing blockchain technology in construction supply chain based on circular economy: Fuzzy Ordinal Priority Approach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Environmental_Science_and_Technology" title="International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology">International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology</a>. 20 (5): 4991–5012. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13762-022-04298-2">10.1007/s13762-022-04298-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1735-2630">1735-2630</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250065647">250065647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Prioritizing+requirements+for+implementing+blockchain+technology+in+construction+supply+chain+based+on+circular+economy%3A+Fuzzy+Ordinal+Priority+Approach&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=4991-5012&rft.date=2022-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250065647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1735-2630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13762-022-04298-2&rft.aulast=Sadeghi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Mahmoudi%2C+A.&rft.au=Deng%2C+X.&rft.au=Luo%2C+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs13762-022-04298-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHub" class="citation web cs1">Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdg.iisd.org:443/news/wef-launches-public-private-platform-on-circular-economy/">"WEF Launches Public-Private Platform on Circular Economy | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD"</a>. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WEF+Launches+Public-Private+Platform+on+Circular+Economy+%7C+News+%7C+SDG+Knowledge+Hub+%7C+IISD&rft.aulast=Hub&rft.aufirst=IISD%27s+SDG+Knowledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdg.iisd.org%3A443%2Fnews%2Fwef-launches-public-private-platform-on-circular-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacecircular.org/">"Home"</a>. PACE. Retrieved 2021-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PACE&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacecircular.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/projects/circular-economy/">"Circular Economy"</a>. World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fprojects%2Fcircular-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHub" class="citation web cs1">Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdg.iisd.org:443/news/wef-launches-public-private-platform-on-circular-economy/">"WEF Launches Public-Private Platform on Circular Economy | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD"</a>. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WEF+Launches+Public-Private+Platform+on+Circular+Economy+%7C+News+%7C+SDG+Knowledge+Hub+%7C+IISD&rft.aulast=Hub&rft.aufirst=IISD%27s+SDG+Knowledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdg.iisd.org%3A443%2Fnews%2Fwef-launches-public-private-platform-on-circular-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sitra.fi/en/articles/platform-accelerating-circular-economy-pace/">"The Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE)"</a>. Sitra. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sitra&rft.atitle=The+Platform+for+Accelerating+the+Circular+Economy+%28PACE%29&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sitra.fi%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fplatform-accelerating-circular-economy-pace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.circularity-gap.world/2020">"The world is now only 8.6% circular - CGR 2020 - Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative"</a>. www.circularity-gap.world. Retrieved 2021-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.circularity-gap.world&rft.atitle=The+world+is+now+only+8.6%25+circular+-+CGR+2020+-+Circularity+Gap+Reporting+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.circularity-gap.world%2F2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.website-files.com/5e185aa4d27bcf348400ed82/5e26ead616b6d1d157ff4293_20200120%20-%20CGR%20Global%20-%20Report%20web%20single%20page%20-%20210x297mm%20-%20compressed.pdf">"Circular Gap Report 2020"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204052652/https://assets.website-files.com/5e185aa4d27bcf348400ed82/5e26ead616b6d1d157ff4293_20200120%20-%20CGR%20Global%20-%20Report%20web%20single%20page%20-%20210x297mm%20-%20compressed.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+Gap+Report+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.website-files.com%2F5e185aa4d27bcf348400ed82%2F5e26ead616b6d1d157ff4293_20200120%2520-%2520CGR%2520Global%2520-%2520Report%2520web%2520single%2520page%2520-%2520210x297mm%2520-%2520compressed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192608/https://www.acceleratecirculareconomy.org/members">"Members"</a>. Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acceleratecirculareconomy.org/members">the original</a> on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Platform+for+Accelerating+the+Circular+Economy&rft.atitle=Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acceleratecirculareconomy.org%2Fmembers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_PACE_Platform_for_Accelerating_the_Circular_Economy.pdf">"WEF PACE pdf"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WEF+PACE+pdf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_PACE_Platform_for_Accelerating_the_Circular_Economy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2019/20190124-philips-delivers-on-commitment-to-the-circular-economy-at-davos-2019.html">"Philips delivers on commitment to the circular economy at DAVOS 2019"</a>. Philips. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philips&rft.atitle=Philips+delivers+on+commitment+to+the+circular+economy+at+DAVOS+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philips.com%2Fa-w%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fstandard%2Fnews%2Fpress%2F2019%2F20190124-philips-delivers-on-commitment-to-the-circular-economy-at-davos-2019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401191712/https://www.acceleratecirculareconomy.org/capital-equipment-coalition-index">"Capital Equipment Coalition"</a>. Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acceleratecirculareconomy.org/capital-equipment-coalition-index">the original</a> on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Platform+for+Accelerating+the+Circular+Economy&rft.atitle=Capital+Equipment+Coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acceleratecirculareconomy.org%2Fcapital-equipment-coalition-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circle-economy.com/capital-equipment-coalition">"The Capital Equipment Pledge"</a>. The Capital Equipment Pledge. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Capital+Equipment+Pledge&rft.atitle=The+Capital+Equipment+Pledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circle-economy.com%2Fcapital-equipment-coalition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192500/https://www.acceleratecirculareconomy.org/global-battery-alliance-index">"Global Battery Alliance"</a>. Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acceleratecirculareconomy.org/global-battery-alliance-index">the original</a> on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Platform+for+Accelerating+the+Circular+Economy&rft.atitle=Global+Battery+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acceleratecirculareconomy.org%2Fglobal-battery-alliance-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/global-battery-alliance/">"Global Battery Alliance"</a>. World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Global+Battery+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fglobal-battery-alliance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_New_Circular_Vision_for_Electronics.pdf">"A New Circular Vision for Electronics"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Circular+Vision+for+Electronics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_A_New_Circular_Vision_for_Electronics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/resource/new-circular-vision-electronics-time-global-reboot">"A New Circular Vision for Electronics: Time for a global reboot"</a>. Green Growth Knowledge Platform. 2019-02-10. Retrieved 2019-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Green+Growth+Knowledge+Platform&rft.atitle=A+New+Circular+Vision+for+Electronics%3A+Time+for+a+global+reboot&rft.date=2019-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greengrowthknowledge.org%2Fresource%2Fnew-circular-vision-electronics-time-global-reboot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120031009/https://pacecircular.org/team">"Team"</a>. PACE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacecircular.org/team">the original</a> on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PACE&rft.atitle=Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacecircular.org%2Fteam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wri.org/news/2019/05/release-pace-welcomes-david-mcginty-global-director">"RELEASE: PACE Welcomes David McGinty as Global Director"</a>. World Resources Institute. 2019-05-16. Retrieved 2021-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Resources+Institute&rft.atitle=RELEASE%3A+PACE+Welcomes+David+McGinty+as+Global+Director&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wri.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F05%2Frelease-pace-welcomes-david-mcginty-global-director&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120023435/https://pacecircular.org/members">"Members"</a>. PACE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacecircular.org/members">the original</a> on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PACE&rft.atitle=Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacecircular.org%2Fmembers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/standards/benefits-of-using-standards/becoming-more-sustainable-with-standards/Circular-Economy/">"Developing BS 8001 - a world first"</a>. The British Standards Institution. Retrieved 29 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Developing+BS+8001+-+a+world+first&rft.pub=The+British+Standards+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsigroup.com%2Fen-GB%2Fstandards%2Fbenefits-of-using-standards%2Fbecoming-more-sustainable-with-standards%2FCircular-Economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauliuk2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pauliuk, Stefan (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.10.019">"Critical appraisal of the circular economy standard BS 8001:2017 and a dashboard of quantitative system indicators for its implementation in organizations"</a>. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 129: 81–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RCR...129...81P">2018RCR...129...81P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.10.019">10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.10.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Critical+appraisal+of+the+circular+economy+standard+BS+8001%3A2017+and+a+dashboard+of+quantitative+system+indicators+for+its+implementation+in+organizations&rft.volume=129&rft.pages=81-92&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.10.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018RCR...129...81P&rft.aulast=Pauliuk&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.resconrec.2017.10.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/committee/72/03/7203984.html">"ISO/TC 323 - Circular economy"</a>. ISO. Retrieved 2020-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO&rft.atitle=ISO%2FTC+323+-+Circular+economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fcms%2Frender%2Flive%2Fen%2Fsites%2Fisoorg%2Fcontents%2Fdata%2Fcommittee%2F72%2F03%2F7203984.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeziHysaCalabreseMercuri2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dezi, Luca; Hysa, Xhimi; Calabrese, Mario; Mercuri, Francesco (2022-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14783363.2022.2051698">"Open Total Quality Management in the Circular Economy age: a social enterprise perspective through the case of Patagonia"</a>. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence: 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14783363.2022.2051698">10.1080/14783363.2022.2051698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-3363">1478-3363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247575847">247575847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Total+Quality+Management+%26+Business+Excellence&rft.atitle=Open+Total+Quality+Management+in+the+Circular+Economy+age%3A+a+social+enterprise+perspective+through+the+case+of+Patagonia&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2022-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247575847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1478-3363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14783363.2022.2051698&rft.aulast=Dezi&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft.au=Hysa%2C+Xhimi&rft.au=Calabrese%2C+Mario&rft.au=Mercuri%2C+Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14783363.2022.2051698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristoniTonelli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cristoni, Nicolò; Tonelli, Marcello (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14207%2Fejsd.2018.v7n4p105">"Perceptions of Firms Participating in a Circular Economy"</a>. European Journal of Sustainable Development. 7 (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14207%2Fejsd.2018.v7n4p105">10.14207/ejsd.2018.v7n4p105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Perceptions+of+Firms+Participating+in+a+Circular+Economy&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14207%2Fejsd.2018.v7n4p105&rft.aulast=Cristoni&rft.aufirst=Nicol%C3%B2&rft.au=Tonelli%2C+Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14207%252Fejsd.2018.v7n4p105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> "Circular Readiness Assessment website" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.worldynamics.com/circular_economy/web/assessment/main">http://www.worldynamics.com/circular_economy/web/assessment/main</a> Retrieved on 26 July 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrović2020" class="citation journal cs1">Petrović, Nataša (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://management.fon.bg.ac.rs/index.php/mng/article/view/324">"Book review of:Strategic Management and the Circular Economy by Marcello Tonelli and Nicoló Cristoni"</a>. Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies. 25 (1): 76–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7595%2Fmanagement.fon.2020.0005">10.7595/management.fon.2020.0005</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225885231">225885231</a>. Retrieved 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management%3A+Journal+of+Sustainable+Business+and+Management+Solutions+in+Emerging+Economies&rft.atitle=Book+review+of%3AStrategic+Management+and+the+Circular+Economy+by+Marcello+Tonelli+and+Nicol%C3%B3+Cristoni.&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-78&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7595%2Fmanagement.fon.2020.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225885231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Petrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nata%C5%A1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanagement.fon.bg.ac.rs%2Findex.php%2Fmng%2Farticle%2Fview%2F324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPesceTamaiGuoCritto2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pesce, Marco; Tamai, Ilaria; Guo, Deyan; Critto, Andrea; Brombal, Daniele; Wang, Hongguang; Cheng, Antonio; Marcomini, Antonio (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12030832">"Circular economy in China: Translating principles into practice"</a>. Sustainability. 12 (3): 832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12030832">10.3390/su12030832</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10278%2F3722091">10278/3722091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Circular+economy+in+China%3A+Translating+principles+into+practice&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=832&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10278%2F3722091&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu12030832&rft.aulast=Pesce&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Tamai%2C+Ilaria&rft.au=Guo%2C+Deyan&rft.au=Critto%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Brombal%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hongguang&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Marcomini%2C+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu12030832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonelliCristoni2018" class="citation book cs1">Tonelli, Marcello; Cristoni, Nicolò (2018). Strategic Management and the Circular Economy. Routledge. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-59269-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-59269-7"><bdi>978-1-351-59269-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Management+and+the+Circular+Economy&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-59269-7&rft.aulast=Tonelli&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft.au=Cristoni%2C+Nicol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_138-2">c</a> Meldrum, R., "Designing and Innovating for Circularity: An Engineering Life Cycle Approach for Complex and Certified Products," SAE Technical Paper 2023-01-0988, 2023, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4271%2F2023-01-0988">10.4271/2023-01-0988</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/in-copenhagen-gearing-up-for-a-circular-fashion-system">"In Copenhagen, Gearing up for a Circular Fashion System"</a>. The Business of Fashion. 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2018-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+of+Fashion&rft.atitle=In+Copenhagen%2C+Gearing+up+for+a+Circular+Fashion+System&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessoffashion.com%2Farticles%2Fintelligence%2Fin-copenhagen-gearing-up-for-a-circular-fashion-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/ceo-talk/dame-ellen-macarthur-on-building-momentum-for-sustainability-in-fashion">"Dame Ellen MacArthur on Building Momentum for Sustainability in Fashion"</a>. The Business of Fashion. 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2018-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+of+Fashion&rft.atitle=Dame+Ellen+MacArthur+on+Building+Momentum+for+Sustainability+in+Fashion&rft.date=2018-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessoffashion.com%2Farticles%2Fceo-talk%2Fdame-ellen-macarthur-on-building-momentum-for-sustainability-in-fashion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Ross, M (Producer), & Morgan, A (Director). (2015, May). The true cost [Motion Picture]. United States: Life is My Movie Entertainment. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen MacArthur Foundation">Ellen MacArthur Foundation</a>, A new textiles economy: Redesigning fashion's future, (2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications">http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications</a> ). </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> The Glossy Podcast. (2018, May 30). Eileen Fisher on 34 years in sustainable fashion: "It's about constantly learning" [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://theglossypodcast.libsyn.com/">https://theglossypodcast.libsyn.com/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005307/https://theglossypodcast.libsyn.com/">Archived</a> 2018-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palanta.co/how-it-works">"how PALANTA works"</a>. palanta.co. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=palanta.co&rft.atitle=how+PALANTA+works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpalanta.co%2Fhow-it-works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDowall_et_al_2017-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall_et_al_2017_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall_et_al_2017_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDowall_et_al_2017_145-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowallGengHuangBarteková2017" class="citation journal cs1">McDowall, Will; Geng, Yong; Huang, Beijia; Barteková, Eva; Bleischwitz, Raimund; Türkeli, Serdar; Kemp, René; Doménech, Teresa (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1543099/3/McDowall_Circular%2520economy%2520policies%2520in%2520China%2520and%2520Europe%2520SECOND%2520REVISION_CLEAN.pdf">"Circular Economy Policies in China and Europe"</a> (PDF). Journal of Industrial Ecology. 21 (3): 651–661. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInEc..21..651M">2017JInEc..21..651M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.12597">10.1111/jiec.12597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157819895">157819895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy+Policies+in+China+and+Europe&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=651-661&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157819895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjiec.12597&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JInEc..21..651M&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Geng%2C+Yong&rft.au=Huang%2C+Beijia&rft.au=Bartekov%C3%A1%2C+Eva&rft.au=Bleischwitz%2C+Raimund&rft.au=T%C3%BCrkeli%2C+Serdar&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Dom%C3%A9nech%2C+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1543099%2F3%2FMcDowall_Circular%252520economy%252520policies%252520in%252520China%252520and%252520Europe%252520SECOND%252520REVISION_CLEAN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/construction_en">"Construction | Growth"</a>. European Commission. 2016-07-05. Retrieved 6 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Construction+%7C+Growth&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2016-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fgrowth%2Fsectors%2Fconstruction_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuñez-CachoGóreckiMolina-MorenoCorpas-Iglesias2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nuñez-Cacho, Pedro; Górecki, Jarosław; Molina-Moreno, Valentin; Corpas-Iglesias, Francisco Antonio (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5171%2F2018.909360">"New Measures of Circular Economy Thinking in Construction Companies"</a>. Journal of EU Research in Business. 2018: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5171%2F2018.909360">10.5171/2018.909360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+EU+Research+in+Business&rft.atitle=New+Measures+of+Circular+Economy+Thinking+in+Construction+Companies&rft.volume=2018&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5171%2F2018.909360&rft.aulast=Nu%C3%B1ez-Cacho&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft.au=G%C3%B3recki%2C+Jaros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Molina-Moreno%2C+Valentin&rft.au=Corpas-Iglesias%2C+Francisco+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5171%252F2018.909360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20180328STO00751/eu-waste-management-infographic-with-facts-and-figures">"EU waste management: infographic with facts and figures | News | European Parliament"</a>. www.europarl.europa.eu. 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2023-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EU+waste+management%3A+infographic+with+facts+and+figures+%7C+News+%7C+European+Parliament&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fnews%2Fen%2Fheadlines%2Fsociety%2F20180328STO00751%2Feu-waste-management-infographic-with-facts-and-figures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunn2022" class="citation web cs1">Brunn, Michael (2022-11-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recycling-magazine.com/2022/11/07/eu-4-8-tonnes-of-waste-generated-per-inhabitant/">"EU: 4.8 tonnes of waste generated per inhabitant"</a>. RECYCLING magazine. Retrieved 2023-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RECYCLING+magazine&rft.atitle=EU%3A+4.8+tonnes+of+waste+generated+per+inhabitant&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft.aulast=Brunn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recycling-magazine.com%2F2022%2F11%2F07%2Feu-4-8-tonnes-of-waste-generated-per-inhabitant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/municipal-waste-management-across-european-countries">"Municipal waste management across European countries — European Environment Agency"</a>. www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eea.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Municipal+waste+management+across+European+countries+%E2%80%94+European+Environment+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Fmunicipal-waste-management-across-european-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/industry/cement">"Cement"</a>. IEA. Retrieved 2024-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA&rft.atitle=Cement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Fenergy-system%2Findustry%2Fcement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2019" class="citation journal cs1">Andrew, Robbie M. (2019-11-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/11/1675/2019/">"Global CO2 emissions from cement production, 1928–2018"</a>. Earth System Science Data. 11 (4): 1675–1710. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-11-1675-2019">10.5194/essd-11-1675-2019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-3508">1866-3508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+System+Science+Data&rft.atitle=Global+CO2+emissions+from+cement+production%2C+1928%E2%80%932018&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1675-1710&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fessd-11-1675-2019&rft.issn=1866-3508&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Robbie+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fessd.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F11%2F1675%2F2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjayabiChenZhouHopkinson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ajayabi, Atta; Chen, Han-Mei; Zhou, Kan; Hopkinson, Peter; Wang, Yong; Lam, Dennis (2019-02-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F225%2F1%2F012015">"REBUILD: Regenerative Buildings and Construction systems for a Circular Economy"</a>. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 225 (1): 012015. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019E&ES..225a2015A">2019E&ES..225a2015A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F225%2F1%2F012015">10.1088/1755-1315/225/1/012015</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F36366">10871/36366</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-1315">1755-1315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116431097">116431097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IOP+Conference+Series%3A+Earth+and+Environmental+Science&rft.atitle=REBUILD%3A+Regenerative+Buildings+and+Construction+systems+for+a+Circular+Economy&rft.volume=225&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012015&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F36366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A116431097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019E%26ES..225a2015A&rft.issn=1755-1315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F225%2F1%2F012015&rft.aulast=Ajayabi&rft.aufirst=Atta&rft.au=Chen%2C+Han-Mei&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Kan&rft.au=Hopkinson%2C+Peter&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yong&rft.au=Lam%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1755-1315%252F225%252F1%252F012015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuñez-CachoGóreckiMolina-MorenoCorpas-Iglesias2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nuñez-Cacho, Pedro; Górecki, Jarosław; Molina-Moreno, Valentín; Corpas-Iglesias, Francisco Antonio (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10072340">"What Gets Measured, Gets Done: Development of a Circular Economy Measurement Scale for Building Industry"</a>. Sustainability. 10(7) (2340): 2340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10072340">10.3390/su10072340</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10481%2F55172">10481/55172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=What+Gets+Measured%2C+Gets+Done%3A+Development+of+a+Circular+Economy+Measurement+Scale+for+Building+Industry&rft.volume=10%287%29&rft.issue=2340&rft.pages=2340&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10481%2F55172&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu10072340&rft.aulast=Nu%C3%B1ez-Cacho&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft.au=G%C3%B3recki%2C+Jaros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Molina-Moreno%2C+Valent%C3%ADn&rft.au=Corpas-Iglesias%2C+Francisco+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu10072340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGóreckiNuñez-CachoCorpas-IglesiasMolina-Moreno2019" class="citation journal cs1">Górecki, Jarosław; Nuñez-Cacho, Pedro; Corpas-Iglesias, Francisco Antonio; Molina-Moreno, Valentin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311916.2019.1690760">"How to convince players in construction market? Strategies for effective implementation of circular economy in construction sector"</a>. Cogent Engineering. 6 (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311916.2019.1690760">10.1080/23311916.2019.1690760</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10481%2F58267">10481/58267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cogent+Engineering&rft.atitle=How+to+convince+players+in+construction+market%3F+Strategies+for+effective+implementation+of+circular+economy+in+construction+sector&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10481%2F58267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23311916.2019.1690760&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3recki&rft.aufirst=Jaros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Nu%C3%B1ez-Cacho%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Corpas-Iglesias%2C+Francisco+Antonio&rft.au=Molina-Moreno%2C+Valentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F23311916.2019.1690760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGórecki2020" class="citation journal cs1">Górecki, Jarosław (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsym12010050">"Simulation-Based Positioning of Circular Economy Manager's Skills in Construction Projects"</a>. Symmetry. 12 (1): 50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsym12010050">10.3390/sym12010050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symmetry&rft.atitle=Simulation-Based+Positioning+of+Circular+Economy+Manager%27s+Skills+in+Construction+Projects&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsym12010050&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3recki&rft.aufirst=Jaros%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsym12010050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/en/sector/automotive-industry">European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelekoukiasGarza-ReyesKumar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Belekoukias, Ioannis; Garza-Reyes, Jose Arturo; Kumar, Vikas (2014-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207543.2014.903348">"The impact of lean methods and tools on the operational performance of manufacturing organisations"</a>. International Journal of Production Research. 52 (18): 5346–5366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207543.2014.903348">10.1080/00207543.2014.903348</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10545%2F622279">10545/622279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7543">0020-7543</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53579492">53579492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Production+Research&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+lean+methods+and+tools+on+the+operational+performance+of+manufacturing+organisations&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=5346-5366&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10545%2F622279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53579492%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7543&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00207543.2014.903348&rft.aulast=Belekoukias&rft.aufirst=Ioannis&rft.au=Garza-Reyes%2C+Jose+Arturo&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Vikas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00207543.2014.903348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockende_PauwBakkervan_der_Grinten2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bocken, Nancy M. P.; de Pauw, Ingrid; Bakker, Conny; van der Grinten, Bram (2016-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21681015.2016.1172124">"Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy"</a>. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering. 33 (5): 308–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21681015.2016.1172124">10.1080/21681015.2016.1172124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-1015">2168-1015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11754573">11754573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+and+Production+Engineering&rft.atitle=Product+design+and+business+model+strategies+for+a+circular+economy&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=308-320&rft.date=2016-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11754573%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2168-1015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21681015.2016.1172124&rft.aulast=Bocken&rft.aufirst=Nancy+M.+P.&rft.au=de+Pauw%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Bakker%2C+Conny&rft.au=van+der+Grinten%2C+Bram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F21681015.2016.1172124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.automotiveworld.com/articles/waste-want-auto-industry-toys-circular-economy/">Automakers Enter the Circular Economy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.victanis.com/blog/circular-economy-automotive-industry">The Circular Economy In The Automotive Sector: How Far Can We Introduce It?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011205616/https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/news/the-circular-economy-applied-to-the-automotive-industry-2">"The Circular Economy Applied to the Automotive Industry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/news/the-circular-economy-applied-to-the-automotive-industry-2">the original</a> on 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2019-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Circular+Economy+Applied+to+the+Automotive+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org%2Fnews%2Fthe-circular-economy-applied-to-the-automotive-industry-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaddouraGabhane2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Kaddoura, Mohamad; Gabhane, Pranav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12380/252053">Remanufacturing in Circular Economy: A gearbox Example</a> (MSc). Chalmers University of Technology. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12380%2F252053">20.500.12380/252053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Remanufacturing+in+Circular+Economy%3A+A+gearbox+Example&rft.inst=Chalmers+University+of+Technology&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12380%2F252053&rft.aulast=Kaddoura&rft.aufirst=Mohamad&rft.au=Gabhane%2C+Pranav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F20.500.12380%2F252053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226522156_End-of-Life_Vehicle_Recycling_in_the_European_Union">End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling in the European Union</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277712748_Robot_Assisted_Disassembly_for_the_Recycling_of_Electric_Vehicle_Batteries">Robot-Assisted Disassembly for the Recycling of Electric Vehicle Batteries</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etn-demeter.eu/project/">"DEMETER project"</a>. etn-demeter.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etn-demeter.eu&rft.atitle=DEMETER+project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetn-demeter.eu%2Fproject%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@ECONYL/riding-the-wave-of-change-in-the-automotive-industry-with-circular-economy-5c0428df5cc2">Riding the wave of change in the automotive industry with circular economy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:log-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:log_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:log_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:log_168-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_BurenDemmersvan_der_HeijdenWitlox2016" class="citation journal cs1">van Buren, Nicole; Demmers, Marjolein; van der Heijden, Rob; Witlox, Frank (8 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu8070647">"Towards a Circular Economy: The Role of Dutch Logistics Industries and Governments"</a>. Sustainability. 8 (7): 647. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu8070647">10.3390/su8070647</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8531116">1854/LU-8531116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Circular+Economy%3A+The+Role+of+Dutch+Logistics+Industries+and+Governments&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=647&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-8531116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu8070647&rft.aulast=van+Buren&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Demmers%2C+Marjolein&rft.au=van+der+Heijden%2C+Rob&rft.au=Witlox%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu8070647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaken2016" class="citation web cs1">Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (2016-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.government.nl/documents/policy-notes/2016/09/14/a-circular-economy-in-the-netherlands-by-2050">"A Circular Economy in the Netherlands by 2050 - Policy note - Government.nl"</a>. www.government.nl. Retrieved 2020-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.government.nl&rft.atitle=A+Circular+Economy+in+the+Netherlands+by+2050+-+Policy+note+-+Government.nl&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft.aulast=Zaken&rft.aufirst=Ministerie+van+Algemene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.nl%2Fdocuments%2Fpolicy-notes%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Fa-circular-economy-in-the-netherlands-by-2050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterDennisAllenMcKenna2024" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Laura J.; Dennis, Sarah; Allen, Katie; McKenna, Patrick; Chen, Xiaohui; Daniell, Tim J.; Evans, Barbara; Guest, Jeremy S.; Guo, Hongyan; Kirk, Stuart; Zhu, Yong-Guan; Anik, Asif Reza; Zuhra, Naqshe; Banwart, Steven A. (2024-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11019536">"Mitigating Contaminant-Driven Risks for the Safe Expansion of the Agricultural─Sanitation Circular Economy in an Urbanizing World"</a>. ACS ES&T Water. 4 (4): 1166–1176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsestwater.3c00803">10.1021/acsestwater.3c00803</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2690-0637">2690-0637</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11019536">11019536</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38633372">38633372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+ES%26T+Water&rft.atitle=Mitigating+Contaminant-Driven+Risks+for+the+Safe+Expansion+of+the+Agricultural%E2%94%80Sanitation+Circular+Economy+in+an+Urbanizing+World&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1166-1176&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11019536%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2690-0637&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38633372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facsestwater.3c00803&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Laura+J.&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Allen%2C+Katie&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xiaohui&rft.au=Daniell%2C+Tim+J.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Guest%2C+Jeremy+S.&rft.au=Guo%2C+Hongyan&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Yong-Guan&rft.au=Anik%2C+Asif+Reza&rft.au=Zuhra%2C+Naqshe&rft.au=Banwart%2C+Steven+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11019536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaken2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (2017-01-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/circulaire-economie">"Circulaire economie - Rijksoverheid.nl"</a>. www.rijksoverheid.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rijksoverheid.nl&rft.atitle=Circulaire+economie+-+Rijksoverheid.nl&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft.aulast=Zaken&rft.aufirst=Ministerie+van+Algemene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Fcirculaire-economie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wur.nl/nl/Dossiers/dossier/Kringlooplandbouw.htm">"Kringlooplandbouw"</a>. WUR (in Dutch). 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2021-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WUR&rft.atitle=Kringlooplandbouw&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wur.nl%2Fnl%2FDossiers%2Fdossier%2FKringlooplandbouw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinisterie_van_Landbouw2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit (2019-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2019/06/17/omslag-naar-duurzame-en-sterke-landbouw-definitief-ingezet">"Omslag naar duurzame en sterke landbouw definitief ingezet - Nieuwsbericht - Rijksoverheid.nl"</a>. www.rijksoverheid.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rijksoverheid.nl&rft.atitle=Omslag+naar+duurzame+en+sterke+landbouw+definitief+ingezet+-+Nieuwsbericht+-+Rijksoverheid.nl&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft.aulast=Ministerie+van+Landbouw&rft.aufirst=Natuur+en+Voedselkwaliteit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Factueel%2Fnieuws%2F2019%2F06%2F17%2Fomslag-naar-duurzame-en-sterke-landbouw-definitief-ingezet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinisterie_van_Landbouw2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit (2019-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/publicaties/2019/06/17/realisatieplan-visie-lnv-op-weg-met-nieuw-perspectief">"Realisatieplan Visie LNV: Op weg met nieuw perspectief - Publicatie - Rijksoverheid.nl"</a>. www.rijksoverheid.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rijksoverheid.nl&rft.atitle=Realisatieplan+Visie+LNV%3A+Op+weg+met+nieuw+perspectief+-+Publicatie+-+Rijksoverheid.nl&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft.aulast=Ministerie+van+Landbouw&rft.aufirst=Natuur+en+Voedselkwaliteit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fdocumenten%2Fpublicaties%2F2019%2F06%2F17%2Frealisatieplan-visie-lnv-op-weg-met-nieuw-perspectief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaddouraKambanouTillmanSakao2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kaddoura, Mohamad; Kambanou, Marianna Lena; Tillman, Anne-Marie; Sakao, Tomohiko (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu11184819">"Is Prolonging the Lifetime of Passive Durable Products a Low-Hanging Fruit of a Circular Economy? A Multiple Case Study"</a>. Sustainability. 11 (18): 4819. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu11184819">10.3390/su11184819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Is+Prolonging+the+Lifetime+of+Passive+Durable+Products+a+Low-Hanging+Fruit+of+a+Circular+Economy%3F+A+Multiple+Case+Study&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=4819&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu11184819&rft.aulast=Kaddoura&rft.aufirst=Mohamad&rft.au=Kambanou%2C+Marianna+Lena&rft.au=Tillman%2C+Anne-Marie&rft.au=Sakao%2C+Tomohiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu11184819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nawic.london/events/event/circular-economy-101-part-of-nawic-ldnse-conference-2020/">"Circular economy 101"</a>. 2020-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+economy+101&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nawic.london%2Fevents%2Fevent%2Fcircular-economy-101-part-of-nawic-ldnse-conference-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furn360.eu/circular-economy-in-furniture-sectors/">"Furn 360 Project | Circular Economy in furniture sectors"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Furn+360+Project+%26%23124%3B+Circular+Economy+in+furniture+sectors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.furn360.eu%2Fcircular-economy-in-furniture-sectors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katche.eu/circular-economy-danish-furniture-sector/">"Circular economy in the Danish furniture sector"</a>. 2018-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+economy+in+the+Danish+furniture+sector&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katche.eu%2Fcircular-economy-danish-furniture-sector%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rrfw.org.uk/2019/07/24/apply-circular-economy-to-oil-and-gas-decommissioning/">"New project to apply circular economy to oil and gas decommissioning"</a>. 2019-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+project+to+apply+circular+economy+to+oil+and+gas+decommissioning&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frrfw.org.uk%2F2019%2F07%2F24%2Fapply-circular-economy-to-oil-and-gas-decommissioning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/content/north-sea-oil-and-gas-rig-decommissioning-re-use-opportunity-report-0/">"North sea oil and gas rig decommissioning & re-use opportunity report"</a>. 2015-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+sea+oil+and+gas+rig+decommissioning+%26+re-use+opportunity+report&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zerowastescotland.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fnorth-sea-oil-and-gas-rig-decommissioning-re-use-opportunity-report-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm">"Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future - A/42/427 Annex - UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements"</a>. www.un-documents.net. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un-documents.net&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+World+Commission+on+Environment+and+Development%3A+Our+Common+Future+-+A%2F42%2F427+Annex+-+UN+Documents%3A+Gathering+a+body+of+global+agreements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un-documents.net%2Fwced-ocf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesingWidmerBeloin-Saint-PierreHischier2019" class="citation journal cs1">Desing, Harald; Widmer, Rolf; Beloin-Saint-Pierre, Didier; Hischier, Roland; Wäger, Patrick (2019-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen12244723">"Powering a Sustainable and Circular Economy—An Engineering Approach to Estimating Renewable Energy Potentials within Earth System Boundaries"</a>. Energies. 12 (24): 4723. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen12244723">10.3390/en12244723</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-1073">1996-1073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energies&rft.atitle=Powering+a+Sustainable+and+Circular+Economy%E2%80%94An+Engineering+Approach+to+Estimating+Renewable+Energy+Potentials+within+Earth+System+Boundaries&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=4723&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fen12244723&rft.issn=1996-1073&rft.aulast=Desing&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Widmer%2C+Rolf&rft.au=Beloin-Saint-Pierre%2C+Didier&rft.au=Hischier%2C+Roland&rft.au=W%C3%A4ger%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fen12244723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy/net-zero-no-more-we-are-about-to-enter-the-era-of-honest-electricity">"Net zero no more: We are entering the era of honest electricity"</a>. Canary Media. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canary+Media&rft.atitle=Net+zero+no+more%3A+We+are+entering+the+era+of+honest+electricity&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canarymedia.com%2Farticles%2Fclean-energy%2Fnet-zero-no-more-we-are-about-to-enter-the-era-of-honest-electricity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/news/enosi-powertracer-1-5-million-clean-energy-renewables/">"Enosi raises $1.5 million for clean energy tech, as demand for renewables ramps up"</a>. SmartCompany. 2021-10-13. Retrieved 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SmartCompany&rft.atitle=Enosi+raises+%241.5+million+for+clean+energy+tech%2C+as+demand+for+renewables+ramps+up&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcompany.com.au%2Fstartupsmart%2Fnews%2Fenosi-powertracer-1-5-million-clean-energy-renewables%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherBasuBrowneKenna2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gallagher, John; Basu, Biswajit; Browne, Maria; Kenna, Alan; McCormack, Sarah; Pilla, Francesco; Styles, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.12703">"Adapting Stand-Alone Renewable Energy Technologies for the Circular Economy through Eco-Design and Recycling"</a>. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 23 (1): 133–140. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JInEc..23..133G">2019JInEc..23..133G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.12703">10.1111/jiec.12703</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-9290">1530-9290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55267588">55267588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Adapting+Stand-Alone+Renewable+Energy+Technologies+for+the+Circular+Economy+through+Eco-Design+and+Recycling&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-140&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjiec.12703&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55267588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1530-9290&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JInEc..23..133G&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Basu%2C+Biswajit&rft.au=Browne%2C+Maria&rft.au=Kenna%2C+Alan&rft.au=McCormack%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Pilla%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Styles%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjiec.12703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/h60kv7eqgix-2703o4/@/preview/1?o">"Global Snapshot | Shared by Learning"</a>. emf.thirdlight.com. Retrieved 2021-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emf.thirdlight.com&rft.atitle=Global+Snapshot+%7C+Shared+by+Learning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femf.thirdlight.com%2Flink%2Fh60kv7eqgix-2703o4%2F%40%2Fpreview%2F1%3Fo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emf.thirdlight.com-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emf.thirdlight.com_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emf.thirdlight.com_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emf.thirdlight.com_187-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/eychfk79tktg-grlsty/@/preview/1?o">"The circular economy in higher education | Shared by Learning"</a>. emf.thirdlight.com. Retrieved 2021-12-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emf.thirdlight.com&rft.atitle=The+circular+economy+in+higher+education+%7C+Shared+by+Learning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femf.thirdlight.com%2Flink%2Feychfk79tktg-grlsty%2F%40%2Fpreview%2F1%3Fo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Circular_economy_in_education-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Circular_economy_in_education_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circular_economy_in_education_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScotlScotlFloorOffice:_01786_433_9302021" class="citation web cs1">Scotl, Get In Touch Zero Waste; Scotl, Limited Registered in; Floor, Ground; Office: 01786 433 930, Moray House Forthside Way Stirling FK8 1QZ (2021-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/content/circular-economy-education">"Circular economy in education"</a>. Zero Waste Scotland. Retrieved 2021-12-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zero+Waste+Scotland&rft.atitle=Circular+economy+in+education&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft.aulast=Scotl&rft.aufirst=Get+In+Touch+Zero+Waste&rft.au=Scotl%2C+Limited+Registered+in&rft.au=Floor%2C+Ground&rft.au=Office%3A+01786+433+930%2C+Moray+House+Forthside+Way+Stirling+FK8+1QZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zerowastescotland.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fcircular-economy-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709-189"><a href="#cite_ref-10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThushariSenevirathna2020" class="citation journal cs1">Thushari, G. G. N.; Senevirathna, J. D. M. (1 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7475234">"Plastic pollution in the marine environment"</a>. Heliyon. 6 (8): e04709. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Heliy...604709T">2020Heliy...604709T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2020.e04709">10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2405-8440">2405-8440</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7475234">7475234</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32923712">32923712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.atitle=Plastic+pollution+in+the+marine+environment&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e04709&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7475234%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Heliy...604709T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32923712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2020.e04709&rft.issn=2405-8440&rft.aulast=Thushari&rft.aufirst=G.+G.+N.&rft.au=Senevirathna%2C+J.+D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7475234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQureshiOasmaaPihkolaDeviatkin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Qureshi, Muhammad Saad; Oasmaa, Anja; Pihkola, Hanna; Deviatkin, Ivan; Tenhunen, Anna; Mannila, Juha; Minkkinen, Hannu; Pohjakallio, Maija; Laine-Ylijoki, Jutta (1 November 2020). "Pyrolysis of plastic waste: Opportunities and challenges". Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 152: 104804. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JAAP..15204804Q">2020JAAP..15204804Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaap.2020.104804">10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104804</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-2370">0165-2370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:200068035">200068035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Analytical+and+Applied+Pyrolysis&rft.atitle=Pyrolysis+of+plastic+waste%3A+Opportunities+and+challenges&rft.volume=152&rft.pages=104804&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaap.2020.104804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A200068035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0165-2370&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JAAP..15204804Q&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Saad&rft.au=Oasmaa%2C+Anja&rft.au=Pihkola%2C+Hanna&rft.au=Deviatkin%2C+Ivan&rft.au=Tenhunen%2C+Anna&rft.au=Mannila%2C+Juha&rft.au=Minkkinen%2C+Hannu&rft.au=Pohjakallio%2C+Maija&rft.au=Laine-Ylijoki%2C+Jutta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorpas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zorpas, Antonis A. (1 April 2016). "Sustainable waste management through end-of-waste criteria development". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 23 (8): 7376–7389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ESPR...23.7376Z">2016ESPR...23.7376Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-015-5990-5">10.1007/s11356-015-5990-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1614-7499">1614-7499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26690583">26690583</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36643191">36643191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=Sustainable+waste+management+through+end-of-waste+criteria+development&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=7376-7389&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36643191%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016ESPR...23.7376Z&rft.issn=1614-7499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-015-5990-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26690583&rft.aulast=Zorpas&rft.aufirst=Antonis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ulrich, Viola (6 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/kmpkt/article198117915/Plastikmuell-und-Recycling-Acht-Mythen-und-Irrtuemer.html">"Plastikmüll und Recycling: Acht Mythen und Irrtümer"</a>. DIE WELT (in German). Retrieved 26 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIE+WELT&rft.atitle=Plastikm%C3%BCll+und+Recycling%3A+Acht+Mythen+und+Irrt%C3%BCmer&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Viola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fkmpkt%2Farticle198117915%2FPlastikmuell-und-Recycling-Acht-Mythen-und-Irrtuemer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnckDell2022" class="citation web cs1">Enck, Judith; Dell, Jan (30 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/single-use-plastic-chemical-recycling-disposal/661141/">"Plastic Recycling Doesn't Work and Will Never Work"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Plastic+Recycling+Doesn%27t+Work+and+Will+Never+Work&rft.date=2022-05-30&rft.aulast=Enck&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Dell%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2022%2F05%2Fsingle-use-plastic-chemical-recycling-disposal%2F661141%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techxplore.com/news/2022-01-breakthrough-plastic-machines-distinguish.html">"Breakthrough in separating plastic waste: Machines can now distinguish 12 different types of plastic"</a>. Aarhus University. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aarhus+University&rft.atitle=Breakthrough+in+separating+plastic+waste%3A+Machines+can+now+distinguish+12+different+types+of+plastic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechxplore.com%2Fnews%2F2022-01-breakthrough-plastic-machines-distinguish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenriksenKarlsenKlarskovHinge2022" class="citation journal cs1">Henriksen, Martin L.; Karlsen, Celine B.; Klarskov, Pernille; Hinge, Mogens (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vibspec.2021.103329">"Plastic classification via in-line hyperspectral camera analysis and unsupervised machine learning"</a>. Vibrational Spectroscopy. 118: 103329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vibspec.2021.103329">10.1016/j.vibspec.2021.103329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0924-2031">0924-2031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244913832">244913832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vibrational+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=Plastic+classification+via+in-line+hyperspectral+camera+analysis+and+unsupervised+machine+learning&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=103329&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244913832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0924-2031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vibspec.2021.103329&rft.aulast=Henriksen&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rft.au=Karlsen%2C+Celine+B.&rft.au=Klarskov%2C+Pernille&rft.au=Hinge%2C+Mogens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.vibspec.2021.103329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist.com-196"><a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/international/21737498-so-far-it-seems-less-bad-other-kinds-pollution-about-which-less-fuss-made">"The known unknowns of plastic pollution"</a>. The Economist. 3 March 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+known+unknowns+of+plastic+pollution&rft.date=2018-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F21737498-so-far-it-seems-less-bad-other-kinds-pollution-about-which-less-fuss-made&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowittWernerWengMudd2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jowitt, Simon M.; Werner, Timothy T.; Weng, Zhehan; Mudd, Gavin M. (2018-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452223617301256">"Recycling of the rare earth elements"</a>. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. Reuse and Recycling / UN SGDs: How can Sustainable Chemistry Contribute? / Green Chemistry in Education. 13: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018COGSC..13....1J">2018COGSC..13....1J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2018.02.008">10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.02.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2452-2236">2452-2236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135249554">135249554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Green+and+Sustainable+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Recycling+of+the+rare+earth+elements&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cogsc.2018.02.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135249554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2452-2236&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018COGSC..13....1J&rft.aulast=Jowitt&rft.aufirst=Simon+M.&rft.au=Werner%2C+Timothy+T.&rft.au=Weng%2C+Zhehan&rft.au=Mudd%2C+Gavin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2452223617301256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balaram2019-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balaram2019_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balaram2019_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalaram2019" class="citation journal cs1">Balaram, V. (2019-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gsf.2018.12.005">"Rare earth elements: A review of applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis, recycling, and environmental impact"</a>. Geoscience Frontiers. 10 (4): 1285–1303. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeoFr..10.1285B">2019GeoFr..10.1285B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gsf.2018.12.005">10.1016/j.gsf.2018.12.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1674-9871">1674-9871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoscience+Frontiers&rft.atitle=Rare+earth+elements%3A+A+review+of+applications%2C+occurrence%2C+exploration%2C+analysis%2C+recycling%2C+and+environmental+impact&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1285-1303&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft.issn=1674-9871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gsf.2018.12.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GeoFr..10.1285B&rft.aulast=Balaram&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.gsf.2018.12.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprecherXiaoWaltonSpeight2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sprecher, Benjamin; Xiao, Yanping; Walton, Allan; Speight, John; Harris, Rex; Kleijn, Rene; Visser, Geert; Kramer, Gert Jan (2014-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es404596q">"Life Cycle Inventory of the Production of Rare Earths and the Subsequent Production of NdFeB Rare Earth Permanent Magnets"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (7): 3951–3958. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EnST...48.3951S">2014EnST...48.3951S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes404596q">10.1021/es404596q</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X">0013-936X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24576005">24576005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Life+Cycle+Inventory+of+the+Production+of+Rare+Earths+and+the+Subsequent+Production+of+NdFeB+Rare+Earth+Permanent+Magnets&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3951-3958&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes404596q&rft.issn=0013-936X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24576005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EnST...48.3951S&rft.aulast=Sprecher&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Yanping&rft.au=Walton%2C+Allan&rft.au=Speight%2C+John&rft.au=Harris%2C+Rex&rft.au=Kleijn%2C+Rene&rft.au=Visser%2C+Geert&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Gert+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fes404596q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali_123–134-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Ali_123–134_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, Saleem H. (2014-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources3010123">"Social and Environmental Impact of the Rare Earth Industries"</a>. Resources. 3 (1): 123–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources3010123">10.3390/resources3010123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources&rft.atitle=Social+and+Environmental+Impact+of+the+Rare+Earth+Industries&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-134&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fresources3010123&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Saleem+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fresources3010123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangZhangFang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Xiuli; Zhang, Junwei; Fang, Xihui (2014-08-30). "Rare earth element recycling from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 279: 384–388. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JHzM..279..384Y">2014JHzM..279..384Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2014.07.027">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3894">0304-3894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25089667">25089667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.atitle=Rare+earth+element+recycling+from+waste+nickel-metal+hydride+batteries&rft.volume=279&rft.pages=384-388&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2014.07.027&rft.issn=0304-3894&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25089667&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JHzM..279..384Y&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Xiuli&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Junwei&rft.au=Fang%2C+Xihui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2307608-rare-earth-elements-for-smartphones-can-be-extracted-from-coal-waste/">"Rare earth elements for smartphones can be extracted from coal waste"</a>. New Scientist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Rare+earth+elements+for+smartphones+can+be+extracted+from+coal+waste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2307608-rare-earth-elements-for-smartphones-can-be-extracted-from-coal-waste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDengWangLuongCarter2022" class="citation journal cs1">Deng, Bing; Wang, Xin; Luong, Duy Xuan; Carter, Robert A.; Wang, Zhe; Tomson, Mason B.; Tour, James M. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8827657">"Rare earth elements from waste"</a>. Science Advances. 8 (6): eabm3132. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022SciA....8M3132D">2022SciA....8M3132D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abm3132">10.1126/sciadv.abm3132</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8827657">8827657</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35138886">35138886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Rare+earth+elements+from+waste&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=eabm3132&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8827657%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35138886&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abm3132&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022SciA....8M3132D&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Bing&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xin&rft.au=Luong%2C+Duy+Xuan&rft.au=Carter%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhe&rft.au=Tomson%2C+Mason+B.&rft.au=Tour%2C+James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8827657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmatoBecciBirloagaDe_Michelis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Amato, A.; Becci, A.; Birloaga, I.; De Michelis, I.; Ferella, F.; Innocenzi, V.; Ippolito, N. M.; Pillar Jimenez Gomez, C.; Vegliò, F.; Beolchini, F. (1 May 2019). "Sustainability analysis of innovative technologies for the rare earth elements recovery". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 106: 41–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019RSERv.106...41A">2019RSERv.106...41A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2019.02.029">10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.029</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11566%2F264482">11566/264482</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-0321">1364-0321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115810707">115810707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+and+Sustainable+Energy+Reviews&rft.atitle=Sustainability+analysis+of+innovative+technologies+for+the+rare+earth+elements+recovery&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=41-53&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11566%2F264482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A115810707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019RSERv.106...41A&rft.issn=1364-0321&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rser.2019.02.029&rft.aulast=Amato&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Becci%2C+A.&rft.au=Birloaga%2C+I.&rft.au=De+Michelis%2C+I.&rft.au=Ferella%2C+F.&rft.au=Innocenzi%2C+V.&rft.au=Ippolito%2C+N.+M.&rft.au=Pillar+Jimenez+Gomez%2C+C.&rft.au=Vegli%C3%B2%2C+F.&rft.au=Beolchini%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJyothiThenepalliAhnParhi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jyothi, Rajesh Kumar; Thenepalli, Thriveni; Ahn, Ji Whan; Parhi, Pankaj Kumar; Chung, Kyeong Woo; Lee, Jin-Young (10 September 2020). "Review of rare earth elements recovery from secondary resources for clean energy technologies: Grand opportunities to create wealth from waste". Journal of Cleaner Production. 267: 122048. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCPro.26722048J">2020JCPro.26722048J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.122048">10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6526">0959-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219469381">219469381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Review+of+rare+earth+elements+recovery+from+secondary+resources+for+clean+energy+technologies%3A+Grand+opportunities+to+create+wealth+from+waste&rft.volume=267&rft.pages=122048&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.122048&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219469381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-6526&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JCPro.26722048J&rft.aulast=Jyothi&rft.aufirst=Rajesh+Kumar&rft.au=Thenepalli%2C+Thriveni&rft.au=Ahn%2C+Ji+Whan&rft.au=Parhi%2C+Pankaj+Kumar&rft.au=Chung%2C+Kyeong+Woo&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jin-Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorstSmithFinchEstrade2020" class="citation journal cs1">Borst, Anouk M.; Smith, Martin P.; Finch, Adrian A.; Estrade, Guillaume; Villanova-de-Benavent, Cristina; Nason, Peter; Marquis, Eva; Horsburgh, Nicola J.; Goodenough, Kathryn M.; Xu, Cheng; Kynický, Jindřich; Geraki, Kalotina (2020-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7463018">"Adsorption of rare earth elements in regolith-hosted clay deposits"</a>. Nature Communications. 11 (1): 4386. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.4386B">2020NatCo..11.4386B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-17801-5">10.1038/s41467-020-17801-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7463018">7463018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32873784">32873784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Adsorption+of+rare+earth+elements+in+regolith-hosted+clay+deposits&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4386&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7463018%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.4386B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32873784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-17801-5&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Borst&rft.aufirst=Anouk+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Martin+P.&rft.au=Finch%2C+Adrian+A.&rft.au=Estrade%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Villanova-de-Benavent%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Nason%2C+Peter&rft.au=Marquis%2C+Eva&rft.au=Horsburgh%2C+Nicola+J.&rft.au=Goodenough%2C+Kathryn+M.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Cheng&rft.au=Kynick%C3%BD%2C+Jind%C5%99ich&rft.au=Geraki%2C+Kalotina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7463018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuHuangTang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Pan; Huang, Rixiang; Tang, Yuanzhi (2019-05-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b00005">"Comprehensive Understandings of Rare Earth Element (REE) Speciation in Coal Fly Ashes and Implication for REE Extractability"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (9): 5369–5377. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnST...53.5369L">2019EnST...53.5369L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b00005">10.1021/acs.est.9b00005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X">0013-936X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30912650">30912650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85517653">85517653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+Understandings+of+Rare+Earth+Element+%28REE%29+Speciation+in+Coal+Fly+Ashes+and+Implication+for+REE+Extractability&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=5369-5377&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85517653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EnST...53.5369L&rft.issn=0013-936X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.9b00005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30912650&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Pan&rft.au=Huang%2C+Rixiang&rft.au=Tang%2C+Yuanzhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.9b00005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuZhaoXieYang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Pan; Zhao, Simin; Xie, Nan; Yang, Lufeng; Wang, Qian; Wen, Yinghao; Chen, Hailong; Tang, Yuanzhi (2023-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077585">"Green Approach for Rare Earth Element (REE) Recovery from Coal Fly Ash"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (13): 5414–5423. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EnST...57.5414L">2023EnST...57.5414L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.2c09273">10.1021/acs.est.2c09273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X">0013-936X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077585">10077585</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36942728">36942728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Green+Approach+for+Rare+Earth+Element+%28REE%29+Recovery+from+Coal+Fly+Ash&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=5414-5423&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10077585%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023EnST...57.5414L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36942728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.2c09273&rft.issn=0013-936X&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Pan&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Simin&rft.au=Xie%2C+Nan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Lufeng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Qian&rft.au=Wen%2C+Yinghao&rft.au=Chen%2C+Hailong&rft.au=Tang%2C+Yuanzhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10077585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techxplore.com/news/2022-04-quantifies-metal-eu-climate-neutrality.html">"Study quantifies metal supplies needed to reach EU's climate neutrality goal"</a>. K. U. Leuven. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=K.+U.+Leuven&rft.atitle=Study+quantifies+metal+supplies+needed+to+reach+EU%27s+climate+neutrality+goal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechxplore.com%2Fnews%2F2022-04-quantifies-metal-eu-climate-neutrality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-life-tech-critical-metals-short.html">"New life cycle assessment study shows useful life of tech-critical metals to be short"</a>. University of Bayreuth. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Bayreuth&rft.atitle=New+life+cycle+assessment+study+shows+useful+life+of+tech-critical+metals+to+be+short&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechxplore.com%2Fnews%2F2022-05-life-tech-critical-metals-short.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharpentier_PonceletHelbigLoubetBeylot2022" class="citation journal cs1">Charpentier Poncelet, Alexandre; Helbig, Christoph; Loubet, Philippe; Beylot, Antoine; Muller, Stéphanie; Villeneuve, Jacques; Laratte, Bertrand; Thorenz, Andrea; Tuma, Axel; Sonnemann, Guido (19 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03702553/file/I2M-NS-Charpentier-2022.pdf">"Losses and lifetimes of metals in the economy"</a> (PDF). Nature Sustainability. 5 (8): 717–726. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSu...5..717C">2022NatSu...5..717C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41893-022-00895-8">10.1038/s41893-022-00895-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-9629">2398-9629</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248894322">248894322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Losses+and+lifetimes+of+metals+in+the+economy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=717-726&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41893-022-00895-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248894322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2398-9629&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatSu...5..717C&rft.aulast=Charpentier+Poncelet&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.au=Helbig%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Loubet%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Beylot%2C+Antoine&rft.au=Muller%2C+St%C3%A9phanie&rft.au=Villeneuve%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Laratte%2C+Bertrand&rft.au=Thorenz%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Tuma%2C+Axel&rft.au=Sonnemann%2C+Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-03702553%2Ffile%2FI2M-NS-Charpentier-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGormanDzombakFrischmann2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gorman, Miranda R.; Dzombak, David A.; Frischmann, Chad (1 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2022.106424">"Potential global GHG emissions reduction from increased adoption of metals recycling"</a>. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 184: 106424. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022RCR...18406424G">2022RCR...18406424G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2022.106424">10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106424</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-3449">0921-3449</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249321004">249321004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Potential+global+GHG+emissions+reduction+from+increased+adoption+of+metals+recycling&rft.volume=184&rft.pages=106424&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2022.106424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249321004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0921-3449&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022RCR...18406424G&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Miranda+R.&rft.au=Dzombak%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Frischmann%2C+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.resconrec.2022.106424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYirka" class="citation news cs1">Yirka, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-04-chemical-ways-products.html">"A computer system that analyzes chemical waste and proposes ways to make new products from it"</a>. phys.org. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=A+computer+system+that+analyzes+chemical+waste+and+proposes+ways+to+make+new+products+from+it&rft.aulast=Yirka&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2022-04-chemical-ways-products.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWołosKoszelewskiRoszakSzymkuć2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wołos, Agnieszka; Koszelewski, Dominik; Roszak, Rafał; Szymkuć, Sara; Moskal, Martyna; Ostaszewski, Ryszard; Herrera, Brenden T.; Maier, Josef M.; Brezicki, Gordon; Samuel, Jonathon; Lummiss, Justin A. M.; McQuade, D. Tyler; Rogers, Luke; Grzybowski, Bartosz A. (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04503-9">"Computer-designed repurposing of chemical wastes into drugs"</a>. Nature. 604 (7907): 668–676. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.604..668W">2022Natur.604..668W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04503-9">10.1038/s41586-022-04503-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35478240">35478240</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248415772">248415772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Computer-designed+repurposing+of+chemical+wastes+into+drugs&rft.volume=604&rft.issue=7907&rft.pages=668-676&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248415772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.604..668W&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04503-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35478240&rft.aulast=Wo%C5%82os&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft.au=Koszelewski%2C+Dominik&rft.au=Roszak%2C+Rafa%C5%82&rft.au=Szymku%C4%87%2C+Sara&rft.au=Moskal%2C+Martyna&rft.au=Ostaszewski%2C+Ryszard&rft.au=Herrera%2C+Brenden+T.&rft.au=Maier%2C+Josef+M.&rft.au=Brezicki%2C+Gordon&rft.au=Samuel%2C+Jonathon&rft.au=Lummiss%2C+Justin+A.+M.&rft.au=McQuade%2C+D.+Tyler&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Luke&rft.au=Grzybowski%2C+Bartosz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41586-022-04503-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKümmererClarkZuin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kümmerer, Klaus; Clark, James H.; Zuin, Vânia G. (24 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba4979">"Rethinking chemistry for a circular economy"</a>. Science. 367 (6476): 369–370. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...367..369K">2020Sci...367..369K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aba4979">10.1126/science.aba4979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31974237">31974237</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210880064">210880064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Rethinking+chemistry+for+a+circular+economy&rft.volume=367&rft.issue=6476&rft.pages=369-370&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aba4979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210880064%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31974237&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Sci...367..369K&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmerer&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Clark%2C+James+H.&rft.au=Zuin%2C+V%C3%A2nia+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aba4979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-12-989_en.htm">"Manifesto for a Resource Efficient Europe"</a>. European Commission. Retrieved 21 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manifesto+for+a+Resource+Efficient+Europe&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_MEMO-12-989_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeipold2021" class="citation journal cs1">Leipold, Sina (2021-01-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09644016.2020.1868863">"Transforming ecological modernization 'from within' or perpetuating it? The circular economy as EU environmental policy narrative"</a>. Environmental Politics. 30 (6): 1045–1067. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnvPo..30.1045L">2021EnvPo..30.1045L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09644016.2020.1868863">10.1080/09644016.2020.1868863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Politics&rft.atitle=Transforming+ecological+modernization+%27from+within%27+or+perpetuating+it%3F+The+circular+economy+as+EU+environmental+policy+narrative&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1045-1067&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09644016.2020.1868863&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021EnvPo..30.1045L&rft.aulast=Leipold&rft.aufirst=Sina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09644016.2020.1868863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_218-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVölkerKovacicStrand2020" class="citation journal cs1">Völker, Thomas; Kovacic, Zora; Strand, Roger (2020-03-03). "Indicator development as a site of collective imagination? The case of European Commission policies on the circular economy". Culture and Organization. 26 (2): 103–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14759551.2019.1699092">10.1080/14759551.2019.1699092</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1956%2F23327">1956/23327</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214278775">214278775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture+and+Organization&rft.atitle=Indicator+development+as+a+site+of+collective+imagination%3F+The+case+of+European+Commission+policies+on+the+circular+economy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-120&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1956%2F23327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214278775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14759551.2019.1699092&rft.aulast=V%C3%B6lker&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Kovacic%2C+Zora&rft.au=Strand%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_219-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_219-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalisto_FriantVermeulenSalomone2021" class="citation journal cs1">Calisto Friant, Martin; Vermeulen, Walter J. V.; Salomone, Roberta (2021-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spc.2020.11.001">"Analysing European Union circular economy policies: words versus actions"</a>. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 27: 337–353. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SusPC..27..337C">2021SusPC..27..337C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spc.2020.11.001">10.1016/j.spc.2020.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-5509">2352-5509</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228878623">228878623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainable+Production+and+Consumption&rft.atitle=Analysing+European+Union+circular+economy+policies%3A+words+versus+actions&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=337-353&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.spc.2020.11.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228878623%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2352-5509&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SusPC..27..337C&rft.aulast=Calisto+Friant&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+Walter+J.+V.&rft.au=Salomone%2C+Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.spc.2020.11.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007045220/http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/">"Waste Atlas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/">the original</a> on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waste+Atlas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlas.d-waste.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/22/worlds-consumption-of-materials-hits-record-100bn-tonnes-a-year">"World's consumption of materials hits record 100bn tonnes a year"</a>. The Guardian. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World%27s+consumption+of+materials+hits+record+100bn+tonnes+a+year&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2020%2Fjan%2F22%2Fworlds-consumption-of-materials-hits-record-100bn-tonnes-a-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.circularity-gap.world/2020">"The world is now only 8.6% circular - CGR 2020 - Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative"</a>. www.circularity-gap.world. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.circularity-gap.world&rft.atitle=The+world+is+now+only+8.6%25+circular+-+CGR+2020+-+Circularity+Gap+Reporting+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.circularity-gap.world%2F2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:201-223"><a href="#cite_ref-:201_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnyiego2022" class="citation web cs1">Anyiego, Beldine (2022-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copip.eu/news/africa-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected/">"AFRICA: The Clean Oceans initiative will fund twice as many projects as expected?"</a>. COPIP. Retrieved 2023-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COPIP&rft.atitle=AFRICA%3A+The+Clean+Oceans+initiative+will+fund+twice+as+many+projects+as+expected%3F&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.aulast=Anyiego&rft.aufirst=Beldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copip.eu%2Fnews%2Fafrica-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2024" class="citation web cs1">Bank, European Investment (2024-04-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240104-circular-economy-overview-2024">"Circular economy Overview 2024"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+economy+Overview+2024&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20240104-circular-economy-overview-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> See Horizon 2020 – the EU's new research and innovation programme: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-1085_en.htm">http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-1085_en.htm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/">"Circular Economy Strategy – Environment – European Commission"</a>. ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2019-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy+Strategy+%E2%80%93+Environment+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fcircular-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2020%3A98%3AFIN">"EUR-Lex - 52020DC0098 - EN - EUR-Lex"</a>. eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eur-lex.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EUR-Lex+-+52020DC0098+-+EN+-+EUR-Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Furi%3DCOM%253A2020%253A98%253AFIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec.europa.eu-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_228-1">b</a> Commission Européenne (2020). Changer nos modes de production et de consommation: le nouveau plan d'action pour l'économie circulaire montre la voie à suivre pour évoluer vers une économie neutre pour le climat et compétitive dans laquelle les consommateurs ont voix au chapitre. Consulté le 29 mars, à l'adresse <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/fr/ip_20_420">https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/fr/ip_20_420</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> European Economic and Social Committee (2017). Circular Economy : One year after adoption, working together for the future (s. d.). Consulté 29 mars 2021, à l'adresse <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/agenda/our-events/events/circular-economy-one-year-after-adoption-working-together-future">https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/agenda/our-events/events/circular-economy-one-year-after-adoption-working-together-future</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission2020" class="citation web cs1">European Commission (11 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_420">"Changing how we produce and consume: New Circular Economy Action Plan shows the way to a climate-neutral, competitive economy of empowered consumers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311234116/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_420">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+how+we+produce+and+consume%3A+New+Circular+Economy+Action+Plan+shows+the+way+to+a+climate-neutral%2C+competitive+economy+of+empowered+consumers&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft.au=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2Fip_20_420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Water Europe (2021). European Parliament adopts resolution on the new Circular (s. d.). Consulté 29 mars 2021, à l'adresse <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://watereurope.eu/european-parliament-adopts-resolution-on-the-new-circular-economy-action-plan/">https://watereurope.eu/european-parliament-adopts-resolution-on-the-new-circular-economy-action-plan/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Cambre Associates(10 février 2021). Consulté 29 mars 2021, à l'adresse <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cambre-associates.com/the-european-parliaments-position-on-the-circular-economy-action-plan-ceap-spotlight-on-five-key-sectors/">https://www.cambre-associates.com/the-european-parliaments-position-on-the-circular-economy-action-plan-ceap-spotlight-on-five-key-sectors/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> WBCSD_Circular_Economy_Action_Plan_2020–Summary_for_business.pdf. (s. d.). Consulté 29 mars 2021, à l'adresse <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://docs.wbcsd.org/2020/11/WBCSD_Circular_Economy_Action_Plan_2020%E2%80%93Summary_for_business.pdf">https://docs.wbcsd.org/2020/11/WBCSD_Circular_Economy_Action_Plan_2020%E2%80%93Summary_for_business.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment.nl2019" class="citation web cs1">Government.nl (6 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/accelerating-the-transition-to-a-circular-economy">"Accelerating the transition to a circular economy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418173515/https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/accelerating-the-transition-to-a-circular-economy">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accelerating+the+transition+to+a+circular+economy&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.au=Government.nl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.nl%2Ftopics%2Fcircular-economy%2Faccelerating-the-transition-to-a-circular-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment.nl2019" class="citation web cs1">Government.nl (4 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/circular-dutch-economy-by-2050">"Circular Dutch economy by 2050"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418172014/https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/circular-dutch-economy-by-2050">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+Dutch+economy+by+2050&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft.au=Government.nl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.nl%2Ftopics%2Fcircular-economy%2Fcircular-dutch-economy-by-2050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEurostat" class="citation web cs1">Eurostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/cei_wm011/default/table?lang=en">"Recycling rate of municipal waste"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709191812/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/cei_wm011/default/table?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recycling+rate+of+municipal+waste&rft.au=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Fcei_wm011%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_for_an_Ecological_and_Solidary_Transition" class="citation web cs1">Ministry for an Ecological and Solidary Transition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/FREC%20anglais.pdf">"50 measures for a 100% circular economy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020234154/https://ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/FREC%20anglais.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+measures+for+a+100%25+circular+economy&rft.au=Ministry+for+an+Ecological+and+Solidary+Transition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecologie.gouv.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFREC%2520anglais.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEurostat2021" class="citation web cs1">Eurostat (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/cei_srm030/default/bar?lang=en">"Circular material use rate"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415065400/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/cei_srm030/default/bar?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+material+use+rate&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Fcei_srm030%2Fdefault%2Fbar%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIles2018" class="citation web cs1">Iles, Joe (2018-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/circulatenews/which-country-is-leading-the-circular-economy-shift-3670467db4bb">"Which country is leading the circular economy shift?"</a>. Medium. Retrieved 2021-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Which+country+is+leading+the+circular+economy+shift%3F&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft.aulast=Iles&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fcirculatenews%2Fwhich-country-is-leading-the-circular-economy-shift-3670467db4bb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Jong" class="citation web cs1">De Jong, Sijbren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcss.nl/sites/default/files/files/reports/CEO_The%20Circular%20Economy.pdf">"The circular economy and developing countries"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502231701/https://hcss.nl/sites/default/files/files/reports/CEO_The%20Circular%20Economy.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+circular+economy+and+developing+countries&rft.aulast=De+Jong&rft.aufirst=Sijbren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcss.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Freports%2FCEO_The%2520Circular%2520Economy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/pdf/leading_way_global_circular_economy.pdf">"Leading the way to a global circular economy: state of play and outlook"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922161838/https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/pdf/leading_way_global_circular_economy.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leading+the+way+to+a+global+circular+economy%3A+state+of+play+and+outlook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fcircular-economy%2Fpdf%2Fleading_way_global_circular_economy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN">"EUR-Lex - 52020DC0098 - EN - EUR-Lex"</a>. eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eur-lex.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EUR-Lex+-+52020DC0098+-+EN+-+EUR-Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Fqid%3D1583933814386%26uri%3DCOM%3A2020%3A98%3AFIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/">"New Circular Economy Strategy - Environment - European Commission"</a>. ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=New+Circular+Economy+Strategy+-+Environment+-+European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fcircular-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEurostat" class="citation web cs1">Eurostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/circular-economy/indicators/main-tables?p_p_id=NavTreeportletprod_WAR_NavTreeportletprod_INSTANCE_ad1aKDzLrUg9&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view">"Main tables - Circular economy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415080758/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/circular-economy/indicators/main-tables?p_p_id=NavTreeportletprod_WAR_NavTreeportletprod_INSTANCE_ad1aKDzLrUg9&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+tables+-+Circular+economy&rft.au=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fweb%2Fcircular-economy%2Findicators%2Fmain-tables%3Fp_p_id%3DNavTreeportletprod_WAR_NavTreeportletprod_INSTANCE_ad1aKDzLrUg9%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/ranking-how-eu-countries-do-with-the-circular-economy/">"Ranking how EU countries do with the circular economy"</a>. POLITICO. 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2021-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Ranking+how+EU+countries+do+with+the+circular+economy&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Franking-how-eu-countries-do-with-the-circular-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epi.yale.edu/downloads/epi2018reportv06191901.pdf">"2018 environmental performance index"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200827141511/https://epi.yale.edu/downloads/epi2018reportv06191901.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+environmental+performance+index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepi.yale.edu%2Fdownloads%2Fepi2018reportv06191901.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_247-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_247-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhan2022" class="citation book cs1">Zhan, Jing Vivian (2022). China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations. Cambridge, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-04898-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-04898-9"><bdi>978-1-009-04898-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Contained+Resource+Curse%3A+How+Minerals+Shape+State-Capital-Labor+Relations&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-009-04898-9&rft.aulast=Zhan&rft.aufirst=Jing+Vivian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/fr/sheet/76/utilisation-efficace-des-ressources-et-economie-circulaire#:~:text=Dans%20le%20cadre%20du%20pacte,pleinement%20%C3%A0%20la%20neutralit%C3%A9%20climatique.">"Utilisation efficace des ressources et économie circulaire | Fiches thématiques sur l'Union européenne | Parlement européen"</a>. 31 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Utilisation+efficace+des+ressources+et+%C3%A9conomie+circulaire+%26%23124%3B+Fiches+th%C3%A9matiques+sur+l%27Union+europ%C3%A9enne+%26%23124%3B+Parlement+europ%C3%A9en&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Ffactsheets%2Ffr%2Fsheet%2F76%2Futilisation-efficace-des-ressources-et-economie-circulaire%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDans%2520le%2520cadre%2520du%2520pacte%2Cpleinement%2520%25C3%25A0%2520la%2520neutralit%25C3%25A9%2520climatique.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hollandcircularhotspot.nl/belgium/.">"Belgium"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhollandcircularhotspot.nl%2Fbelgium%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press_corner-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Press_corner_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_corner_250-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_corner_250-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/fr/ip_20_420.">"Press corner"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+corner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Ffr%2Fip_20_420.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2014-251"><a href="#cite_ref-:2014_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnyiego2022" class="citation web cs1">Anyiego, Beldine (2022-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copip.eu/news/africa-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected/">"AFRICA: The Clean Oceans initiative will fund twice as many projects as expected?"</a>. COPIP. Retrieved 2023-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COPIP&rft.atitle=AFRICA%3A+The+Clean+Oceans+initiative+will+fund+twice+as+many+projects+as+expected%3F&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.aulast=Anyiego&rft.aufirst=Beldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copip.eu%2Fnews%2Fafrica-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economie.fgov.be/nl/publicaties/belgie-als-voortrekker-van-de">"België als voortrekker van de circulaire economie"</a> [Belgium at the forefront of the circular economy]. Federal Public Service Economy, Federal Public Service Health. 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgi%C3%AB+als+voortrekker+van+de+circulaire+economie&rft.pub=Federal+Public+Service+Economy%2C+Federal+Public+Service+Health&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomie.fgov.be%2Fnl%2Fpublicaties%2Fbelgie-als-voortrekker-van-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlaamse_Regering_2014-20192016" class="citation book cs1">Vlaamse Regering 2014-2019 (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicaties.vlaanderen.be/view-file/19586">Visie 2050. Een langetermijnstrategie voor Vlaanderen</a> [Vision 2050. A long-term strategy for Flanders].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visie+2050.+Een+langetermijnstrategie+voor+Vlaanderen&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Vlaamse+Regering+2014-2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicaties.vlaanderen.be%2Fview-file%2F19586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallonie_service_public_(SPW)2021" class="citation web cs1">Wallonie service public (SPW) (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economiecirculaire.wallonie.be/sites/default/files/documents/Strat%C3%A9gie%20Circular%20Wallonia.pdf">"Circular Wallonia: Stratégie de déploiement de l'économie circulaire"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+Wallonia%3A+Strat%C3%A9gie+de+d%C3%A9ploiement+de+l%27%C3%A9conomie+circulaire&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Wallonie+service+public+%28SPW%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomiecirculaire.wallonie.be%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FStrat%25C3%25A9gie%2520Circular%2520Wallonia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hollandcircularhotspot.nl/belgium/">"Belgium"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhollandcircularhotspot.nl%2Fbelgium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/fdda19f3-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/fdda19f3-en">"Assessing and unlocking the circular economy in Groningen, Netherlands | The Circular Economy in Groningen, the Netherlands | OECD iLibrary"</a>. www.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 2021-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oecd-ilibrary.org&rft.atitle=Assessing+and+unlocking+the+circular+economy+in+Groningen%2C+Netherlands+%7C+The+Circular+Economy+in+Groningen%2C+the+Netherlands+%7C+OECD+iLibrary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fsites%2Ffdda19f3-en%2Findex.html%3FitemId%3D%2Fcontent%2Fcomponent%2Ffdda19f3-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_257-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_257-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_257-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_257-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_257-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_257-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gouvernement.lu/en/publications/rapport-etude-analyse/minist-economie/intelligence-artificielle/data-driven-innovation.html">"The Data-Driven Innovation Strategy for the Development of a Trusted and Sustainable Economy in Luxembourg"</a>. gouvernement.lu. 2019. Retrieved 2021-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gouvernement.lu&rft.atitle=The+Data-Driven+Innovation+Strategy+for+the+Development+of+a+Trusted+and+Sustainable+Economy+in+Luxembourg&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgouvernement.lu%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Frapport-etude-analyse%2Fminist-economie%2Fintelligence-artificielle%2Fdata-driven-innovation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_258-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_258-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_258-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_258-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_258-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchosseler2021" class="citation web cs1">Schosseler, Paul (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gouvernement.lu/dam-assets/documents/actualites/2021/02-fevrier/08-strategie-economie-circulaire/Strategy-circular-economy-Luxembourg-022021.pdf">"Circular economy strategy Luxembourg"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430145348/https://gouvernement.lu/dam-assets/documents/actualites/2021/02-fevrier/08-strategie-economie-circulaire/Strategy-circular-economy-Luxembourg-022021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+economy+strategy+Luxembourg&rft.date=2021-02&rft.aulast=Schosseler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgouvernement.lu%2Fdam-assets%2Fdocuments%2Factualites%2F2021%2F02-fevrier%2F08-strategie-economie-circulaire%2FStrategy-circular-economy-Luxembourg-022021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmiter2022" class="citation book cs1">Palmiter, Alan R. (2022-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mmOVEAAAQBAJ">Sustainable Corporations</a>. Aspen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5438-4901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5438-4901-1"><bdi>978-1-5438-4901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Corporations&rft.pub=Aspen+Publishing&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft.isbn=978-1-5438-4901-1&rft.aulast=Palmiter&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmmOVEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordicwaves.org/sdgs">"SDGs"</a>. Nordic Waves ENG. Retrieved 2022-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Waves+ENG&rft.atitle=SDGs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordicwaves.org%2Fsdgs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-economy-package-policy-statement/circular-economy-package-policy-statement">"Circular Economy Package policy statement"</a>. GOV.UK. United Kingdom Government. 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2024-08-15. <q>A statement issued jointly by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), the Welsh Government and the Scottish Government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy+Package+policy+statement&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fcircular-economy-package-policy-statement%2Fcircular-economy-package-policy-statement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-bans-and-restrictions-on-polluting-single-use-plastics-come-into-force">"New bans and restrictions on polluting single-use plastics come into force"</a>. GOV.UK. UK Government. 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2024-08-15. <q>Government action to tackle the scourge of litter and protect the environment from plastic pollution ramps up this weekend (Sunday 1 October), with bans and restrictions on a range of polluting single-use plastic items coming into force.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=New+bans+and+restrictions+on+polluting+single-use+plastics+come+into+force&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fnew-bans-and-restrictions-on-polluting-single-use-plastics-come-into-force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Scottish Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2021/410">The Environmental Protection (Single-use Plastic Products) (Scotland) Regulations 2021</a> as made, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Scottish Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.gov.uk/asp/2024/13">Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024</a> as amended (see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.gov.uk/asp/2024/13/enacted">enacted form</a>), from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2021" class="citation web cs1">Griffiths, Lesley (2021-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.wales/wales-aims-become-world-number-one-recycler-it-announces-circular-economy-strategy">"Wales aims to become world number one recycler as it announces Circular Economy strategy"</a>. Welsh Government. Retrieved 2024-08-15. <q>Welsh Government has today published an ambitious strategy to support a green recovery in Wales by transitioning into a 'circular economy', as we deal with the triple challenge of the pandemic, climate change and Brexit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welsh+Government&rft.atitle=Wales+aims+to+become+world+number+one+recycler+as+it+announces+Circular+Economy+strategy&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.wales%2Fwales-aims-become-world-number-one-recycler-it-announces-circular-economy-strategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.gov.uk/asc/2023/2">The Environmental Protection (Single-use Plastic Products) (Wales) Act 2023</a> as amended (see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.gov.uk/asc/2023/2/enacted">enacted form</a>), from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economy-ni.gov.uk/consultations/circular-economy-strategy-northern-ireland">"Circular Economy Strategy for Northern Ireland"</a>. Northern Ireland Executive. 2022-01-09. Retrieved 2024-08-15. <q>The Department for the Economy launched a public consultation on the draft Circular Economy Strategy for Northern Ireland in January 2023.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Executive&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy+Strategy+for+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economy-ni.gov.uk%2Fconsultations%2Fcircular-economy-strategy-northern-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:83-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:83_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:83_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:83_268-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/stories/bioeconomy-investment-fund">"Bioeconomy investment fund shows what Monty Python forgot about lupins"</a>. European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2021-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Investment+Bank&rft.atitle=Bioeconomy+investment+fund+shows+what+Monty+Python+forgot+about+lupins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fstories%2Fbioeconomy-investment-fund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/circular-economy-and-bioeconomy">"The circular economy and the bioeconomy — Partners in sustainability — European Environment Agency"</a>. www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eea.europa.eu&rft.atitle=The+circular+economy+and+the+bioeconomy+%E2%80%94+Partners+in+sustainability+%E2%80%94+European+Environment+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Fcircular-economy-and-bioeconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/stories/bioeconomy-investment-fund">"Bioeconomy investment fund shows what Monty Python forgot about lupins"</a>. European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2021-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Investment+Bank&rft.atitle=Bioeconomy+investment+fund+shows+what+Monty+Python+forgot+about+lupins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fstories%2Fbioeconomy-investment-fund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/en/news-and-events/all-news/european-fund-support-circular-bioeconomy">"A European fund to support the circular bioeconomy | European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform"</a>. circulareconomy.europa.eu. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 2021-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=circulareconomy.europa.eu&rft.atitle=A+European+fund+to+support+the+circular+bioeconomy+%7C+European+Circular+Economy+Stakeholder+Platform&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcirculareconomy.europa.eu%2Fplatform%2Fen%2Fnews-and-events%2Fall-news%2Feuropean-fund-support-circular-bioeconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbi.europa.eu/ecbf-european-circular-bioeconomy-fund">"ECBF - European Circular Bioeconomy Fund | Bio-Based Industries - Public-Private Partnership"</a>. www.bbi.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbi.europa.eu&rft.atitle=ECBF+-+European+Circular+Bioeconomy+Fund+%7C+Bio-Based+Industries+-+Public-Private+Partnership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbi.europa.eu%2Fecbf-european-circular-bioeconomy-fund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecbf.vc/team">"About"</a>. ECBF. Retrieved 2021-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ECBF&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecbf.vc%2Fteam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.circularcityfundingguide.eu/funding-types-and-their-applicability/debt/public-banks/european-circular-bioeconomy-fund/">"European Circular Bioeconomy Fund » Circular City Funding Guide"</a>. Circular City Funding Guide. Retrieved 2021-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Circular+City+Funding+Guide&rft.atitle=European+Circular+Bioeconomy+Fund+%C2%BB+Circular+City+Funding+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.circularcityfundingguide.eu%2Ffunding-types-and-their-applicability%2Fdebt%2Fpublic-banks%2Feuropean-circular-bioeconomy-fund%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecbf.vc/investment-focus">"Investment Focus"</a>. ECBF. Retrieved 2021-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ECBF&rft.atitle=Investment+Focus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecbf.vc%2Finvestment-focus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough2016" class="citation journal cs1">McDonough, W (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/539349a#citeas">"Carbon is not the enemy"</a>. Nature. 539 (7629): 349–351. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.539..349M">2016Natur.539..349M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F539349a">10.1038/539349a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27853228">27853228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Carbon+is+not+the+enemy&rft.volume=539&rft.issue=7629&rft.pages=349-351&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27853228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F539349a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.539..349M&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F539349a%23citeas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Corvellec, Hervé. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/38826">"New directions for management and organization studies on waste"</a>. Technical report. Göteborg: Gothenburg Research Institute, University of Gothenburg. </li> <li id="cite_note-Corvellec_2019-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corvellec_2019_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corvellec_2019_278-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corvellec_2019_278-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorvellec2019" class="citation journal cs1">Corvellec, Hervé (March 2019). "Waste as scats: For an organizational engagement with waste". Organization. 26 (2): 217–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1350508418808235">10.1177/1350508418808235</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150181546">150181546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organization&rft.atitle=Waste+as+scats%3A+For+an+organizational+engagement+with+waste&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-235&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1350508418808235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150181546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Corvellec&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorvellecStål2019" class="citation journal cs1">Corvellec, Hervé; Stål, Herman I. (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/cbf8cb51-1797-410a-98e6-861c91d6ab5b">"Qualification as corporate activism: How Swedish apparel retailers attach circular fashion qualities to take-back systems"</a>. Scandinavian Journal of Management. 35 (3): 101046. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scaman.2019.03.002">10.1016/j.scaman.2019.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150928136">150928136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Management&rft.atitle=Qualification+as+corporate+activism%3A+How+Swedish+apparel+retailers+attach+circular+fashion+qualities+to+take-back+systems&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=101046&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scaman.2019.03.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150928136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Corvellec&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=St%C3%A5l%2C+Herman+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Frecord%2Fcbf8cb51-1797-410a-98e6-861c91d6ab5b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zink-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zink_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zink_280-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinkGeyer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zink, Trevor; Geyer, Roland (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.12545">"Circular Economy Rebound"</a>. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 21 (3): 593–602. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JInEc..21..593Z">2017JInEc..21..593Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.12545">10.1111/jiec.12545</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157110158">157110158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy+Rebound&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=593-602&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157110158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjiec.12545&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JInEc..21..593Z&rft.aulast=Zink&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Geyer%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjiec.12545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarevicValve2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lazarevic, David; Valve, Helena (September 2017). "Narrating expectations for the circular economy: Towards a common and contested European transition". Energy Research & Social Science. 31: 60–69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERSS...31...60L">2017ERSS...31...60L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.erss.2017.05.006">10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Research+%26+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Narrating+expectations+for+the+circular+economy%3A+Towards+a+common+and+contested+European+transition&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=60-69&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.erss.2017.05.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ERSS...31...60L&rft.aulast=Lazarevic&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Valve%2C+Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValenzuelaBöhm2017" class="citation journal cs1">Valenzuela, Francisco; Böhm, Steffen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ephemerajournal.org/contribution/against-wasted-politics-critique-circular-economy">"Against wasted politics: A critique of the circular economy"</a>. Ephemera. 17 (1): 23–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ephemera&rft.atitle=Against+wasted+politics%3A+A+critique+of+the+circular+economy&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-60&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Valenzuela&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=B%C3%B6hm%2C+Steffen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ephemerajournal.org%2Fcontribution%2Fagainst-wasted-politics-critique-circular-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillanSkerlosKeoleian2012" class="citation journal cs1">McMillan, Colin A.; Skerlos, Steven J.; Keoleian, Gregory A. (June 2012). "Evaluation of the Metals Industry's Position on Recycling and its Implications for Environmental Emissions: Journal of Industrial Ecology". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 16 (3): 324–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2012.00483.x">10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00483.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59069446">59069446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+Metals+Industry%27s+Position+on+Recycling+and+its+Implications+for+Environmental+Emissions%3A+Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-333&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2012.00483.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59069446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=Colin+A.&rft.au=Skerlos%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Keoleian%2C+Gregory+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorhonenNuurFeldmannBirkie2018" class="citation journal cs1">Korhonen, Jouni; Nuur, Cali; Feldmann, Andreas; Birkie, Seyoum Eshetu (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.12.111">"Circular economy as an essentially contested concept"</a>. Journal of Cleaner Production. 175: 544–552. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCPro.175..544K">2018JCPro.175..544K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.12.111">10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Circular+economy+as+an+essentially+contested+concept&rft.volume=175&rft.pages=544-552&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2017.12.111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JCPro.175..544K&rft.aulast=Korhonen&rft.aufirst=Jouni&rft.au=Nuur%2C+Cali&rft.au=Feldmann%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Birkie%2C+Seyoum+Eshetu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jclepro.2017.12.111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorhonenHonkasaloSeppälä2018" class="citation journal cs1">Korhonen, Jouni; Honkasalo, Antero; Seppälä, Jyri (January 2018). "Circular Economy: The Concept and its Limitations". Ecological Economics. 143: 37–46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EcoEc.143...37K">2018EcoEc.143...37K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2017.06.041">10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy%3A+The+Concept+and+its+Limitations&rft.volume=143&rft.pages=37-46&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2017.06.041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018EcoEc.143...37K&rft.aulast=Korhonen&rft.aufirst=Jouni&rft.au=Honkasalo%2C+Antero&rft.au=Sepp%C3%A4l%C3%A4%2C+Jyri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.easac.eu/fileadmin/PDF_s/reports_statements/EASAC_Circular_Economy_Web.pdf">"Circular economy: a commentary from the perspectives of the natural and social sciences"</a> (PDF). European Academies' Science Advisory Council (EASAC).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Academies%27+Science+Advisory+Council+%28EASAC%29&rft.atitle=Circular+economy%3A+a+commentary+from+the+perspectives+of+the+natural+and+social+sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.easac.eu%2Ffileadmin%2FPDF_s%2Freports_statements%2FEASAC_Circular_Economy_Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenovesePansera2021" class="citation journal cs1">Genovese, Andrea; Pansera, Mario (2021-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2020.1763414">"The Circular Economy at a Crossroads: Technocratic Eco-Modernism or Convivial Technology for Social Revolution?"</a>. Capitalism Nature Socialism. 32 (2): 95–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10455752.2020.1763414">10.1080/10455752.2020.1763414</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1045-5752">1045-5752</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219477616">219477616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capitalism+Nature+Socialism&rft.atitle=The+Circular+Economy+at+a+Crossroads%3A+Technocratic+Eco-Modernism+or+Convivial+Technology+for+Social+Revolution%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-113&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219477616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1045-5752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10455752.2020.1763414&rft.aulast=Genovese&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Pansera%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F10455752.2020.1763414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_288-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalisto_FriantVermeulenSalomone2020" class="citation journal cs1">Calisto Friant, Martin; Vermeulen, Walter J. V.; Salomone, Roberta (2020-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2020.104917">"A typology of circular economy discourses: Navigating the diverse visions of a contested paradigm"</a>. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 161: 104917. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RCR...16104917C">2020RCR...16104917C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2020.104917">10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104917</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-3449">0921-3449</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222121823">222121823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=A+typology+of+circular+economy+discourses%3A+Navigating+the+diverse+visions+of+a+contested+paradigm&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=104917&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2020.104917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222121823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0921-3449&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RCR...16104917C&rft.aulast=Calisto+Friant&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+Walter+J.+V.&rft.au=Salomone%2C+Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.resconrec.2020.104917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalisto_FriantVermeulenSalomone2023" class="citation journal cs1">Calisto Friant, Martin; Vermeulen, Walter J. V.; Salomone, Roberta (2023-05-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43615-023-00272-3">"Transition to a Sustainable Circular Society: More than Just Resource Efficiency"</a>. Circular Economy and Sustainability. 4: 23–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43615-023-00272-3">10.1007/s43615-023-00272-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2730-5988">2730-5988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circular+Economy+and+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Transition+to+a+Sustainable+Circular+Society%3A+More+than+Just+Resource+Efficiency&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=23-42&rft.date=2023-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs43615-023-00272-3&rft.issn=2730-5988&rft.aulast=Calisto+Friant&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+Walter+J.+V.&rft.au=Salomone%2C+Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs43615-023-00272-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauwens2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bauwens, Thomas (1 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2021.105852">"Are the circular economy and economic growth compatible? A case for post-growth circularity"</a>. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 175: 105852. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021RCR...17505852B">2021RCR...17505852B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2021.105852">10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105852</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-3449">0921-3449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Are+the+circular+economy+and+economic+growth+compatible%3F+A+case+for+post-growth+circularity&rft.volume=175&rft.pages=105852&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.issn=0921-3449&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2021.105852&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021RCR...17505852B&rft.aulast=Bauwens&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.resconrec.2021.105852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorvellecStowellJohansson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Corvellec, Hervé; Stowell, Alison F.; Johansson, Nils (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.13187">"Critiques of the circular economy"</a>. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 26 (2): 421–432. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JInEc..26..421C">2022JInEc..26..421C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.13187">10.1111/jiec.13187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1088-1980">1088-1980</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238087986">238087986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Critiques+of+the+circular+economy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=421-432&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjiec.13187&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238087986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1088-1980&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JInEc..26..421C&rft.aulast=Corvellec&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Stowell%2C+Alison+F.&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Nils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjiec.13187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113154252/http://biomimicryinstitute.org/about-us/what-is-biomimicry.html">"What is Biomimicry?"</a>. Biomimicry Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomimicryinstitute.org/about-us/what-is-biomimicry.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Biomimicry%3F&rft.pub=Biomimicry+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomimicryinstitute.org%2Fabout-us%2Fwhat-is-biomimicry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueeconomy.de">"Blue Economy : Green Economy 2.0"</a>. Blueeconomy.de. Retrieved 2013-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Economy+%3A+Green+Economy+2.0&rft.pub=Blueeconomy.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueeconomy.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> (see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theblueeconomy.org/">www.theblueeconomy.org</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-zhong-294"><a href="#cite_ref-zhong_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhong2018" class="citation journal cs1">Zhong, Shan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02111399/file/Tightening_the_Loop_on_the_Circular_Econ.pdf">"Tightening the loop on the circular economy: Coupled distributed recycling and manufacturing with recyclebot and RepRap 3-D printing"</a> (PDF). Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 128: 48–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RCR...128...48Z">2018RCR...128...48Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.09.023">10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13833024">13833024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Tightening+the+loop+on+the+circular+economy%3A+Coupled+distributed+recycling+and+manufacturing+with+recyclebot+and+RepRap+3-D+printing&rft.volume=128&rft.pages=48-58&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13833024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.09.023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018RCR...128...48Z&rft.aulast=Zhong&rft.aufirst=Shan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-02111399%2Ffile%2FTightening_the_Loop_on_the_Circular_Econ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-295"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Tim (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/994/1/NPS_1081a_Cooper.pdf">"Slower Consumption Reflections on Product Life Spans and the "Throwaway Society""</a> (PDF). Journal of Industrial Ecology. 9 (1–2): 51–67. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JInEc...9...51C">2005JInEc...9...51C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F1088198054084671">10.1162/1088198054084671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Slower+Consumption+Reflections+on+Product+Life+Spans+and+the+%22Throwaway+Society%22&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=51-67&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F1088198054084671&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JInEc...9...51C&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firep.ntu.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F994%2F1%2FNPS_1081a_Cooper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.is4ie.org/">"International Society for Industrial Ecology – Home"</a>. Is4ie.org. Retrieved 2013-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Society+for+Industrial+Ecology+%E2%80%93+Home&rft.pub=Is4ie.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.is4ie.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_the_Environment_Japan2013" class="citation cs2">Ministry of the Environment Japan (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.env.go.jp/en/recycle/smcs/3rd-f_plan.pdf">Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society</a> (PDF)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Plan+for+Establishing+a+Sound+Material-Cycle+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Ministry+of+the+Environment+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.env.go.jp%2Fen%2Frecycle%2Fsmcs%2F3rd-f_plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadows2008" class="citation book cs1">Meadows, Donella H. (2008). Thinking In Systems: A Primer. Chelsea Green Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603580557" title="Special:BookSources/9781603580557"><bdi>9781603580557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+In+Systems%3A+A+Primer&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781603580557&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.aufirst=Donella+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircular+economy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Industrial_ecology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#7FBF7F;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Industrial_ecology" title="Template:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Industrial_ecology" title="Template talk:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial_ecology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Industrial_ecology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPSIR" title="DPSIR">DPSIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">Environmental management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIO-LCA" title="EIO-LCA">EIO-LCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_chain_management" title="Integrated chain management">Integrated chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">ISO 14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_cost_analysis" title="Life-cycle cost analysis">Life-cycle cost analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MET_Matrix" title="MET Matrix">MET Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis" title="Stakeholder analysis">Stakeholder analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-efficiency" title="Eco-efficiency">Eco-efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_development" title="Eco-industrial development">Eco-industrial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy">Exergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_symbiosis" title="Industrial symbiosis">Industrial symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect_(conservation)" title="Rebound effect (conservation)">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_valorization" title="Waste valorization">Waste valorization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for the Environment">Design for environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sharing_economy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sharing_economy" title="Template:Sharing economy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sharing_economy" title="Template talk:Sharing economy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sharing_economy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sharing economy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sharing_economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Social_peer-to-peer_processes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_banking" title="Peer-to-peer banking">Peer-to-peer banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_carsharing" title="Peer-to-peer carsharing">Peer-to-peer carsharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_lending" title="Peer-to-peer lending">Peer-to-peer lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Peer-to-peer ridesharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borrowing_center" title="Borrowing center">Borrowing center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">Clothing swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-living" title="Co-living">Co-living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_crowdfunding_services" title="Comparison of crowdfunding services">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_sharing" title="Flight sharing">Flight sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_sharing" title="Garden sharing">Garden sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_economy" title="Gig economy">Gig economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gig_economy_companies" title="List of gig economy companies">List of companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_exchange" title="Home exchange">Home exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestay" title="Homestay">Homestay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_economy" title="Platform economy">Platform economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ridesharing company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-sided_market" title="Two-sided market">Two-sided market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlaBlaCar" title="BlaBlaCar">BlaBlaCar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drivers_Cooperative" title="The Drivers Cooperative">Co-Op Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingly_(company)" title="Wingly (company)">Wingly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">Hospitality exchange services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CouchSurfing" title="CouchSurfing">CouchSurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachgeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachgeber">Dachgeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelpX" title="HelpX">HelpX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeExchange.com" title="HomeExchange.com">HomeExchange.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_Club" title="Hospitality Club">Hospitality Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasporta_Servo" title="Pasporta Servo">Pasporta Servo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servas_International" title="Servas International">Servas International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Showers" title="Warm Showers">Warm Showers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swap and renting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">The Freecycle Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetbank" title="Streetbank">Streetbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olio_(app)" title="Olio (app)">Olio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497743#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497743#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497743#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4361327-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16765327h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16765327h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1080844&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/178803685">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&oldid=1257953035">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&oldid=1257953035</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_systems" title="Category:Financial systems">Financial systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Category:Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_ideologies" title="Category:Economic ideologies">Economic ideologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_economics" title="Category:Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Products_and_the_environment" title="Category:Products and the environment">Products and the environment</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_July_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2021">Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from July 2021">Articles that may contain original research from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2021">Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_October_2019" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2019">Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2022">Articles needing additional references from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_July_2023" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from July 2023">Vague or ambiguous time from July 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 11:00 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circular_economy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-mbxg5","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.003","walltime":"3.345","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24387,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":775707,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":33216,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1101877,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2893.094 1 -total"," 57.98% 1677.530 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.84% 689.691 112 Template:Cite_journal"," 20.92% 605.224 131 Template:Cite_web"," 9.13% 264.181 30 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.00% 231.380 32 Template:Fix"," 4.11% 118.809 5 Template:Lang"," 3.30% 95.348 5 Template:Navbox"," 3.22% 93.097 32 Template:Delink"," 3.17% 91.694 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.836","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18915362,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","19.8"],["?","240","13.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","11.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","8.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","4.4"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","80","4.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","3.3"],["[others]","360","19.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5pr2z","timestamp":"20241122150114","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Circular economy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Circular_economy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q497743","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q497743","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-05-03T16:00:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T11:00:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8b\/The_Circular_Economy_concept.png","headline":"regenerative system in which resource input and waste, emissions, and energy leakage, are minimised"}</script> </body> </html>