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href="#From_theory_to_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>From theory to practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_theory_to_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_theoretical_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_theoretical_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Contemporary theoretical developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_theoretical_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Anarcho-primitivism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarcho-primitivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_syndicalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_syndicalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Green syndicalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_syndicalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critique_of_civilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_civilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Critique of civilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_civilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decentralisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Decentralisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deindustrialisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deindustrialisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Deindustrialisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deindustrialisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Green anarchism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="لاسلطوية خضراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاسلطوية خضراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সবুজ নৈরাজ্যবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সবুজ নৈরাজ্যবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoanarquisme" title="Ecoanarquisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ecoanarquisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelen%C3%BD_anarchismus" title="Zelený anarchismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zelený anarchismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8n_anarkisme" title="Grøn anarkisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grøn anarkisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ko-Anarchismus" title="Öko-Anarchismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Öko-Anarchismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Οικοαναρχισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικοαναρχισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismo_y_medio_ambiente" title="Anarquismo y medio ambiente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anarquismo y medio ambiente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologia_anarkiismo" title="Ekologia anarkiismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekologia anarkiismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="آنارشیسم سبز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنارشیسم سبز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cologie_libertaire" title="Écologie libertaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écologie libertaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89%EC%95%84%EB%82%98%ED%82%A4%EC%A6%98" title="녹색아나키즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹색아나키즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="हरित अराजकतावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हरित अराजकतावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeleni_anarhizam" title="Zeleni anarhizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zeleni anarhizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisme_Hijau" title="Anarkisme Hijau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anarkisme Hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אקו-אנרכיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקו-אנרכיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaliasis_anarchizmas" title="Žaliasis anarchizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žaliasis anarchizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96koanarchizmus" title="Ökoanarchizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ökoanarchizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Зелен анархизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зелен анархизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoanarchisme" title="Ecoanarchisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ecoanarchisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="グリーンアナキズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グリーンアナキズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielony_anarchizm" title="Zielony anarchizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zielony anarchizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologismo_libert%C3%A1rio" title="Ecologismo libertário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecologismo libertário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-anarhism" title="Eco-anarhism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eco-anarhism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Зелёный анархизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зелёный анархизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeleni_anarhizam" title="Zeleni anarhizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zeleni anarhizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoanarkismi" title="Ekoanarkismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekoanarkismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B6n_anarkism" title="Grön anarkism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grön anarkism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil_anar%C5%9Fizm" title="Yeşil anarşizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeşil anarşizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Зелений анархізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зелений анархізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="綠色無政府主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="綠色無政府主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Green_anarchism" title="Category:Green anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Green anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Green" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Green_and_Black_flag.svg/100px-Green_and_Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Green_and_Black_flag.svg/150px-Green_and_Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Green_and_Black_flag.svg/200px-Green_and_Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory and practice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">Bioregionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">Deindustrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalism" title="Municipalism">Municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Malthusianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Malthusianism">Neo-Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_nature" title="Back to nature">Return to nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_in_diversity" title="Unity in diversity">Unity in diversity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Green_anarchists" title="Category:Green anarchists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Abbey" title="Edward Abbey">Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Bari" title="Judi Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Camenisch" title="Marco Camenisch">Camenisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Carter_(philosopher)" title="Alan Carter (philosopher)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chellis_Glendinning" title="Chellis Glendinning">Glendinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Jensen" title="Derrick Jensen">Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Morris_(anthropologist)" title="Brian Morris (anthropologist)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Næss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sempr%C3%BAn" title="Jaime Semprún">Semprún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Books and publications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden, or life in the woods</a></i> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ecology_of_Freedom" title="The Ecology of Freedom">The Ecology of Freedom</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchist" title="Green Anarchist">Green Anarchist</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></i> (1994)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/15px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/23px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/30px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/15px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/23px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/30px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_anarchism_sidebar" title="Template:Green anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_anarchism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Green anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_anarchism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Green anarchism</b>, also known as <b>ecological anarchism</b> or <b>eco-anarchism</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_school_of_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist school of thought">anarchist school of thought</a> that focuses on <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental issues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarian</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">radical environmentalism</a>, which emphasises <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-fulfillment" title="Self-fulfillment">self-fulfillment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAaltola2010161_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaltola2010161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ecological approaches to anarchism were first formulated during the 19th century, as the rise of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> caused <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. Drawing from the <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, the anarchist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> elaborated a <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalist philosophy</a> that rejected the dualistic separation of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humanity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. This was developed into an <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_ecology" title="Philosophy of ecology">ecological philosophy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Élisée Reclus</a>, who advocated for the <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth</a> of industry as a means to advance both <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>. </p><p>Green anarchism was first developed into a distinct political theory by sections of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, as a revival in anarchism coincided with the emergence of an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>. From the 1970s onwards, three main tendencies of green anarchism were established: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> elaborated the theory of <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">social ecology</a>, which argues that <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental issues</a> stem directly from <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social issues</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a> defined the theory of <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a>, which advocates for <a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">biocentrism</a>; and <a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a> developed the theory of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a>, which calls for the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>. In the 21st century, these tendencies were joined by <a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">total liberation</a>, which centres <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">green syndicalism</a>, which calls for the workers themselves to manage <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deindustrialisation">deindustrialisation</a>. </p><p>At its core, green anarchism concerns itself with the identification and abolition of social <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchies</a> that cause environmental degradation. Opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">extractivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">productivism</a> of industrial capitalism, it advocates for the degrowth and deindustrialisation of the economy. It also pushes for greater <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localisation</a> and decentralisation, proposing forms of <a href="/wiki/Municipalism" title="Municipalism">municipalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">bioregionalism</a> or a "<a href="/wiki/Back_to_nature" title="Back to nature">return to nature</a>" as possible <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">alternatives</a> to the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the only occurrences of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">ecological crisis</a> were small-scale, localised to areas affected by <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> or <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>. But as the <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">common land</a> increasingly forced dispossessed workers into factories, more wide-reaching ecological damage began to be noticed by <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">radicals</a> of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018220_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018220-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 19th century, as <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> were reaching their height, political philosophers first began to develop critiques of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialised society</a>, which had caused a rise in <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. In response, these early environmentalists developed a concern for <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">wildlife conservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">natural resource management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017371_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017371-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early political approaches to environmentalism were supplemented by the <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">literary naturalism</a> of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thompson_Seton" title="Ernest Thompson Seton">Ernest Thompson Seton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011379Morris2017373_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011379Morris2017373-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose best-selling works helped to alter the popular perception of nature by rejecting the dualistic "<a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)#Man_against_nature" title="Conflict (narrative)">man against nature</a>" conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017373_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017373-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Thoreau's advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">anti-consumerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a>, as well as his love for the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>, has been a direct inspiration for many eco-anarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011379_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011379-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a> in its modern form was developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, whose work on <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> provided a scientific rejection of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a>, instead emphasising the role of <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">individual agency</a> in the process of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017373–374_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017373–374-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> emerged as a political philosophy that rejected all forms of <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>, and instead advocated for <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011375–378_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011375–378-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The framework for an ecological anarchism was thus set in place, as a means to reject anthropocentric hierarchies that positioned humans in a dominating position over nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011375_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011375-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots">Roots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ecological roots of anarchism go back to the classical anarchists, such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, who both conceived of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> as the basis for anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from Charles Darwin's work,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017370_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017370-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakunin considered people to be an intrinsic part of their environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011378Morris2017370_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011378Morris2017370-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakunin rejected <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian dualism">Cartesian dualism</a>, denying its <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanistic</a> separation of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humanity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017370–371_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017370–371-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he also saw humans as uniquely capable of self-determination and called for humanity to achieve a mastery of its own natural environment as a means to achieve <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011378_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011378-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakunin's <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalism</a> was developed into an <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_ecology" title="Philosophy of ecology">ecological philosophy</a> by the geographers <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lise%C3%A9_Reclus" class="mw-redirect" title="Éliseé Reclus">Éliseé Reclus</a>, who conceived the relationship between human society and nature as a <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">environmental ethics</a>, which combined <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> with <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>, anticipated the green anarchist philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">social ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">bioregionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017371_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017371-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photograph of Peter Kropotkin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg/220px-Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg/330px-Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg/440px-Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, an early environmentalist figure and a predecessor of the green anarchist tendency</figcaption></figure> <p>Like Bakunin before him, Kropotkin extolled the <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of nature by humans, but also framed humanity as an intrinsic part of its natural environment and placed great value in the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011378_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011378-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kropotkin was among the first environmentalist thinkers to note the connections between industrialisation, environmental degradation and <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">workers' alienation</a>. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>, who called for an increase in industrialisation, Kropotkin argued for the <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localisation</a> of the economy, which he felt would increase people's connection with the land and halt environmental damage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018220_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018220-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories_and_Workshops" class="mw-redirect" title="Fields, Factories and Workshops">Fields, Factories and Workshops</a></i>, Kropotkin advocated for the satisfaction of human needs through <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth</a> of industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard200490_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard200490-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also criticised the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a>, both between <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">mental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual labourers</a>, and between the <a href="/wiki/Peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants">rural peasantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">urban proletariat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018222–223_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018222–223-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></i>, he elaborated on the natural basis for <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depicting the formation of <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organisation</a> among <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a> through the practice of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">mutual aid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011378_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011378-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reclus himself argued that environmental degradation caused by industrialisation, exemplified to him by mass <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, was characteristic of the "barbarity" of modern <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>, which he felt subordinated both workers and the environment to the goal of <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018222–223_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018222–223-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reclus was also one of the earliest figures to develop the idea of "<a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">total liberation</a>", directly comparing the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of labour</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">cruelty to animals</a> and thus advocating for both <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018220–221_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018220–221-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kropotkin and Reclus' synthesis of environmental and social justice formed the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">eco-socialism</a>, chiefly associated with <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialists</a> who advocated for a "<a href="/wiki/Back_to_nature" title="Back to nature">return to nature</a>", such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blatchford" title="Robert Blatchford">Robert Blatchford</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Salt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017372–373_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017372–373-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecological aspects of anarchism were also emphasised by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a>, who, drawing from the work of Henry David Thoreau, conceived of anarchism as a means to promote unity between humans and the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011379_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011379-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early ecological developments in anarchism lay the foundations for the elaboration of green anarchism in the 1960s, when it was first taken up by figures within the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017374Parson2018220–223_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017374Parson2018220–223-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green anarchism first emerged after the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a>, as increasingly <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralized governments</a> brought with them a new host of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">social issues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281–282_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281–282-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960s, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> coincided with a concurrent revival of interest in anarchism, leading to anarchists having a considerable influence on the development of <a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">radical environmentalist thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200213Curran200440_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200213Curran200440-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Principles and practices that already formed the core of anarchist philosophy, from <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> to <a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">community organizing</a>, thus became foundational to radical environmentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200440–41_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200440–41-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the threats presented by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrial agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> became more urgent, the first green anarchists turned to <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a> as solutions for <a href="/wiki/Socio-ecological_system" title="Socio-ecological system">socio-ecological systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murray_Bookchin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photograph of Murray Bookchin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Murray_Bookchin.jpg/220px-Murray_Bookchin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Murray_Bookchin.jpg/330px-Murray_Bookchin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Murray_Bookchin.jpg/440px-Murray_Bookchin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3429" data-file-height="4286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>, a founding figure of green anarchism and the chief proponent of <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">social ecology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Green anarchism as a tendency was first developed by the American social anarchist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200441Gordon20091Price2019282Ward200493_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200441Gordon20091Price2019282Ward200493-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bookchin had already began addressing the problem of environmental degradation as far back as the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282Ward200493_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282Ward200493-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, he published the first major modern work of <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Synthetic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Synthetic Environment">Our Synthetic Environment</a></i>, which warned of the ecological dangers of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_application" title="Pesticide application">pesticide application</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018221_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the subsequent decades, Bookchin developed the first theory of green anarchism, <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">social ecology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018221Price2019282_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221Price2019282-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which presented social <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> as the root of ecological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200441Gordon20091Parson2018221Price2019282_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200441Gordon20091Parson2018221Price2019282-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, Norwegian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a> developed another green anarchist tendency, known as <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a>, which rejected of <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a> in favour of <a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">biocentrism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, this philosophy was developed into a political programme by the American academics <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Devall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Devall (page does not exist)">Bill Devall</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Sessions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Sessions (page does not exist)">George Sessions</a>, while Australian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Fox" title="Warwick Fox">Warwick Fox</a> proposed the formation of <a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">bioregions</a> as a green anarchist alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287–288_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287–288-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following on from deep ecology,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224Price2019289_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224Price2019289-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the next major development in green anarchist philosophy was the articulation of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a>, which was critical of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Parson2018223–224Price2019289_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Parson2018223–224Price2019289-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First developed in the pages of the American anarchist magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)">Fifth Estate</a></i> during the mid-1980s, anarcho-primitivist theory was developed by <a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Fredy Perlman</a>, David Watson,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and particularly <a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Price2019289_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Price2019289-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later taken up by the American periodical <i>Green Anarchy</i> and British periodical <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchist" title="Green Anarchist">Green Anarchist</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and partly inspired groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a> (ALF), <a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a> (ELF) and <a href="/wiki/Individualists_Tending_to_the_Wild" title="Individualists Tending to the Wild">Individualists Tending to the Wild</a> (ITS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_theory_to_practice">From theory to practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From theory to practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alf_israel_47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alf_israel_47.jpg/220px-Alf_israel_47.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alf_israel_47.jpg/330px-Alf_israel_47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alf_israel_47.jpg/440px-Alf_israel_47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a> (ALF) in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1970s, radical environmentalist groups had begun to carry out <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> infrastructure, with mobilisations of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear movement</a> in France, Germany and the United States providing a direct continuity between contemporary environmentalism and the New Left of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, green anarchist groups such as <a href="/wiki/Earth_First!" title="Earth First!">Earth First!</a> started taking direct action against <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roadworks" title="Roadworks">roadworks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrial agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Marshall2008689Price2019288_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Marshall2008689Price2019288-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They called their sabotage actions "monkey-wrenching", after <a href="/wiki/Edward_Abbey" title="Edward Abbey">Edward Abbey</a>'s 1984 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_Wrench_Gang" title="The Monkey Wrench Gang">The Monkey Wrench Gang</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Road_protest_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Road protest in the United Kingdom">road protest movements in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> were also driven by eco-anarchists, while eco-anarchist action networks such as the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a> (ALF) and <a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a> (ELF) first rose to prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eco-anarchist actions have included violent attacks, such as those carried out by cells of the <a href="/wiki/Informal_Anarchist_Federation" title="Informal Anarchist Federation">Informal Anarchist Federation</a> (IAF) and <a href="/wiki/Individualists_Tending_to_the_Wild" title="Individualists Tending to the Wild">Individualists Tending to the Wild</a> (ITS) against nuclear scientists and nanotechnology researchers respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg/220px-Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg/330px-Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg/440px-Demonstration_2004_AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Political demonstration by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalisation movement</a> (AGM) in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As environmental degradation was accelerated by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, green anarchists broadened their scope of action from a specific environmentalist focus into one that agitated for <a href="/wiki/Global_justice" title="Global justice">global justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200444_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200444-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green anarchists were instrumental in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalisation movement</a> (AGM), as well as its transformation into the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Global_justice_movement" title="Global justice movement">global justice movement</a> (GJM).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200444–45_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200444–45-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AGM gained support in both the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North and Global South</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a> (EZLN) becoming a key organisation within the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200445–46_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200445–46-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also gained a wide range of support from different sectors of society, not only including <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">activists</a> from <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a> or the environmental and peace movements, but also people from <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, church groups and the agricultural sector. Trade unionists were the most prominent presence at the <a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a>, even outnumbering the environmentalists and anarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200446_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200446-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from its anarchist roots, the AGM adopted a decentralised and non-hierarchical model of <a href="/wiki/Flat_organization" title="Flat organization">horizontal organisation</a>, embracing new "anarchical" technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> as a means to network and communicate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200446–47_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200446–47-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the environmental and anti-globalisation movements, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">contemporary anarchism</a> was ultimately able to achieve a "quasi-renaissance" in anarchist ideas, tendencies and modes of organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200449–50_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200449–50-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_theoretical_developments">Contemporary theoretical developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary theoretical developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writers such as Murray Bookchin and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Carter_(philosopher)" title="Alan Carter (philosopher)">Alan Carter</a> have claimed contemporary anarchism to be the only political movement capable of addressing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard200498_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard200498-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1996 book <i>Ecology and Anarchism</i>, British anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Morris_(anthropologist)" title="Brian Morris (anthropologist)">Brian Morris</a> argued that anarchism is intrinsically environmentalist, as it shared the ecologist principles of decentralisation, non-hierarchical social organisation and interdependence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011379_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011379-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 21st century, green anarchists had begun to move beyond the previous century's divisions into social ecologist and anarcho-primitivist camps, establishing a new body of theory that rejected the dualisms of humanity against nature and civilisation against wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011383_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011383-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing on the biocentric philosophy of deep ecology, in 2006, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Somma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Somma (page does not exist)">Mark Somma</a> called for a "revolutionary environmentalism" capable of overthrowing <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, reducing consumption and organising the <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">conservation</a> of biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011383–384_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011383–384-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somma championed a form of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> between humanity and the non-human natural world, in a call that was taken up in 2009 by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a>, who called for eco-anarchists to commit themselves to "<a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">total liberation</a>" and extend solidarity to animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011384_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011384-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Best, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> ought to be extended to animals due to their <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentience</a> and capacity to feel <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>; he has called for the abolition of the hierarchy between humans and animals, although he implicitly excludes non-sentient plants from this moral consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011384–385_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011384–385-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from <a href="/wiki/Eco-feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-feminism">eco-feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattrice_jones" title="Pattrice jones">pattrice jones</a> called for human solidarity with both plants and animals, neither of which she considered to be lesser than humans, even describing them as "natural anarchists" that do not recognise or obey any government's laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011385–386_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011385–386-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Jeff Shantz developed a theory of "<a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">green syndicalism</a>", which seeks to use of <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalist</a> models of workplace organisation to link the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018221_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_ecology">Social ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The green anarchist theory of <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">social ecology</a> is based on an analysis of the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Hall2011379–380Price2019282_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Hall2011379–380Price2019282-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social ecology considers human society to be both the cause of and solution to environmental degradation, envisioning the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> society through a process of <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282–283_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282–283-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social ecologist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> saw society itself as a natural product of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Price2019283–284_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Price2019283–284-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which intrinsically tended toward ever-increasing <a href="/wiki/Complexity" title="Complexity">complexity</a> and diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019283–284_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019283–284-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he saw human society as having the potential to become "nature rendered self-conscious",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019284_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019284-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ecology_of_Freedom" title="The Ecology of Freedom">The Ecology of Freedom</a></i>, Bookchin elaborated that the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> had given way to a disfigured form of society that was both ecologically and socially destructive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Price2019284_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Price2019284-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to social ecology, the oppression of humans by humans directly preceded the exploitation of the environment by hierarchical society, which itself caused a <a href="/wiki/Vicious_circle" title="Vicious circle">vicious circle</a> of increasing socio-ecological devastation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011380Parson2018221Price2019284–285Radcliffe2016194_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011380Parson2018221Price2019284–285Radcliffe2016194-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering social hierarchy to go against the natural evolutionary tendencies towards complexity and diversity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019285_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019285-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social ecology concludes that oppressive hierarchies have to be abolished in order to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">ecological crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018221Price2019285_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221Price2019285-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bookchin thus proposed a decentralised system of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, centred locally in the <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a>, where people themselves could <a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">participate in decision making</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019285–286_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019285–286-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He envisioned a <a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">self-organized</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">popular assemblies</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and re-educate individuals into socially and ecologically-minded citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019286_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019286-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_ecology">Deep ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deep ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory of <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a> rejects <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a> in favour of <a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">biocentrism</a>, which recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value" title="Instrumental and intrinsic value">intrinsic value</a> of all life, regardless of its utility to humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike social ecologists, theorists of deep ecology considered human society to be incapable of reversing environmental degradation and, as a result, proposed a drastic reduction in <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287–288_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287–288-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The solutions to <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human overpopulation</a> proposed by deep ecologists included <a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">bioregionalism</a>, which advocated the replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">bioregions</a>, as well as a widespread return to a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some deep ecologists, including members of <a href="/wiki/Earth_First!" title="Earth First!">Earth First!</a>, have even welcomed the mass death caused by <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">population control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288–289_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288–289-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anarcho-primitivism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a> aims its critique at the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>, which it considers to have been the source of all social problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224Price2019289_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224Price2019289-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to American primitivist theorist <a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a>, it was the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a> in agricultural societies that had first given way to the <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a> which became characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>. As such, Zerzan proposed the abolition of technology and science, in order for society to be broken down and humans to return to a hunter-gather lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019289_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019289-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a> have been critical of anarcho-primitivism, with the former arguing that it would inevitably result in <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_syndicalism">Green syndicalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Green syndicalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green syndicalism, as developed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graham_Purchase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graham Purchase (page does not exist)">Graham Purchase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judi_Bari" title="Judi Bari">Judi Bari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advocates for the unification of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> with <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW) to adopt ecological concerns into their platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689Parson2018221_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689Parson2018221-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> as a means to address environmental degradation, green syndicalism pushes for workers to agitate their colleagues, <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> environmentally destructive practices in their workplaces, and form <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' councils">workers' councils</a>. Green syndicalist Jeff Shantz proposed that a <a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">free association of producers</a> would be best positioned to dismantle the industrial economy, through the decentralisation and localisation of production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018221_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>, green syndicalism opposes <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> and rejects the idea that the industrial economy has a "liberatory potential"; but it also rejects the radical environmentalist calls for a "complete, immediate break with industrialism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018223_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a diverse body of thought, eco-anarchist theory has a fundamental basis unified by certain shared principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Parson2018222_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Parson2018222-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eco-anarchism considers there to be a direct connection between the problems of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, and maintains an <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist critique</a> of <a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">productivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Parson2018222–223_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Parson2018222–223-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emphasising <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_ownership" title="Community ownership">community ownership</a>, it also advocates for the <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth</a> of the economy and the re-centring of social relations around <a href="/wiki/Local_community" title="Local community">local communities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioregions">bioregions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_civilisation">Critique of civilisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Critique of civilisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green anarchism traces the roots of all forms of oppression to the widespread transition from <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">sedentary lifestyles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008688Parson2018224_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008688Parson2018224-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to green anarchism, the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a> was defined by the <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">extraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">importation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>, which led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> through <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018224–225_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018224–225-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green anarchists are therefore critical of <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a> and its manifestations in globalized capitalism, which they consider to be causing a <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">ecological collapse</a> that necessitates a "<a href="/wiki/Back_to_nature" title="Back to nature">return to nature</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green anarchists uphold <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> as a form of resistance against civilisation, which they wish to replace with a way of <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a> in harmony with <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. This may involve cultivating <a href="/wiki/Self-sustainability" title="Self-sustainability">self-sustainability</a>, practising <a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">survivalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rewilding" title="Rewilding">rewilding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008688–689_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008688–689-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decentralisation">Decentralisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decentralisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eco-anarchism considers the rise of <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> to be the primary cause of environmental degradation, as states promote greater industrial extraction and production as means to remain competitive with other state powers, even at the expense of the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200214_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200214-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from the ecological principle of "<a href="/wiki/Unity_in_diversity" title="Unity in diversity">unity in diversity</a>", eco-anarchism also recognises humans as an intrinsic part of the ecosystem that they live in and how their culture, history and language is shaped by their local environments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eco-anarchists therefore argue for the abolition of states and their replacement with <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless societies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200214_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200214-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> upholding various forms of <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioregionalism" title="Bioregionalism">bioregionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Marshall2008689_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Marshall2008689-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deindustrialisation">Deindustrialisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deindustrialisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecological anarchism considers the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of labour</a> under <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> within a broader ecological context, holding that <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> is intrinsically linked with societal <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018222_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018222-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, green anarchism is opposed to <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialism</a>, due to both its social and ecological affects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018222–223_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018222–223-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chellis_Glendinning" title="Chellis Glendinning">Chellis Glendinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_First!" title="Earth First!">Earth First!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire (FBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaltola2010161-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAaltola2010161_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAaltola2010">Aaltola 2010</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018220-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018220_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018220_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017371-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017371_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017371_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2017">Morris 2017</a>, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011379Morris2017373-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011379Morris2017373_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, p. 379; <a href="#CITEREFMorris2017">Morris 2017</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017373-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017373_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2017">Morris 2017</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011379-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011379_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011379_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011379_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017373–374-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017373–374_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2017">Morris 2017</a>, pp. 373–374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011375–378-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011375–378_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, pp. 375–378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011375-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011375_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017370-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017370_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2017">Morris 2017</a>, p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011378Morris2017370-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011378Morris2017370_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, p. 378; <a href="#CITEREFMorris2017">Morris 2017</a>, p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017370–371-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017370–371_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2017">Morris 2017</a>, pp. 370–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011378-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011378_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011378_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011378_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard200490-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard200490_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard2004">Ward 2004</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018222–223-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018222–223_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018222–223_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018222–223_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018220–221-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018220–221_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017372–373-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017372–373_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2017">Morris 2017</a>, pp. 372–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2017374Parson2018220–223-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2017374Parson2018220–223_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2017">Morris 2017</a>, p. 374; <a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, pp. 220–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281–282-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019281–282_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, pp. 281–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200213Curran200440-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200213Curran200440_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2002">Carter 2002</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFCurran2004">Curran 2004</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200440–41-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200440–41_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2004">Curran 2004</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200441Gordon20091Price2019282Ward200493-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200441Gordon20091Price2019282Ward200493_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2004">Curran 2004</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 282; <a href="#CITEREFWard2004">Ward 2004</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282Ward200493-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282Ward200493_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 282; <a href="#CITEREFWard2004">Ward 2004</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018221_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018221_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018221_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221Price2019282-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018221Price2019282_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 221; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200441Gordon20091Parson2018221Price2019282-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200441Gordon20091Parson2018221Price2019282_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2004">Curran 2004</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 221; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287–288-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287–288_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019287–288_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, pp. 287–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224Price2019289-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224Price2019289_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224Price2019289_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, pp. 223–224; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Parson2018223–224Price2019289-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Parson2018223–224Price2019289_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, pp. 1–2; <a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, pp. 223–224; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Price2019289-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Price2019289_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, pp. 1–2; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018223–224_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Marshall2008689Price2019288-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Marshall2008689Price2019288_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 689; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature2012-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nature2012_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2012" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Leigh (28 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F485561a">"Anarchists attack science"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>485</b> (7400): 561. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485..561P">2012Natur.485..561P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F485561a">10.1038/485561a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22660296">22660296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Anarchists+attack+science&rft.volume=485&rft.issue=7400&rft.pages=561&rft.date=2012-05-28&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22660296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F485561a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.485..561P&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F485561a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200444-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200444_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2004">Curran 2004</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200444–45-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200444–45_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2004">Curran 2004</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200445–46-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200445–46_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2004">Curran 2004</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200446-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200446_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2004">Curran 2004</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200446–47-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200446–47_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2004">Curran 2004</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200449–50-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200449–50_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran2004">Curran 2004</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard200498-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard200498_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard2004">Ward 2004</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011383-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011383_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011383–384-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011383–384_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, pp. 383–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011384-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011384_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011384–385-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011384–385_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, pp. 384–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011385–386-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011385–386_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, pp. 385–386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Hall2011379–380Price2019282-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Hall2011379–380Price2019282_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, pp. 379–380; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282–283-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019282–283_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, pp. 282–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Price2019283–284-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Price2019283–284_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, pp. 283–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019283–284-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019283–284_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, pp. 283–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019284-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019284_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Price2019284-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091–2Price2019284_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, pp. 1–2; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2011380Parson2018221Price2019284–285Radcliffe2016194-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2011380Parson2018221Price2019284–285Radcliffe2016194_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2011">Hall 2011</a>, p. 380; <a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 221; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, pp. 284–285; <a href="#CITEREFRadcliffe2016">Radcliffe 2016</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019285-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019285_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018221Price2019285-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018221Price2019285_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 221; <a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019285–286-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019285–286_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, pp. 285–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019286-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019286_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288–289-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019288–289_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019289-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019289_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 689.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689Parson2018221-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008689Parson2018221_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 689; <a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018223-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018223_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Parson2018222-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Parson2018222_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Parson2018222–223-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Parson2018222–223_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008688Parson2018224-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008688Parson2018224_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 688; <a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018224–225-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018224–225_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008688–689-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008688–689_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, pp. 688–689.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200214-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200214_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200214_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2002">Carter 2002</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Marshall2008689-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon20091Marshall2008689_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2009">Gordon 2009</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 689.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParson2018222-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParson2018222_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParson2018">Parson 2018</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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In Franks, Benjamin; Wilson, Matthew (eds.). <i>Anarchism and Moral Philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 161–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230289680_9">10.1057/9780230289680_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28968-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28968-0"><bdi>978-0-230-28968-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Green+Anarchy%3A+Deep+Ecology+and+Primitivism&rft.btitle=Anarchism+and+Moral+Philosophy&rft.pages=161-185&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230289680_9&rft.isbn=978-0-230-28968-0&rft.aulast=Aaltola&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Carter_(philosopher)" title="Alan Carter (philosopher)">Carter, Alan</a> (1999). <i>A Radical Green Political Theory</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20309-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20309-0"><bdi>0-415-20309-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98-41317">98-41317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Radical+Green+Political+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98-41317&rft.isbn=0-415-20309-0&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carter, Alan B. 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In Franks, Benjamin; Jun, Nathan; Williams, Leonard (eds.). <i>Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 219–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-92565-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-92565-6"><bdi>978-1-138-92565-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017044519">2017044519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecocentrism&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Conceptual+Approach&rft.pages=219-233&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017044519&rft.isbn=978-1-138-92565-6&rft.aulast=Parson&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2018" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Jonathan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jonparsons.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Parsons_Anarchism-Oil.pdf">"Anarchism and Unconventional Oil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Bellamy, Brent Ryan; Diamanti, Jeff (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcmprime.com/books/marxism-and-energy"><i>Materialism and the Critique of Energy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: MCM Publishing. pp. 547–579. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018949294">2018949294</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225215809/http://jonparsons.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Parsons_Anarchism-Oil.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+Unconventional+Oil&rft.btitle=Materialism+and+the+Critique+of+Energy&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=547-579&rft.pub=MCM+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018949294&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjonparsons.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FParsons_Anarchism-Oil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2019" class="citation book cs1">Price, Andy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9783319756196">"Green Anarchism"</a>. In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cham,_Switzerland" title="Cham, Switzerland">Cham, Switzerland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 281–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_16">10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75620-2"><bdi>978-3-319-75620-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242090793">242090793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Green+Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=281-291&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242090793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_16&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75620-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2F9783319756196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadcliffe2016" class="citation book cs1">Radcliffe, James (2016) [2012]. 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In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 381–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315185255-27">10.4324/9781315185255-27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315185255" title="Special:BookSources/9781315185255"><bdi>9781315185255</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228898569">228898569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+for+an+Ecological+Crisis%3F&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Anarchy+and+Anarchist+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=381-392&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228898569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315185255-27&rft.isbn=9781315185255&rft.aulast=Shahar&rft.aufirst=Dan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmessaertFeola2023" class="citation journal cs1">Smessaert, Jacob; Feola, Giuseppe (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3197%2F096327123X16759401706533">"Beyond Statism and Deliberation: Questioning Ecological Democracy through Eco-Anarchism and Cosmopolitics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Values" title="Environmental Values">Environmental Values</a></i>. <b>32</b> (6): 765–793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3197%2F096327123X16759401706533">10.3197/096327123X16759401706533</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-7015">1752-7015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257854522">257854522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Values&rft.atitle=Beyond+Statism+and+Deliberation%3A+Questioning+Ecological+Democracy+through+Eco-Anarchism+and+Cosmopolitics&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=765-793&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257854522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1752-7015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3197%2F096327123X16759401706533&rft.aulast=Smessaert&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Feola%2C+Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3197%252F096327123X16759401706533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Bron (2013). "Threat Assessments and Radical Environmentalism". <i>Terrorism and Political Violence</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 173–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546550390449962">10.1080/09546550390449962</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-1836">1556-1836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143100557">143100557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Threat+Assessments+and+Radical+Environmentalism&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=173-182&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143100557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1556-1836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546550390449962&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Bron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerstraetenVerstraeten2014" class="citation journal cs1">Verstraeten, Guido J. 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/VEREAA-2">"Eco-refuges as Anarchist's Promised Land or the End of Dialectical Anarchism"</a>. <i>Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 781–788. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2321-2799">2321-2799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Humanities+and+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Eco-refuges+as+Anarchist%27s+Promised+Land+or+the+End+of+Dialectical+Anarchism&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=781-788&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2321-2799&rft.aulast=Verstraeten&rft.aufirst=Guido+J.+M.&rft.au=Verstraeten%2C+Willem+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FVEREAA-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2004" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Colin (2004). "Green aspirations and anarchist futures". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anarchismverysho00ward_0"><i>Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 90–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280477-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280477-8"><bdi>978-0-19-280477-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Green+aspirations+and+anarchist+futures&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=90-98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280477-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanarchismverysho00ward_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiedmannLenzenKeyßerSteinberger2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; <a href="/wiki/Julia_Steinberger" title="Julia Steinberger">Steinberger, Julia K.</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7305220">"Scientists' warning on affluence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>11</b> (3107): 3107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.3107W">2020NatCo..11.3107W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16941-y">10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7305220">7305220</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561753">32561753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Scientists%27+warning+on+affluence&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3107&rft.pages=3107&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7305220%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32561753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16941-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.3107W&rft.aulast=Wiedmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Lenzen%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Key%C3%9Fer%2C+Lorenz+T.&rft.au=Steinberger%2C+Julia+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7305220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2009" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Dana M. (2009). "Red vs. green: regional variation of anarchist ideology in the United States". <i>Journal of Political Ideologies</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 189–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569310902925816">10.1080/13569310902925816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33888366">33888366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Red+vs.+green%3A+regional+variation+of+anarchist+ideology+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-210&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569310902925816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33888366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dana+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbey1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Abbey" title="Edward Abbey">Abbey, Edward</a> (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey_Wrench_Gang" title="The Monkey Wrench Gang">The Monkey Wrench Gang</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0397010842" title="Special:BookSources/0397010842"><bdi>0397010842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monkey+Wrench+Gang&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0397010842&rft.aulast=Abbey&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiehl1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl, Janet</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ThePoliticsOfSocialEcologyJanetBiehl"><i>The Politics of Social Ecology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>: Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-415-8"><bdi>978-1-55164-415-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97-074155">97-074155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Social+Ecology&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97-074155&rft.isbn=978-1-55164-415-8&rft.aulast=Biehl&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FThePoliticsOfSocialEcologyJanetBiehl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin, Murray</a> (1974) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oursyntheticenvi0000book_u0e3"><i>Our Synthetic Environment</i></a> (Revised ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)#Harper_and_Row" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Row</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090363-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-090363-5"><bdi>0-06-090363-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Synthetic+Environment&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-06-090363-5&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foursyntheticenvi0000book_u0e3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin1986" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (1986) [1971]. <a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism"><i>Post-Scarcity Anarchism</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a>: Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920057-41-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-920057-41-1"><bdi>0-920057-41-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/977237290">977237290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Scarcity+Anarchism&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F977237290&rft.isbn=0-920057-41-1&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin1980" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towardecological0000book"><i>Toward an Ecological Society</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a>: Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919618-99-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-919618-99-5"><bdi>0-919618-99-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7753479">7753479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+an+Ecological+Society&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7753479&rft.isbn=0-919618-99-5&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftowardecological0000book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin1991" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (1991) [1982]. <a href="/wiki/The_Ecology_of_Freedom" title="The Ecology of Freedom"><i>The Ecology of Freedom</i></a> (Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>: Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921689-72-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-921689-72-1"><bdi>0-921689-72-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/81-21745">81-21745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Freedom&rft.place=Montreal&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F81-21745&rft.isbn=0-921689-72-1&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin1987" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofurbanizati0000book/"><i>The Rise of Urbanization and the Decline of Citizenship</i></a>. Sierra Club Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87156-706-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87156-706-7"><bdi>0-87156-706-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/86-22083">86-22083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Urbanization+and+the+Decline+of+Citizenship&rft.pub=Sierra+Club+Books&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F86-22083&rft.isbn=0-87156-706-7&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofurbanizati0000book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin2007" class="citation book cs1">Bookchin, Murray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SocialEcologyAndCommunalism/"><i>Social Ecology and Communalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-49-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-49-9"><bdi>978-1-904859-49-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006933557">2006933557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Ecology+and+Communalism&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006933557&rft.isbn=978-1-904859-49-9&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSocialEcologyAndCommunalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevallSessions1985" class="citation book cs1">Devall, Bill; Sessions, George (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deepecology0000deva/"><i>Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Layton,_Utah" title="Layton, Utah">Layton, Utah</a>: Gibson Smith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87905-158-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87905-158-2"><bdi>0-87905-158-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/84-14044">84-14044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Ecology%3A+Living+as+if+Nature+Mattered&rft.place=Layton%2C+Utah&rft.pub=Gibson+Smith&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F84-14044&rft.isbn=0-87905-158-2&rft.aulast=Devall&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Sessions%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeepecology0000deva%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter</a> (1974) [1899]. <i><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-136161-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-136161-5"><bdi>0-06-136161-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74-9072">74-9072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fields%2C+Factories%2C+and+Workshops&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F74-9072&rft.isbn=0-06-136161-5&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1902" class="citation book cs1">Kropotkin, Peter (1902). <i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></i>. McClure, Phillips & Co. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/03000886">03000886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Aid%3A+A+Factor+of+Evolution&rft.pub=McClure%2C+Phillips+%26+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F03000886&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlman1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Perlman, Fredy</a> (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/againsthistoryag0000unse"><i>Against His-Story, Against Leviathan!</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>: Black & Red. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12933940">12933940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+His-Story%2C+Against+Leviathan%21&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Black+%26+Red&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12933940&rft.aulast=Perlman&rft.aufirst=Fredy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagainsthistoryag0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurchase1997" class="citation book cs1">Purchase, Graham (1997) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuyaEpeWTDIC"><i>Anarchism and Ecology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>: Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551640266" title="Special:BookSources/9781551640266"><bdi>9781551640266</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35938985">35938985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism+and+Ecology&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35938985&rft.isbn=9781551640266&rft.aulast=Purchase&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuyaEpeWTDIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReclus1896" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus, Élisée</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5PQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA761">"The Progress of Mankind"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Contemporary_Review" title="The Contemporary Review">The Contemporary Review</a></i>. <b>70</b> (December): 761–683. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7565">0010-7565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=The+Progress+of+Mankind&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=December&rft.pages=761-683&rft.date=1896&rft.issn=0010-7565&rft.aulast=Reclus&rft.aufirst=%C3%89lis%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5PQAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReclus2013" class="citation book cs1">Reclus, Élisée (2013). Clark, John; Martin, Camille (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AnarchyGeographyModernitySelectedWritingsOfEliseeReclus"><i>Anarchy, Geography, Modernity: Selected Writings of Elisée Reclus</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-429-8"><bdi>978-1-60486-429-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2013911520">2013911520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchy%2C+Geography%2C+Modernity%3A+Selected+Writings+of+Elis%C3%A9e+Reclus&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2013911520&rft.isbn=978-1-60486-429-8&rft.aulast=Reclus&rft.aufirst=%C3%89lis%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAnarchyGeographyModernitySelectedWritingsOfEliseeReclus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShantz2012" class="citation book cs1">Shantz, Jeff (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ppa-yVg0vYUC"><i>Green Syndicalism: An Alternative Red/Green Vision</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1j1nv1v">10.2307/j.ctt1j1nv1v</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3307-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3307-5"><bdi>978-0-8156-3307-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1j1nv1v">j.ctt1j1nv1v</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012019259">2012019259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Syndicalism%3A+An+Alternative+Red%2FGreen+Vision&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1j1nv1v&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1j1nv1v%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012019259&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3307-5&rft.aulast=Shantz&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpa-yVg0vYUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Snyder, Gary</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthhouseholdte0000snyd"><i>Earth House Hold</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Directions_Publishing" title="New Directions Publishing">New Directions Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68-28281">68-28281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+House+Hold&rft.pub=New+Directions+Publishing&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-28281&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearthhouseholdte0000snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1974" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Gary (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(book)" title="Turtle Island (book)">Turtle Island</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Directions_Publishing" title="New Directions Publishing">New Directions Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8112-0545-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8112-0545-2"><bdi>0-8112-0545-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turtle+Island&rft.pub=New+Directions+Publishing&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8112-0545-2&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1990" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Gary (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practiceofwildes00snyd"><i>The Practice of the Wild</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/North_Point_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="North Point Press">North Point Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/90-7590">90-7590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+the+Wild&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F90-7590&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticeofwildes00snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobias1984" class="citation book cs1">Tobias, Michael, ed. (1984). <i>Deep Ecology</i>. <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>: Avant Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932238-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-932238-13-0"><bdi>0-932238-13-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Ecology&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Avant+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-932238-13-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1998" class="citation book cs1">Watson, David (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/againstmegamachi0000wats/"><i>Against the Megamachine: Essays on Empire and its Enemies</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Autonomedia" title="Autonomedia">Autonomedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57027-063-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57027-063-5"><bdi>1-57027-063-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59376926">59376926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Megamachine%3A+Essays+on+Empire+and+its+Enemies&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pub=Autonomedia&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59376926&rft.isbn=1-57027-063-5&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagainstmegamachi0000wats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitoszekBrennan1999" class="citation book cs1">Witoszek, Nina; Brennan, Andrew, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophicaldia0000unse/"><i>Philosophical Dialogues: Arne Næss and the Progress of Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8929-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8929-8"><bdi>0-8476-8929-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98-24368">98-24368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Dialogues%3A+Arne+N%C3%A6ss+and+the+Progress+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98-24368&rft.isbn=0-8476-8929-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophicaldia0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerzanCarnes1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan, John</a>; Carnes, Alice, eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questioningtechnologyacriticalanthology"><i>Questioning Technology</i></a>. New Society Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86571-205-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86571-205-0"><bdi>0-86571-205-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questioning+Technology&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-86571-205-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestioningtechnologyacriticalanthology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerzan1994" class="citation book cs1">Zerzan, John (1994). <a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays"><i>Future Primitive and Other Essays</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Autonomedia" title="Autonomedia">Autonomedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57027-000-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57027-000-7"><bdi>1-57027-000-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Primitive+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Autonomedia&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-57027-000-7&rft.aulast=Zerzan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerzan1999" class="citation book cs1">Zerzan, John (1999) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElementsofRefusal/"><i>Elements of Refusal</i></a> (Revised ed.). Columbia Alternative Library Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890532-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-890532-01-0"><bdi>1-890532-01-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Refusal&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Columbia+Alternative+Library+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-890532-01-0&rft.aulast=Zerzan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FElementsofRefusal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+anarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_anarchism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Green_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_politics" title="Template:Green politics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#f9e301">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_politics" title="Template talk:Green politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#f9e301">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green politics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#f9e301">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Green_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #f9e301; text-decoration: inherit;">Green politics</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_green_politics" title="Outline of green politics">List of topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics of climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Four pillars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecological wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Queer ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Greens_Federation" title="Asia Pacific Greens Federation">Asia Pacific Greens Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Parties_of_Africa" title="Federation of Green Parties of Africa">Federation of Green Parties of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Green_Parties_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas">Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Young_European_Greens" title="Federation of Young European Greens">Federation of Young European Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Young_Greens" title="Global Young Greens">Global Young Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ecological_Parties" title="World Ecological Parties">World Ecological Parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_target" title="Climate target">Climate target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Corporate political activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-tariff" title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of agriculture">effects of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">effects of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">in music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green 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