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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cocaine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cocaine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Cocaine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cocaine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norco/Narco_Trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norco/Narco_Trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Norco/Narco Trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norco/Narco_Trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Sexual assault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_criminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_criminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Conservation criminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_criminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Wildlife markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deforestation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deforestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Deforestation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deforestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_to_Reduce_Organized_Crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_to_Reduce_Organized_Crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Efforts to Reduce Organized Crimes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Efforts_to_Reduce_Organized_Crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Efforts to Reduce Organized Crimes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Efforts_to_Reduce_Organized_Crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_decentralization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_decentralization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Political decentralization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_decentralization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Social initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handcuffs_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/100px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/150px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/200px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Element_(criminal_law)" title="Element (criminal law)">Elements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">Actus reus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">Mens rea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">Causation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrence" title="Concurrence">Concurrence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Scope of criminal <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_(legal_term)" title="Accessory (legal term)">Accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiding_and_abetting" title="Aiding and abetting">Accomplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicity" title="Complicity">Complicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(criminal_law)" title="Principal (criminal law)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_liability_(criminal)" title="Vicarious liability (criminal)">Vicarious</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Severity of offense</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable offense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence#United_States" title="Summary offence">Infraction</a> (also called violation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary offense</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offense against the person</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacing" title="Menacing">Menacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckless_homicide" title="Reckless homicide">Reckless homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against property</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against justice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the public</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defenses to liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(law)" title="Automatism (law)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_property" title="Defence of property">Defense of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Duress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Infancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(jurisprudence)" title="Justification (jurisprudence)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(criminal_law)" title="Mistake (criminal law)">Mistake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mistake_of_law" title="Mistake of law">of law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_(law)" title="Provocation (law)">Provocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other common-law areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_defenses" title="Criminal defenses">Defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Torts</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminal_law" title="Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_law" title="Template talk:Criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Organized crimes in Peru</b> refers to the transnational, national, and local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals who engage in illegal activity in the country, including <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_organizations" title="Drug trafficking organizations">drug trafficking organizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">attempted murder</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gangs">Gangs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gangs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Shining_Path.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Shining_Path.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Shining_Path.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Shining_Path.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Shining_Path.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Shining_Path.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Shining_Path.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Shining Path</figcaption></figure> <p>Founded in 1969, <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> is a Peruvian revolutionary organisation that supports a <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sendero_Luminoso" class="mw-redirect" title="Sendero Luminoso">Sendero Luminoso</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolutionary organisation's aim is to replace the political system of Peru, not to influence it.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation provides protection to <a href="/wiki/Narcotics_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotics trade">narcotics trade</a> and makes use of their profits to strengthen their organisation and bring in more weaponry for security.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, former jailed members of <i>Sendero Luminoso</i> and other supporters of the Shining Path established an organisation, MOVADEF, following the aim of <a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Abimael Guzman</a>, the former leader of Shining Path.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOVADEF continued to disseminate the ideology of their founder, Guzman, into remote villages in the <a href="/wiki/Huallaga_River" title="Huallaga River">Upper Huallaga Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balarezo Gang is a group of Peruvian smugglers which gradually emerged in the 1940s as cocaine trade became illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gang consists of Balerzo and his six accomplices, who started exporting cocaine illegally in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balerzo lived in New York, expanding his smuggling business and owned a mansion on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barrio King, led by Gerson Gálvez Calle, is based in <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> and is known as Peru's largest drug ring.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criminal organisation had control over shipping centers to facilitate drug trafficking and was responsible for the many deaths in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_Individuals">Prominent Individuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prominent Individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Abimael Guzmán</a></b> is the former leader of Shining Path, partaking in activities against the Peruvian government.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>David Bazan Arevalo</b> was the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tocache" title="Tocache">Tocache</a>, Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was investigated as a member of a drug trafficking operation, organising the production and trading of narco-trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Andrés A. Soberón</b> was the boss of <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Huánuco">Huanauco</a>'s cocaine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soberón led cocaine makers during anti-cocaine law in 1947, and sent operatives and chemists into <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Gerson Gálvez Calle</b>, also known as <i>Caracol</i> or Snail, led the drug trafficking organisation group called Barrio King.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also called the new <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_%22El_Chapo%22_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán">Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán</a> by the Peruvian media for being capable of competing against Mexico drug trafficking organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calle was released 12 years into a 15-year prison sentence, and has been a wanted man for murder, robbery, and drug trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_Trafficking">Drug Trafficking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drug Trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cocaine">Cocaine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cocaine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a> is an easy and profitable crop that farmers can grow with limited amounts of land.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine started in eastern Peru in 1948 to 1949, and has been rapidly expanding domestic cocaine production, making it the world's second largest cocaine producer, after <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine began as a major product for the Americans at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and the production of cocaine from Peru emerged during anti-communist regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the late 1940s, the cocaine industry was legal with minimal production from run down factories, however, by 1950, cocaine was being smuggled out of eastern Peru, and cities in Peru such as <a href="/wiki/Uchiza_District" title="Uchiza District">Uchiza District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tingo_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Tingo María">Tingo María</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> nicknamed cocaine as "Peru's White Goddess."<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, coca was not the main problem for Peru; however, advancements in technology and science turned it into a drug, by processing coca into cocaine for various purposes, such as medicine or wine.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the mid-1950s, cocaine export was pushed to <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, Bolivia.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s, the lack of supervision over cocaine trade enabled the growth of criminal networks centered on its trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With little police presence, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_District,_Lima" title="Santa Rosa District, Lima">Santa Rosa</a> became an ideal route through which to smuggle cocaine to Brazil or Colombia. Weak state influence further allowed cocaine establishments to build coca fields, pits and labs.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cocaine labs were situated in the jungle between the <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_River" title="Putumayo River">Putumayo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">River Amazon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caballococha" title="Caballococha">Caballococha</a> became a gathering location for drug traffickers and producers.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norco/Narco_Trafficking"><span id="Norco.2FNarco_Trafficking"></span>Norco/Narco Trafficking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Norco/Narco Trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986, the term "narco terrorism" was used in Peru as the relationship between drug traffickers and revolutionists.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peru is becoming a narco-trader for four continents.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Bazan Arevalo was investigated as an alleged member of a drug trafficking organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been indicted for being a member of a criminal organisation that trafficked drugs from coca-producing valley of Alto Huallaga to Colombia during the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_assault">Sexual assault</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sexual assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peru is one of the many countries that followed the <a href="/wiki/Marry-your-rapist_law" title="Marry-your-rapist law">Marry-your-rapist law</a>, which refers to as the exemption from punishment for a rapist by marrying their victims.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case of Peruvian ex-soldiers 'systematically' raping nine female farmers between 1984 and 1995 during the Shining Path guerrilla war was presented to the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(Peru)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> in 2003, and the gang rape led to five of the women being pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The absence of government authority meant that the officials were underestimating <i>Sendero Luminoso</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sendero Luminoso</i> members communicate to the public through violent acts, such as going after essential power plants including water supplies or power grids.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than gaining support from the general public, destroying supply systems acts as no more than messages and symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation was also initially involved in education at a university, in the training school department.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, <i>Sendero Luminoso</i> appealed to double the school budget but the request was denied. As a result of their request being denied, <i>Sendero Luminoso</i> turned towards vandalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, <i>Sendero Luminoso</i> declared war against the Peruvian government by burning ballot boxes that was going to be used in the first democratic election in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shining Path operating in the <a href="/wiki/Huallaga_River" title="Huallaga River">Huallaga River</a> region since the 1980s was financed and supplied weapons by David Bazan Arevalo.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criminal organisation took 71 hostages and attacked oil installations in Peru, as well as ambushing a police patrol and killing eight officials.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Arévalo">Arevalo</a> was part of a 2007 terrorist attack that resulted in the murder of a public prosecutor and three police officers in <a href="/wiki/Tocache" title="Tocache">Tocache</a>, which is known as one of the most crime-plagued regions of Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_criminology">Conservation criminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conservation criminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wildlife_markets">Wildlife markets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wildlife markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The species diversity covers twenty times more land area, home to at least three endemic bird species and primate species in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Andes" title="Tropical Andes">Andean</a> forests.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild animals in Peru are used for various reasons, including biomedical research, jewellery, and souvenirs.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pets are also products for sale involving live species such as parrots, monkeys, and tortoises found in Peru traded to <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wild parrot trade in Peru, such as the <a href="/wiki/Macaw" title="Macaw">Macaw</a>, is localised in inter cities or cross-border trading between two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parrots are poached because they are easy to capture and are abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abundant populations of bears and monkeys in Peru are also poached for biomedical research; around 4,000 primates were trafficked for malaria research into Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Production_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Production (Peru)">Ministry of Production</a>, which is responsible for protecting endangered species have been caught illegally facilitating shark fin trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peru has become the third largest exporter of shark fin in the world, where the majority of shark fins are trafficked to China, as there is a high demand for shark fins in Asian markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deforestation">Deforestation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deforestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birds, amphibians, and ferns are examples of the biodiversity in eastern Peru which help constitute floristic assemblage.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine cultivation attributes to the deforestation, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Huallaga_River" title="Huallaga River">Huallaga Valley</a>, and therefore, large groups of plant species are threatened by deforestation, and remaining forests are likely to lose species diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peru has one of the highest export of <i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">Swietenia macrophylla</a></i>, driven by international demand.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lists of trees that do not actually need to be cut down or do not exist are given to authorities provided by criminal organisations, resulting in illegal loggers a permit by the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peruvian timber is exported to many countries, with the majority to countries such as China, the United States, Australia, Israel, and Puerto Rice, and involves tax evasion.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main port for timber exports in Peru is <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Organismo de Supervision de los Recursos Forestales y de Fauna Silvestre</i> was established as an anti-corruption organisation to prevent illegal deforestation activities in Peru, however, that has not stopped the act of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">illegal logging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Center for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">International Environmental Law</a>, more than 90 percent of timber sold in Peru was illegally obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efforts_to_Reduce_Organized_Crimes">Efforts to Reduce Organized Crimes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Efforts to Reduce Organized Crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_decentralization">Political decentralization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political decentralization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armed forces and police in Peru cooperated together in capturing any <i>Sendero Luminoso</i> members and punished the captured criminal organisation followers with violence such as torture, execution or interrogations involving abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through interrogations, the police were able to investigate Sendero Luminoso better.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the <i><a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_de_la_Verdad_y_Reconciliaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación">La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación</a></i> (CVR) was established to conduct analysis and studies of human violations by investigating assassinations, sexual violence, and torture of Peruvian civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was able to collect more than 16,000 testimonies from victims and witnesses, and aired on radios and national television as an act to raise awareness about violence and human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Peruvian government expanded their focus in <a href="/wiki/Mantaro_River" title="Mantaro River">Mantaro river</a> in 2012, as the valley is known to be a trafficking route for cocaine and other drugs, to investigate the Shining plans to extend their control over narco-trafficking routes in <a href="/wiki/La_Convenci%C3%B3n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="La Convención Province">La Convención</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2012, the Peruvian government captured Artemio, the leader of a faction in <i>Sendero Luminoso</i> in the Upper Huallaga Valley, which led to the dismantling of the military and weaponry in <i>Sendero Luminoso</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increase of drug usage in United States and Western Europe led to more drug production for Peruvian farmers selling at a higher price in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">U.S drug policy</a> towards Peru was used as a plan to prevent cocaine production for their people, which brought devastating results to the economy in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the pressure of the U.S drug policy, the Peruvian government proceeded towards the removal of cocaine production and focused on substituting the drug with other crops.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As drug production in Peru decreased, Peruvian farmers lost their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 26, 2017, David Bazán Arévalo was arrested by Peru's counter-narcotics police.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lima office of the US <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA), the Peruvian Counternarcotics Directorate (<i>Dirreción Nacional Antidrogas</i>- <i>DIRANDRO</i>) arrested David Bazan Arevalo, targeting drug traffickers who financed narco-terrorist groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cocaine boom in the late 1990s came to an end when the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force" title="Peruvian Air Force">Peruvian Air Force</a> and DEA carried out tighter protection networks.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balarezo was arrested in 1949 while he was on a boat to Italy, and took less than a month to receive a five-year sentence and $10,000 fine.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 13 kilos of pure cocaine smuggled by Balarezo was found in New York, with $154,000 worth per kilo.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_initiatives">Social initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Social initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artemio was arrested to counter terrorism, which enabled the state security forces to enter regions to take action against terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2005 to 2011, the <i>Control y Reducción del Cultivo de la Coca en el Alto Huallaga</i> was engaged in regional coca eradication campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armed civilians in Peru organise their own protection and security, such as the <i>Comités de Autodefensa</i> <i>(CADS)</i>, which coordinated the community for self-defence.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Community conservation of ecosystems and species by local people manage and enforce their own regulations, however, socio-political problems sometimes hinder creation of reserves for private land protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full cooperation from the majority of the community conservation is needed to from community leaders, which is two-thirds of the whole congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A two-year ban was promoted to restrict hunting of rodents such as the <a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">Agouti</a>, and the use of slingshots toys by children was banned to recover bird and arboreal mammal populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local Peruvians in communal organisations have provided environmental education and have controlled and reduced land invasion, from threats of climate change and to promote a harmonious relationship with nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loggers in Peru are required legitimate permit by the <i>Organismo de Supervision de los Recursos Forestales y de Fauna Silvestre</i> organisation if they wish to declare timber locations to cut down trees; however, the process is sometimes corrupt, involving compensation, and bribery.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Peru&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2017" class="citation web cs1">Parkinson, Charles (2017-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/drug-trafficking-terrorism-and-civilian-self-defense-in-peru/">"Drug Trafficking, Terrorism, and Civilian Self-Defense in Peru"</a>. <i>InSight Crime</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Wartime+Sexual+Violence+in+Guatemala+and+Peru&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E445-%3C%2Fspan%3E468&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2478.2009.00541.x&rft.aulast=Leiby&rft.aufirst=Michele+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1468-2478.2009.00541.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganised+crime+in+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Drug trafficking, organized crime, and violence in the Americas today</i>. 2016-05-01. pp. <span class="nowrap">223–</span>228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drug+trafficking%2C+organized+crime%2C+and+violence+in+the+Americas+today&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=2016-05-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganised+crime+in+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internal_conflict_in_Peru_(1980–present)125" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Template:Internal conflict in Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Template talk:Internal conflict in Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internal conflict in Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internal_conflict_in_Peru_(1980–present)125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru</a> (1980–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:110%;text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Participants </p> </th> <th colspan="1" style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Timeline </p> </th> <th style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Key aspects </p> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:10pt; padding:0.25em 0;"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i> </i></div> </td> <td width="30%" rowspan="3" style="padding-left:0.5em; text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path#Origins" title="Shining Path">Founding of the Shining Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limazo" title="Limazo">Limazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacnazo" title="Tacnazo">Tacnazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuschi_ballot_burning_incident" title="Chuschi ballot burning incident">Chuschi ballot burning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_dogs" title="Deng Xiaoping's dogs">Deng Xiaoping's dogs incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_of_Ayacucho_prison" title="Assault of Ayacucho prison">Assault of Ayacucho prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Lucanamarca_massacre" title="1983 Lucanamarca massacre">1983 Lucanamarca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putis_massacre" title="Putis massacre">Putis massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accomarca_massacre" title="Accomarca massacre">Accomarca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_prison_massacres" title="Peruvian prison massacres">Peruvian prison massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Soviet_embassy_attack_in_Lima" title="1986 Soviet embassy attack in Lima">1986 Soviet embassy attack in Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aucayacu_massacre" title="Aucayacu massacre">Aucayacu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juan_Carlos_Vega_Llona" title="Assassination of Juan Carlos Vega Llona">Assassination of Juan Carlos Vega Llona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_North_Korean_embassy_attack_in_Lima" title="1987 North Korean embassy attack in Lima">1987 North Korean embassy attack in Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Callao_bombing" title="1989 Callao bombing">1989 Callao bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrios_Altos_massacre" title="Barrios Altos massacre">Barrios Altos massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">1992 Peruvian self-coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bolivian_embassy_attack_in_Lima" title="1992 Bolivian embassy attack in Lima">1992 Bolivian embassy attack in Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_embassy_attack_in_Stockholm" title="1992 Peruvian embassy attack in Stockholm">1992 Peruvian embassy attack in Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_massacre" title="Santa massacre">Santa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frecuencia_Latina_bombing" title="Frecuencia Latina bombing">Frecuencia Latina bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarata_bombing" title="Tarata bombing">Tarata bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cantuta_massacre" title="La Cantuta massacre">La Cantuta massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_embassy_hostage_crisis" title="Japanese embassy hostage crisis">Japanese embassy hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar" title="Operation Chavín de Huántar">Operation Chavín de Huántar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locumba_uprising" title="Locumba uprising">Locumba uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Peru_shootdown" title="2001 Peru shootdown">2001 Peru shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Lima_bombing" title="2002 Lima bombing">2002 Lima bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andahuaylazo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andahuaylazo">Andahuaylazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatun_Asha_ambush" title="Hatun Asha ambush">Hatun Asha ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llochegua_Clashes" title="Llochegua Clashes">Llochegua Clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru#Break_with_Abimael_Guzmán" title="Militarized Communist Party of Peru">Founding of the MPCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_del_Ene_attack" title="San Miguel del Ene attack">San Miguel del Ene attack</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Patriota" class="extiw" title="es:Operación Patriota">Operation Patriot</a></li></ul> <div> </div> </td> <td width="20%" rowspan="7" style="padding-left:0.5em; text-align:left;"> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Government policies and actions</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Agrarian_Reform" title="Peruvian Agrarian Reform">Peruvian Agrarian Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_reform_in_Peru_under_Alberto_Fujimori" title="Judiciary reform in Peru under Alberto Fujimori">Judiciary reform in Peru under Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Alberto_Fujimori_administration" title="Economic policy of the Alberto Fujimori administration">Economic policy of the Alberto Fujimori administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Forced sterilization in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(Peru)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_trial_of_Alberto_Fujimori" title="Arrest and trial of Alberto Fujimori">Arrest and trial of Alberto Fujimori</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Illegal drug trade</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru" title="Illegal drug trade in Peru">Illegal drug trade in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_eradication" title="Coca eradication">Coca eradication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Snowcap" title="Operation Snowcap">Operation Snowcap</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Related</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terruqueo" title="Terruqueo">Terruqueo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_of_Huamanga_University" title="San Cristóbal of Huamanga University">San Cristóbal of Huamanga University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_de_los_R%C3%ADos_Apur%C3%ADmac,_Ene_y_Mantaro" title="Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro">VRAEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huallaga_River" title="Huallaga River">Huallaga River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Women in the internal conflict in Peru">Women in the internal conflict in Peru</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th colspan="1" style="background:LightGoldenrodYellow; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;">Shining Path and remnants<br /> </th> <th style="background:mistyrose; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government of Peru</a> </th> <th style="background:lavender; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;">MRTA<br /> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="15%" rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru" title="Militarized Communist Party of Peru">Militarized Communist Party of Peru</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendero_Luminoso_del_Alto_Huallaga" class="extiw" title="es:Sendero Luminoso del Alto Huallaga">Huallaga Faction</a> (until 2012)</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_PCP-CBMR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_PCP-CBMR.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_PCP-CBMR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_PCP-CBMR.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_PCP-CBMR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_PCP-CBMR.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_PCP-CBMR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Base_Mantaro_Rojo" class="extiw" title="es:Comité Base Mantaro Rojo">Red Mantaro Base Committee</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARC_en_Loreto" class="extiw" title="es:FARC en Loreto">FARC-EP in Peru</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a> (until 2011)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MOVADEF_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MOVADEF_logo.svg/22px-MOVADEF_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MOVADEF_logo.svg/33px-MOVADEF_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MOVADEF_logo.svg/44px-MOVADEF_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/MOVADEF" class="mw-redirect" title="MOVADEF">MOVADEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path#United_Front" title="Shining Path">FUDEPP</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICL_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ICL_English.png/22px-ICL_English.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ICL_English.png/33px-ICL_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ICL_English.png/44px-ICL_English.png 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="755" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_League_(Maoist)" title="International Communist League (Maoist)">International Communist League</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ethnocacerist_Movement_(Chinchay_Suyu).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Ethnocacerist_Movement_%28Chinchay_Suyu%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Ethnocacerist_Movement_%28Chinchay_Suyu%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Ethnocacerist_Movement_%28Chinchay_Suyu%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Ethnocacerist_Movement_%28Chinchay_Suyu%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Ethnocacerist_Movement_%28Chinchay_Suyu%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Ethnocacerist_Movement_%28Chinchay_Suyu%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerist movement</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ASPRET_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ASPRET_Symbol.svg/22px-ASPRET_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ASPRET_Symbol.svg/33px-ASPRET_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ASPRET_Symbol.svg/44px-ASPRET_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="322" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Association_of_Tawantinsuyo_Reservists" title="Plurinational Association of Tawantinsuyo Reservists">Plurinational Association of Tawantinsuyo Reservists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Internationalist_Movement" title="Revolutionary Internationalist Movement">Revolutionary Internationalist Movement</a> (until 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FARC_dissidents" title="FARC dissidents">FARC dissidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Andean_Revolutionary_Front_of_Peru" title="United Democratic Andean Revolutionary Front of Peru">United Democratic Andean Revolutionary Front of Peru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peruvian drug traffickers</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td width="15%" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Peruvian Armed Forces</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force" title="Peruvian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Marines">Peruvian Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru" title="National Police of Peru">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinchis" title="Sinchis">Sinchis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)" title="National Intelligence Service (Peru)">National Intelligence Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Intelligence_Group" title="Special Intelligence Group">Special Intelligence Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b>Other:</b></i> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cusco_%281978%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cusco_%281978%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cusco_%281978%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cusco_%281978%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cusco_%281978%E2%80%932021%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cusco_%281978%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rondas_campesinas" title="Rondas campesinas">Rondas campesinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sole_National_Central_of_Peasant_Rounds_of_Peru" title="Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru">Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Colina" title="Grupo Colina">Grupo Colina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Franco_Command" title="Rodrigo Franco Command">Rodrigo Franco Command</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br />(until 1991)</li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td width="15%" rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_MRTA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_MRTA.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_MRTA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_MRTA.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_MRTA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_MRTA.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_MRTA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement">Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement</a><br />(until 1997)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_FSLN.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_FSLN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_FSLN.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_FSLN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_FSLN.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_FSLN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="498" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (until 1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/23px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/35px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/45px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/19th_of_April_Movement" title="19th of April Movement">19th of April Movement</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bandera_-_Frente_Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_para_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/22px-Bandera_-_Frente_Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_para_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bandera_-_Frente_Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_para_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/34px-Bandera_-_Frente_Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_para_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bandera_-_Frente_Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_para_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/44px-Bandera_-_Frente_Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_para_la_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="444" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_National_Liberation_Front" title="Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front">Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_crime" title="Template:Types of crime"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_crime" title="Template talk:Types of crime"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_crime" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of crime"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_crime505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Note: Crimes vary by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a>. Not all types are listed here.</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraction">Infraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_offence" title="Hybrid offence">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scales of Justice"><img alt="Scales of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/65px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/98px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/130px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span><br /><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offense_against_the_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Offense against the person">Against the person</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacing" title="Menacing">Menacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckless_homicide" title="Reckless homicide">Reckless homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><a 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