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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Meiji_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Meiji_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pre-Meiji Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Meiji_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Victorian England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_between_Victorian_and_Ancient_Greek_pederasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_Victorian_and_Ancient_Greek_pederasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Differences between Victorian and Ancient Greek pederasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_Victorian_and_Ancient_Greek_pederasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pederasty_in_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pederasty_in_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pederasty in literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pederasty_in_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pederasty in literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pederasty_in_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hellenism_and_Homosexuality_in_Victorian_Oxford_(1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenism_and_Homosexuality_in_Victorian_Oxford_(1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford (1994)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenism_and_Homosexuality_in_Victorian_Oxford_(1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales_(1888)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales_(1888)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>The Happy Prince and Other Tales</i> (1888)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales_(1888)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pederasty_Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pederasty_Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pederasty Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pederasty_Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victorian_Literary_Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_Literary_Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Victorian Literary Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_Literary_Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Literary_Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Literary_Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Greek Literary Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Literary_Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pederasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حب الغلمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حب الغلمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="কিশোৰ প্ৰীতি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কিশোৰ প্ৰীতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="বালকপ্রীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বালকপ্রীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Педэрастыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Педэрастыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Педерастия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Педерастия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastiezh" title="Pederastiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pederastiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peder%C3%A0stia" title="Pederàstia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pederàstia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastie" title="Pederastie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pederastie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A6derasti" title="Pæderasti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pæderasti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4derastie" title="Päderastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Päderastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia" title="Pederastia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pederastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παιδεραστία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιδεραστία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia" title="Pederastia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pederastia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastio" title="Pederastio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pederastio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia" title="Pederastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pederastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="شاهدبازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاهدبازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9d%C3%A9rastie" title="Pédérastie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pédérastie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9idearastacht" title="Péidearastacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Péidearastacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84%EC%95%A0" title="소년애 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소년애" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastija" title="Pederastija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pederastija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasteso" title="Pederasteso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pederasteso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjantanan" title="Perjantanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjantanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia" title="Pederastia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pederastia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Педерастия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Педерастия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastija" title="Pederastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pederastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastija" title="Pederastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pederastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasztia" title="Pederasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pederasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastie" title="Pederastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pederastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%84%9B" title="少年愛 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="少年愛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasti" title="Pederasti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pederasti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="امرد پرستی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امرد پرستی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia" title="Pederastia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pederastia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia" title="Pederastia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pederastia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastie" title="Pederastie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pederastie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Педерастия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Педерастия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrusu" title="Jarrusu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jarrusu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pederasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia" title="Pederastia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pederastia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastija" title="Pederastija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pederastija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کوڕبازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوڕبازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Педерастија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Педерастија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastija" title="Pederastija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pederastija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kiss_Briseis_Painter_Louvre_G278_full.jpg/220px-Kiss_Briseis_Painter_Louvre_G278_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kiss_Briseis_Painter_Louvre_G278_full.jpg/330px-Kiss_Briseis_Painter_Louvre_G278_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kiss_Briseis_Painter_Louvre_G278_full.jpg/440px-Kiss_Briseis_Painter_Louvre_G278_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>Pederastic kissing on an Attic <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a> (5th century BC)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pederasty</b> or <b>paederasty</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a sexual relationship between an adult <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Boy" title="Boy">boy</a>. It was a socially acknowledged practice in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> and elsewhere in the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_Japan#Pre-Meiji_Japan" title="Homosexuality in Japan">Pre-Meiji Japan</a>. </p><p>In most countries today, the local <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> determines whether a person is considered legally competent to consent to sexual acts, and whether such contact is <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a>. An adult engaging in sexual activity with a <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a> is considered abusive by authorities for a variety of reasons, including the age of the minor and the psychological and physical harm they may endure. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2></div> <p><i>Pederasty</i> derives from the combination of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">παίδ-</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">paid-</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'boy, child (stem)'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐραστής</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">erastēs</i></span>, 'lover' (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Eros_(love)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (love)">eros</a></i>). Late <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>pæderasta</i> was borrowed in the 16th century directly from Plato's classical Greek in <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">The Symposium</a>.</i> (Latin transliterates <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αί</span></span></i> as <i>æ</i>.) The word first appeared in the English language during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, as <i>pæderastie</i> (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Purchas" title="Samuel Purchas">Samuel Purchas</a>' <i>Pilgrimes</i>), in the sense of sexual relations between men and boys. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> defines it as "Homosexual relations between a man and a boy; homosexual anal intercourse, usually with a boy or younger man as the passive partner".<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty in ancient Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality in ancient Greece</a></div> <p>Pederasty in ancient Greece was a socially acknowledged romantic relationship between an adult male (the <i>erastes</i>) and a younger male (the <i>eromenos</i>), usually in his teens.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This age difference between a socially powerful and socially less-powerful partner was characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical periods</a>, in both heterosexual and homosexual relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of pederasty on Greek culture of these periods was so pervasive that it has been called "the principal cultural model for free relationships between citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice was viewed with concerns and disapproval by certain social groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Greek cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, pederastic relationships were explicitly accepted; in other locations, such as <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, laws were eventually enacted to limit such relationships, though not explicitly prohibit all instances of them.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the writings of <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> says, "A man who sells his favours for a price to anyone who wants them is called a <a href="/wiki/Catamite" title="Catamite">catamite</a>; but if anyone forms a love-attachment with someone whom he knows to be truly good, we regard him as perfectly respectable."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the writings of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Socrates considered pederasty as a superior form of love compared to the love of women. Each author may have used Socrates as a spokesman for their own viewpoints. The Socratic writings of the two authors were one of the main texts that led to <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Dover" title="Kenneth Dover">Kenneth Dover</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>'s understanding of pederasty as a matter of debate in Ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars locate its origin in <a href="/wiki/Initiation_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation ritual">initiation ritual</a>, particularly rites of passage on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, where it was associated with entrance into military life and the religion of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has no formal existence in the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric epics">Homeric epics</a>, and seems to have developed in the late 7th century BC as an aspect of Greek <a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">homosocial culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was characterized also by <a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudity in sport">athletic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_nudity" title="Depictions of nudity">artistic nudity</a>, delayed marriage for aristocrats, <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposia</a>, and the social seclusion of women.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pederasty was both idealized and criticized in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument has recently been made that idealization was universal in the Archaic period; criticism began in Athens as part of the general Classical Athenian reassessment of Archaic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have debated the role or extent of pederasty, which is likely to have varied according to local custom and individual inclination.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athenian</a> law, for instance, recognized both <a href="/wiki/Consent_(criminal_law)" title="Consent (criminal law)">consent</a> and age as factors in regulating sexual behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enid Bloch argues that many Greek boys in these relationships may have been <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatized</a> by knowing that they were violating social customs, since the "most shameful thing that could happen to any Greek male was penetration by another male." She further argues that vases showing "a boy standing perfectly still as a man reaches out for his genitals" indicate the boy may have been "psychologically immobilized, unable to move or run away."<sup id="cite_ref-Bloch_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloch-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One vase shows a young man or boy running away from <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek god">Greek god</a> of desire.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Homosexuality in ancient Rome</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality in ancient Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rilievo_con_ganimede,_fine_I_sec._dc._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rilievo_con_ganimede%2C_fine_I_sec._dc._01.JPG/240px-Rilievo_con_ganimede%2C_fine_I_sec._dc._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rilievo_con_ganimede%2C_fine_I_sec._dc._01.JPG/360px-Rilievo_con_ganimede%2C_fine_I_sec._dc._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rilievo_con_ganimede%2C_fine_I_sec._dc._01.JPG/480px-Rilievo_con_ganimede%2C_fine_I_sec._dc._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>) in the form of an eagle abducting <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a>; 1st-century AD Roman <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <i>mos Graeciae</i> or <i>mos Graecorum</i> ("Greek custom" or "the way of the Greeks") refers to a variety of behaviors the ancient Romans regarded as Greek, including but not confined to sexual practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> Homosexual behaviors at Rome were acceptable only within an inherently unequal relationship; male Roman citizens retained their masculinity as long as they took the active, penetrating role, and the appropriate male sexual partner was a prostitute or slave, who would nearly always be non-Roman.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greece</a>, <i>paiderasteia</i> had been a formal social relationship between freeborn males; taken out of context and refashioned as the luxury product of a conquered people, pederasty came to express roles based on domination and exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollini_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollini-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37, 40–41 et passim">: 37, 40–41 <i>et passim</i> </span></sup> Slaves often were given, and prostitutes sometimes assumed Greek names regardless of their ethnic origin; the boys <i>(<a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Puer" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">pueri</a>)</i> to whom the poet <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a> is attracted have Greek names.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of slaves defined Roman pederasty; sexual practices were "somehow 'Greek<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" when they were directed at "freeborn boys openly courted in accordance with the Hellenic tradition of pederasty".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>Effeminacy or a lack of discipline in managing one's sexual attraction to another male threatened a man's "Roman-ness" and thus might be disparaged as "Eastern" or "Greek". Fears that Greek models might "corrupt" traditional Roman social codes (the <i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">mos maiorum</a></i>) seem to have prompted a vaguely documented law (<i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Scantinia" title="Lex Scantinia">Lex Scantinia</a></i>) that attempted to regulate aspects of homosexual relationships between freeborn males and to protect Roman youth from older men emulating Greek customs of pederasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollini_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollini-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theologian Edith Humphrey commented that "the Graeco-Roman 'ideal' regarding homosexuality entailed erotic love, not of children, but of young (teenage) males of the same age that a young woman would be given in marriage, and that frequently the more mature male was only slightly older than the partner."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">Bacha bazi</a></div> <p><i>Bacha bāzī</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بچه بازی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'boy play') is a practice in which men (sometimes called <i>bacha baz</i>) buy and keep adolescent boys (sometimes called <i>dancing boys</i>) for entertainment and sex.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a custom in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and in historical <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> and often involves sexual slavery and child prostitution by older men of young adolescent males.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most comprehensive study of young male dancers in Afghanistan in the second half of the twentieth century perhaps belongs to German folklorist Ingeborg Baldauf, who studied bacabozlik (bachah-bāzi) among Uzbeks in the north. Baldauf's study, published in 1988 in German under the title Die Knabenliebe in Mittelasien: Bacabozlik (Boy Love in Central Asia: Bachah-bāzī), contended that a significant percentage of the Uzbek male population in Afghanistan's northern provinces were involved in bachah-bāzī at some point in their lives—either as a dancing-bachah or a bachah-lover (or perhaps both in the course of their lives). Bachahs were expected to be familiar with Chagatai literature, have a good grasp of music, know how to sing and dance, have good manners, and accompany their lovers in homosocial occasions. In return, their lovers, or bachah-bāz, had to generously spend money to outdo their rivals, otherwise the bachah would leave for a wealthier man. While the exchange of a few kisses and caresses was permissible between the bachah and bachah-bāz, no sexual intercourse was allowed, or the relationship would end abruptly. According to Baldauf, some men even ruined their families and went bankrupt after spending lavishly on bachahs for years.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, Gunnar Jarring, a Swedish diplomat and ethnographer who studied the Turkish dialects of Andkhoy in the mid-1930s, heard from an Andkhoy resident about a “current custom” among Afghan Turkmens and Uzbeks in the northern provinces who would keep boys in a cellar for a few years to teach them to dance. “If young boys are to be found,” writes Jarring, “[the people of Afghan Turkistan] never let women dance.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Meiji_Japan">Pre-Meiji Japan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_Japan#Pre-Meiji_Japan" title="Homosexuality in Japan">Homosexuality in Japan § Pre-Meiji Japan</a></div> <p>Pederasty in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> was present in similar forms across different societal contexts. Accounts of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhist monasteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> circles, and <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> theatres all commonly noted the presence of relationships between adolescent or pre-pubescent boys (sometimes classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Wakash%C5%AB" title="Wakashū">wakashū</a></i>) and older male mentor figures.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art and literature of these relationships was common, with perhaps the most well-known collection being <i><a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-z%C5%8Dshi" title="Ukiyo-zōshi">ukiyo-zōshi</a></i> poet <a href="/wiki/Ihara_Saikaku" title="Ihara Saikaku">Ihara Saikaku</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Mirror_of_Male_Love" title="The Great Mirror of Male Love">The Great Mirror of Male Love</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_England">Victorian England</h3></div> <p>Classical studies during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> rapidly changed with the exploration of what ancient Greece had to offer, quickly garnering admiration by those in study and capturing the attention of Victorian writers. Holding esteem of the Greeks, the Victorians began to model and apply Greek concepts and more onto their modern life. This application of Greek philosophy manifested with the Victorians' examination of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and subsequently the Greek concept of pederasty which had them evaluating and applying this conception of intimate Greek encounters to those found within the Victorian era.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fascination and admiration led to works of literature which commemorated Pederasty and same-sex love by numerous individuals of this time such as <a href="/wiki/John_Addington_Symonds" title="John Addington Symonds">John Addington Symonds</a> with his essay "A Problem in Greek Ethics", or <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> with his novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></i>, amongst others. </p><p>While there was a celebration of same-sex love to be found in pederasty by some individuals during this time, there was also a moral repudiation of it as well that found pederasty to be a degradation of the youthful soul. This view was put into law with the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_1885" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885">Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885</a> under section 11, the <a href="/wiki/Labouchere_Amendment" title="Labouchere Amendment">Labouchere Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this piece of legislation that cemented the discussion on pederasty and its reception by the public and mainstream media with the legal prosecution of Oscar Wilde, whose novel <i>The Picture of Dorian Gray</i> was used as evidence to secure his imprisonment and conviction, labeling him as a "sodomite" under the eyes of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pederasty is also associated with the late-19th-century <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a> which took place amidst the European literary and artistic community. The Greek practice was used by decadents to reinforce their own identity and non-conformance with heterosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within this movement was the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_coterie" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary coterie">coterie</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Uranians" title="Uranians">Uranians</a>, pederasty being a theme often written upon in their poetry. The group was one of intimacy and wrote their works for themselves and shared amongst themselves, the group meaning to be a safe space and a source of consolidation for those who admired pederasty, devising it as "erotically and aesthetically superior to heterosexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differences_between_Victorian_and_Ancient_Greek_pederasty">Differences between Victorian and Ancient Greek pederasty</h4></div> <p>Though Victorians took inspiration from the Greeks regarding pederastic relationships, the social context of Victorian pederasty was different from Greek pederasty. Victorian pederasty did not share the factor of community acknowledgement. The Victorian era also lacked the notion that "asymmetry" in relationships, including <a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">age disparity</a> and social status, was to be expected and aspired to. Sandra Boehringer and Stefano Caciagli comment that Greek and other ancient societies existed "before sexuality". Having a preference for gender or age did not assign a label to a relationship, but this did not preclude groups from disapproving of or enacting laws against pederastic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pederasty_in_literature">Pederasty in literature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenism_and_Homosexuality_in_Victorian_Oxford_(1994)"><span id="Hellenism_and_Homosexuality_in_Victorian_Oxford_.281994.29"></span>Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford (1994)</h3></div> <p>Linda C. Dowling, author of <i><b>Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discusses in her novel the intricacies of homosexuality and homoeroticism that were part of Victorian culture in mid-century Oxford. Pederasty was briefly mentioned in lieu of William Hurrell Mallock's <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic_(novel)" title="The New Republic (novel)"><b>The New Republic</b></a></i>, which is a parody of "aesthetic" verse in the epigraph for the Oxford pamphlet <i>Boy-Worship</i>, where pederasty is cited as "being a mode of male romantic attachment".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The New Republic</i>, Mallock mocks many important figures in Oxford University, including <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Walter Pater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, and its references to <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism</a>. </p><p>In Dowling’s <i>Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was noted that <a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_Cory" title="William Johnson Cory">William Johnson Cory</a>'s classic paen paiderastia, <i><b>Ionica</b></i> (1858), enabled the Oxford cult of “boy worship” to surface, and influence the upbringing of the <a href="/wiki/Uranians" title="Uranians">Uranian</a> literary movement, which celebrated “heavenly” love between men, which is highly influenced by Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a> of</i> 180e. Similarly to pederasty, Uranians have been influenced by the Ancient Greek to write poetry that represented homoeroticism and homosexuality of adolescent boys in the <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent</a> era. Dowling notes these detailed accounts of many different scholars in Victorian Oxford in order to reform the homosexual studies of Hellenistic culture that influenced the Decadent movement of the nineteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales_(1888)"><span id="The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales_.281888.29"></span><i>The Happy Prince and Other Tales</i> (1888)</h3></div> <p>Oscar Wilde expresses a pederastic ethos to his stories by focusing on the intersection between “sensual experience and moral enlightenment."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1885, Wilde would look for attractive boys and invite them to a dinner party under the notion of mutual pleasure and the satisfaction of all the senses; emphasizing “physical senses as a means to artistry.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilde often utilized fairy-tale conventions by writing events and actions in threes, clarifying structure by repeating images or phrases, and using biblical style and diction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Happy Prince" is the first tale in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales" title="The Happy Prince and Other Tales">The Happy Prince and Other Tales</a></i> (1888) that describes a growing relationship between a Prince and a Swallow until they both meet their fateful deaths. </p><p>In Wilde’s general story model, the connection between the older and younger man is spurred by the fact that they are completely different in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prince is a large statue towering over the city, inherently an inanimate object, while the Sparrow is a tiny bird, always moving “of a family famous for its agility.”<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work, the Prince is portrayed as a youthful character, as his own experience in life has been limited to playing with his companions in the garden and dancing in the Great Hall. His childishness is also seen in his lack of knowledge regarding emotions, as he “did not know what tears were,” living a life “where sorrow is not allowed to enter.”<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swallow is older, as he has had many experiences in life, having traveled to many places. In addition to this foundation of inequality, exchanging ideas is also a vital proponent of pederastic thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prince educates the Sparrow on the cruelties of the city he oversees, teaching him societal virtues. The story ends with the Sparrow asking the Prince, “Will you let me kiss your hand?” and the Prince responds, “But you must kiss me on the lips, for I love you," showing the extremely intense love that is shared between these two male figures.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story presents a pederastic view of a tale where there is mutual growth between student and teacher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pederasty_Literature">Pederasty Literature</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victorian_Literary_Works">Victorian Literary Works</h4></div> <ul><li><i>Ionica</i> (1858) by William Johnson Cory<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Romance of Lust</i> (1873-1876) by Anonymous</li> <li><i>The Sins of the Cities of the Plain</i> (1881) by Anonymous (attributed to pseudonym - Jack Saul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis" title="Psychopathia Sexualis"><i>Psychopathia sexualis</i> (1886) by Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a></li> <li><i>Long Ago</i> (1889) by ‘Michael Field’ (Katherine Bradley and Edith Cooper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray"><i>The Picture of Dorian Gray</i> (1890) by Oscar Wilde</a></li> <li><i>Teleny, or The Reverse of the Meda</i> (1893) by Anonymous</li> <li><i>Boy-Worship</i> (1880) by Charles Edward Hutchinson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic_(novel)" title="The New Republic (novel)"><i>The New Republic</i> (1877) by William Hurrell Mallock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales" title="The Happy Prince and Other Tales">The Happy Prince and Other Tales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_Literary_Works">Greek Literary Works</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)"><i>Phaedrus</i> by Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)"><i>Symposium a liber amoris</i> by Plato</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_view">Modern view</h2></div> <p>In the modern world, an adult engaging in sexual activity with an <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">underage person</a> may be considered <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a>, depending upon the local <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a>. In the case of underage heterosexual relationships, which were also practiced by the Greeks, it may also be considered <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>. Age of consent laws exist because minors are considered incapable of meaningfully consenting to sexual activity until they reach a certain age.<sup id="cite_ref-gutt_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutt-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prepubescent and adolescent children are not socially equal to adults, and abusers emotionally manipulate the children they victimize.<sup id="cite_ref-Salter_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salter-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65–66">: 65–66 </span></sup> These laws aim to give the minor some protection against predatory or exploitative sexual interaction with adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Child sexual abuse has been correlated with <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Roosa_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosa-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a><sup id="cite_ref-widom_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widom-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-levitan_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levitan-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dinw_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dinw-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KenTacket_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenTacket-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Contemporary homosexual pedophiles may describe themselves as "boy lovers",<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes appeal to practices in Ancient Greece as a justification of sexual relationships between adults and minors.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though outlawed, <i><a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">bacha bazi</a></i> is still practiced in certain regions of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Rustam_Qobil_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Rustam_Qobil-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foreign_Policy_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">Bacha bazi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamite" title="Catamite">Catamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History of human sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">Homoeroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality in ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Homosexuality in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_China" title="Homosexuality in China">Homosexuality in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_India" title="Homosexuality in India">Homosexuality in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_Japan" title="Homosexuality in Japan">Homosexuality in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercrural_sex" title="Intercrural sex">Intercrural sex</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kagema" title="Kagema">Kagema</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/korephilia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:korephilia">Korephilia</a> (female counterpart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pedophile_advocacy_organizations" title="List of pedophile advocacy organizations">List of pedophile advocacy organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Man/Boy_Love_Association" title="North American Man/Boy Love Association">North American Man/Boy Love Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty in ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wakash%C5%AB" title="Wakashū">Wakashū</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marguerite Johnson, Terry Ryan. <i>Sexuality in Greek and Roman Society and Literature: A Sourcebook</i> p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell and Scott, 1968 p. 585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, "pederasty".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.D.C. Reeve, <i>Plato on Love:</i> Lysis, Symposium, Phaedrus, Alcibiades <i>with Selections from</i> Republic<i> and</i> Laws (Hackett, 2006), p. xxi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1lQNf2EfEUC&pg=PP25">online</a>; Martti Nissinen, <i>Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective</i>, translated by Kirsi Stjerna (Augsburg Fortress, 1998, 2004), p. 57 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sHSNPG85tUC&pg=PA57">online</a>; Nigel Blake <i>et al.</i>, <i>Education in an Age of Nihilism</i> (Routledge, 2000), p. 183 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgkOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA183">online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nissinen, <i>Homoeroticism in the Biblical World</i>, p. 57; William Armstrong Percy III, "Reconsiderations about Greek Homosexualities," in <i>Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West</i> (Binghamton: Haworth, 2005), p. 17. Sexual variety, not excluding <i>paiderastia</i>, was characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic era">Hellenistic era</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(historian)" title="Peter Green (historian)">Peter Green</a>, "Sex and Classical Literature," in <i>Classical Bearings: Interpreting Ancient Culture and History</i> (University of California Press, 1989, 1998), p. 146 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlFXc9N19yUC&pg=PA146">online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, <i>Cities of the Gods</i>, p. 193. See also George Boys-Stones, "Eros in Government: Zeno and the Virtuous City," <i>Classical Quarterly</i> 48 (1998), 168–174: "there is a certain kind of sexual relationship which was considered by many Greeks to be very important for the cohesion of the city: sexual relations between men and youths. Such relationships were taken to play such an important role in fostering cohesion where it mattered — among the male population — that <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a> even gave them official recognition in his constitution for Sparta" (p. 169).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLear2013" class="citation cs2">Lear, Andrew (15 November 2013), Hubbard, Thomas K. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118610657.ch7">"Ancient Pederasty: An Introduction"</a>, <i>A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities</i>, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>127, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118610657.ch7">10.1002/9781118610657.ch7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-61065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-61065-7"><bdi>978-1-118-61065-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+and+Roman+Sexualities&rft.atitle=Ancient+Pederasty%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118610657.ch7&rft.isbn=978-1-118-61065-7&rft.aulast=Lear&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118610657.ch7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/the-past/pederasty-homosexuality-ancient-greece/">"How the ancient Greeks viewed pederasty and homosexuality"</a>. <i>Big Think</i>. 13 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Think&rft.atitle=How+the+ancient+Greeks+viewed+pederasty+and+homosexuality&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigthink.com%2Fthe-past%2Fpederasty-homosexuality-ancient-greece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon1990" class="citation book cs1">Xenophon (1990). <i>"Memoirs of Socrates," in "Conversations of Socrates"</i>. London: Penguin Books. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Memoirs+of+Socrates%2C%22+in+%22Conversations+of+Socrates%22&rft.place=London&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Xenophon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert B. Koehl, "The Chieftain Cup and a Minoan Rite of Passage," <i>Journal of Hellenic Studies</i> 106 (1986) 99–110, with a survey of the relevant scholarship including that of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (p. 100) and others such as H. Jeanmaire and R.F. Willetts (pp. 104–105); <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kamen" title="Deborah Kamen">Deborah Kamen</a>, "The Life Cycle in Archaic Greece," in The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Dover" title="Kenneth Dover">Kenneth Dover</a>, a pioneer in the study of Greek homosexuality, rejects the initiation theory of origin; see "Greek Homosexuality and Initiation," in <i>Que(e)rying Religion: A Critical Anthology</i> (Continuum, 1997), pp. 19–38. For Dover, it seems, the argument that Greek <i>paiderastia</i> as a social custom was related to rites of passage constitutes a denial of homosexuality as natural or innate; this may be to overstate or misrepresent what the initiatory theorists have said. The initiatory theory claims to account not for the existence of ancient Greek homosexuality in general but rather for that of formal <i>paiderastia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Hubbard, "Pindar's <i>Tenth Olympian</i> and Athlete-Trainer Pederasty," in <i>Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity</i>, pp. 143 and 163 (note 37), with cautions about the term "homosocial" from Percy, p. 49, note 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Percy, "Reconsiderations about Greek Homosexualities," p. 17 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejPZu3Ktu5cC&pg=PA17">online</a> <i>et passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For examples, see Kenneth Dover, <i>Greek Homosexuality</i> (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1989), p. 165, note 18, where the eschatological value of <i>paiderastia</i> for the soul in Plato is noted. For a more cynical view of the custom, see the comedies of Aristophanes, e.g. <i>Wealth</i> 149-59. Paul Gilabert Barberà, "John Addington Symonds. <i>A Problem in Greek Ethics</i>. Plutarch's <i>Eroticus</i> Quoted Only in Some Footnotes? Why?" in <i>The Statesman in Plutarch's Works</i> (Brill, 2004), p. 303 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cruTUAFuWWMC&pg=PA303">online</a>; and the pioneering view of <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a>, <i>Studies in the Psychology of Sex</i> (Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1921, 3rd ed.), vol. 2, p. 12 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tgTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12">online.</a> For <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> "utopian" views of <i>paiderastia</i>, see Doyne Dawson, <i>Cities of the Gods: Communist Utopias in Greek Thought</i> (Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 192 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwsWp43OWjsC&pg=PA192">online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lear" title="Andrew Lear">Andrew Lear</a>, 'Was pederasty problematized? <i>A diachronic view' in Sex in Antiquity: exploring gender and sexuality in the ancient world</i>, eds. Mark Masterson, Nancy Rabinowitz, and James Robson (Routledge, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Lambert, "Athens," in <i>Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia</i> (Taylor & Francis, 2000), p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gloria Ferrari notes that there were conventions of age pertaining to sexual activity, and if a man violated these by seducing a boy who was too young to consent to becoming an <i>eromenos</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">predator</a> might be subject to prosecution under the law of <i><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></i>; <i>Figures of Speech: Men and Maidens in Ancient Greece</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2002), pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnid_Bloch2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Enid Bloch (21 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mensstudies.metapress.com/content/j24001m18032108j/">"Sex between Men and Boys in Classical Greece: Was It Education for Citizenship or Child Abuse?"</a>. <i>The Journal of Men's Studies</i>. 9, Number 2 / Winter 2001 (2). Men's Studies Press: <span class="nowrap">183–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3149%2Fjms.0902.183">10.3149/jms.0902.183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143726937">143726937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Men%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Sex+between+Men+and+Boys+in+Classical+Greece%3A+Was+It+Education+for+Citizenship+or+Child+Abuse%3F&rft.volume=9%2C+Number+2+%2F+Winter+2001&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3149%2Fjms.0902.183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143726937%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Enid+Bloch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmensstudies.metapress.com%2Fcontent%2Fj24001m18032108j%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Like the depiction of Eros pursuing a young man... for this lust is not entirely free of violence, and there can be something slightly frightening about it (after all, the boy in Ill. 19 is running away)" Glenn W. Most "The Athlete's Body in Ancient Greece" in <i>Stanford Humanities Review</i> V.6.2 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Craig Arthur (10 June 1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanhomosexuali00will_0"><i>Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanhomosexuali00will_0/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511300-6"><bdi>978-0-19-511300-6</bdi></a>. <q>Greek love is a modern phrase.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Homosexuality%3A+Ideologies+of+Masculinity+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999-06-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511300-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Craig+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanhomosexuali00will_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Helen, "Sowing the Field: Greek and Roman Sexology", in <i>Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: The History of Attitudes to Sexuality</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollini-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollini_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollini_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollini, John, "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver", in <i>Art Bulletin</i> 81.1 (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshel, Sandra R., <i>Slavery in the Roman World</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 78 and 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Younger, John G. <i>Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z</i> (Routledge, 2005), p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer, Jan, "An Enigmatic Indo-European Rite: Paederasty", in <i>Arethusa</i> 13.2 (1980), p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey" class="citation web cs1">Humphrey, Edith M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020630111529/http://www.augustinecollege.org/papers/EH_00_3.htm">"How Is Homosexuality Understood in Scripture, Tradition, and in Contemporary Theology?"</a>. <i>AugustineCollege.org</i>. Dialogue on Same-Sex Unions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinecollege.org/papers/EH_00_3.htm">the original</a> on 30 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AugustineCollege.org&rft.atitle=How+Is+Homosexuality+Understood+in+Scripture%2C+Tradition%2C+and+in+Contemporary+Theology%3F&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augustinecollege.org%2Fpapers%2FEH_00_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Samuel V. (25 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/iiclr/article/view/18587">"Ending Bacha Bazi: Boy Sex Slavery and the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine"</a>. <i>Indiana International & Comparative Law Review</i>. <b>25</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18060%2F7909.0005">10.18060/7909.0005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-3226">2169-3226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+International+%26+Comparative+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Ending+Bacha+Bazi%3A+Boy+Sex+Slavery+and+the+Responsibility+to+Protect+Doctrine&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2015-04-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18060%2F7909.0005&rft.issn=2169-3226&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Samuel+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.iupui.edu%2Findex.php%2Fiiclr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F18587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/246409/Boys_in_Afghanistan_Sold_Into_Prostitution_Sexual_Slavery">"Boys in Afghanistan Sold Into Prostitution, Sexual Slavery"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033650/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/246409/Boys_in_Afghanistan_Sold_Into_Prostitution_Sexual_Slavery">Archived</a> 2013-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Digital Journal</i>, Nov 20, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Die Knabenliebe in Mittelasien: bačabozlik, Berlin: Das Arabische Buch,</i> 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarring, Gunnar. Uzbek Texts from Afghan Turkestan, with Glossary. Lund: Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Hori2021" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt-Hori, Sachi (2021). <i>TALES OF IDOLIZED BOYS: MALE-MALE LOVE IN MEDIEVAL JAPANESE BUDDHIST NARRATIVES</i>. 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Women, Gender, History</i> (42): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2554-3822">2554-3822</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26273656">26273656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clio.+Women%2C+Gender%2C+History&rft.atitle=The+age+of+love%3A+gender+and+erotic+reciprocity+in+archaic+Greece&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26273656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2554-3822&rft.aulast=Boehringer&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Caciagli%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26273656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling1994" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Linda (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1287c6w"><i>Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford</i></a> (1 ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2960-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2960-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-2960-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1287c6w">10.7591/j.ctt1287c6w</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenism+and+Homosexuality+in+Victorian+Oxford&rft.pages=111&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1287c6w%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-2960-6&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt1287c6w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling1994" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Linda (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1287c6w"><i>Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford</i></a> (1 ed.). 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Naomi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41388625">"Creating the Sensual Child: Paterian Aesthetics, Pederasty, and Oscar Wilde's Fairy Tales"</a>. <i>Marvels & Tales</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmat.2002.0029">10.1353/mat.2002.0029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN 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Allen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ionica&rft.pub=London+%3A+G.+Allen&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Cory&rft.aufirst=William+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fionicacory00cory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gutt-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gutt_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2903097.html">"Can Statutory Rape Laws Be Effective in Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy?"</a>. <i>Guttmacher Institute</i>. 15 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2008</span>. <q>Statutory rape laws are based on the premise that until a person reaches a certain age, that individual is legally incapable of consenting to sexual intercourse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guttmacher+Institute&rft.atitle=Can+Statutory+Rape+Laws+Be+Effective+in+Preventing+Adolescent+Pregnancy%3F&rft.date=2005-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2F2903097.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland" class="citation journal cs1">Sutherland, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1167&context=wmjowl">"From Jailbird to Jailbait: Age of Consent Law and the Construction of Teenage Sexualities"</a>. <i>William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">313–</span>349<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>age of consent laws render teenagers below a certain age incapable of consent to sexual activity...The justification usually put forward for age of consent laws is the protection of young persons from sexual exploitation by adults.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+%26+Mary+Journal+of+Race%2C+Gender%2C+and+Social+Justice&rft.atitle=From+Jailbird+to+Jailbait%3A+Age+of+Consent+Law+and+the+Construction+of+Teenage+Sexualities&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.wm.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1167%26context%3Dwmjowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salter-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salter_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalter2018" class="citation book cs1">Salter, Anna (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PStcDwAAQBAJ&q=Salter%20Predators&pg=PT91"><i>Predators: pedophiles, rapists, and other sex offenders</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-541-67382-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-541-67382-3"><bdi>978-1-541-67382-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predators%3A+pedophiles%2C+rapists%2C+and+other+sex+offenders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-541-67382-3&rft.aulast=Salter&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPStcDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSalter%2520Predators%26pg%3DPT91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080313100531/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc//publications/infores/statutoryrape/handbook/statrape.pdf">"State Legislators' Handbook for Statutory Rape Issues"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Justice – Office for Victims of Crime. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/publications/infores/statutoryrape/handbook/statrape.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2008</span>. <q>a number of different motivations were observed on the part of State legislators, including:...Desire to protect minors below a certain age from predatory, exploitative sexual relationships—for example, with much older partners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Legislators%27+Handbook+for+Statutory+Rape+Issues&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice+%E2%80%93+Office+for+Victims+of+Crime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ojp.usdoj.gov%2Fovc%2Fpublications%2Finfores%2Fstatutoryrape%2Fhandbook%2Fstatrape.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roosa-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roosa_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosaReinholtzAngelini1999" class="citation journal cs1">Roosa MW, Reinholtz C, Angelini PJ (February 1999). 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12577276">12577276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26031006">26031006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Depression+and+Anxiety&rft.atitle=Childhood+adversities+associated+with+major+depression+and%2For+anxiety+disorders+in+a+community+sample+of+Ontario%3A+issues+of+co-morbidity+and+specificity&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26031006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12577276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fda.10077&rft.aulast=Levitan&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=Rector%2C+NA&rft.au=Sheldon%2C+T&rft.au=Goering%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fda.10077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dinw-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dinw_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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A.; Williams, L. M.; Finkelhor, D. (January 1993). 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Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323066389" title="Special:BookSources/9780323066389"><bdi>9780323066389</bdi></a>. <q>There are child sex offenders who willingly describe themselves as boy lovers, girl lovers, child lovers, and pedophiles but will adamantly argue that they are not predators.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+Nursing+Science+-+E-Book&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780323066389&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Virginia+A.&rft.au=Duval%2C+Janet+Barber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnD6VAFvKGC0C%26pg%3DPA424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThioCalhoun2004" class="citation book cs1">Thio, Alex; Calhoun, Thomas C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-1mke4Ea1UC"><i>Readings in Deviant Behavior</i></a>. Allyn and Bacon. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780205389155" title="Special:BookSources/9780205389155"><bdi>9780205389155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Deviant+Behavior&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780205389155&rft.aulast=Thio&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Calhoun%2C+Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-1mke4Ea1UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurkinClifton_DB1999" class="citation journal cs1">Durkin, KF; Clifton DB (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240529006">"Propagandizing pederasty: A thematic analysis of the on-line exculpatory accounts of unrepentant pedophiles"</a>. <i>Deviant Behavior</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F016396299266524">10.1080/016396299266524</a>. <q>The use of the BIRGing [basking in reflected glory] account allows them to feel a connection to noteworthy men such as...many of the ancient Greek poets and philosophers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deviant+Behavior&rft.atitle=Propagandizing+pederasty%3A+A+thematic+analysis+of+the+on-line+exculpatory+accounts+of+unrepentant+pedophiles&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F016396299266524&rft.aulast=Durkin&rft.aufirst=KF&rft.au=Clifton+DB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F240529006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNardiSchneider2013" class="citation book cs1">Nardi, Peter M.; Schneider, Beth E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=daPdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA320"><i>Social Perspectives in Lesbian and Gay Studies: A Reader</i></a>. Routledge. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136219382" title="Special:BookSources/9781136219382"><bdi>9781136219382</bdi></a>. <q>Paedophile activists themselves...have found it necessary to adopt...legitimation. The first, the 'Greek love', legitimation basically argues for the pedagogic value of adult-child relations, between males. It suggests – relying on a mythologized version of ancient Greek practices – that in the passage from childhood dependence to adult responsibilities the guidance, sexual and moral, of a caring man is invaluable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Perspectives+in+Lesbian+and+Gay+Studies%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136219382&rft.aulast=Nardi&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Beth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdaPdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Rustam_Qobil-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Rustam_Qobil_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQobil2010" class="citation news cs1">Qobil, Rustam (7 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11217772">"The sexually abused dancing boys of Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>I'm at a wedding party in a remote village in northern Afghanistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+sexually+abused+dancing+boys+of+Afghanistan&rft.date=2010-09-07&rft.aulast=Qobil&rft.aufirst=Rustam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-11217772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreign_Policy-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foreign_Policy_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondloch2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Mondloch, Chris (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/10/28/bacha-bazi-an-afghan-tragedy/">"Bacha Bazi: An Afghan Tragedy"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy+Magazine&rft.atitle=Bacha+Bazi%3A+An+Afghan+Tragedy&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.aulast=Mondloch&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2013%2F10%2F28%2Fbacha-bazi-an-afghan-tragedy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APederasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pederasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pederasty">Pederasty</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pederasty" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pederasty">pederasty</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Community_*_Culture806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay anthem">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_awards" title="List of LGBTQ-related awards">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_literary_awards" title="List of LGBTQ literary awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBT-related_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of LGBT-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity2422" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations625" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pederasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide among LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ" title="Category:LGBTQ">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pedophilia_and_child_sexual_abuse445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pedophilia" title="Template:Pedophilia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pedophilia" title="Template talk:Pedophilia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pedophilia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pedophilia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pedophilia_and_child_sexual_abuse445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">Pedophilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated <a href="/wiki/Chronophilia" title="Chronophilia">chronophilias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebephilia" title="Hebephilia">Hebephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebophilia" title="Ephebophilia">Ephebophilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavior and legal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age-of-consent_reform" title="Age-of-consent reform">Age-of-consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurtcore" title="Hurtcore">Hurtcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_erotica" title="Child erotica">Child erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_child_pornography" title="Simulated child pornography">Simulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Legality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_fictional_pornography_depicting_minors" title="Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors">Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_ring" title="Child sex ring">Child sex ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Commercial sexual exploitation of children</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Child trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_causes_of_clerical_child_abuse" title="Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse">Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_accommodation_syndrome" title="Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome">Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_sexual_abuse_by_country" title="Category:Child sexual abuse by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Australia" title="Child sexual abuse in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_China" title="Child abuse in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Child sexual abuse in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_Pakistan" title="Child abuse in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_New_Zealand" title="Child abuse in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Child sexual abuse in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">Chemical castration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">Castration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research and support groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Sexual_Abuse" title="Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse">Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Support_and_Accountability" title="Circles of Support and Accountability">Circles of Support and Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silentlambs" title="Silentlambs">Silentlambs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivors_Network_of_those_Abused_by_Priests" title="Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests">Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_Pedophiles" title="Virtuous Pedophiles">Virtuous Pedophiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Sexual_Abuse" title="Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse">Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Exploitation_and_Online_Protection_Command" title="Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command">Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Watch" title="Jewish Community Watch">Jewish Community Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children" title="National Center for Missing & Exploited Children">National Center for Missing & Exploited Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_Project_Dunkelfeld" title="Prevention Project Dunkelfeld">Prevention Project Dunkelfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Awareness_Center" title="The Awareness Center">The Awareness Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Waks" title="Manny Waks">Tzedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_the_Sale_and_Sexual_Exploitation_of_Children" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children">United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pedophile_activism" title="Anti-pedophile activism">Anti-pedophile activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creep_Catchers" title="Creep Catchers">Creep Catchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Justice_(group)" title="Dark Justice (group)">Dark Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverted-Justice" title="Perverted-Justice">Perverted-Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetie_(internet_avatar)" title="Sweetie (internet avatar)">Sweetie (internet avatar)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Catch_a_Predator" title="To Catch a Predator">To Catch a Predator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedophile_advocacy_groups" title="Pedophile advocacy groups">Pedophile advocacy groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pedophile_advocacy_organizations" title="List of pedophile advocacy organizations">List of pedophile advocacy organizations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases">Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases_by_country" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_causes_of_clerical_child_abuse" title="Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of Catholic sex abuse cases">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Sexual abuse scandal in the Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_New_York_City_religious_institutions" title="Child sexual abuse in New York City religious institutions">Child sexual abuse in New York City religious institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses%27_handling_of_child_sex_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sex abuse">Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_abuse_cases" title="Mormon abuse cases">Mormon sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_into_Institutional_Responses_to_Child_Sexual_Abuse" title="Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse">Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_sex_abuse_cases" title="Scouting sex abuse cases">Scouting sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism#Pedophilia_and_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Haredi Judaism">Sexual abuse cases in Haredi Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adass_Israel_School_sex_abuse_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Adass Israel School sex abuse scandal">Adass Israel School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_cases_in_Brooklyn%27s_Haredi_community" title="Sexual abuse cases in Brooklyn's Haredi community">Brooklyn's Haredi community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Care_(Australia)#Controversy" title="Jewish Care (Australia)">Jewish Care controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Waks" title="Manny Waks">Manny Waks case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_football" title="Child abuse in football">Child abuse in football</a></li> <li><a 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