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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Sarai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Sarai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Old Sarai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Sarai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Sarai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Sarai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>New Sarai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Sarai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptions_of_Sarai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptions_of_Sarai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Descriptions of Sarai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptions_of_Sarai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location_of_Old_Sarai_and_New_Sarai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_of_Old_Sarai_and_New_Sarai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Location of Old Sarai and New Sarai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_of_Old_Sarai_and_New_Sarai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Little_Sarai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Little_Sarai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Little Sarai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Little_Sarai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarai-Batu_Museum_and_Tourist_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarai-Batu_Museum_and_Tourist_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sarai-Batu Museum and Tourist Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarai-Batu_Museum_and_Tourist_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarai (city)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="سراي (مدينة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سراي (مدينة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray-Batu" title="Saray-Batu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saray-Batu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Сарай Бату – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сарай Бату" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vella_Sarai" title="Vella Sarai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vella Sarai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj_(Den_Gyldne_Horde)" title="Saraj (Den Gyldne Horde) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saraj (Den Gyldne Horde)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai_(Stadt)" title="Sarai (Stadt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sarai (Stadt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai" title="Sarai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sarai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai" title="Sarai – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sarai" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="سرای (شهر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرای (شهر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara%C3%AF_Batu" title="Saraï Batu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saraï Batu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4" title="사라이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사라이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Հին Սարայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին Սարայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj" title="Saraj – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saraj" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99" title="סראי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סראי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Сарай-Бату – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сарай-Бату" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraja" title="Saraja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saraja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Сарај (град) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сарај (град)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87)" title="سراى (مدينه ضايعه فى القبيله الدهبيه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سراى (مدينه ضايعه فى القبيله الدهبيه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82)" title="Сарай (хот) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сарай (хот)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj_(Gouden_Horde)" title="Saraj (Gouden Horde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saraj (Gouden Horde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4_(%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82)" title="サライ (都市) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サライ (都市)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj" title="Saraj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saraj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj_Batu" title="Saraj Batu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saraj Batu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saroybotu" title="Saroybotu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saroybotu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_(%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1)" title="سرائے (شہر) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرائے (شہر)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj_(Z%C5%82ota_Orda)" title="Saraj (Złota Orda) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saraj (Złota Orda)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai_(cidade)" title="Sarai (cidade) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sarai (cidade)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai" title="Sarai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sarai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Старый Сарай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старый Сарай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj_(mesto)" title="Saraj (mesto) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saraj (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0j_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Сараj (град) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сараj (град)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai" title="Sarai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj" title="Saraj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saraj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="சராய் (நகரம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சராய் (நகரம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Сарай-Бату – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сарай-Бату" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray_(Rusya)" title="Saray (Rusya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saray (Rusya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Сарай-Бату – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сарай-Бату" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_(%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1)" title="سرائے (شہر) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرائے (شہر)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai_(th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91)" title="Sarai (thành phố) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sarai (thành phố)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%8E%B1" title="萨莱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨莱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q477152#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sarai_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sarai (disambiguation)">Sarai (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarai (city) is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Sarai (city) is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Golden_Horde.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_the_Golden_Horde.png/300px-Map_of_the_Golden_Horde.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_the_Golden_Horde.png/450px-Map_of_the_Golden_Horde.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_the_Golden_Horde.png/600px-Map_of_the_Golden_Horde.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.545%;left:20.986%;font-size:55%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sarai"><img alt="Sarai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blackpoint.svg/4px-Blackpoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blackpoint.svg/6px-Blackpoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blackpoint.svg/8px-Blackpoint.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarai</a></i></div></div></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1300_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="1300 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">1300</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x65" 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style="color:#4F311CFF">EMPIRE<br />OF THE<br />GREAT KHAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_60x90" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ILKHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_46x68" style="position:absolute; left:46px; top:68px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GEORGIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x105" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:105px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DELHI<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x133" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:133px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">YADAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x15" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:15px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Tungus</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_193x125" style="position:absolute; left:193px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MYIN-<br />SAING</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x145" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_7x75" style="position:absolute; left:7px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BEYLIKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x95" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:95px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAMLUK<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GO-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x165" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:165px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAJAPAHIT</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Sarai, near the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, was the capital of the Golden Horde.</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.png/220px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.png/330px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Prince Roman Olgovich of <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a> comes to Khan <a href="/wiki/Mengu-Timur" title="Mengu-Timur">Mengu-Timur</a> at Sarai in 1270; later Russian chronicle illustration.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sarai</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Turki">Turki</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Kypchak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سرای; also transcribed as <i>Saraj</i> or <i>Saray</i>; "mansion" or "court")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the name of possibly two cities near the lower <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, that served successively as the effective capitals of the <a href="/wiki/Cuman%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman–Kipchak confederation">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kingdom which ruled much of Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, from the 10th through the 14th century. There is considerable disagreement among scholars about the correspondence between specific archaeological sites.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Sarai">Old Sarai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_(city)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Old Sarai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra-mauro-saray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fra-mauro-saray.jpg/220px-Fra-mauro-saray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fra-mauro-saray.jpg/330px-Fra-mauro-saray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fra-mauro-saray.jpg/440px-Fra-mauro-saray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Sarai in the <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_map" title="Fra Mauro map">Fra Mauro map</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Old Sarai" (سرای باتو, <i>Sarāy-i Bātū</i>; or سرای برکه, <i>Sarāy-i Barka</i>) was established by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a> (1227-1255), as indicated by both occasional references to the "Sarai of Batu" ("Sarai Batu", <i>Sarāy-i Bātū</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an explicit statement of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>, who visited Batu in 1253 or 1254, on his way to the court of the Great Khan <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a> at <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Qaraqorum</a>. William's statement, "Sarai, the new town that Baatu is making on the Etilia" is considered the first historical reference to the city; a few passages later he refers to the same settlement as "Sarai and the palace of Baatu".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slightly later Persian historian <a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">ʿAṭā Malik Juwaynī</a> describes this settlement as both "camp" (<i>muḫayyam</i>) and "city" (<i>šahr</i>), reflecting its dual function, gradual development, and perhaps the lifestyle preferences of its various inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the principal seat of Batu, <a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a>, and their successors, Sarai was effectively the capital of a great empire, although the khan and his court occasionally resided at other sites as well. Various <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a> princes came to Sarai to pledge allegiance to the Khan and receive his patent of authority (<i><a href="/wiki/Yarlyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarlyk">yarlyk</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1261, the city became a seat of the Saray diocese of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Krutitsy" title="Krutitsy">Krutitsy</a>), and in 1315 also of a Catholic diocese. It also served, at least occasionally, as the burial site of khans: when he died in 1266, Berke was buried at the "Sarai of Batu", according to the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanid</a> vizier <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashīd ad-Dīn Faḍlullāh</a>. Berke had presumably continued the development of the city, promoting the settlement of Muslims and attracting Muslim literati, leading later Muslim accounts to credit him with the foundation of the city;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this probably led to references to the "Sarai of Berke", although it is doubtful that there was ever an entirely separate city called "Sarai of Berke" (<i>two</i> cities, <i>Sarāy-i Bātū</i> and <i>Sarāy-i Barka</i>, are only mentioned by the 15th-century Persian author Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī, who is often confused about the history of the Golden Horde); it certainly cannot be identified with "New Sarai", which was founded more than six decades after Berke's death.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest coins struck at Sarai have been identified with issues of Berke from 1264/1265.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mengu-Timur" title="Mengu-Timur">Mengu-Timur</a> Khan silver coins (<a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhams</a>) were again struck with the label "Sarai" in 1272/1273; coins of more consistent standard and issue followed under <a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a> Khan, especially after 1310.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Sarai">New Sarai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_(city)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New Sarai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Horde_1389.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Golden_Horde_1389.svg/400px-Golden_Horde_1389.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Golden_Horde_1389.svg/600px-Golden_Horde_1389.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Golden_Horde_1389.svg/800px-Golden_Horde_1389.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>The domains of the Golden Horde in 1389. The gold star shows the location of the Tsarev site traditionally identified as New Sarai.</figcaption></figure> <p>"New Sarai" (سرای الجدید, <i>Sarāy al-Jadīd</i>) is said to have been founded or formally inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%96z_Beg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Öz Beg Khan">Öz Beg Khan</a> in the first half of the 14th century. The earliest explicit reference to a city bearing this name is the notice of the death of Öz Beg in "New Sarai" in March–April 1341 by a nearly contemporary <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> author.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statement of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Arabshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Arabshah">Ibn ʿArabshāh</a> that "between the building of Sarāy and its devastation there passed sixty-three years" would place the formal founding of "New Saray" 63 lunar years before its sack by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> in the winter of 1395–1396, and so in 1334–1335.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for the relocation of the capital are unclear, as is how substantial such a relocation actually was (since identifications of sites of "Old Sarai" and "New Sarai" are debated), although it is sometimes assumed that the rationale was a change in the level of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and the extent of the waterways in the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Delta" title="Volga Delta">Volga Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarai and the other major centers of the Golden Horde (like Gülistan, preferred by <a href="/wiki/Jani_Beg" title="Jani Beg">Jani Beg</a>) along the lower Volga benefited from trade and exhibited a significant degree of cultural prosperity. While the origin of coins simply labeled "Sarai" remains uncertain, coins labeled "New Sarai" started to be minted from 1342.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> was discovered during excavations at the site,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city was home to many poets, most of whom are known only by name. These included Hisām Kātib (c. 1375)and Sayf-i Sarāy, who died in 1396.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This prosperity was rapidly threatened by the onset of chronic political and military instability alongside competition for the throne of the Golden Horde after 1361. As the traditional capital and a rich and prestigious prize, Sarai became the target of most claimants to the throne. The <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beglerbeg</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamai" title="Mamai">Mamai</a>, for example, took Sarai on behalf of his own puppet khans on four or five separate occasions between 1362 and 1375/1376, losing it to rivals each time. Intervening in the internal conflicts within the Golden Horde, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> conqueror <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> sacked, leveled, and set on fire Sarai in the winter of 1395–1396. The city had partially recovered by 1402, and by the 1420s minted coins again, although the Golden Horde did not completely stabilize. Shortly after the Russian traveler <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Nikitin" title="Afanasy Nikitin">Afanasy Nikitin</a> passed through in 1469, Sarai was plundered by the <i><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">ushkuyniki</a></i>, riverine pirates from <a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Vyatka</a>, in 1471. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovite</a> commander Vasily Ivanovich Nozdrovaty Zvenigorodsky and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean</a> prince in Muscovite exile <a href="/wiki/Nur_Devlet" title="Nur Devlet">Nur Devlet</a> plundered the "Yurt of Batu" in 1480, in a counterattack ordered by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III of Russia</a> in retaliation for the advance of Khan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Khan_bin_K%C3%BCch%C3%BCk" title="Ahmed Khan bin Küchük">Aḥmad</a> against Moscow. The decisive blow seems to have been the sacking and burning of Sarai by Khan <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%B1li_I_Giray" title="Meñli I Giray">Meñli I Giray</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a> in June 1502. The forces of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV of Russia</a> passed through and destroyed what was left of Sarai while conquering the <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Astrakhan Khanate</a> in 1556. After it expanded its control over the lower Volga region, Russia established the new fortress cities of <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> in 1558, and <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Tsaritsyn</a> (now Volgograd) in 1589.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1480_Sarai_raid" title="1480 Sarai raid">1480 Sarai raid</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descriptions_of_Sarai">Descriptions of Sarai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_(city)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Descriptions of Sarai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghengisid%27s_palace_tile_decor_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ghengisid%27s_palace_tile_decor_detail.jpg/220px-Ghengisid%27s_palace_tile_decor_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ghengisid%27s_palace_tile_decor_detail.jpg/330px-Ghengisid%27s_palace_tile_decor_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ghengisid%27s_palace_tile_decor_detail.jpg/440px-Ghengisid%27s_palace_tile_decor_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="1611" /></a><figcaption>Tilework fragments of a palace in Sarai.</figcaption></figure> <p>The traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Baṭṭūṭa</a>, who visited in about 1332, has left a description of Sarai (or, as he called it, "the city of al-Sarā, known also as al-Sarā Baraka, which is the capital of the sultan Ūzbak"). Since the foundation of "New Saray" is estimated to have taken place about this time, it is not entirely clear which Sarai was described by Ibn Baṭṭūṭa;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the stated distance of 3 days upstream from Astrakhan (al-Ḥājj Tarkhān) is possibly consistent with the site at Selitrennoe Gorodišče, traditionally identified as "Old Sarai", but the archaeological excavations of that site might not support this identification.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The city of al-Sarā is one of the finest of cities, of boundless size, situated in a plain, choked with the throng of its inhabitants, and possessing good bazaars and broad streets. We rode out one day with one of its principal men, intending to make a circuit of the city and find out its extent. Our lodging place was at one end of it and we set out from it in the early morning, and it was after midday when we reached the other end. We then prayed the noon prayer and ate some food, and we did not get back to our lodging until the hour of the sunset prayer. One day we went on foot across the breadth of the town, going and returning, in half a day, this too through a continuous line of houses, among which there were no ruins and no gardens. The city has thirteen mosques for the holding of Friday prayers, one of them being for the Shāfiʿites; as for the other mosques, they are exceedingly numerous. There are various groups of people among its inhabitants; these include the Mughals, who are the dwellers in this country and its sultans, and some of whom are Muslims, then the Āṣ (<a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>), who are Muslims, the Qifjaq (<a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>), the Jarkas (<a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>), the Rūs (<a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a>), and the Rūm (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Romans</a>) – [all of] these are Christians. Each group lives in a separate quarter with its own bazaars. Merchants and strangers from the two ʿIrāqs, Egypt, Syria and elsewhere, live in a quarter which is surrounded by a wall for the protection of the properties of the merchants. The sultan's palace in it is called <i>Alṭūn Tāsh</i>, <i>alṭūn</i> meaning 'gold', and <i>tāsh</i>, 'head'.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascene</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlallah_al-Umari" title="Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari">Aḥmad ibn Faḍlallāh al-ʿUmarī</a>, who died in 1349, has also left a description of Sarai, based on the account of a traveler; once again, it is not entirely clear whether the information refers to Old Sarai or New Sarai, given its date,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and references to both Berke and Öz Beg: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The city of Sarai was built by Berke Khan on the banks of the Turanian river (Volga). It is on salty soil, without any walls. The place of residence of the king is a large palace, atop which a golden crescent ... The palace is surrounded by walls, towers and houses, in which live his emirs. In this palace are their winter lodgings ... Sarai is a grand city accommodating markets, baths and religious institutions, and storages for many goods and commodities ... In the middle of it, there is a pond, the water for which comes from this river ... Uzbek Khan has built here a madrassah for religious studies, as he is very devoted to knowledge and scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1623–1624, a Russian merchant, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fedot_Kotov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fedot Kotov (page does not exist)">Fedot Kotov</a>, traveled to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> via the lower Volga. He described the site of Sarai: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here by the river Akhtuba stands the Golden Horde. The khan's court, palaces, and courts, and mosques are all made of stone. But now all these buildings are being dismantled and the stone is being taken to Astrakhan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As so often the case, it is difficult to decide to which Sarai (or other center) this description applies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_of_Old_Sarai_and_New_Sarai">Location of Old Sarai and New Sarai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_(city)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Location of Old Sarai and New Sarai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The location and identity of the settlement or settlements called Sarai (which means, after all, simply "palace" and moreover seems to function as a synonym of "horde"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) have been subject to scholarly disagreement. Arguments have centered on whether or not there were two (or more) capital cities named Sarai and what were their respective locations. One of the influential views that emerged was that "New Sarai" was an enhancement or expansion of "Old Sarai", rather than a separate settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other view was that "Old Sarai" and "New Sarai" were two separate settlements after all, separated by some distance, with "New Sarai" possibly associated with a satellite settlement called Gülistan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in the second half of the 18th and first quarter of the 19th century, Sarai was being sought variously at the large ruin fields of Tsarevskoe gorodishche and Selitrennoe gorodishche, both located (some 250 km apart) on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Akhtuba" title="Akhtuba">Akhtuba</a>, a left <a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributary</a> of the Volga, which remain the most impressive archaeological sites in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LowerVolga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LowerVolga.jpg/400px-LowerVolga.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LowerVolga.jpg/600px-LowerVolga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LowerVolga.jpg/800px-LowerVolga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1927" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Medieval archaeological sites on the Lower Volga, including the proposed locations for Sarai. The map reflects the current repudiation of the identification of Old Sarai with Selitrennoe gorodishche (which is New Sarai) and of New Sarai with Tsarevskoe gorodishche (which is probably Gulistan).</figcaption></figure> <p>During the late 19th-late 20th century, the dominant view that resulted from earlier studies, was that <b>"Old Sarai"</b> was founded in the 13th century by Batu and located at <b>Selitrennoe gorodishche</b> (previously also called Dzhigit Hadzhi, <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sarai_(city)&params=47.1814_N_47.4345446_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°10′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°26′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.1814°N 47.4345446°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.1814; 47.4345446</span></span></span></a></span></span> just northwest of modern <a href="/wiki/Selitrennoye" title="Selitrennoye">Selitrennoe</a>, about 30 km southeast of <a href="/wiki/Kharabali" title="Kharabali">Kharabali</a> and about 120 km north from <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>), while <b>"New Sarai"</b> was founded later in the 13th century by Berke and made capital in the early 14th century by Öz Beg, and was located at <b>Tsarevskoe gorodishche</b> (previously also called Tsarevy Pady, <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sarai_(city)&params=48.6827442_N_45.3434944_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°40′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">45°20′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.6827442°N 45.3434944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.6827442; 45.3434944</span></span></span></a></span></span>, just northwest of modern <a href="/wiki/Tsarev,_Russia" title="Tsarev, Russia">Tsarev</a> and farther west of <a href="/wiki/Kolobovka" title="Kolobovka">Kolobovka</a>, about 55 km east-southeast of <a href="/wiki/Volzhsky,_Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast">Volzhsky</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Selitrennoe gorodishche archaeological site was described as "Gorodishche Selitrennoe ... remains of the Golden Horde capital Sarai-Batu" on the official sign in at the site, while the corresponding sign at the Tsarevskoe gorodishche archaeological site read "Ruins of Sarai-Berke (New Sarai)". </p><p>This apparent certainty was eventually eroded by subsequent scholarship. First, it was noted that "New Sarai" could not be associated with Berke on historical, archaeological, and numismatic grounds,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to a modification of the reconstruction: "New Sarai" was built by Öz Beg, and both "Sarai Batu" and "Sarai Berke" referred to "Old Sarai".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, the analysis of the archaeological remains and distribution of found coins led to the realization that, while Selitrennoe gorodishche matched Sarai (or more specifically "New Sarai"), Tsarevskoe gorodishche did not, and was likely to represent the hitherto unlocated city of Gülistan, which was developed by Jani Beg and rivaled Sarai as a khan's residence and mint in the 1350s and 1360s but then declined.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conclusion quickly gained support among the experts, and the present general consensus is that Selitrennoe gorodishche (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sarai_(city)&params=47.1814_N_47.4345446_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°10′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°26′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.1814°N 47.4345446°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.1814; 47.4345446</span></span></span></a></span></span>) is "New Sarai", while Tsarevskoe gorodishche (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sarai_(city)&params=48.6827442_N_45.3434944_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°40′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">45°20′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.6827442°N 45.3434944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.6827442; 45.3434944</span></span></span></a></span></span>) is Gülistan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is currently no consensus on the location and identification of "Old Sarai". Some scholars suppose that it was a less impressive settlement whose ruins are yet unnoticed or obscured under those of "New Sarai" at Selitrennoe gorodishche, or were destroyed by changing water courses and levels.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have sought a suitable archaeological site downstream of Selitrennoe gorodishche to identify with "Old Sarai". Here there are extensive remains of Golden Horde settlements, especially at Aksarayskoe gorodishche (at modern Lapas, medieval Dawlat-Khan), and at Akhtubinskoe gorodishche (at modern <a href="/wiki/Komsomolsky,_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Komsomolsky, Astrakhan Oblast">Komsomol'skiy</a>, medieval Ak-Saray). Apart from a tentative suggestion for <a href="/wiki/Volnoye" title="Volnoye">Vol'noe</a> 15 km downstream from Selitrennoe,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akhtubinskoe gorodishche at Komsomol'skiy has also been suggested,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a case has been made for Krasnoyarskoe gorodishche in <a href="/wiki/Krasny_Yar,_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Krasny Yar, Astrakhan Oblast">Krasny Yar</a>, where the necropolis on the neighboring Mayachny hill has yielded some coins from the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Jani_Beg_New_Serai_mint._Dated_AH_748_(1347-8_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coin_of_Jani_Beg_New_Serai_mint._Dated_AH_748_%281347-8_CE%29.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Jani_Beg_New_Serai_mint._Dated_AH_748_%281347-8_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coin_of_Jani_Beg_New_Serai_mint._Dated_AH_748_%281347-8_CE%29.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Jani_Beg_New_Serai_mint._Dated_AH_748_%281347-8_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coin_of_Jani_Beg_New_Serai_mint._Dated_AH_748_%281347-8_CE%29.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Jani_Beg_New_Serai_mint._Dated_AH_748_%281347-8_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>A coin of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Jani_Beg" title="Jani Beg">Jani Beg</a>, from his New Serai mint. Dated AH 748 (1347-8 CE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The question remains open. The account of William of Rubruck (1254) ensures a location for the Sarai of Batu at or slightly above the apex of the Volga Delta, on the left edge of the Volga-Akhtuba river sistem.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is something possibly compatible with Selitrennoe gorodishche,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or perhaps rather with a site farther downstream, between it and the apex of the Delta. This is also consistent with the account of <a href="/wiki/Abulfeda" title="Abulfeda">Abū al-Fidāʾ</a> (1321), which places Sarai on the Volga only 2 days above the Caspian coast,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with that of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, who reached Sarai 3 days after (Old) Astrakhan.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Balducci_Pegolotti" title="Francesco Balducci Pegolotti">Pegolotti</a> (writing in 1335–1343) gives a single <a href="/wiki/Day%27s_journey" title="Day's journey">day's journey</a> between Sarai and Astrakhan, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Chronicle" title="Nikon Chronicle">Nikon Chronicle</a></i> cites 2 days for the same journey.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the account of William of Rubruck refers without any doubt to "Old Sarai", since it dates to the reign of Batu. If "Old Sarai" and "New Sarai" coexisted for some time at some distance from each other, "Old Sarai" ought to be sought downstream of "New Sarai". This might be confirmed by a 15th-century map from the Franciscan monastery of Lesina (<a href="/wiki/Hvar" title="Hvar">Hvar</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which places Saray (apparently "New Sarai" at Selitrennoe gorodishche) on the Volga, above Dolatcana (Dawlat-Khan, at Aksarayskoe gorodishche/Lapas), above Eschisari (Eski Saray, i.e., "Old Sarai").<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One interpretation of the evidence would place Batu's original camp on the Akhtuba across from modern <a href="/wiki/Seitovka" title="Seitovka">Seitovka</a> (and just south from modern Aksaraysky), "Old Sarai" a little upstram at medieval Ak-Saray (Akhtubinskoe gorodishche, Komsomol'skiy), the major royal necropolis a little upstream at medieval Dawlat-Khan (Aksarayskoe gorodishche, Lapas), and "New Sarai" a little upstream at Selitrennoe gorodishche.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Little_Sarai">Little Sarai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_(city)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Little Sarai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></div> <p>Sarai Juk (<i>Sarāyjūq</i> or <i>Sarāyčūq</i> in Perso-Arabic texts, <i>Sarayçık</i> in Turkic ones, "Little Sarai") was a city on the lower <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a>. It is sometimes conflated with the other Sarais in historical and modern accounts, and was once considered a possible location for the capital of the Golden Horde. This town did serve as the main city of the <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a>, one of the successors of the Golden Horde. Although sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Cossacks" title="Ural Cossacks">Ural Cossacks</a> in 1580, it was later used as the headquarters by some <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> khans.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sarai-Batu_Museum_and_Tourist_Center">Sarai-Batu Museum and Tourist Center</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_(city)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sarai-Batu Museum and Tourist Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-08-07_08-55._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8,_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2018-08-07_08-55._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg/220px-2018-08-07_08-55._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2018-08-07_08-55._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg/330px-2018-08-07_08-55._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2018-08-07_08-55._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg/440px-2018-08-07_08-55._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Inside the "Sarai-Batu" museum and tourist center, originally the set built for <i>The Horde</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Located just under 5 km northwest of the border of the archaeological site of Selitrennoe gorodishche (the medieval "New Sarai") is the "Sarai-Batu" open air museum and tourist center. This was originally built in 2011 as a set for the filming of the 2012 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horde_(2012_film)" title="The Horde (2012 film)">The Horde</a></i>, and it was also used as the setting for a few scenes in the 2016 series <i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(TV_series)" title="Sophia (TV series)">Sophia</a></i>. The sets, built of wood covered with cement and then clay, were recovered with clay again in 2013 in preparation for the continued use of the structures. The sets represent several spaces within the Golden Horde city, combining both attention to reproducing genuine details uncovered by archaeologists and an element of fantasy inspired by medieval and pre-modern settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Steppes">Eurasian Steppes</a>. They were converted into an open air museum and tourist center at the initiative of the governor of <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zhilkin" title="Alexander Zhilkin">Alexander Zhilkin</a>, and opened to visitors in 2018. The center serves as an educational immersive environment, as a location for historical festivals and reenactor events, camel rides, souvenir shopping, and visits to the archaeological site of Selitrennoe gorodishche.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_(city)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhchisaray" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhchisaray">Bakhchisaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_(city)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_(city)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allsen, "Saray".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kołodziejczyk 2011: 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allsen, "Saray"; Siksimov 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atwood 2004, 488-489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rockhill 1900: 256, 260; Howorth 1880: 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allsen, "Saray"; Boyle 1958: 267; Howorth 1880: 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacKenzie and Curran 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders 1936: 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allsen "Saray".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrov et al. 2018: 145–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sagdeeva 2005: 8, 10; Siksimov 2007: 120–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allsen, "Saray"; Tizengauzen 2005: 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allsen, "Saray"; Rudakov 2000: 305–323; Sanders 1936: 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pachkalov 2011; Siksimov 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sagdeeva 2005: 24–29; Siksimov 2007: 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bukharaev 2013: 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthews and Bukharaev 2013: 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigor'ev 1876: 214–217; Howorth 1880: 247–248, 312, 322, 355; Allsen "Saray"; Pohlëbkin 2000: 71; Atwood 2004: 489; Zajcev 2006: 57–58; May 2018: 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shamiloglu 2018: 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allsen, "Saray", and Atwood 2004: 489 write with the traditional identification of this site as "Old Sarai" in mind; but see Pachkalov 2011, who notes the absence of 13th-century remains there.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibb 1962: 515–516; Mackintosh-Smith 2002: 136; in part Bukharaev 2013: 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shamiloglu 2018: 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tizengauzen 2005: 179; in part Bukharaev 2013: 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuznecova 1958: 30: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">"Тут по той реки по Ахтубе стоит Золатая Орда. Царской двор, и полаты, и дворы, и мечети — все каменные, а стоят и до Астрахани."</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howorth 1880: 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fren 1832: 44; Hammer-Purgstall 1840:9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigor'ev 1876: 210–213; Howorth 1880: 97-98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See survey of earlier literature in Grigor'ev 1876: 444–450; Safargaliev 1960: 82–84; Rudakov 2000: 305–306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howorth 1880: 97–98; Vasil'evič 1948: 12; Rogers 2000: 137; Shamiloglu 2018: 23; summary of the progression of views to this conclusion in Rudakov 2000: 305–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egorov 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egorov 1985: 111–112; Allsen, "Saray"; Atwood 2004: 488–489; Krivošeev 2007: 104 has "Sarai Berke" as a separate settlement northwest of "Sarai Batu", at <a href="/wiki/Kharabali" title="Kharabali">Kharabali</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evstratov 1997; Howorth 1880: 98 already noted that Tsarevskoe gorodishche was referred to as the palace (<i>sarāy</i>) of Jani Beg by the local Tatars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudakov 2000: 305–323; Sagdeeva 2005: 73; Pigarëv 2021: 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evstratov 1997; to some extent, Rudakov 2000: 305–323; Gončarov 2000: 345–355; Siksimov 2007: 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudakov 2000: 305–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pigarëv 2017, 2021: 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pačkalov 2002, 2011; Siksimov 2007: 120–122 expresses doubts that this is sufficient evidence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rockhill 1900: 258, 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigor'ev 1876: 466–469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigor'ev 1876: 470–478; Howorth 1880: 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibb 1962: 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigor'ev 1876: 480; Howorth 1880: 98; Evans 1936: 21; Rudakov 2000: 305–323; Zajcev 2006: 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldschmidt 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudakov 2000: 305–323; if this interpretation is correct, Pigarëv's suggestion of Akhtubinskoe gorodishche at Komsomol'kiy would then be the northernmost possible site for "Old Sarai", while Pačkalov's suggestion of Krasny Yar perhaps would be the southernmost possible site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pigarëv 2019: 489–492, 495–498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vásáry, "Nog̲h̲ay".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sarai-Batu" official webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://saray-batu.ru/">http://saray-batu.ru/</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai_(city)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allsen, T. T., "Saray", in: <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, Second Edition, P. Bearman et al. (eds.). Consulted online on 5 January 2022 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6628">http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6628</a></li> <li>Atwood, C. P. "Saray and New Saray", in: <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i>. New York: Facts on File, 2004: 488–489.</li> <li>Boyle, J. A. (trans.), <i>The History of the World-Conqueror by ʿAla-ad-Din ʿAta-Malik Juvaini</i>, vol. 1, Cambridge, MA, 1958.</li> <li>Bukharaev, R., <i>Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons</i>, London: Routledge, 2013.</li> <li>Egorov, V. L., <i>Istoričeskaja geografija Zolotoj Ordy v XIII-XIV vv.</i>, Moscow, 1985.</li> <li>Evans, A. (ed.), <i>Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, La Pratica della Mercatura</i>, Cambridge, MA, 1936.</li> <li>Evstratov, I. V., "O zolotoordynskih gorodah, nahodivšihsja na mestah Selitrennogo i Carevskogo gorodišč," in: <i>Èpoha bronzy i rannij železnyj vek v istorii drevnih plemen južnorusskih stepej</i> 2, Saratov, 1997: 88–118.</li> <li>Fren (Frähn), H. M., <i>Montey hanov ulusa Džučieva ili Zolotoj Ordy, St Petersburg, 1832. </i></li> <li>Gibb, H. A. R. (trans.), <i>The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa A. D. 1325-1354</i>. Vol. 2. Cambridge, 1962.</li> <li>Goldschmidt, E. P., "The Lesina Portolan Chart of the Caspian Sea," <i>The Geographical Journal</i> 103 (1944) 272-278.</li> <li>Gončarov, E. J., "Staryj i Novyj Saraj - stolica Zolotoj Ordy (novyj vzgljadna izvestnye istočniki", <i>Stepi Evropy v èpoh u srednevekov'ja</i> 1 (2000) 345–350.</li> <li>Grigor'ev, V. V., "O mestopoloženie Saraja, stolocy Zolotoj-Ordy", in: <i>Rossija i Azija</i>, St. Petersburg, 1876.</li> <li>Hammer-Purgstall, J. von, <i>Geschichte der Goldenen horde in Kiptschak</i>, Pest, 1840.</li> <li>Howorth, H. H., <i>History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century</i>, Part II.1, London, 1880.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKołodziejczyk2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Ko%C5%82odziejczyk" title="Dariusz Kołodziejczyk">Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHrTxHmegRYC&pg=PP1"><i>The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19190-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19190-7"><bdi>978-90-04-19190-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Khanate+and+Poland-Lithuania%3A+International+Diplomacy+on+the+European+Periphery+%2815th-18th+Century%29.+A+Study+of+Peace+Treaties+Followed+by+Annotated+Documents.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19190-7&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82odziejczyk&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHrTxHmegRYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarai+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Krivošeev, A. A., <i>Donskoj ulus Zolotoj Ordy</i>, Rostov-na-Donu, 2007.</li> <li>Kuznecova, N. A., <i>Hoždenie kupca Fedota Kotova v Persiju</i>, Moscow, 1958. (Н. А. Кузнецова, <i>Хождение купца Федота Котова в Персию</i> [Journey of the merchant Fedot Kotov to Persia] (Moscow, U.S.S.R.: 1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xYP-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">page 30</a>.)</li> <li>MacKenzie, D., M. W. Curran. (2002). <i>A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond.</i> Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-58698-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-58698-8">0-534-58698-8</a></li> <li>Mackintosh-Smith, T. (ed.), <i>The Travels of Ibn Battutah</i>, London: Picador, 2002. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattutah2002" class="citation book cs1">Battutah, Ibn (2002). <i>The Travels of Ibn Battutah</i>. London: Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330418799" title="Special:BookSources/9780330418799"><bdi>9780330418799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battutah&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780330418799&rft.aulast=Battutah&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarai+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukharaevMatthews2013" class="citation book cs1">Bukharaev, Ravil; Matthews, David J., eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZWMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>Historical Anthology of Kazan Tatar Verse: Voices of Eternity</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136814655" title="Special:BookSources/9781136814655"><bdi>9781136814655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Anthology+of+Kazan+Tatar+Verse%3A+Voices+of+Eternity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136814655&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZWMAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarai+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>May, T., <i>The Mongol Empire</i>, Edinburgh, 2018.</li> <li>Pačkalov, A. V., "Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde," in: N. Holmes (ed.), <i>Proceedings of the XIV International Numismatic Congress, Glasgow, 2011</i>. Vol. 2. Glasgow, 2011.</li> <li>Pačkalov, A. V., "O mestopoloženija Saraja (pervoj stolicy Zolotoj Ordy)," <i>Arheologija ta ètnologija shidnoi Uvropi</i>, Odesa, 2002: 175–178.</li> <li>Petrov, P. N., K. V. Kravcov, S. V. Gumajunov, "Monety Saraja pervoj poloviny 660-h gg.h./ 1260-h gg.," <i>Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie</i> 6 (2018) 145-158.</li> <li>Pigarëv, E. M., "Administrativno-territorial'naja struktura oblasti Saraj (del'ta r. Volga)," in: S. G. Bočarov and A. G. Sitdikov (eds.), <i>Genuèzskaja Gazarija i Zolotaja Orda</i>, 2, Kazan', 2019: 483-508.</li> <li>Pigarëv, E. M., "Del'ta Volgi v XIII-XIV vv.," <i>Trudy V (XXI) Vserossijskogo arheologičeskogo s"ezda v Barnaule</i> 3, Barnaul, 2017: 287–291.</li> <li>Pigarëv, E. M., "Russkie vešči iz zolotoordynskoj stolicy - goroda Saraj al-Džedid (k voprosu o rasselenii russkih v zolotoordynskih nižnevolžskih gorodah," <i>Narody i religii Evrazii</i> 26 (2021) 49–66.</li> <li>Pohlëbkin, V. V., <i>Tatary i Rus': 360 let otnošenij 1238-1598</i>, Moscow, 2000.</li> <li>Rockhill, W. W. (trans.), <i>The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-1255, as narrated by himself</i>, London, 1900.</li> <li>Rogers, J. M., "Recent Archaeological Work on the Golden Horde," <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i> 14 (2000) 135–146.</li> <li>Rudakov, V. G., "K voprosu o dvuh stolicah v Zolotoj Orde i mestopoloženii goroda Gjulistana," in: I. V. Belocerkovskaja (ed.), <i>Naučnoe nasledie A. P. Smirnova i sovremennye problemy arheologii Volgo-Kam'ja</i>, Moscow, 2000: 305–323.</li> <li>Safargaliev, M. G., <i>Raspad Zolotoj Ordy</i>. Saransk, 1960.</li> <li>Sagdeeva, R. 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V. <i>Astrahanskoe hanstvo</i>, Moscow, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1207-1308)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–1308)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai <span style="font-size:85%;">(1216–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1221)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1256)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia"><span class="wrap">Western Xia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1211–34)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea <span style="font-size:85%;">(1231–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–79)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet"><span class="wrap">Tibet <span style="font-size:85%;">(1236 / 1240 / 1252)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–56)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1274 / 1281)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma"><span class="wrap">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1277 / 1283 / 1287)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java <span style="font-size:85%;">(1293)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(1257 / 1284–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1300–02)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India <span style="font-size:85%;">(1221–1327)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia"><span class="wrap">Georgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–36)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Alania" title="Mongol invasion of Alania">Alania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1238–1239)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' <span style="font-size:85%;">(1223 / 1236–40)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1240–41)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258–59)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1259–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–65)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1285–86)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1287–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1291)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–43)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–1256)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–1323)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260 / 1301)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–64)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1262)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1268–1301)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1314–1318)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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