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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Baghdad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Baghdad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Siege of Baghdad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Baghdad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Syria_(1260)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Syria_(1260)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conquest of Syria (1260)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conquest_of_Syria_(1260)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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href="#Communications_with_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Communications with Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications_with_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hulegu Khan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC_Khan" title="Hülegü Khan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hülegü Khan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هولاكو خان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هولاكو خان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hulagu Khan" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu" title="Hulagu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hulagu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BClak%C3%BC_xan" title="Hülakü xan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hülakü xan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هولاکوخان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هولاکوخان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="হালাকু খান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হালাকু খান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%B3%D2%AF" title="Хүләгү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хүләгү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Хулагу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хулагу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хулагу хан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хулагу хан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hulagu Khan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC" title="Hülegü – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hülegü" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Хулагу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хулагу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC" title="Hülegü – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hülegü" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC" title="Hülegü – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hülegü" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu" title="Hulagu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hulagu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu" title="Hulagu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hulagu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu" title="Hulagu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hulagu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu" title="Hulagu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hulagu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هولاکو خان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هولاکو خان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houlagou_Khan" title="Houlagou Khan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Houlagou Khan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hulagu Khan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%8C%EB%9D%BC%EA%B5%AC" title="훌라구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="훌라구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Հուլավու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուլավու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हलाकु ख़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हलाकु ख़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu-kan" title="Hulagu-kan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hulagu-kan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hulagu Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hulagu Khan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%90%D7%9F" title="הולאגו חאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הולאגו חאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰულაგუ-ხანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰულაგუ-ხანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Құлағу хан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құлағу хан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hulagu Khan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulegu" title="Hulegu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hulegu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulagu" title="Chulagu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chulagu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC_ilh%C3%A1n" title="Hülegü ilhán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hülegü ilhán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hulagu Khan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹുലഗു ഖാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹുലഗു ഖാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हुलागू खान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हुलागू खान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰულაგუ-ხანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰულაგუ-ხანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88" title="هولاكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هولاكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hulagu Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D2%AF" title="Хүлэгү – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүлэгү" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu" title="Hulagu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hulagu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B0" title="フレグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC" title="Hülegü – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hülegü" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC_khan" title="Hülegü khan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hülegü khan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulegu" title="Hulegu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hulegu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huloku" title="Huloku – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Huloku" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹਲਾਕੂ ਖ਼ਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਲਾਕੂ ਖ਼ਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہلاکو خان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہلاکو خان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu-chan" title="Hulagu-chan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hulagu-chan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_C%C3%A3" title="Hulagu Cã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hulagu Cã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Хулагу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хулагу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hulagu Khan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC" title="Hülegü – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hülegü" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulegu" title="Hulegu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hulegu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huulaaku_Khan" title="Huulaaku Khan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Huulaaku Khan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھۆلاکۆ خان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆلاکۆ خان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хулагу-кан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хулагу-кан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu-kan" title="Hulagu-kan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hulagu-kan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC-kaani" title="Hülegü-kaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hülegü-kaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC" title="Hülegü – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hülegü" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hulagu Khan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="குலாகு கான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குலாகு கான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Хулагу – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хулагу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҳулагухон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳулагухон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCl%C3%A2g%C3%BB" title="Hülâgû – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hülâgû" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Хулагу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хулагу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہلاکو خان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہلاکو خان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھىلاكوخان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىلاكوخان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAc_Li%E1%BB%87t_Ng%E1%BB%99t" title="Húc Liệt Ngột – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Húc Liệt Ngột" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%AD%E7%83%88%E5%85%80" title="旭烈兀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="旭烈兀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%AD%E7%83%88%E5%85%80" title="旭烈兀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="旭烈兀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%AD%E7%83%88%E5%85%80" title="旭烈兀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="旭烈兀" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the founder of the Ilkhanate. For the Chagatai khan, see <a href="/wiki/Qara_H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC" title="Qara Hülegü">Qara Hülegü</a>. For the Xiongnu chanyu, see <a href="/wiki/Hulugu" title="Hulugu">Hulugu</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Halaku_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Halaku (disambiguation)">Halaku (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Hulegu Khan <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; middle">ᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ</span></dd></dl> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hulagu_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hulagu_Khan.jpg/220px-Hulagu_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hulagu_Khan.jpg/330px-Hulagu_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hulagu_Khan.jpg/440px-Hulagu_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1241" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><small>Painting of Hulegu Khan on <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a>, early 14th century.</small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ilkhan_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhan (title)">Ilkhan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1256 – 8 February 1265</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1217<br /><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><time class="dday deathdate" datetime="1265-02-08">8 February 1265</time> (aged 47)<br /><a href="/wiki/Zarrineh_River" title="Zarrineh River">Zarrineh River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Island" title="Shahi Island">Shahi Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Guyuk Khatun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doquz_Khatun" title="Doquz Khatun">Doquz Khatun</a></li> <li>Yesuncin Khatun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutui_Khatun" title="Qutui Khatun">Qutui Khatun</a></li> <li>Öljei Khatun</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="#Family">See below</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tamgha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha">Tamgha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hulagutamgha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hulagutamgha.png/125px-Hulagutamgha.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hulagutamgha.png/188px-Hulagutamgha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hulagutamgha.png/250px-Hulagutamgha.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hulegu Khan</b>, also known as <b>Hülegü</b> or <b>Hulagu</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="nowrap">c. 1217 –</span> 8 February 1265), was a <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> ruler who conquered much of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>. Son of <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraite</a> princess <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a>, he was a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and brother of <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>. </p><p>Hulegu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, founding the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>. 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colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Asia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Central_Asia" title="Mongol campaigns in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezm</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Caucassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Nizari state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Western Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Eastern_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia">Eastern Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li>Burma (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;">Other invasions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans#Mongol_invasions" title="Cumans">Cumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Durdzuketi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania#Mongol_conquest_and_aftermath_(13th–14th_centuries)" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Poland and Bohemia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third</a>)</li> <li>Hungary and Croatia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Byzantine Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Gazaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Hulegu was born to <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a>, one of Genghis Khan's sons, and <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a>, an influential <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraite</a> princess and a niece of <a href="/wiki/Toghrul" title="Toghrul">Toghrul</a> in 1217.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not much is known of Hulegu's childhood except of an anecdote given in <a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-Tawarikh</a> and he once met his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a> in 1224. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_campaigns">Military campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_d%27Alam%C3%BBt_(1256).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Prise_d%27Alam%C3%BBt_%281256%29.jpeg/220px-Prise_d%27Alam%C3%BBt_%281256%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Prise_d%27Alam%C3%BBt_%281256%29.jpeg/330px-Prise_d%27Alam%C3%BBt_%281256%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Prise_d%27Alam%C3%BBt_%281256%29.jpeg/440px-Prise_d%27Alam%C3%BBt_%281256%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3081" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption>The siege of Alamût in 1256</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khulug_Khan%27s_sige_of_Alamut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Khulug_Khan%27s_sige_of_Alamut.jpg/220px-Khulug_Khan%27s_sige_of_Alamut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Khulug_Khan%27s_sige_of_Alamut.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal painting</a> of Hulegu's siege of <a href="/wiki/Alamut" title="Alamut">Alamut</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hulegu's brother <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> had been installed as Great Khan in 1251. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a> charged Hulegu with leading a massive Mongol army to conquer or destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia. Hulegu's campaign sought the subjugation of the <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> of southern Iran,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">destruction of the Nizari Ismaili state (the Assassins)</a>, the submission or destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the submission or destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid states</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, and finally, the submission or destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluke Sultanate</a> of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Amitai-Preiss_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amitai-Preiss-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Möngke ordered Hulegu to treat kindly those who submitted and utterly destroy those who did not. Hulegu vigorously carried out the latter part of these instructions. </p><p>Hulegu marched out with perhaps the largest Mongol army ever assembled – by order of Möngke, two-tenths of the empire's fighting men were gathered for Hulegu's <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">army</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1253. He arrived at <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> in 1255. He easily destroyed the Lurs, and the Assassins surrendered their impregnable fortress of <a href="/wiki/Alamut" title="Alamut">Alamut</a> without a fight, accepting a deal that spared the lives of their people in early 1256. He chose <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> as his power base, while ordering <a href="/wiki/Baiju_Noyan" title="Baiju Noyan">Baiju</a> to retreat to Anatolia. From at least 1257 onwards, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> of every major religious variety in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mainland" title="Mainland">mainland</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> were a part of Hulegu's army.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege_of_Baghdad">Siege of Baghdad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Siege of Baghdad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Siege of Baghdad (1258)</a></div> <p>Hulegu's Mongol army set out for Baghdad in November 1257. Once near the city he divided his forces to threaten the city on both the east and west banks of the Tigris. Hulegu demanded surrender, but the caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">Al-Musta'sim</a>, refused. Due to the treason of Abu Alquma, an advisor to Al-Muta'sim, an uprising in the Baghdad army took place and Siege of Baghdad began. The attacking Mongols broke dikes and flooded the ground behind the caliph's army, trapping them. Much of the army was slaughtered or drowned. </p><p>The Mongols under Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a> laid siege to the city on 29 January 1258,<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constructing a palisade and a ditch and wheeling up siege engines and <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapults</a>. The battle was short by siege standards. By 5 February the Mongols controlled a stretch of the wall. The caliph tried to negotiate but was refused. On 10 February Baghdad surrendered. The Mongols swept into the city on 13 February and began a week of destruction. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">Grand Library of Baghdad</a>, containing countless precious historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, was destroyed. Citizens attempted to flee but were intercepted by Mongol soldiers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HulaguInBagdad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HulaguInBagdad.JPG/220px-HulaguInBagdad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HulaguInBagdad.JPG/330px-HulaguInBagdad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HulaguInBagdad.JPG/440px-HulaguInBagdad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Hulegu (left) imprisons the Caliph among his treasures to starve him to death. Medieval depiction from "Le livre des merveilles", 15th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Death counts vary widely and cannot be easily substantiated: A low estimate is about 90,000 dead;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> higher estimates range from 200,000 to a million.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols looted and then destroyed buildings. Mosques, palaces, libraries, hospitals—grand buildings that had been the work of generations—were burned to the ground. The caliph was captured and forced to watch as his citizens were murdered and his treasury plundered. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">Il Milione</a></i>, a book on the travels of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> merchant <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, states that Hulegu starved the caliph to death, but there is no corroborating evidence for that. Most historians believe the Mongol and Muslim accounts that the caliph was rolled up in a rug and the Mongols rode their horses over him, as they believed that the earth would be offended if touched by royal blood. All but one of his sons were killed. Baghdad was a depopulated, ruined city for several centuries. Smaller states in the region hastened to reassure Hulegu of their loyalty, and the Mongols turned to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> in 1259, conquering the Ayyubid dynasty and sending advance patrols as far ahead as <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>. </p><p>A thousand squads of northern Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sappers</a> accompanied Hulegu during his conquest of the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest_of_Syria_(1260)"><span id="Conquest_of_Syria_.281260.29"></span>Conquest of Syria (1260)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conquest of Syria (1260)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Mongol invasions of the Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Mongol raids into Palestine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hulagu_and_Doquz-Qatun_in_Syriac_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hulagu_and_Doquz-Qatun_in_Syriac_Bible.jpg/220px-Hulagu_and_Doquz-Qatun_in_Syriac_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hulagu_and_Doquz-Qatun_in_Syriac_Bible.jpg/330px-Hulagu_and_Doquz-Qatun_in_Syriac_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hulagu_and_Doquz-Qatun_in_Syriac_Bible.jpg/440px-Hulagu_and_Doquz-Qatun_in_Syriac_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="2593" /></a><figcaption>Hulegu and Queen Doquz Qatun depicted as the new <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helen</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Angold_387_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angold_387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1260 Mongol forces combined with those of their Christian vassals in the region, including the army of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hethum_I,_King_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hethum I, King of Armenia">Hethum I, King of Armenia</a> and the Franks of <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VI_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond VI of Antioch">Bohemond VI of Antioch</a>. This force conquered Muslim Syria, a domain of the Ayyubid dynasty. They <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1260)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1260)">captured Aleppo by siege</a> and, under the Christian general <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a>, seized <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> on 1 March 1260.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Christian Mass was celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> and numerous mosques were profaned. Many historical accounts describe the three Christian rulers Hethum, Bohemond, and <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a> entering the city of Damascus together in triumph,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some modern historians such as <a href="/wiki/David_Morgan_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Morgan (historian)">David Morgan</a> have questioned this story as <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invasion effectively destroyed the Ayyubids, which was until then a powerful dynasty that had ruled large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. The last Ayyubid king, <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Yusuf" title="An-Nasir Yusuf">An-Nasir Yusuf</a>, had been killed by Hulegu this same year.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Baghdad ravaged and Damascus weakened, the center of Islamic power shifted to the Mamluk sultan's capital of Cairo. </p><p>Hulegu intended to send forces southward through <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> toward Cairo. So he had a threatening letter delivered by an envoy to the Mamluk <a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Sultan Qutuz</a> in Cairo demanding that Qutuz open his city or it would be destroyed like Baghdad. Then, because food and fodder in Syria had become insufficient to supply his full force, and because it was a regular Mongol practice to move troops to the cooler highlands for the summer,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hulegu withdrew his main force to Iran near Azerbaijan, leaving behind one tumen (10,000 men or less) under <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a>, accompanied by Armenian, Georgian, and Frankish volunteers, which Hulegu considered sufficient. Hulegu then personally departed for Mongolia to play his role in the imperial succession conflict occasioned by the death some eight months earlier of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Great Khan Möngke</a>. But upon receiving news of how few Mongols now remained in the region, <a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a> quickly assembled his well-trained and equipped 20,000-strong army at Cairo and invaded Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2019)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> He then allied himself with a fellow Mamluk leader, <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> in Syria, who not only needed to protect his own future from the Mongols but was eager to avenge for Islam the Mongol capture of Damascus, looting of Baghdad, and conquest of Syria. </p><p>The Mongols, for their part, attempted to form a Frankish-Mongol alliance with (or at least, demand the submission of) the remnant of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centered on Acre, but <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> had forbidden such an alliance. Tensions between Franks and Mongols also increased when <a href="/wiki/Julian_Grenier" title="Julian Grenier">Julian of Sidon</a> caused an incident resulting in the death of one of Kitbuqa's grandsons. Angered, <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a> had sacked Sidon. The Barons of Acre, contacted by the Mongols, had also been approached by the Mamluks, seeking military assistance against the Mongols. Although the Mamluks were traditional enemies of the Franks, the Barons of Acre recognized the Mongols as the more immediate menace. Instead of taking sides, the Crusaders opted for a position of cautious neutrality between the two forces. In an unusual move, however, they allowed the Egyptian Mamluks to march northward without hindrance through Crusader territory and even let them camp near Acre to resupply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Ain_Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Ain Jalut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC_et_son_arm%C3%A9e.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC_et_son_arm%C3%A9e.jpeg/220px-H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC_et_son_arm%C3%A9e.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC_et_son_arm%C3%A9e.jpeg/330px-H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC_et_son_arm%C3%A9e.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC_et_son_arm%C3%A9e.jpeg/440px-H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC_et_son_arm%C3%A9e.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Hulegu leading his army</figcaption></figure> <p>When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> in 1260, <a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Sultan Qutuz</a> and his forces proceeded southeast toward the 'Spring of Goliath' (Known in Arabic as 'Ain Jalut') in the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>. They met the Mongol army of about 12,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a> and fought relentlessly for many hours. The Mamluk leader Baybars mostly implemented <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run tactics</a> in an attempt to lure the Mongol forces into chasing him. Baybars and <a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a> had hidden the bulk of their forces in the hills to wait in ambush for the Mongols to come into range. The Mongol leader <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a>, already provoked by the constant fleeing of Baybars and his troops, decided to march forwards with all his troops on the trail of the fleeing Egyptians. When the Mongols reached the highlands, Egyptians appeared from hiding, and the Mongols found themselves surrounded by enemy forces as the hidden troops hit them from the sides and <a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a> attacked the Mongol rear. Estimates of the size of the Egyptian army range from 24,000 to 120,000. The Mongols broke free of the trap and even mounted a temporarily successful counterattack, but their numbers had been depleted to the point that the outcome was inevitable. Refusing to surrender, the whole Mongol army that had remained in the region, including <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a>, were cut down and killed that day. The battle of Ain Jalut established a high-water mark for the Mongol conquest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hulagu_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hulagu_coin.jpg/220px-Hulagu_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hulagu_coin.jpg/330px-Hulagu_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hulagu_coin.jpg/440px-Hulagu_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Hulegu, with the symbol of a <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the succession was settled and his brother <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> was established as Great Khan, Hulegu returned to his lands by 1262. When he massed his armies to attack the Mamluks and avenge the defeat at Ain Jalut, however, he was instead drawn into civil war with <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a>'s brother <a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a>. Berke Khan, a Muslim convert and the grandson of Genghis Khan, had promised retribution in his rage after Hulegu's sack of Baghdad and allied himself with the Mamluks. He initiated a large series of raids on Hulegu's territories, led by <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a>. Hulegu suffered a severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in 1263. This was the first open war between Mongols and signaled the end of the unified empire. In retaliation for his failure, Hulegu killed Berke's <a href="/wiki/Ortogh" title="Ortogh">ortogh</a>, and Berke did the same in return.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even while Berke was Muslim, out of Mongol brotherhood he at first resisted the idea of fighting Hulegu. He said, "Mongols are killed by Mongol swords. If we were united, then we would have conquered all of the world." But the economic situation of the Golden Horde due to the actions of the Ilkhanate led him to declare jihad because the Ilkhanids were hogging the wealth of North Iran and because of the Ilkhanate's demands for the Golden Horde not to sell slaves to the Mamluks.<sup id="cite_ref-Elverskog2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elverskog2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications_with_Europe">Communications with Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communications with Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></div><p>Hulegu's mother Sorghaghtani successfully navigated Mongol politics, arranging for all of her sons to become Mongol leaders. She was a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (often referred to as "Nestorianism") and Hulegu was friendly to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Hulegu's favorite wife, <a href="/wiki/Doquz_Khatun" title="Doquz Khatun">Doquz Khatun</a>, was also a Christian, as was his closest friend and general, <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a>. Hulegu sent multiple communications to Europe in an attempt to establish a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a> against the Muslims. In 1262, he sent his secretary <a href="/wiki/Rychaldus" title="Rychaldus">Rychaldus</a> and an embassy to "all kings and princes overseas". The embassy was apparently intercepted in Sicily by <a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred, King of Sicily</a>, who was allied with the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> and in conflict with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Pope Urban IV</a>, and Rychaldus was returned by ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014173_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014173-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 April 1262, Hulegu sent a letter, through <a href="/wiki/Exultavit_cor_nostrum#John_the_Hungarian" title="Exultavit cor nostrum">John the Hungarian</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, offering an alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014178_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014178-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether the letter ever reached Louis IX in Paris – the only manuscript known to have survived was in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014166_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014166-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter stated Hulegu's intention to capture Jerusalem for the benefit of the Pope and asked for Louis to send a fleet against Egypt: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the head of the Mongol army, anxious to devastate the perfidious nation of the Saracens, with the good-will support of the Christian faith (...) so that you, who are the rulers of the coasts on the other side of the sea, endeavor to deny a refuge for the Infidels, your enemies and ours, by having your subjects diligently patrol the seas.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Letter from Hulegu to Saint Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Despite many attempts, neither Hulegu nor his successors were able to form an alliance with Europe, although Mongol culture in the West was in vogue in the 13th century. Many new-born children in Italy were named after Mongol rulers, including Hulegu: names such as Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone (Hulegu), Argone (<a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a>), and Cassano (<a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a>) are recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014315_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014315-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hulegu had fourteen wives and concubines with at least 21 issues with them: </p><p>Principal wives: </p> <ul><li>Guyuk Khatun (died in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> before reaching Iran) – daughter of Toralchi Güregen of the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> tribe and <a href="/wiki/Checheikhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheikhen">Checheikhen</a> Khatun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumghur" title="Jumghur">Jumghur</a> (died en route to Iran in 1270s)</li> <li>Bulughan agha – married Jorma Güregen, son of Jochi (from Tatar tribe, brother of Nukdan khatun) and Chechagan Khatun, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCge" title="Temüge">Temüge</a> (Otchi Noyon)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutui_Khatun" title="Qutui Khatun">Qutui Khatun</a> – daughter of Chigu Noyan of <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a> tribe and Tümelün behi (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghis khan">Genghis khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rte" title="Börte">Börte</a>) <ul><li>Takshin (d. 12 September 1270 of <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekuder" title="Tekuder">Tekuder</a> (1246–1284)</li> <li>Todogaj Khatun<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – married to Tengiz Güregen, married secondly to Sulamish his son, married thirdly to Chichak, son of Sulamish</li></ul></li> <li>Yesunchin Khatun (d. January/February 1272) – a lady from the <a href="/wiki/Suldus" class="mw-redirect" title="Suldus">Suldus</a> tribe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a> (1234–1282)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokuz_Khatun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dokuz Khatun">Dokuz Khatun</a>, daughter of Uyku (son of <a href="/wiki/Toghrul" title="Toghrul">Toghrul</a>) and widow of <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a></li> <li>Öljei Khatun – half-sister of Guyuk, daughter of Toralchi Güregen of the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> tribe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Tem%C3%BCr_(Ilkhanate)" title="Möngke Temür (Ilkhanate)">Möngke Temür</a> (b. 23 October 1256, d. 26 April 1282)</li> <li>Jamai Khatun – married Jorma Güregen after her sister Bulughan's death</li> <li>Manggugan Khatun – married firstly to her cousin Chakar Güregen (son of Buqa Timur and niece of Öljei Khatun), married secondly to his son Taraghai</li> <li>Baba Khatun – married to Lagzi Güregen, son of <a href="/wiki/Arghun_Aqa" title="Arghun Aqa">Arghun Aqa</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Concubines: </p> <ul><li>Nogachin Aghchi, a lady from <a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a>; from camp of <a href="/wiki/Qutui_Khatun" title="Qutui Khatun">Qutui Khatun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoshmut" title="Yoshmut">Yoshmut</a> – Viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li> <li>Tubshin – Viceroy of Khorasan during Abaqa's reign</li></ul></li> <li>Tuqtani (or Toqiyatai) Egechi (d. 20 February 1292) – sister of <a href="/wiki/Irinjin" title="Irinjin">Irinjin</a>, niece of Dokuz Khatun</li> <li>Boraqchin Agachi, from camp of Qutui Khatun <ul><li>Taraghai (died by <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">lightning strike</a> on his way to Iran in 1260s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baydu" title="Baydu">Baydu</a></li> <li>Eshil – married to Tuq Temür and then his brother (son of Abdullah Aqa, a general of <a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Arighan Agachi (d. 8 February 1265) – daughter of Tengiz Güregen; from camp of Qutui Khatun <ul><li>Ajai (d. February 1265) – Viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> during reign of <a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> during reign of <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a> <ul><li>Ildar (executed by <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a> in 1296)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ajuja Agachi, a lady from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> or <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>, from camp of Dokuz Khatun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qonqurtai" title="Qonqurtai">Qonqurtai</a> (executed on 18 January 1284 by <a href="/wiki/Tekuder" title="Tekuder">Tekuder</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Yeshichin Agachi, a lady from the Kür'lüüt tribe; from camp of Qutui Khatun <ul><li>Yesüder – Viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a> during Abaqa's reign <ul><li>A daughter (married to Esen Buqa Güregen, son of Noqai Yarghuchi)</li> <li>Khabash – posthumous son</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>El Agachi – a lady from the <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a> tribe; from camp of Dokuz Khatun <ul><li>Hulachu (executed by <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a> in October 1289)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Suleiman (executed with his father)</li> <li>Kuchuk (died in infancy after a long illness)</li> <li>Khoja (died in infancy)</li> <li>Qutluq Buqa (died in infancy)</li> <li>3 daughter</li></ul></li> <li>Shiba'uchi (d. Winter 1282)</li></ul></li> <li>Irqan Agachi (Tribe unknown) <ul><li>Taraghai Khatun – married to Taghai Timur (renamed Musa) of <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a> (son of Shigu Güregen) and Temülun Khatun (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Mangligach Agachi (Tribe unknown) <ul><li>Qutluqqan Khatun – married firstly to Yesu Buqa Güregen, son of Urughtu Noyan of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Oirat">Dörben</a> tribe, married secondly Tukel, son of Yesu Buqa</li></ul></li> <li>A concubine from Qutui Khatun's camp: <ul><li>Toqai Timur (d. 1289)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Qurumushi</li> <li>Hajji</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fun%C3%A9railles_de_H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fun%C3%A9railles_de_H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC.jpeg/272px-Fun%C3%A9railles_de_H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC.jpeg" decoding="async" width="272" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fun%C3%A9railles_de_H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC.jpeg/409px-Fun%C3%A9railles_de_H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fun%C3%A9railles_de_H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC.jpeg/545px-Fun%C3%A9railles_de_H%C3%BCleg%C3%BC.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>The funeral of Hulegu (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hulegu Khan fell seriously ill in January 1265 and died the following month on the banks of <a href="/wiki/Zarrineh_River" title="Zarrineh River">Zarrineh River</a> (then called Jaghatu) and was buried on <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Island" title="Shahi Island">Shahi Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a>. His funeral was the only Ilkhanate funeral to feature <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tomb has never been found.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hulegu Khan laid the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> and thus paved the way for the later <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynastic</a> state, and ultimately the modern country of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Hulegu's conquests also opened Iran to both European influence from the west and buddhist influence from the east. Thus, combined with patronage from his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence in architecture. Under Hulegu's dynasty, Iranian historians began writing in Persian rather than Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recorded however that he converted to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> as he neared death,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildinger1997148_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildinger1997148-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the will of <a href="/wiki/Doquz_Khatun" title="Doquz Khatun">Doquz Khatun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014176_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014176-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The erection of a Buddhist temple at <a href="/wiki/Khoy" title="Khoy">Ḵoy</a> testifies his interest in that religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent translations of various Tibetan monks' letters and epistles to Hulegu confirms that he was a lifelong Buddhist, following the <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hulegu also patronized <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a> and his researches in <a href="/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory">Maragheh observatory</a>. Another of his proteges were Juvayni brothers <a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata Malik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Juvayni" title="Shams al-Din Juvayni">Shams al-Din Juvayni</a>. His reign as the ruler of Ilkhanate was peaceful and tolerant to diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Katch" title="Kurt Katch">Kurt Katch</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves_(1944_film)" title="Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1944 film)">Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves</a></i> (1944)</li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Pran_(actor)" title="Pran (actor)">Pran</a> in the 1956 Indian film <a href="/wiki/Halaku_(film)" title="Halaku (film)"><i>Halaku</i></a>.</li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk_Serengil" title="Öztürk Serengil">Öztürk Serengil</a> in <i>Cengiz Han'ın Hazineleri</i> (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Portrayed by Zhang Jingda and Zhang Bolun in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Kublai_Khan" title="The Legend of Kublai Khan">The Legend of Kublai Khan</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn"><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Хүлэгү</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chakhar_Mongolian" title="Chakhar Mongolian"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ</span></a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Mongolian" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Mongolian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Hu’legu’/Qülegü</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Surplus'; <a href="/wiki/Chagatay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagatay language">Chagatay</a>: <span lang="chg"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> هلیگو</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">هولاکو خان</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">هولاكو خان</span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">旭烈兀</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xùlièwù</span></i> <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕû.ljê.û]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On 1 March Kitbuqa entered Damascus at the head of a Mongol army. With him were the King of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch. The citizens of the ancient capital of the Caliphate saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/358">358</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813513041" title="Special:BookSources/9780813513041"><bdi>9780813513041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780813513041&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaziri2012" class="citation book cs1">Vaziri, Mostafa (2012). "Buddhism during the Mongol Period in Iran". <i>Buddhism in Iran: An Anthropological Approach to Traces and Influences</i>. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 111–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137022943_7">10.1057/9781137022943_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137022943" title="Special:BookSources/9781137022943"><bdi>9781137022943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism+during+the+Mongol+Period+in+Iran&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Iran%3A+An+Anthropological+Approach+to+Traces+and+Influences&rft.pages=111-131&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137022943_7&rft.isbn=9781137022943&rft.aulast=Vaziri&rft.aufirst=Mostafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hulagu-khan">"Hulāgu Khan"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amitai-Preiss-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amitai-Preiss_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. <i>The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Saunders" title="John Joseph Saunders">John Joseph Saunders</a>, <i>The History of the Mongol Conquests</i>, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua2007" class="citation book cs1">Chua, Amy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123079516"><i>Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51284-8"><bdi>978-0-385-51284-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123079516">123079516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+of+Empire%3A+How+Hyperpowers+Rise+to+Global+Dominance%E2%80%93and+Why+They+Fall&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123079516&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51284-8&rft.aulast=Chua&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F123079516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7465">"Six Essays from the Book of Commentaries on Euclid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+Essays+from+the+Book+of+Commentaries+on+Euclid&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sicker 2000, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/04/25/050425fa_fact4?currentPage=all">New Yorker, April 25, 2005, Ian Frazier, "Invaders - Destroying Baghdad"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_W._Meri2005" class="citation book cs1">Josef W. Meri (2005). Josef W. Meri (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA510"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96690-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96690-6"><bdi>0-415-96690-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>. <q>This called for the employment of engineers to engage in mining operations, to build siege engines and artillery, and to concoct and use incendiary and explosive devices. For instance, Hulagu, who led Mongol forces into the Middle East during the second wave of the invasions in 1250, had with him a thousand squads of engineers, evidently of north Chinese (or perhaps Khitan) provenance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-96690-6&rft.au=Josef+W.+Meri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-k9oc9xsuAC%26pg%3DPA510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angold_387-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Angold_387_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In May 1260, a Syrian painter gave a new twist to the iconography of the Exaltation of the Cross by showing Constantine and Helena with the features of Hulegu and his Christian wife Doquz Khatun" in <i>Cambridge History of Christianity</i> Vol. 5 Michael Angold p. 387 <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81113-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81113-9">0-521-81113-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Monde de la Bible</i> N. 184 July–August 2008, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1987">Runciman 1987</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset, p. 588</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2014">Jackson 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atlas des Croisades, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPow2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Pow, Lindsey Stephen (2012). <i>Deep Ditches and Well-Built Walls: a Reappraisal of the Mongol Withdrawal from Europe in 1242</i> (Master's thesis). University of Calgary. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879481083">879481083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Deep+Ditches+and+Well-Built+Walls%3A+a+Reappraisal+of+the+Mongol+Withdrawal+from+Europe+in+1242&rft.inst=University+of+Calgary&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879481083&rft.aulast=Pow&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbyn2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Corbyn, James (2015). <i>In What Sense Can Ayn Jalut be Viewed as a Decisive Engagement?</i> (Master's thesis). Royal Holloway University of London. pp. 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=In+What+Sense+Can+Ayn+Jalut+be+Viewed+as+a+Decisive+Engagement%3F&rft.inst=Royal+Holloway+University+of+London&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Corbyn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnkhbold2019" class="citation journal cs1">Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships". <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 531–547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634937.2019.1652799">10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203044817">203044817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+ortoq+in+the+Mongol+Empire+in+forming+business+partnerships&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=531-547&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634937.2019.1652799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203044817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Enkhbold&rft.aufirst=Enerelt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elverskog2011-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elverskog2011_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohan_Elverskog2011" class="citation book cs1">Johan Elverskog (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA186"><i>Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 186–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0531-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-0531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Islam+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=186-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2&rft.au=Johan+Elverskog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7_4Gr9Q438C%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014173-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014173_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2014">Jackson 2014</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014178-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014178_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2014">Jackson 2014</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014166-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014166_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2014">Jackson 2014</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Hulegu to Saint Louis, quoted in <i>Les Croisades</i>, Thierry Delcourt, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014315-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014315_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2014">Jackson 2014</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanda2018" class="citation journal cs1">Landa, Ishayahu (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MSR_XIX_2016_Landa.pdf">"Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment (MSR XIX, 2016)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mamlūk Studies Review</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6082%2FM1B27SG2">10.6082/M1B27SG2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maml%C5%ABk+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Oirats+in+the+Ilkhanate+and+the+Mamluk+Sultanate+in+the+Thirteenth+to+the+Early+Fifteenth+Centuries%3A+Two+Cases+of+Assimilation+into+the+Muslim+Environment+%28MSR+XIX%2C+2016%29&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6082%2FM1B27SG2&rft.aulast=Landa&rft.aufirst=Ishayahu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmamluk.uchicago.edu%2FMSR_XIX_2016_Landa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrack2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Brack, Jonathan Z. (2016). <i>Mediating Sacred Kingship: Conversion and Sovereignty in Mongol Iran</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F133445">2027.42/133445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Mediating+Sacred+Kingship%3A+Conversion+and+Sovereignty+in+Mongol+Iran&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F133445&rft.aulast=Brack&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Filmer1937" class="citation book cs1">Henry Filmer (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77445"><i>The Pageant Of Persia</i></a>. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pageant+Of+Persia&rft.pages=224&rft.date=1937&rft.au=Henry+Filmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.77445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Robinson, <i>The Mughal Emperors And The Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia</i>, pp. 19 & 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildinger1997148-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildinger1997148_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHildinger1997">Hildinger 1997</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014176-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2014176_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2014">Jackson 2014</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinSamten2014" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Dan; Samten, Jampa (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11020428">"Letters for the Khans: Six Tibetan Epistles for the Mongol Rulers Hulegu and Khubilai, and the Tibetan Lama Pagpa. Co-authored with Jampa Samten"</a>. In Roberto Vitali (ed.). <i>Trails of The Tibetan Tradition: Papers for Elliot Sperling</i>. Amnye Machen Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186227725" title="Special:BookSources/9788186227725"><bdi>9788186227725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letters+for+the+Khans%3A+Six+Tibetan+Epistles+for+the+Mongol+Rulers+Hulegu+and+Khubilai%2C+and+the+Tibetan+Lama+Pagpa.+Co-authored+with+Jampa+Samten&rft.btitle=Trails+of+The+Tibetan+Tradition%3A+Papers+for+Elliot+Sperling&rft.pub=Amnye+Machen+Institute&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788186227725&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Samten%2C+Jampa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11020428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehru" class="citation book cs1">Nehru, Jawaharlal. <i>Glimpses of World History</i>. Penguin Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+World+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.aulast=Nehru&rft.aufirst=Jawaharlal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYilmaz1962" class="citation cs2">Yilmaz, Atif (10 October 1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0334991/?ref_=tt_ch"><i>Cengiz Han'in hazineleri</i></a> (Adventure, Comedy), Orhan Günsiray, Fatma Girik, Tülay Akatlar, Öztürk Serengil, Yerli Film<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cengiz+Han%27in+hazineleri&rft.pub=Yerli+Film&rft.date=1962-10-10&rft.aulast=Yilmaz&rft.aufirst=Atif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0334991%2F%3Fref_%3Dtt_ch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). <i>The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i>. Facts on File, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4671-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4671-9">0-8160-4671-9</a>.</li> <li>Boyle, J.A., (Editor). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5, The Saljuq and Mongol Periods</i>. Cambridge University Press; Reissue ed., (1968). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X">0-521-06936-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildinger1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Hildinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Hildinger (page does not exist)">Hildinger, Erik</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JykFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA148"><i>Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to 1700 A.D.</i></a> Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81065-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81065-4"><bdi>0-306-81065-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+the+Steppe%3A+A+Military+History+of+Central+Asia%2C+500+B.C.+to+1700+A.D.&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-306-81065-4&rft.aulast=Hildinger&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJykFBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morgan, David. <i>The Mongols</i>. Blackwell Publishers; Reprint ed., 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17563-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17563-6">0-631-17563-6</a>. Best for an overview of the wider context of medieval Mongol history and culture.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1987). <i>A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521347723" title="Special:BookSources/9780521347723"><bdi>9780521347723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+Volume+3%2C+The+Kingdom+of+Acre+and+the+Later+Crusades&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780521347723&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Peter</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMCCBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87898-8"><bdi>978-1-317-87898-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols+and+the+West%3A+1221%E2%80%931410&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87898-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMCCBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHulegu+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robinson, Francis. <i>The Mughal Emperors And the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia</i>. Thames and Hudson Limited; 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-25134-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-25134-7">0-500-25134-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/invaders-3">A long article</a> about Hulegu's conquest of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Frazier" title="Ian Frazier">Ian Frazier</a>, appeared in the 25 April 2005 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2455845.stm">An Osama bin Laden tape</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> compares Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> to Hulegu and his attack on <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Dated 12 November 2002.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/nicolas-kinloch/hulegu-mongol"><i>Hulegu the Mongol</i></a>, by Nicolas Kinloch, published in History Today, Volume 67 Issue 6 June 2017.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>none</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhan</a> </b><br />1256–1265 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa Khan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1207-1308)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–1308)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai <span style="font-size:85%;">(1216–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1221)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1256)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia"><span class="wrap">Western Xia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1211–34)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea <span style="font-size:85%;">(1231–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–79)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet"><span class="wrap">Tibet <span style="font-size:85%;">(1236 / 1240 / 1252)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–56)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1274 / 1281)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma"><span class="wrap">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1277 / 1283 / 1287)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java <span style="font-size:85%;">(1293)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(1257 / 1284–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1300–02)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India <span style="font-size:85%;">(1221–1327)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia"><span class="wrap">Georgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–36)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Alania" title="Mongol invasion of Alania">Alania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1238–1239)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' <span style="font-size:85%;">(1223 / 1236–40)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1240–41)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258–59)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1259–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–65)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1285–86)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1287–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1291)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–43)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–1256)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–1323)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260 / 1301)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–64)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1262)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1268–1301)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1314–1318)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177320#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177320#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177320#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000369480180">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243240472">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1926085/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvt8WhCYTrJq9PFxrKTpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1146241801">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012054977">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p188616284">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007457724305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/185094481">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hulagu">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&oldid=1258412658">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hulegu_Khan&oldid=1258412658</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hulagu_Khan" title="Category:Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a></li><li><a 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