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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Indonesian Borneo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_Borneo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Logging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforestation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforestation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reforestation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforestation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deforestation</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deforestation_in_Borneo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Deforestation_in_Borneo.jpg/300px-Deforestation_in_Borneo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Deforestation_in_Borneo.jpg/450px-Deforestation_in_Borneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Deforestation_in_Borneo.jpg/600px-Deforestation_in_Borneo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>Trees being felled in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, the Indonesian part of Borneo, in 2013, to make way for a new coal mining project</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Deforestation in Borneo</b> has taken place on an industrial scale since the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">third largest island</a> in the world, divided between <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, was once covered by dense <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical rainforest">subtropical rainforests</a>. </p><p>In the 1980s and 1990s, the forests of Borneo were levelled at a rate unprecedented in human history, burned, logged and cleared, and commonly replaced with agriculture. The <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> continued through the 2000s at a slower pace, alongside the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">palm oil</a> plantations. Half of the annual global <a href="/wiki/Tropical_timber" title="Tropical timber">tropical timber</a> procurement is from Borneo. Palm oil plantations are rapidly encroaching on the last remnants of primary rainforest. Much of the forest clearance is illegal. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> divides Borneo into a number of distinct <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of ecoregions (WWF)">ecoregions</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forests" title="Borneo lowland rain forests">Borneo lowland rain forests</a> which cover most of the island, with an area of 427,500 square kilometres (165,100 sq mi), the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_peat_swamp_forests" title="Borneo peat swamp forests">Borneo peat swamp forests</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kerangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerangas">Kerangas</a></i> or Sundaland heath forests, the Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests, and the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda Shelf</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">mangroves</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Borneo_montane_rain_forests" title="Borneo montane rain forests">Borneo mountain rainforests</a> lie in the central highlands of the island, above the 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) elevation. These areas represent habitat for many <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>; for example, <a href="/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" title="Bornean orangutan">orangutans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">elephants</a> and rare <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemics</a> such as the elusive <a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_civet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hose's civet">Hose's civet</a>. The Bornean orangutan has been a <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> species since 2016. </p><p>As well as Borneo's importance in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> conservation and as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a>, the forests have significance for <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_sovereignty" title="Food sovereignty">food sovereignty</a> for local communities of indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-localvalue_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localvalue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malaysian_Borneo">Malaysian Borneo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_Borneo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Malaysian Borneo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg/250px-Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg/375px-Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg/500px-Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of rainforest converted to <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a> plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Malaysian states of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a>), in the north, occupy about 26% of the island. The forested area here shrank rapidly due to heavy <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> for the Malaysian plywood industry. Two forestry researchers<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517014115/http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/frc/English/index.html">Sepilok Research Centre</a>, Sandakan, Sabah in the early 1980s identified four fast-growing hardwoods and a breakthrough on seed collection and handling of <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_mangium" title="Acacia mangium">Acacia mangium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gmelina_arborea" title="Gmelina arborea">Gmelina arborea</a></i>, fast-growing tropical trees were planted on a huge tract of formerly logged and deforested areas primarily in the northern part of Borneo Island. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of Malaysia have been impacted by <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> without their <a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">free, prior and informed consent</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">ancestral</a> forests. They have used <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">peaceful demonstrations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-localvalue_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localvalue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social media <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rainforest_blockades_in_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rainforest blockades in Borneo">blockades</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to raise awareness of their <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">rights</a> to the forest, with some success. Questions about how and why logging licenses were granted without community consent remain unaddressed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rainforest was also greatly destroyed by the forest fires of 1997 to 1998, which were started by the locals to <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">clear the forests for crops</a> and perpetuated by an exceptionally dry <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> season during that period. During the great fire, hotspots could be seen on <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite images</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">haze</a> thus created affected the surrounding countries of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. In February 2008, the Malaysian government announced the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Corridor_of_Renewable_Energy" title="Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy">Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy</a> plan<sup id="cite_ref-score_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-score-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to harvest the virgin hinterlands of northern Borneo. Further deforestation and destruction of the biodiversity are anticipated in the wake of logging commissions, hydroelectric dams and other mining of minerals and resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indonesian_Borneo">Indonesian Borneo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_Borneo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indonesian Borneo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logging_road_East_Kalimantan_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Logging_road_East_Kalimantan_2005.jpg/250px-Logging_road_East_Kalimantan_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Logging_road_East_Kalimantan_2005.jpg/375px-Logging_road_East_Kalimantan_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Logging_road_East_Kalimantan_2005.jpg/500px-Logging_road_East_Kalimantan_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Logging road and impacts in East Kalimantan: logged forest on the left, primary forest on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>Approximately 73% of the island is Indonesian territory; the Indonesian name for the island, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, is used in English to refer to the Indonesian-controlled territory. </p><p>To combat overpopulation in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, the Indonesian government started a massive transmigration (<a href="/wiki/Transmigrasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigrasi">transmigrasi</a>) of poor farmers and landless peasants into Borneo in the 1970s and 1980s, to farm the logged areas, albeit with little success as the fertility of the land has been removed with the trees and what soil remains is washed away in tropical downpours. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mega_Rice_Project_(Kalimantan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega Rice Project (Kalimantan)">Mega Rice Project</a> was initiated in 1996 in the southern sections of Kalimantan. The goal was to turn one million hectares of "unproductive" and sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">peat swamp forest</a> into <a href="/wiki/Rice_paddies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice paddies">rice paddies</a> in an effort to alleviate Indonesia's growing food shortage. The government made a significant investment in constructing irrigation canals and removing trees. The project did not succeed, and was eventually abandoned after causing considerable damage to the environment. </p><p>The peat swamp forest in the south of Kalimantan is an unusual ecology home to many unique or rare species such as orangutans and slow-growing but valuable trees. The peat swamp forest is a dual ecosystem, with diverse tropical trees standing on a 10 to 12 m layer of <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> - partly decayed and waterlogged plant material – which in turn covers relatively infertile soil. Peat is a major store of carbon. If broken down and burned it contributes to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> emissions, considered a source of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_2015_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20150924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Satellite_image_of_2015_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20150924.jpg/260px-Satellite_image_of_2015_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20150924.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Satellite_image_of_2015_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20150924.jpg/390px-Satellite_image_of_2015_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20150924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Satellite_image_of_2015_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20150924.jpg/520px-Satellite_image_of_2015_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20150924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> satellite image showing the extent of <a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a> on 24 September 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>The water channels, and the roads and railways built for legal forestry, opened up the region to illegal forestry. In the MRP area, forest cover dropped from 64.8% in 1991 to 45.7% in 2000, and clearance has continued since then. It appears that almost all the marketable trees have now been removed from the areas covered by the MRP. </p><p>It turned out that the channels drained the peat forests rather than irrigating them. Where the forests had often flooded up to 2m deep in the rainy season, now their surface is dry at all times of the year. The government has therefore abandoned the MRP, but the drying peat is vulnerable to fires which continue to break out on a massive scale.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After drainage, fires ravaged the area, destroying remaining forest and wildlife along with new agriculture, filling the air above Borneo and beyond with dense smoke and <a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">haze</a> and releasing enormous quantities of CO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere. The destruction had a major negative impact on the livelihoods of people in the area. It caused major smog-related health problems amongst half a million people, who suffered from respiratory problems.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peat forest destruction is causing <a href="/wiki/Sulphuric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphuric acid">sulphuric acid</a> pollution of the rivers. In the rainy seasons, the canals are discharging acidic water with a high ratio of <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyritic sulphate</a> into rivers up to 150 km upstream from the river mouth. This may be a factor contributing to lower fish catches.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A joint UK-Indonesian study of the timber industry in Indonesia as a whole in 1998 suggested that about 40% of the throughput of timber was illegal, with a value in excess of $365 million.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent estimates, comparing legal harvesting against known domestic consumption plus exports, suggest that 88% of logging in the country is illegal in some way.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysia is the key transit country for illegally logged wood products from Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logging">Logging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_Borneo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Logging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logging_trucks_in_Sarawak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Logging_trucks_in_Sarawak.jpg/250px-Logging_trucks_in_Sarawak.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Logging_trucks_in_Sarawak.jpg/375px-Logging_trucks_in_Sarawak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Logging_trucks_in_Sarawak.jpg/500px-Logging_trucks_in_Sarawak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A logging truck in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Deforestation in Borneo was historically low due to infertile soils, unfavourable climate, and the presence of disease. Deforestation only began in earnest during the mid-twentieth century. Industrial logging rose in the 1970s as Malaysia depleted its peninsular forests, and former Indonesian strongman President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> distributed large tracts of forest to cement political relationships with army generals. Thus, logging expanded significantly in the 1980s, with logging roads providing access to remote lands for settlers and developers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Logging in Borneo in the 1980s and 1990s was some of the most intensive the world has ever seen, with 60–240 cubic meters of wood being harvested per hectare versus 23 cubic meters per hectare in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon</a>. In Kalimantan for example, some 80% of lowlands went to timber concessions, including virtually all its mangrove forests. By the late 1980s, it became clear that Indonesia and Malaysia were facing a problem of timber crisis due to over-logging. Demand from timber mills was far-outstripping log production in both Malaysia and Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fires">Fires</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_Borneo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size: 110%; padding:0.2em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a> series</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_2019_Southeast_Asian_haze_in_Borneo_-_20190915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Satellite_image_of_2019_Southeast_Asian_haze_in_Borneo_-_20190915.jpg/250px-Satellite_image_of_2019_Southeast_Asian_haze_in_Borneo_-_20190915.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Satellite_image_of_2019_Southeast_Asian_haze_in_Borneo_-_20190915.jpg/375px-Satellite_image_of_2019_Southeast_Asian_haze_in_Borneo_-_20190915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Satellite_image_of_2019_Southeast_Asian_haze_in_Borneo_-_20190915.jpg/500px-Satellite_image_of_2019_Southeast_Asian_haze_in_Borneo_-_20190915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6155" data-file-height="5141" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Haze in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2019 Southeast Asian haze">2019</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ddddff;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size: 95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1990s</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_Indonesian_forest_fires" title="1997 Indonesian forest fires">1997 Indonesian forest fires</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size: 95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">2000s</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Malaysian_haze" title="2005 Malaysian haze">2005 Malaysian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">2006 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2009 Southeast Asian haze">2009 Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size: 95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">2010s</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2010 Southeast Asian haze">2010 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2013 Southeast Asian haze">2013 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Malaysian_haze" title="2016 Malaysian haze">2016 Malaysian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2016 Southeast Asian haze">2016 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2017 Southeast Asian haze">2017 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2019 Southeast Asian haze">2019 Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ddddff;"> Key topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size: 95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_equator" title="Chemical equator">Chemical equator</a></li> <li>Deforestation <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">in Indonesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Rice_Project" title="Mega Rice Project">Mega Rice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_peat_swamp_forests" title="Borneo peat swamp forests">Borneo</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ddddff;"> Responses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size: 95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Agreement_on_Transboundary_Haze_Pollution" title="ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution">ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary<br /> Haze Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Haze" title="Operation Haze">Operation Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transboundary_Haze_Pollution_Act_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014">Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_to_Stop_Haze" title="People's Movement to Stop Haze">People's Movement to Stop Haze</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ddddff;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size: 95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Malaysia" title="Air pollution in Malaysia">Air pollution in Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index" title="Air Pollution Index">API</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_Standards_Index" title="Pollutant Standards Index">Singapore PSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Category:Southeast Asian haze">Category</a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southeast_Asian_haze_series" title="Template:Southeast Asian haze series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southeast_Asian_haze_series" title="Template talk:Southeast Asian haze series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast_Asian_haze_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast Asian haze series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a> and <a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></div> <p>Most fires in Borneo are set for land-clearing purposes. While the Indonesian government has historically blamed small-scale swidden agriculturalists for fires, <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> notes that satellite mapping has revealed that commercial development for large-scale land conversion – in particular oil palm plantations – was the largest single cause of the infamous 1997–1998 fires. Today fires are still set annually for land clearing in agricultural areas and degraded forests. When conditions are dry, these fires can easily spread to adjacent forest land and burn out of control. Increasingly, the frequency and intensity of fires is causing political tensions in the region. Neighbouring countries, in particular Malaysia and Singapore, blame Indonesia for failing to control the fires. In turn, Indonesia accuses Malaysian firms of starting many of the fires for land-clearing process.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a need for a sustainable management of the forest's resources, in particular the aspect of logging. But in order for that to materialise, there is a need to recognise that protection and conservation of the forest do not solely lie in the hands of Indonesia and/or Malaysia. It is unreasonable to assume that the few highly indebted countries that contain the majority of remaining rain forest should be responsible for single-handedly providing this global public good.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a global effort to protect the rainforest which in turn, will then help to solve the development problems Indonesia and Malaysia face with regards to the Borneo rainforest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforestation">Reforestation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_Borneo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reforestation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently a <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> project in <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a> has reported some success. The <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Orangutan_Survival" title="Borneo Orangutan Survival">Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation</a> (BOS), founded by Dr <a href="/wiki/Willie_Smits" title="Willie Smits">Willie Smits</a>, bought up nearly 2,000 ha of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforested</a> degraded land in East Kalimantan that had suffered from mechanical logging, drought and severe fires and was covered in alang-alang grass (<a href="/wiki/Imperata_cylindrica" title="Imperata cylindrica">Imperata cylindrica</a>). The intention was to restore the rainforest and provide a safe haven for rehabilitated orangutans while at the same time providing a source of income for local people. The project was given the name <a href="/wiki/Samboja_Lestari" title="Samboja Lestari">Samboja Lestari</a>, which roughly translates as the "everlasting conservation of Samboja". <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deforestation_in_Borneo&params=1_2_44_S_116_59_15_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°2′44″S</span> <span class="longitude">116°59′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.04556°S 116.98750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.04556; 116.98750</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reforestation and rehabilitation is the core of the project, with hundreds of indigenous species planted. By the middle of 2006 more than 740 different tree species had been planted.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Lamandau_Nature_Reserve" title="Lamandau Nature Reserve">Lamandau Wildlife Reserve</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orangutan_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orangutan Foundation (page does not exist)">Orangutan Foundation</a> have planted over 60,000 saplings as part of their Forest Restoration Programme.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These saplings were planted in order to reforest and rejuvenate areas damaged by fires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_Borneo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">2006 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_peat_swamp_forests" title="Borneo peat swamp forests">Borneo peat swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Manser" title="Bruno Manser">Bruno Manser</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_Season_(2008_film)" title="The Burning Season (2008 film)">The Burning Season</a></i>, a 2008 documentary about the burning of rainforests in Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">Deforestation in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Environmental issues in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Borneo" title="Heart of Borneo">Heart of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Rice_Project_(Kalimantan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega Rice Project (Kalimantan)">Mega Rice Project (Kalimantan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia" title="Palm oil production in Indonesia">Palm oil production in Indonesia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Report" title="Sarawak Report">Sarawak Report</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative journalism</a> website</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_Borneo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-localvalue-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-localvalue_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-localvalue_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/11/20/claims-over-mount-sadong-to-be-probed-says-awg-tengah/">"Claims over Mount Sadong to be probed, says Awg Tengah"</a>. <i>The Borneo Post</i>. 20 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Claims+over+Mount+Sadong+to+be+probed%2C+says+Awg+Tengah&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2013%2F11%2F20%2Fclaims-over-mount-sadong-to-be-probed-says-awg-tengah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeforestation+in+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=40139">"Deforestation in Malaysian Borneo"</a>. 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class="external text" href="http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/borneo_forests/news/?19930/Borneos-wildlife-threatened-by-illegal-trade-and-deforestation">WWF</a> – Borneo's wildlife threatened by illegal trade and deforestation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019043758/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/borneo/white-text">"Borneo's Moment of Truth"</a> National Geographic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/willie_smits_restores_a_rainforest.html">TED.com TED talk: "Willie Smits restores a rain forest"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208204115/http://www.ted.com/talks/willie_smits_restores_a_rainforest.html">Archived</a> 8 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mongabay.com/borneo.html">Mongabay: Borneo</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deforestation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deforestation" title="Template:Deforestation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deforestation" title="Template talk:Deforestation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deforestation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_continent" title="Deforestation by continent">Deforestation by continent</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Angola" title="Deforestation in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Ethiopia" title="Deforestation in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Kenya" title="Deforestation in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Madagascar" title="Deforestation in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nigeria" title="Deforestation in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASAburningbrazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deforestation in Brazil"><img alt="Deforestation in Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/120px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/180px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/240px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="433" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in the Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil" title="Deforestation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li>Canada (<a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_British_Columbia" title="Deforestation in British Columbia">British Columbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Central_America" title="Deforestation in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Colombia" title="Deforestation in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Deforestation in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico#Environmental_conditions" title="Geography of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_United_States" title="Deforestation in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia" title="Deforestation in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China#Deforestation" title="Environmental issues in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_India" title="Deforestation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Indonesian_Borneo">Kalimantan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Laos" title="Deforestation in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Malaysian_Borneo">East Malaysia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Myanmar" title="Deforestation in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Deforestation in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Taiwan" title="Deforestation in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Thailand" title="Deforestation in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Vietnam" title="Deforestation in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_region#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation by region">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_clearing_in_Australia" title="Land clearing in Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Victoria" title="Deforestation in Victoria">Victoria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Deforestation in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Deforestation_by_region" title="Category:Deforestation by region">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deforestation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deforestation">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borneo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borneo" title="Template:Borneo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borneo" title="Template talk:Borneo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Borneo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Borneo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borneo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eco-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forests" title="Borneo lowland rain forests">Borneo lowland rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_montane_rain_forests" title="Borneo montane rain forests">Borneo montane rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_peat_swamp_forests" title="Borneo peat swamp forests">Borneo peat swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_montane_alpine_meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinabalu montane alpine meadows">Kinabalu montane alpine meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Borneo_freshwater_swamp_forests" title="Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests">Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland_heath_forests" title="Sundaland heath forests">Sundaland heath forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf_mangroves" title="Sunda Shelf mangroves">Sunda Shelf mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Borneo" title="Biodiversity of Borneo">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Borneo" title="Flora of Borneo">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Borneo" title="Fauna of Borneo">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Borneo" title="List of mammals of Borneo">Mammals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Borneo" title="Geological history of Borneo">Geological history of Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deforestation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deforestation in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">Deforestation in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Rice_Project" title="Mega Rice Project">Mega Rice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Indonesian_forest_fires" title="1997 Indonesian forest fires">1997 Indonesian forest fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">2006 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2016 Southeast Asian haze">2016 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2017 Southeast Asian haze">2017 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2019 Southeast Asian haze">2019 Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_Sun_Bear_Conservation_Centre" title="Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre">Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Orangutan_Survival" title="Borneo Orangutan Survival">Borneo Orangutan Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Perai_Protection_Forest" title="Bukit Perai Protection Forest">Bukit Perai Protection Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danum_Valley_Conservation_Area" title="Danum Valley Conservation Area">Danum Valley Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Berau_Nature_Reserve" title="Gunung Berau Nature Reserve">Gunung Berau Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Borneo" title="Heart of Borneo">Heart of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_Mentarang_National_Park" title="Kayan Mentarang National Park">Kayan Mentarang National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_Park" title="Kinabalu Park">Kinabalu Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulamba_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Kulamba Wildlife Reserve">Kulamba Wildlife Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamandau_Nature_Reserve" title="Lamandau Nature Reserve">Lamandau Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanjak_Entimau_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary">Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepilok_Orangutan_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre">Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silabukan_Protection_Forest_Reserve" title="Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve">Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usun_Apau_National_Park" title="Usun Apau National Park">Usun Apau National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">History of Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kalimantan" title="Languages of Kalimantan">Languages of Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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