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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Libya:_647–1556" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Libya:_647–1556"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Islamic Libya: 647–1556 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Libya:_647–1556-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Tripolitania:_1556–1911" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Tripolitania:_1556–1911"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Tripolitania:_1556–1911-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_colonization_and_Allied_occupation:_1911-1951" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_colonization_and_Allied_occupation:_1911-1951"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Italian colonization and Allied occupation: 1911-1951 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_colonization_and_Allied_occupation:_1911-1951-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Kingdom:_1951–1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Kingdom:_1951–1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Independent Kingdom: 1951–1969 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Kingdom:_1951–1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Libya_under_Gaddafi:_1969–2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Libya_under_Gaddafi:_1969–2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Republic of Libya under Gaddafi: 1969–2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Libya_under_Gaddafi:_1969–2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Libyan_Civil_War_and_the_fall_of_Gaddafi:_2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Libyan_Civil_War_and_the_fall_of_Gaddafi:_2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 First Libyan Civil War and the fall of Gaddafi: 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Libyan_Civil_War_and_the_fall_of_Gaddafi:_2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period_and_the_Second_Libyan_Civil_War:_2011–2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period_and_the_Second_Libyan_Civil_War:_2011–2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Interwar period and the Second Libyan Civil War: 2011–2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period_and_the_Second_Libyan_Civil_War:_2011–2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-civil_war_years:_2020–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-civil_war_years:_2020–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Post-civil war years: 2020–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-civil_war_years:_2020–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libyan_Desert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_Desert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Libyan Desert </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libyan_Desert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Foreign Labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Libya</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 258 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-258" aria-hidden="true" > 258 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ливие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ливие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C3%AB" title="Libië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Libië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Libyen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ሊቢያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊቢያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लीबिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लीबिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Ливиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ливиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ليبيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليبيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܠܘܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܘܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լիպիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լիպիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libie" title="Libie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Libie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADvia" title="Lívia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Lívia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liviya" title="Liviya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Liviya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="لیبی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیبی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="লিবিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিবিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ливия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ливия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лівія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лівія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лібія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лібія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लीबिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लीबिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Либия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Либия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Libyen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ལི་པི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལི་པི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libija" title="Libija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Libija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ливи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ливи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbia" title="Líbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Líbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ливи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ливи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libye" title="Libye – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Libye" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribhiya" title="Ribhiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ribhiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Libyen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ليبيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليبيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Libyen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%A9%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ލީބިޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލީބިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CA%BCa%CA%BCaahj%C3%AD_Gh%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BCask%CA%BCidii_Bi%C5%82ikahii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Haʼaʼaahjí Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Haʼaʼaahjí Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyska" title="Libyska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Libyska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लिबिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लिबिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liib%C3%BCa" title="Liibüa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liibüa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%8D%CE%B7" title="Λιβύη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιβύη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libio" title="Libio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbia" title="Líbia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Líbia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="لیبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libye" title="Libye – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Libye" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lybje" title="Lybje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lybje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiya" title="Libiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Libiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Libia" title="An Libia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Libia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Leeb" title="Yn Leeb – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Leeb" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiya" title="Libiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Libiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="ليبي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ليبي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="લિબિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લિબિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लिबिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लिबिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="리비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լիբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लीबिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लीबिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyska" title="Libyska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Libyska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libija" title="Libija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Libija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor badge-Q51759403 badge-goodlist mw-list-item" title="good list badge"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="লিবিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="লিবিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ливи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ливи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILibhiya" title="ILibhiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ILibhiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADb%C3%ADa" title="Líbía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líbía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91" title="לוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liibii" title="Liibii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Liibii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಲಿಬಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಬಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლიბია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიბია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C3%B4" title="Libiô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Libiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ливия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ливия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi" title="Libi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Libi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiya" title="Libiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Libiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi" title="Libi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Libi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi" title="Libi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Libi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEbya" title="Lîbya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîbya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ливия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ливия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ливи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ливи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABbija" title="Lībija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lībija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Libyen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libija" title="Libija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Libija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C3%AB" title="Libië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Libië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%AEya" title="Libîya – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libîya" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livii" title="Livii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Livii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/libgu%27e" title="libgu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="libgu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbia" title="Líbia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Líbia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Либија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Либија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ലിബിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിബിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libja" title="Libja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Libja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABpia" title="Rīpia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rīpia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लीबिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लीबिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლიბია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიბია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ليبيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليبيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="لیبی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لیبی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯂꯤꯕꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯤꯕꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-b%C4%AB-%C4%81" title="Lṳ̄-bī-ā – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lṳ̄-bī-ā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbia" title="Líbia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Líbia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Либия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Либия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ливи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ливи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="လစ်ဗျားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လစ်ဗျားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C3%AB" title="Libië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Libië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C3%AB" title="Libië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Libië" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लिबिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिबिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लिब्या – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लिब्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="リビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbia" title="Libbia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Libbia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%93%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߟߌߓߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߟߌߓߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ливи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ливи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liibyen" title="Liibyen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Liibyen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiia" title="Libiia – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Libiia" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liibiyaa" title="Liibiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Liibiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liviya" title="Liviya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Liviya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਲੀਬੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੀਬੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लिबिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="लिबिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Libyen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیبیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیبیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیبیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لیبیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="លីប៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="លីប៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Libyen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbia" title="Líbia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Líbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liviya" title="Liviya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Liviya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiya" title="Libiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Libiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipya" title="Lipya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lipya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лібія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лібія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ливия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ливия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Лиибийэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лиибийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लिबिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लिबिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%AFi" title="Libïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Libïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACbia" title="Lìbia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lìbia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libie" title="Libie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Libie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Libyen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACbbia" title="Lìbbia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lìbbia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ලිබියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිබියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لبيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لبيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILibhiya" title="ILibhiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ILibhiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbya" title="Líbya – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Líbya" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libija" title="Libija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Libija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libijo" title="Libijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Libijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiya" title="Libiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Libiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیبیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیبیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Либија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Либија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libija" title="Libija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Libija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyen" title="Libyen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Libyen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="லிபியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லிபியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ливия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ливия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းလိပ်ႉပျႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းလိပ်ႉပျႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="లిబియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లిబియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศลิเบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศลิเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%AB" title="ሊብያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሊብያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Либиё – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Либиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwi%C3%BDa" title="Liwiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Liwiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%CC%B1biya" title="Li̱biya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Li̱biya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ливия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ливия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%90" title="ᨒᨗᨅᨐ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨒᨗᨅᨐ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лівія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лівія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیبیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیبیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%89%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="لىۋىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لىۋىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%ACbia" title="Łìbia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łìbia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livii" title="Livii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Livii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCb%C3%A4n" title="Lübän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lübän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liib%C3%BC%C3%A4" title="Liibüä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Liibüä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libeye" title="Libeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Libeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="利比亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="利比亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C3%AB" title="Libië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Libië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi" title="Libi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Libi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利比亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiya" title="Libiya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Libiya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ליביע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ליביע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADby%C3%A0" title="Líbyà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Líbyà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="利比亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="利比亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C3%AB" title="Libië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Libië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97b%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Lėbėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėbėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利比亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi" title="Libi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Libi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia" title="Libia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Libia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Libya" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libij%C9%99" title="Libijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Libijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1016#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Libya&params=27_N_17_E_dim:1500km_type:country_region:LY">27°N 17°E / 27°N 17°E / 27; 17</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in North Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Libya_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Libya (disambiguation)">Libya (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">State of Libya<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_unnote">[a]</a></div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>دولة ليبيا (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) Dawlat Lībiyā</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Libya"><img alt="Flag of Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/125px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/188px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/250px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Libya" title="Flag of Libya">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Libya"><img alt="Seal of Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Libya" title="National Emblem of Libya">Seal</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: ليبيا، ليبيا، ليبيا "<a href="/wiki/Libya,_Libya,_Libya" title="Libya, Libya, Libya">Libya, Libya, Libya</a>"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="68" data-mwtitle="Libya,_Libya,_Libya_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Libya%2C_Libya%2C_Libya_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/Libya%2C_Libya%2C_Libya_instrumental.ogg/Libya%2C_Libya%2C_Libya_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALibya%2C_Libya%2C_Libya_instrumental.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALibya%2C_Libya%2C_Libya_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALibya%2C_Libya%2C_Libya_instrumental.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALibya%2C_Libya%2C_Libya_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_(centered_orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Libya (dark green) in northern Africa"><img alt="Location of Libya (dark green) in northern Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Libya_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Libya_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Libya_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Libya_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Libya_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Libya_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="501" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Libya (dark green) in northern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Libya&params=32_52_N_13_11_E_type:city">32°52′N 13°11′E / 32.867°N 13.183°E / 32.867; 13.183</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_arabicnote">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local vernacular</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (1999)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>92% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li>5% <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a></li> <li>3% Others</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>96.6% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li> <li>2.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Christianity</a></li> <li>0.7% others</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Libya" title="Demographics of Libya">Libyan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya" title="Politics of Libya">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Libya" title="List of heads of state of Libya">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_(Libya)" title="Presidential Council (Libya)">Presidential Council</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">Mohamed al-Menfi</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_(Libya)" title="Presidential Council (Libya)">Vice Chairman of the Presidential Council</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Musa_Al-Koni" title="Musa Al-Koni">Musa Al-Koni</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Libya" title="List of heads of government of Libya">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Dbeibeh" title="Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh">Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aguila_Saleh_Issa" title="Aguila Saleh Issa">Aguila Saleh Issa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency of Tripoli">Regency of Tripoli</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1551</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 November 1911</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence declared<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_indepnote">[c]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 December 1951</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">Coup d'état by Muammar Gaddafi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1977</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 February 2011</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO intervention in Libya</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 2011</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">End of Second Libyan Civil War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 October 2020</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,759,541 km2 (679,363 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">16th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Libya" title="Demographics of Libya">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,361,263<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">103rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.184/km2 (10.8/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">218th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $183.39 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LY-6">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">79th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $26,928<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LY-6">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">68th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $48.22 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LY-6">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">93rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6,987 <a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LY-6">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">93rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.746<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-7">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">92nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_dinar" title="Libyan dinar">Libyan dinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">LYD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Libya" title="Telephone numbers in Libya">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Libya" title="Telephone numbers in Libya">+218</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:LY" title="ISO 3166-2:LY">LY</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ly" title=".ly">.ly</a> ليبيا.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_unnote">^</a> United Nations note concerning official name: "Following the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 66/1, the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations formally notified the United Nations of a Declaration by the National Transitional Council of 3 August changing the official name of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to 'Libya' and changing Libya's national flag."</li><li value="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_arabicnote">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> is simply identified as "<a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic">Arabic</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Libyan_interim_Constitutional_Declaration" title="Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration">Constitutional Declaration</a>, article 1).</li><li value="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_indepnote">^</a> The UK and France held a <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">joint condominium</a> over Libya through the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">United Nations Trusteeship Council</a>.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Libya,<a href="#cite_note-8">[d]</a> officially the State of Libya,<a href="#cite_note-11">[e]</a> is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. It borders the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Libya_border" title="Egypt–Libya border">the east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Sudan_border" title="Libya–Sudan border">the southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Libya_border" title="Chad–Libya border">the south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> to <a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Libya–Niger border">the southwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Libya_border" title="Algeria–Libya border">the west</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Tunisia_border" title="Libya–Tunisia border">the northwest</a>, as well as maritime borders with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> to the north. Libya comprises three historical regions: <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>. With an area of almost 1.8 million km2 (700,000 sq mi), it is the fourth-largest country in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">16th-largest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[7]</a> Libya claims 32,000 square kilometres of southeastern Algeria, south of the Libyan town of <a href="/wiki/Ghat,_Libya" title="Ghat, Libya">Ghat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[8]</a> The country's official religion is <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Islam</a>, with 96.6% of the Libyan population being <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> The official language of Libya is <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a>, with vernacular <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan Arabic</a> being spoken most widely. The majority of Libya's population is <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[9]</a> The largest city and capital, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, is located in northwestern Libya and contains over a million of Libya's seven million people.<a href="#cite_note-auto-15">[10]</a> Libya has been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> since the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> as descendants from <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capsian" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsian">Capsian</a> cultures.<a href="#cite_note-16">[11]</a> In classical antiquity, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> established city-states and trading posts in western Libya, while several <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Greek cities</a> were established in the East. Parts of Libya were variously ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Greeks</a> before the entire region becoming a part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Libya was an <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">early centre of Christianity</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandals</a> until the 7th century when <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">invasions</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to the region. From then on, centuries of <a href="/wiki/Arab_migration_to_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab migration to the Maghreb">Arab migration to the Maghreb</a> shifted the demographic scope of Libya in favour of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of St John">Knights of St John</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> until <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">began in 1551</a>. Libya was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Wars" title="Barbary Wars">Barbary Wars</a> of the 18th and 19th centuries. Ottoman rule continued until the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> occupation of Libya and the establishment of two colonies, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Italian Cyrenaica</a> (1911–1934), later unified in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> colony from 1934 to 1943. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Libya was an area of warfare in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian population</a> then went into decline. Libya became independent as a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">kingdom</a> in 1951. A <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">bloodless</a> <a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">military coup in 1969</a>, initiated by a coalition led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, overthrew <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">King Idris I</a> and created a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a> Gaddafi was often described by critics as a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>, and was one of the world's longest serving non-royal leaders, ruling for 42 years.<a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a> He <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">ruled</a> until being overthrown and <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muammar Gaddafi">killed</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">2011 Libyan Civil War</a>, which was part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, with authority transferred to the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> then to the elected <a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress" title="General National Congress">General National Congress</a>. Since 2011, Libya has been involved in a <a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">political and humanitarian crisis</a>, and by 2014, two rival authorities claimed to govern Libya,<a href="#cite_note-rival-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a> which led to a <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">second civil war</a>, with parts of Libya split between the Tobruk and Tripoli-based governments as well as various tribal and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> militias.<a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a> The two main warring sides signed a permanent ceasefire in 2020, and a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya)" title="Government of National Unity (Libya)">unity government</a> took authority to plan for democratic elections, though political rivalries continue to delay this.<a href="#cite_note-23">[18]</a> In March 2022, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a> ceased recognising the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya)" title="Government of National Unity (Libya)">Government of National Unity</a> and proclaimed an alternative government, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Stability" title="Government of National Stability">Government of National Stability</a> (GNS). Both governments have been functioning simultaneously since then, which has led to dual power in Libya. The international community continues to recognise the unity government as the legitimate government of the country.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> Libya is a developing country ranking 92nd by HDI,<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-7">[4]</a> the highest score in mainland Africa, and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">10th-largest proven oil reserves</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> Libya is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeological_Site_of_Sabratha-108976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Archaeological_Site_of_Sabratha-108976.jpg/220px-Archaeological_Site_of_Sabratha-108976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Archaeological_Site_of_Sabratha-108976.jpg/330px-Archaeological_Site_of_Sabratha-108976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Archaeological_Site_of_Sabratha-108976.jpg/440px-Archaeological_Site_of_Sabratha-108976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Sabratha</a>, Libya</figcaption></figure> The origin of the name "Libya" first appeared in an inscription of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, written as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rbw" class="extiw" title="wikt:rbw">rbw</a> in hieroglyphic. The name derives from a generalized identity given to a large confederacy of ancient east "Libyan" <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_African" class="mw-redirect" title="North African">North African</a> people(s) and tribes who lived around the lush regions of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marmarica" title="Marmarica">Marmarica</a>. An army of 40,000 men<a href="#cite_note-3.8_MERENPTAH_(1236-1230_BC)-26">[21]</a> and a confederacy of tribes known as "Great Chiefs of the <a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libu</a>" were led by King <a href="/wiki/Meryey" title="Meryey">Meryey</a> who fought a war against <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> in year 5 (1208 BCE). This conflict was mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Karnak_Inscription" title="Great Karnak Inscription">Great Karnak Inscription</a> in the western delta during the 5th and 6th years of his reign and resulted in a defeat for Meryey. According to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Karnak_Inscription" title="Great Karnak Inscription">Great Karnak Inscription</a>, the military alliance comprised the <a href="/wiki/Meshwesh" title="Meshwesh">Meshwesh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukka">Lukka</a>, and the "Sea Peoples" known as the <a href="/wiki/Ekwesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekwesh">Ekwesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Teresh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shekelesh" title="Shekelesh">Shekelesh</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sherden" title="Sherden">Sherden</a>. The Great karnak inscription reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"... the third season, saying: 'The wretched, fallen chief of Libya, Meryey, son of Ded, has fallen upon the country of Tehenu with his bowmen — Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh. Taking the best of every warrior and every man of war of his country. He has brought his wife and his children — leaders of the camp, and he has reached the western boundary in the fields of Perire."</blockquote> The name "Libya" was brought back into use in 1903 by Italian geographer Federico Minutilli. It was intended to supplant terms applied to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman Tripolitania</a>, the coastal region of what is today Libya, having been ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911 as the Eyalet of Tripolitania.<a href="#cite_note-be177-27">[22]</a> Libya gained independence in 1951 as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">United Libyan Kingdom</a> (المملكة الليبية المتحدة al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah al-Muttaḥidah), changing its name to the Kingdom of Libya (المملكة الليبية al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah), literally "Libyan Kingdom", in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> Following a coup d'état led by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in 1969, the name of the state was changed to the Libyan Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية الليبية al-Jumhūriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah). The official name was "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" from 1977 to 1986 (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية), and "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"<a href="#cite_note-name-29">[24]</a> (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمى,<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> al-Jamāhīriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah ash-Sha'biyyah al-Ishtirākiyyah al-'Udmá <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2a\/Al-Jamahiriyyah_al-Arabiyyah_al-Libiyyah_ash-shabiyyah_al-Ishtirakiyyah_al-Udhma.ogg\/Al-Jamahiriyyah_al-Arabiyyah_al-Libiyyah_ash-shabiyyah_al-Ishtirakiyyah_al-Udhma.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Al-Jamahiriyyah al-Arabiyyah al-Libiyyah ash-shabiyyah al-Ishtirakiyyah al-Udhma.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Al-Jamahiriyyah_al-Arabiyyah_al-Libiyyah_ash-shabiyyah_al-Ishtirakiyyah_al-Udhma.ogg/Al-Jamahiriyyah_al-Arabiyyah_al-Libiyyah_ash-shabiyyah_al-Ishtirakiyyah_al-Udhma.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Jamahiriyyah_al-Arabiyyah_al-Libiyyah_ash-shabiyyah_al-Ishtirakiyyah_al-Udhma.ogg" title="File:Al-Jamahiriyyah al-Arabiyyah al-Libiyyah ash-shabiyyah al-Ishtirakiyyah al-Udhma.ogg">ⓘ</a>) from 1986 to 2011. The <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a>, established in 2011, referred to the state as simply "Libya". The UN formally recognized the country as "Libya" in September 2011<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> based on a request from the Permanent Mission of Libya citing the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_interim_Constitutional_Declaration" title="Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration">Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration</a> of 3 August 2011. In November 2011, the <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a> was altered to reflect the new country name "Libya" in English, "Libye (la)" in French.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> In December 2017 the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations informed the United Nations that the country's official name was henceforth the "State of Libya"; "Libya" remained the official short form, and the country continued to be listed under "L" in alphabetical lists.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">History of Libya</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Libya">Ancient Libya</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg/220px-Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg/330px-Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg/440px-Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></figcaption></figure> The coastal plain of Libya was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> peoples from as early as 8000 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber people</a> are assumed to have spread into the area by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>. The earliest known name of such a tribe was the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Germa" title="Germa">Germa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> were the first to establish trading posts in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> By the 5th century BC, the greatest of the Phoenician colonies, <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, had extended its <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> across much of North Africa, where a distinctive civilization, known as <a href="/wiki/Punic" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic">Punic</a>, came into being. In 630 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> colonized the area around <a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a> in Eastern Libya and founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> Within 200 years, four more important Greek cities were established in the area that became known as <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> The area was home to the renowned philosophy school of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a>. In 525 BC the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> army of <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> overran Cyrenaica, which for the next two centuries remained under Persian or Egyptian rule. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> ended Persian rule in 331 BC and received tribute from Cyrenaica. Eastern Libya again fell under the control of the Greeks, this time as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>. After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> the Romans did not immediately occupy <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> (the region around Tripoli), but left it instead under control of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, until the coastal cities asked and obtained its protection.<a href="#cite_note-be202-37">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Apion" title="Ptolemy Apion">Ptolemy Apion</a>, the last Greek ruler, bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome, which formally annexed the region in 74 BC and joined it to Crete as <a href="/wiki/Creta_et_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Creta et Cyrenaica">a Roman province</a>. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Nova">Africa Nova</a> province, Tripolitania was prosperous,<a href="#cite_note-be202-37">[32]</a> and reached a golden age in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, when the city of <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a>, was at its height.<a href="#cite_note-be202-37">[32]</a> On the Eastern side, Cyrenaica's first Christian communities were established by the time of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-be417-38">[33]</a> It was heavily devastated during the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a><a href="#cite_note-ro364-39">[34]</a> and almost depopulated of Greeks and Jews alike.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> Although repopulated by <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> with military colonies,<a href="#cite_note-ro364-39">[34]</a> from then started its decline.<a href="#cite_note-be417-38">[33]</a> Libya was early to convert to <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> and was the home of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Pope Victor I</a>; however, Libya was also home to many non-Nicene varieties of early Christianity, such as <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Libya:_647–1556">Islamic Libya: 647–1556</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Tripolitania_and_Cyrenaica" title="Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica">Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awjila_(Libia)_-_The_Mosque_of_Atiq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Awjila_%28Libia%29_-_The_Mosque_of_Atiq.jpg/170px-Awjila_%28Libia%29_-_The_Mosque_of_Atiq.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Awjila_%28Libia%29_-_The_Mosque_of_Atiq.jpg/255px-Awjila_%28Libia%29_-_The_Mosque_of_Atiq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Awjila_%28Libia%29_-_The_Mosque_of_Atiq.jpg/340px-Awjila_%28Libia%29_-_The_Mosque_of_Atiq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Atiq_Mosque,_Awjila" title="Atiq Mosque, Awjila">Atiq Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Awjila" title="Awjila">Awjila</a> is the oldest mosque in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.</figcaption></figure> Under the command of <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Rashidun army</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-be278-41">[36]</a> In 647 an army led by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saad">Abdullah ibn Saad</a> took Tripoli from the Byzantines definitively.<a href="#cite_note-be278-41">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a> in 663. The Berber tribes of the hinterland accepted Islam, however they resisted Arab political rule.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> For the next several decades, Libya was under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph of Damascus">Caliph of Damascus</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a> overthrew the Umayyads in 750, and Libya came under the rule of Baghdad. When Caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I_ibn_al-Aghlab" title="Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab">Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab</a> as his governor of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> in 800, Libya enjoyed considerable local autonomy under the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabid</a> dynasty. By the 10th century, the Shiite <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> controlled Western Libya, and ruled the entire region in 972 and appointed <a href="/wiki/Bologhine_ibn_Ziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologhine ibn Ziri">Bologhine ibn Ziri</a> as governor.<a href="#cite_note-be202-37">[32]</a> Ibn Ziri's Berber <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a> ultimately broke away from the Shiite Fatimids, and recognized the Sunni Abbasids of Baghdad as rightful Caliphs. In retaliation, the Fatimids brought about the migration of thousands from mainly two Arab Qaisi tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> to North Africa. This act drastically altered the fabric of the Libyan countryside, and cemented the cultural and linguistic Arabisation of the region.<a href="#cite_note-be202-37">[32]</a> Zirid rule in Tripolitania was short-lived though, and already in 1001 the Berbers of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazrun" title="Banu Khazrun">Banu Khazrun</a> broke away. Tripolitania remained under their control until 1146, when the region was overtaken by the <a href="/wiki/Normans_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans of Sicily">Normans of Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-be203-43">[38]</a> For the next 50 years, Tripolitania was the scene of numerous battles among <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> rulers and insurgents of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghaniya" title="Banu Ghaniya">Banu Ghaniya</a>. Later, a general of the Almohads, Muhammad ibn Abu Hafs, ruled Libya from 1207 to 1221 before the later establishment of the Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-be203-43">[38]</a> independent from the Almohads. In the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Thabit" title="Banu Thabit">Banu Thabit</a> dynasty ruled Tripolitania before reverting to direct Hafsid control. By the 16th century, the Hafsids became increasingly caught up in the power struggle between Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. After Abbasid control was weakened, Cyrenaica was under Egypt-based states such as the <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidids</a>, Ayyubids, and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluks</a> before Ottoman conquest in 1517. <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> acquired independence under Awlad Muhammad dynasty after <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a> rule. Ottomans finally conquered Fezzan between 1556 and 1577. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Tripolitania:_1556–1911">Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman Tripolitania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Tripoli_by_the_Ottomans_1551.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Capture_of_Tripoli_by_the_Ottomans_1551.jpg/220px-Capture_of_Tripoli_by_the_Ottomans_1551.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Capture_of_Tripoli_by_the_Ottomans_1551.jpg/330px-Capture_of_Tripoli_by_the_Ottomans_1551.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Capture_of_Tripoli_by_the_Ottomans_1551.jpg/440px-Capture_of_Tripoli_by_the_Ottomans_1551.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">siege of Tripoli</a> in 1551 allowed the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottomans</a> to capture the city from the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of St. John</a>.</figcaption></figure> After a successful invasion of Tripoli by <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> in 1510,<a href="#cite_note-be203-43">[38]</a> and its handover to the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_St._John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of St. John">Knights of St. John</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> admiral <a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_(Ottoman_admiral)" title="Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)">Sinan Pasha</a> took control of Libya in 1551.<a href="#cite_note-be203-43">[38]</a> His successor <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> was named the <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a> of Tripoli and later <a href="/wiki/Pasha_of_Tripoli" title="Pasha of Tripoli">Pasha of Tripoli</a> in 1556. By 1565, administrative authority as regent in Tripoli was vested in a <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a> appointed directly by the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>/<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. In the 1580s, the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> gave their allegiance to the sultan, and although Ottoman authority was absent in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, a bey was stationed in Benghazi late in the next century to act as agent of the government in Tripoli.<a href="#cite_note-be417-38">[33]</a> European <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slaves</a> and large numbers of enslaved Blacks transported from Sudan were also a feature of everyday life in Tripoli. In 1551, <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> enslaved almost the entire population of the Maltese island of <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>, some 5,000 people, sending them to Libya.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> In time, real power came to rest with the pasha's corps of <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-be203-43">[38]</a> In 1611 the <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">deys</a> staged a coup against the pasha, and Dey Sulayman Safar was appointed as head of government. For the next hundred years, a series of deys effectively ruled Tripolitania. The two most important Deys were <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Saqizli" title="Mehmed Saqizli">Mehmed Saqizli</a> (r. 1631–49) and <a href="/wiki/Osman_Saqizli" title="Osman Saqizli">Osman Saqizli</a> (r. 1649–72), both also Pasha, who ruled effectively the region.<a href="#cite_note-be204-46">[41]</a> The latter conquered also Cyrenaica.<a href="#cite_note-be204-46">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tripoli_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/190px-Tripoli_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tripoli_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/285px-Tripoli_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tripoli_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/380px-Tripoli_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Map of Tripoli and its suburbs at the beginning of the sixteenth century AD, by <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></figcaption></figure> Lacking direction from the Ottoman government, Tripoli lapsed into a period of military anarchy during which coup followed coup and few deys survived in office more than a year. One such coup was led by Turkish officer <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Karamanli" title="Ahmed Karamanli">Ahmed Karamanli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-be204-46">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Karamanli_dynasty" title="Karamanli dynasty">Karamanlis</a> ruled from 1711 until 1835 mainly in Tripolitania, and had influence in Cyrenaica and Fezzan as well by the mid-18th century. Ahmed's successors proved to be less capable than himself, however, the region's delicate balance of power allowed the Karamanli. The <a href="/wiki/1793%E2%80%9395_Tripolitanian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1793–95 Tripolitanian civil war">1793–95 Tripolitanian civil war</a> occurred in those years. In 1793, Turkish officer <a href="/wiki/Trabluslu_Ali_Pasha" title="Trabluslu Ali Pasha">Ali Pasha</a> deposed Hamet Karamanli and briefly restored Tripolitania to Ottoman rule. Hamet's brother <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli" title="Yusuf Karamanli">Yusuf</a> (r. 1795–1832) re-established Tripolitania's independence. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH_65536-KN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NH_65536-KN.jpg/250px-NH_65536-KN.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NH_65536-KN.jpg/375px-NH_65536-KN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NH_65536-KN.jpg/500px-NH_65536-KN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7021" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>A US Navy expedition under Commodore <a href="/wiki/Edward_Preble" title="Edward Preble">Edward Preble</a> engaging gunboats and fortifications in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, 1804</figcaption></figure> In the early 19th century war broke out between the United States and Tripolitania, and a series of battles ensued in what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a>. By 1819, the various treaties of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> had forced the Barbary states to give up piracy almost entirely, and Tripolitania's economy began to crumble. As Yusuf weakened, factions sprung up around his three sons. Civil war soon resulted.<a href="#cite_note-be205-47">[42]</a> Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripolitania.<a href="#cite_note-be205-47">[42]</a> Order was not recovered easily, and the revolt of the Libyan under Abd-El-Gelil and Gûma ben Khalifa lasted until the death of the latter in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-be205-47">[42]</a> The second period of direct Ottoman rule saw administrative changes, and greater order in the governance of the three provinces of Libya. Ottoman rule finally reasserted to Fezzan between 1850 and 1875 for earning income from Saharan commerce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_colonization_and_Allied_occupation:_1911-1951">Italian colonization and Allied occupation: 1911-1951</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Italian Cyrenaica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Italian colonization of Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Mukhtar_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Omar_Mukhtar_13.jpg/130px-Omar_Mukhtar_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Omar_Mukhtar_13.jpg/195px-Omar_Mukhtar_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Omar_Mukhtar_13.jpg/260px-Omar_Mukhtar_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a> was a prominent leader of Libyan resistance in Cyrenaica against Italian colonization.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–1912), Italy simultaneously turned the three regions into colonies.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> From 1912 to 1927, the territory of Libya was known as <a href="/wiki/Italian_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian North Africa">Italian North Africa</a>. From 1927 to 1934, the territory was split into two colonies, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Italian Cyrenaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a>, run by Italian governors. Some 150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting roughly 20% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a> rose to prominence as a <a href="/wiki/Libyan_resistance_movement" title="Libyan resistance movement">resistance leader</a> against Italian colonization and became a national hero despite his capture and execution on 16 September 1931.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> His face is currently printed on the Libyan ten dinar note in memory and recognition of his patriotism. Another prominent resistance leader, Idris al-Mahdi as-Senussi (later <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">King Idris I</a>), Emir of Cyrenaica, continued to lead the Libyan resistance until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacification of Libya">pacification of Libya</a>" by the Italians resulted in mass deaths of the indigenous people in Cyrenaica, killing approximately one quarter of Cyrenaica's population of 225,000.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a> estimates that between 1928 and 1932 the Italian military "killed half the Bedouin population (directly or through disease and starvation in <a href="/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps_in_Libya" title="Italian concentration camps in Libya">Italian concentration camps in Libya</a>)."<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg/270px-Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg/405px-Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg/540px-Cartolina_Giovanni_Pastorelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Italian propaganda postcard depicting the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Libya" title="Italian invasion of Libya">Italian invasion of Libya</a> in 1911</figcaption></figure> In 1934, Italy combined <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> and adopted the name "Libya" (used by the Ancient Greeks for all of North Africa except Egypt) for the unified colony, with Tripoli as its capital.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> The Italians emphasized infrastructure improvements and public works. In particular, they greatly expanded Libyan railway and road networks from 1934 to 1940, building hundreds of kilometres of new roads and railways and encouraging the establishment of new industries and dozens of new agricultural villages. In June 1940, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy entered World War II</a>. Libya became the setting for the hard-fought <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> that ultimately ended in defeat for Italy and its <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">German ally</a> in 1943. From 1943 to 1951, Libya was under <a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied occupation of Libya">Allied occupation</a>. The British military <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">administered</a> the two former Italian Libyan provinces of Tripolitana and Cyrenaïca, while the French <a href="/wiki/French_Fezzan" class="mw-redirect" title="French Fezzan">administered</a> the province of Fezzan. In 1944, Idris returned from exile in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> but declined to resume permanent residence in Cyrenaica until the removal of some aspects of foreign control in 1947. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">1947 peace treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, Italy relinquished all claims to Libya.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Kingdom:_1951–1969">Independent Kingdom: 1951–1969</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IdrisI3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/IdrisI3.jpg/150px-IdrisI3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/IdrisI3.jpg/226px-IdrisI3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/IdrisI3.jpg/300px-IdrisI3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Idris" class="mw-redirect" title="King Idris">King Idris</a> of Libya</figcaption></figure> A national assembly crafted a constitution that established a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> and extended an offer for the throne to <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Sayyid Idris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Cyrenaica">Emir of Cyrenaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> Sayyid Idris held the esteemed position as the leader of the influential <a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senussi religious brotherhood</a>, which was founded by his grandfather in the preceding century as a response to Western influence in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> This devout Islamic movement garnered significant support from the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">desert Bedouin</a> and became a major political force in Libya. During the declining years of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, it effectively governed the Libyan interior.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> Born in an oasis in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> in 1890, Sayyid Idris assumed leadership of the Senussi at a young age. He spent a considerable period of exile in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> under Italian rule and returned to Libya after the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> were ousted in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> On December 24, 1951, as King Idris I, he addressed the nation via radio from <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> On November 21, 1949, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952.<a href="#cite_note-:3-56">[51]</a> Idris represented Libya in the subsequent UN negotiations. By December 24, 1951, Libya declared its independence as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Libya">United Kingdom of Libya</a>, a constitutional and hereditary <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris I of Libya">Idris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-57">[52]</a> However, the new kingdom faced challenging prospects.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> It lacked significant industry and agricultural resources.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> The kingdom's primary exports consisted of hides, wool, horses, and ostrich feathers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> Despite having one of the lowest income per capita figures globally, it also suffered from one of the highest illiteracy rates.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> King Idris I, already in his sixties, had no direct heir to succeed him.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> His cousin, whom he had married in 1932, reportedly experienced numerous miscarriages, and their son, born in 1953, tragically died shortly after birth.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> Crown Prince Rida, Idris's brother, was the designated heir, but the royal family was riddled with incessant disputes.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> King Idris's devout Muslim piety, which solidified his support among the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin population</a>, clashed with the modernizing and urban intellectual currents in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> To address the rivalry between Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, Benghazi and Tripoli alternated as the capital every two years. The swift emergence of a large number of bureaucrats resulted in a costly royal government.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[50]</a> The discovery of significant <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> in 1959 and the subsequent income from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> sales enabled one of the world's poorest nations to establish an extremely wealthy state.<a href="#cite_note-:4-57">[52]</a> Although oil drastically improved the Libyan government's finances, popular resentment began to build over the increased concentration of the nation's wealth in the hands of King Idris and the national elite.<a href="#cite_note-:3-56">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-57">[52]</a> This discontent continued to mount with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> throughout North Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-57">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Libya_under_Gaddafi:_1969–2011">Republic of Libya under Gaddafi: 1969–2011</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a></div> On 1 September 1969, a group of rebel military officers led by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">coup d'état against King Idris</a>, which became known as the Al Fateh Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-SalakLibya-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-59">[54]</a> Gaddafi was referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution" title="Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution">Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution</a>" in government statements and the official Libyan press.<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-59">[54]</a> He began dominating history and politics of Libya for the next four decades.<a href="#cite_note-:6-59">[54]</a> Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian community</a> was expelled from Libya alongside the smaller community of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Italian Libyan Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-59">[54]</a> The day became a <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">national holiday</a> known as "Vengeance Day".<a href="#cite_note-:6-59">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg/166px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg/249px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg/333px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, leader of Libya (1969–2011)</figcaption></figure> Libya's increase in prosperity was accompanied by increased internal political repression, and political dissent was made illegal under Law 75 of 1973.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> Widespread surveillance of the population was carried out through Gaddafi's Revolutionary Committees.<a href="#cite_note-Gaddafiunrepentant-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> Gaddafi also wanted to ease the strict social restrictions imposed on women by the previous regime, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Women%27s_Formation" title="Revolutionary Women's Formation">Revolutionary Women's Formation</a> to encourage reform.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> In 1970, a law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes and wage parity.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> In 1971, Gaddafi sponsored the creation of a Libyan General Women's Federation.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> In 1972, a law was passed criminalizing the marriage of girls under the age of sixteen and making the woman's consent a necessary prerequisite for a marriage.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> On 25 October 1975, a coup attempt was launched by a group of 20 military officers, mostly from the city of <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> This resulted in the arrest and executions of the coup plotters.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> In March 1977, Libya officially became the "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya".<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> Gaddafi officially passed power to the <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee" title="General People's Committee">General People's Committees</a> and henceforth claimed to be no more than a symbolic figurehead.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> The new jamahiriya (Arab for "republic") governance structure he established was officially referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> Gaddafi, in his vision of democratic government and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, published <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)">The Green Book</a> in 1975. His short book inscribed a representative mix of utopian socialism and Arab nationalism with a streak of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> supremacy.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-4J_of_VF-74_with_Libyan_MiG-23_over_Gulf_of_Sidra_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/F-4J_of_VF-74_with_Libyan_MiG-23_over_Gulf_of_Sidra_1981.jpg/220px-F-4J_of_VF-74_with_Libyan_MiG-23_over_Gulf_of_Sidra_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/F-4J_of_VF-74_with_Libyan_MiG-23_over_Gulf_of_Sidra_1981.jpg/330px-F-4J_of_VF-74_with_Libyan_MiG-23_over_Gulf_of_Sidra_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/F-4J_of_VF-74_with_Libyan_MiG-23_over_Gulf_of_Sidra_1981.jpg/440px-F-4J_of_VF-74_with_Libyan_MiG-23_over_Gulf_of_Sidra_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>F-4J of VF-74 with Libyan MiG-23 over Gulf of Sidra in 1981</figcaption></figure>In February 1977, Libya started delivering military supplies to <a href="/wiki/Goukouni_Oueddei" title="Goukouni Oueddei">Goukouni Oueddei</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="People's Armed Forces">People's Armed Forces</a> in Chad.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a> began in earnest when Libya's support of rebel forces in northern Chad escalated into an <a href="/wiki/Toyota_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota war">invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> Later that same year, Libya and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> fought a four-day border war that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> Both nations agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> under the mediation of the Algerian president <a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Houari Boumédiène</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> Hundreds of Libyans lost their lives in the country's support for <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">war against Tanzania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> Gaddafi financed various other groups from anti-nuclear movements to Australian trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> On 2 March 1977, Libya officially became Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> Libya adopted its plain green national flag on 19 November 1977.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> The country had the only plain-coloured flag in the world until 2011, when Libya adopted its current flag.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From 1977 onward, per capita income in the country rose to more than US$11,000, the fifth-highest in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> became the highest in Africa and greater than that of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dailynews-73">[68]</a> This was achieved without borrowing any foreign loans, keeping Libya <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states by public debt">debt-free</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Manmade_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Manmade River">Great Manmade River</a> was also built to allow free access to fresh water across large parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-dailynews-73">[68]</a> In addition, financial support was provided for university scholarships and employment programs.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> Much of Libya's income from oil, which soared in the 1970s, was spent on arms purchases and on sponsoring dozens of paramilitaries and terrorist groups around the world.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> An <a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">American airstrike</a> led by then US president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> intended to kill Gaddafi failed in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> Libya was finally put under sanctions by the United Nations after the <a href="/wiki/Lockerbie_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockerbie bombing">bombing</a> of a commercial flight at <a href="/wiki/Lockerbie" title="Lockerbie">Lockerbie</a> in 1988 killed 270 people.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> In the 1990s, the government's rule was threatened by militant Islamism and an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-Martínez_2007_71-80">[75]</a> The government responded with repressive measures.<a href="#cite_note-Martínez_2007_71-80">[75]</a> Riots and Islamic activisim were crushed by <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guard Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martínez_2007_71-80">[75]</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> between 1995 and 1998 was politically unstable, due to the tribal allegiances of the local troops.<a href="#cite_note-Martínez_2007_71-80">[75]</a> In 2003, Gaddafi announced that all of his regime's <a href="/wiki/Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Libya and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> were disassembled, and that Libya was transitioning toward <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalEdge-61">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Libyan_Civil_War_and_the_fall_of_Gaddafi:_2011">First Libyan Civil War and the fall of Gaddafi: 2011</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_Cretz_Stands_by_Fist_Crushing_a_U.S._Fighter_Plane_Sculpture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ambassador_Cretz_Stands_by_Fist_Crushing_a_U.S._Fighter_Plane_Sculpture.jpg/220px-Ambassador_Cretz_Stands_by_Fist_Crushing_a_U.S._Fighter_Plane_Sculpture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ambassador_Cretz_Stands_by_Fist_Crushing_a_U.S._Fighter_Plane_Sculpture.jpg/330px-Ambassador_Cretz_Stands_by_Fist_Crushing_a_U.S._Fighter_Plane_Sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ambassador_Cretz_Stands_by_Fist_Crushing_a_U.S._Fighter_Plane_Sculpture.jpg/440px-Ambassador_Cretz_Stands_by_Fist_Crushing_a_U.S._Fighter_Plane_Sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Ambassador Cretz Stands by Fist Crushing a US Fighter Plane Sculpture which was captured after the <a href="/wiki/2011_Battle_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Battle of Tripoli">fall of Tripoli</a></figcaption></figure> The first civil war came during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> movements which overturned the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Libya first experienced protests against Gaddafi's regime on 15 February 2011, with a full-scale revolt beginning on <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Day" title="Revolution Day">17 February</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> Libya's authoritarian regime led by Muammar Gaddafi put up much more of a resistance compared to the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia. While overthrowing the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia was a relatively quick process, Gaddafi's campaign posed significant stalls on the uprising in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-:15-82">[77]</a> The first announcement of a competing political authority appeared online and declared the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Transitional_National_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Interim Transitional National Council">Interim Transitional National Council</a> as an alternative government. One of Gaddafi's senior advisors responded by posting a tweet, wherein he resigned, defected, and advised Gaddafi to flee.<a href="#cite_note-:14-83">[78]</a> By 20 February, the unrest had spread to Tripoli. On 27 February 2011, the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> was established to administer the areas of Libya under rebel control. On 10 March 2011, the United States and many other nations recognised the council headed by <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Jibril" title="Mahmoud Jibril">Mahmoud Jibril</a> as acting prime minister and as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people and withdrawing the recognition of Gaddafi's regime.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_square_protests_in_Tripoli,_Libya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Green_square_protests_in_Tripoli%2C_Libya.jpg/220px-Green_square_protests_in_Tripoli%2C_Libya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Green_square_protests_in_Tripoli%2C_Libya.jpg/330px-Green_square_protests_in_Tripoli%2C_Libya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Green_square_protests_in_Tripoli%2C_Libya.jpg/440px-Green_square_protests_in_Tripoli%2C_Libya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A protest against the anti-Gaddafi supporters in Tripoli</figcaption></figure> Pro-Gaddafi forces were able to respond militarily to rebel pushes in <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Western Libya</a> and launched a counterattack along the coast toward Benghazi, the de facto centre of the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> The town of <a href="/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya" title="Zawiya, Libya">Zawiya</a>, 48 kilometres (30 mi) from Tripoli, was bombarded by <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force_(1951%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Air Force (1951–2011)">air force planes</a> and army tanks and seized by <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Jamahiriya troops</a>, "exercising a level of brutality not yet seen in the conflict."<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> Organizations of the United Nations, including <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary General">United Nations Secretary General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a>, condemned the crackdown as violating international law, with the latter body expelling Libya outright in an unprecedented action.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> On 17 March 2011 the UN Security Council passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">Resolution 1973</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> with a 10–0 vote and five abstentions including Russia, China, India, Brazil and Germany. The resolution sanctioned the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zone</a> and the use of "all means necessary" to protect civilians within Libya.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> On 19 March, the first act of NATO allies to secure the no-fly zone began by destroying Libyan air defenses when French military jets entered Libyan airspace on a <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> mission heralding attacks on enemy targets.<a href="#cite_note-libyrate1-93">[88]</a> In the weeks that followed, US American forces were in the forefront of NATO operations against Libya. More than 8,000 US personnel in warships and aircraft were deployed in the area. At least 3,000 targets were struck in 14,202 strike sorties, 716 of them in Tripoli and 492 in <a href="/wiki/Brega" title="Brega">Brega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> The US air offensive included flights of B-2 Stealth bombers, each bomber armed with sixteen 2000-pound bombs, flying out of and returning to their base in Missouri in the continental United States.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> The support provided by the NATO air forces contributed to the ultimate success of the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> By 22 August 2011, <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">rebel fighters</a> had entered Tripoli and occupied <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Tripoli" title="Martyrs' Square, Tripoli">Green Square</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Richburg-97">[92]</a> which they renamed Martyrs' Square in honour of those killed since 17 February 2011. On 20 October 2011, the last heavy fighting of the uprising came to an end in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2011)" title="Battle of Sirte (2011)">Battle of Sirte</a> was both the last decisive battle and the last one in general of the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a> where Gaddafi was captured and killed by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-backed forces on 20 October 2011. Sirte was the last Gaddafi loyalist stronghold and his place of birth. The defeat of <a href="/wiki/Loyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalist">loyalist</a> forces was celebrated on 23 October 2011, three days after the fall of Sirte. At least 30,000 Libyans died in the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> estimated 50,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period_and_the_Second_Libyan_Civil_War:_2011–2020">Interwar period and the Second Libyan Civil War: 2011–2020</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War">Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">Second Libyan Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyan_Civil_War.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Libyan_Civil_War.svg/220px-Libyan_Civil_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Libyan_Civil_War.svg/330px-Libyan_Civil_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Libyan_Civil_War.svg/440px-Libyan_Civil_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Areas of control in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">Civil War</a>, updated 11 June 2020: <a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/11px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/17px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/22px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">Tobruk-led Government</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_lime.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Location_dot_lime.svg/11px-Location_dot_lime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Location_dot_lime.svg/17px-Location_dot_lime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Location_dot_lime.svg/22px-Location_dot_lime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/11px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/17px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/22px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Petroleum Facilities Guard <a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_yellow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Location_dot_yellow.svg/11px-Location_dot_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Location_dot_yellow.svg/17px-Location_dot_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Location_dot_yellow.svg/22px-Location_dot_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> tribes <a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_orange.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/11px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/17px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Location_dot_orange.svg/22px-Location_dot_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Local forces </figcaption></figure> Following the defeat of loyalist forces, Libya was torn among numerous rival, armed militias affiliated with distinct regions, cities and tribes, while the central government had been weak and unable to effectively exert its authority over the country. Competing militias pitted themselves against each other in a political struggle between Islamist politicians and their opponents.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> On 7 July 2012, Libyans held their first parliamentary elections since the end of the former regime. On 8 August, the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> officially handed power over to the wholly-elected <a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress" title="General National Congress">General National Congress</a>, which was then tasked with the formation of an interim government and the drafting of a new <a href="/wiki/Libyan_interim_Constitutional_Declaration" title="Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration">Libyan Constitution</a> to be approved in a general <a href="/wiki/Next_Libyan_referendum" title="Next Libyan referendum">referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Esam-8-Aug-101">[96]</a> On 25 August 2012, in what Reuters reported as "the most blatant sectarian attack" since the end of the civil war, unnamed organized assailants bulldozed a <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> mosque with graves in the centre of the Libyan capital <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>. It was the second such razing of a Sufi site in two days.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> Numerous acts of vandalism and destruction of heritage were carried out by suspected Islamist militias, including the removal of the Nude Gazelle Statue and the destruction and desecration of World War II-era British grave sites near Benghazi.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> Many other cases of heritage vandalism were reported to be carried out by Islamist-related radical militias and mobs that either destroyed, robbed, or looted a number of historic sites. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LE_Eithne_Operation_Triton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/LE_Eithne_Operation_Triton.jpg/220px-LE_Eithne_Operation_Triton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/LE_Eithne_Operation_Triton.jpg/330px-LE_Eithne_Operation_Triton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/LE_Eithne_Operation_Triton.jpg/440px-LE_Eithne_Operation_Triton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Libya has emerged as a major transit point for <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">people trying to reach Europe</a>.</figcaption></figure>On 11 September 2012, Islamist militants mounted an <a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">attack on the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> killing the US ambassador to Libya, <a href="/wiki/J._Christopher_Stevens" title="J. Christopher Stevens">J. Christopher Stevens</a>, and three others. The incident generated outrage in the United States and Libya.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> On 7 October 2012, Libya's Prime Minister-elect <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_A._G._Abushagur" title="Mustafa A. G. Abushagur">Mustafa A.G. Abushagur</a> was ousted after failing a second time to win parliamentary approval for a new cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> On 14 October 2012, the General National Congress elected former GNC member and human rights lawyer <a href="/wiki/Ali_Zeidan" title="Ali Zeidan">Ali Zeidan</a> as prime minister-designate.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> Zeidan was sworn in after his cabinet was approved by the GNC.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> On 11 March 2014, after having been ousted by the GNC for his inability to halt a rogue oil shipment,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-113">[108]</a> Prime Minister Zeidan stepped down, and was replaced by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Thani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah al-Thani">Abdullah al-Thani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">Second Civil War</a> began in May 2014 following fighting between rival parliaments with tribal militias and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihadist</a> groups soon taking advantage of the power vacuum. Most notably, radical Islamist fighters seized <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a> in 2014 and <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> in 2015 in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>. In February 2015, neighbouring Egypt <a href="/wiki/February_2015_Egyptian_airstrikes_in_Libya" title="February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya">launched airstrikes</a> against IS in support of the Tobruk government.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> In June 2014, <a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Libyan parliamentary election">elections were held</a> to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a>, a new legislative body intended to take over from the <a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress" title="General National Congress">General National Congress</a>. The elections were marred by violence and low turnout, with voting stations closed in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-Jawad-118">[113]</a> Secularists and liberals did well in the elections, to the consternation of Islamist lawmakers in the GNC, who reconvened and declared a continuing mandate for the GNC, refusing to recognise the new House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> Armed supporters of the General National Congress occupied Tripoli, forcing the newly elected parliament to flee to <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WPost_Aug._24-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20140909-121">[116]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Haftar_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/General_Haftar_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-General_Haftar_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/General_Haftar_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Army" title="Libyan National Army">Libyan National Army</a>, one of the main factions in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">2014 civil war</a></figcaption></figure> In January 2015, meetings were held with the aim to find a peaceful agreement between the rival parties in Libya. The so-called Geneva-Ghadames talks were supposed to bring the GNC and the Tobruk government together at one table to find a solution of the internal conflict. However, the GNC actually never participated, a sign that internal division not only affected the "Tobruk Camp", but also the "Tripoli Camp". Meanwhile, terrorism within Libya steadily increased, also affecting neighbouring countries. The <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_attack" title="Bardo National Museum attack">terrorist attack against the Bardo Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> on 18 March 2015 was reportedly carried out by two Libyan-trained militants.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> During 2015 an extended series of diplomatic meetings and peace negotiations were supported by the United Nations, as conducted by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG), Spanish diplomat <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bernardino León">Bernardino León</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> UN support for the SRSG-led process of dialogue carried on in addition to the usual work of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL).<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> In July 2015 SRSG Leon reported to the UN Security Council on the progress of the negotiations, which at that point had just achieved a political agreement on 11 July setting out "a comprehensive framework... includ[ing] guiding principles... institutions and decision-making mechanisms to guide the transition until the adoption of a permanent constitution." The stated purpose of that process was "...intended to culminate in the creation of a modern, democratic state based on the principle of inclusion, the rule of law, separation of powers and respect for human rights." The SRSG praised the participants for achieving agreement, stating that "The Libyan people have unequivocally expressed themselves in favour of peace." The SRSG then informed the Security Council that "Libya is at a critical stage" and urging "all parties in Libya to continue to engage constructively in the dialogue process", stating that "only through dialogue and political compromise, can a peaceful resolution of the conflict be achieved. A peaceful transition will only succeed in Libya through a significant and coordinated effort in supporting a future Government of National Accord...". Talks, negotiations and dialogue continued on during mid-2015 at various international locations, culminating at Skhirat in Morocco in early September.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> Also in 2015, as part of the ongoing support from the international community, the UN Human Rights Council requested a report about the Libyan situation<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> and the High Commissioner for Human Rights, <a href="/wiki/Zeid_bin_Ra%27ad" title="Zeid bin Ra'ad">Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein</a>, established an investigative body (OIOL) to report on human rights and rebuilding the Libyan justice system.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Chaos-ridden Libya emerged as a major transit point for <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">people trying to reach Europe</a>. Between 2013 and 2018, nearly 700,000 migrants reached Italy by boat, many of them from Libya.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> In May 2018 Libya's rival leaders agreed to hold parliamentary and presidential elections following a meeting in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> In April 2019, <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Operation Flood of Dignity</a>, in an offensive by the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Army" title="Libyan National Army">Libyan National Army</a> aimed to seize Western territories from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a> (GNA).<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> In June 2019, forces allied to Libya's UN-recognized Government of National Accord successfully captured Gharyan, a strategic town where military commander Khalifa Haftar and his fighters were based. According to a spokesman for GNA forces, Mustafa al-Mejii, dozens of LNA fighters under Haftar were killed, while at least 18 were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> In March 2020, UN-backed government of <a href="/wiki/Fayez_al-Sarraj" title="Fayez al-Sarraj">Fayez Al-Sarraj</a> commenced Operation Peace Storm. The government initiated the bid in response to the state of assaults carried by <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Haftar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Army" title="Libyan National Army">LNA</a>. "We are a legitimate, civilian government that respects its obligations to the international community, but is committed primarily to its people and has an obligation to protect its citizens," Sarraj said in line with his decision.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> On 28 August 2020, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Africa Eye and BBC Arabic Documentaries revealed that a drone operated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (UAE) killed 26 young cadets at a military academy in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, on 4 January. Most of the cadets were teenagers and none of them were armed. The Chinese-made drone <a href="/wiki/CAIG_Wing_Loong_II" title="CAIG Wing Loong II">Wing Loong II</a> fired Blue Arrow 7 missile, which was operated from UAE-run Al-Khadim Libyan air base. In February, these drones stationed in Libya were moved to an air base near <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a> in the western Egyptian desert.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> probed and discovered the blatant violation of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> arms embargo by the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> on 7 October 2020. As per the reporting, both the nations sent large-scale military cargo planes to Libya in support of their respective parties.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> On 23 October 2020, <a href="/wiki/Libyan_peace_process" title="Libyan peace process">a permanent ceasefire</a> was signed to end the war.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-civil_war_years:_2020–present">Post-civil war years: 2020–present</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis (2011–present)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ALibya&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+23+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Libya">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libya&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (December 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In December 2021, the <a href="/wiki/2022_Libyan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Libyan presidential election">country's first presidential election</a> was scheduled, but was delayed to June 2022<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> and later postponed further. <a href="/wiki/Fathi_Bashagha" title="Fathi Bashagha">Fathi Bashagha</a> was appointed prime minister by the parliament in February 2022 to lead a transitional administration, but standing prime minister <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Dbeibeh" title="Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh">Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh</a> refused to hand over power as of April 2022. In protest against the Dbeibah government, tribal leaders from the desert town of <a href="/wiki/Ubari" title="Ubari">Ubari</a> shut down the <a href="/wiki/El_Sharara_oil_field" title="El Sharara oil field">El Sharara oil field</a>, Libya's largest oil field, on 18 April 2022. The shut down threatened to cause oil shortages domestically in Libya, and preclude the state-run National Oil Corp. from exploiting the high oil prices on the international market resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> On 2 July, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a> was burned down by protesters.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> On September 10, 2023, catastrophic floods due to <a href="/wiki/Derna_dam_collapses" title="Derna dam collapses">dam failures</a> generated by <a href="/wiki/Storm_Daniel" title="Storm Daniel">Storm Daniel</a> devastated the port city of <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a>, killing more than 4,000 and leaving over 10,000 missing. The floods were the worst natural disaster in Libya's modern history.<a href="#cite_note-October_3_update-143">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya)" title="Government of National Unity (Libya)">Government of National Unity</a> would instate a Taliban-like morality police to crack-down on "weird haricuts", enforce 'modest' clothing and require male guardians for women and ban western practices.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Geography of Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Libya" title="Wildlife of Libya">Wildlife of Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un-libya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Un-libya.png/220px-Un-libya.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Un-libya.png/330px-Un-libya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Un-libya.png/440px-Un-libya.png 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>A map of Libya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_LBY_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LBY_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LBY_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LBY_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LBY_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LBY_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LBY_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Libya map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> Libya extends over 1,759,540 square kilometres (679,362 sq mi), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">16th-largest nation in the world by size</a>. Libya is bounded to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, the west by <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, the southwest by <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, the south by <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, the southeast by <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, and the east by <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Libya lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/19th_parallel_north" title="19th parallel north">19°</a> and <a href="/wiki/34th_parallel_north" title="34th parallel north">34°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/9th_meridian_east" title="9th meridian east">9°</a> and <a href="/wiki/26th_meridian_east" title="26th meridian east">26°E</a>. At 1,770 kilometres (1,100 mi), Libya's coastline is the longest of any African country bordering the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> The portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of Libya is often called the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a>. The climate is mostly extremely dry and desertlike in nature. However, the northern regions enjoy a milder <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> Six ecoregions lie within Libya's borders: <a href="/wiki/Saharan_halophytics" title="Saharan halophytics">Saharan halophytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_dry_woodlands_and_steppe" title="Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe">Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_woodlands_and_forests" title="Mediterranean woodlands and forests">Mediterranean woodlands and forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="North Saharan steppe and woodlands">North Saharan steppe and woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibesti-Jebel_Uweinat_montane_xeric_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands">Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands" title="West Saharan montane xeric woodlands">West Saharan montane xeric woodlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-148">[143]</a> Natural hazards come in the form of hot, dry, dust-laden <a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">sirocco</a> (known in Libya as the gibli). This is a southern wind blowing from one to four days in spring and autumn. There are also <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">sandstorms</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oases</a> can also be found scattered throughout Libya, the most important of which are <a href="/wiki/Ghadames" title="Ghadames">Ghadames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kufra" title="Kufra">Kufra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WorldCulturalHeritage-149">[144]</a> Libya is one of the sunniest and driest countries in the world due to prevailing presence of desert environment.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Libya was a pioneer state in North Africa in species protection, with the creation in 1975 of the El Kouf protected area. The fall of Muammar Gaddafi's regime favoured intense <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>: "Before the fall of Gaddafi even hunting rifles were forbidden. But since 2011, poaching has been carried out with weapons of war and sophisticated vehicles in which one can find up to 200 gazelle heads killed by militiamen who hunt to pass the time. We are also witnessing the emergence of hunters with no connection to the tribes that traditionally practice hunting. They shoot everything they find, even during the breeding season. More than 500,000 birds are killed in this way each year, when protected areas have been seized by tribal chiefs who have appropriated them. The animals that used to live there have all disappeared, hunted when they are edible or released when they are not," explains zoologist Khaled Ettaieb.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libyan_Desert">Libyan Desert</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyan_Desert_-_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Libyan_Desert_-_2006.jpg/220px-Libyan_Desert_-_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Libyan_Desert_-_2006.jpg/330px-Libyan_Desert_-_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Libyan_Desert_-_2006.jpg/440px-Libyan_Desert_-_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Libya is a predominantly desert country. Over 95% of the land area is covered in desert.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Libya is the fourth-most water-stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a>, which covers most of Libya, is one of the most arid and sun-baked places on earth.<a href="#cite_note-SalakLibya-58">[53]</a> In places, decades may pass without seeing any rainfall at all, and even in the <a href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">highlands</a> rainfall seldom happens, once every 5–10 years. At <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Uweinat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Uweinat">Uweinat</a>, as of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libya&action=edit">[update]</a> the last recorded rainfall was in September 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Libdesert-152">[147]</a> Likewise, the temperature in the Libyan Desert can be extreme; on 13 September 1922, the town of <a href="/wiki/%27Aziziya" class="mw-redirect" title="'Aziziya">'Aziziya</a>, which is located southwest of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, recorded an air temperature of 58 °C (136.4 °F), considered to be a world record.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Death_Valley-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-El_Azizia-155">[150]</a> In September 2012, however, the world record figure of 58 °C was determined to be invalid by the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Death_Valley-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-El_Azizia-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> There are a few scattered uninhabited small oases, usually linked to the major depressions, where water can be found by digging to a few feet in depth. In the west there is a widely dispersed group of oases in unconnected shallow depressions, the Kufra group, consisting of Tazerbo, Rebianae and <a href="/wiki/Kufra" title="Kufra">Kufra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Libdesert-152">[147]</a> Aside from the scarps, the general flatness is only interrupted by a series of <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a> and massifs near the centre of the Libyan Desert, around the convergence of the Egyptian-Sudanese-Libyan borders. Slightly further to the south are the <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massifs</a> of Arkenu, Uweinat, and Kissu. These <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> mountains are ancient, having formed long before the sandstones surrounding them. Arkenu and Western Uweinat are ring complexes very similar to those in the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>. Eastern Uweinat (the highest point in the Libyan Desert) is a raised sandstone plateau adjacent to the granite part further west.<a href="#cite_note-Libdesert-152">[147]</a> The plain to the north of Uweinat is dotted with eroded volcanic features. With the discovery of oil in the 1950s also came the discovery of a massive <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> underneath much of Libya. The water in the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System" title="Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System">Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System</a> pre-dates the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice ages</a> and the Sahara Desert itself.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> This area also contains the <a href="/wiki/Arkenu_structures" title="Arkenu structures">Arkenu structures</a>, which were once thought to be two impact craters.<a href="#cite_note-CigoliniOthers2012a-158">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya" title="Politics of Libya">Politics of Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Reale_di_Tripoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Palazzo_Reale_di_Tripoli.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Reale_di_Tripoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Palazzo_Reale_di_Tripoli.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Reale_di_Tripoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Palazzo_Reale_di_Tripoli.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Reale_di_Tripoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Tripoli" title="Royal Palace of Tripoli">Royal Palace of Tripoli</a>—headquarters of <a href="/wiki/King_Idris" class="mw-redirect" title="King Idris">King Idris</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muammar_al-Gaddafi_1-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_1-1.jpg/170px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_1-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_1-1.jpg/255px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_1-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_1-1.jpg/340px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_1-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a> was the leader of Libya until <a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 Civil War</a>.</figcaption></figure> The politics of Libya has been in a tumultuous state since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> and the NATO intervention related <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a> in 2011; the crisis resulted in the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">killing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, amidst the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">foreign military intervention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> The crisis was deepened by the <a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">factional violence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War">aftermath of the First Civil War</a>, resulting in the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">Second Civil War</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> The control over the country is currently split between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a> (HoR) in <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya)" title="Government of National Unity (Libya)">Government of National Unity</a> (GNU) in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> and their respective supporters, as well as various <a href="/wiki/Category:Jihadist_groups_in_Libya" title="Category:Jihadist groups in Libya">jihadist groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Libya">tribal elements</a> controlling different parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> The former legislature was the <a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress" title="General National Congress">General National Congress</a>, which had 200 seats.<a href="#cite_note-cialegbr-165">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="General National Congress (2014)">General National Congress (2014)</a>, a largely unrecognised rival parliament based in the de jure capital of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, claims to be a legal continuation of the GNC.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> On 7 July 2012, Libyans voted in <a href="/wiki/Libyan_General_National_Congress_election,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan General National Congress election, 2012">parliamentary elections</a>, the first free elections in almost 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-rfi-elections-168">[163]</a> Around thirty women were elected to become members of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-rfi-elections-168">[163]</a> Early results of the vote showed the <a href="/wiki/National_Forces_Alliance" title="National Forces Alliance">National Forces Alliance</a>, led by former interim Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril, as front runner.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a>, affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, has done less well than similar parties in Egypt and Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-econ-knack-170">[165]</a> It won 17 out of 80 seats that were contested by parties, but about 60 independents have since joined its caucus.<a href="#cite_note-econ-knack-170">[165]</a> As of January 2013, there was mounting public pressure on the National Congress to set up a drafting body to create a new constitution. Congress had not yet decided whether the members of the body would be elected or appointed.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> On 30 March 2014, the General National Congress voted to replace itself with a new <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a>. The new legislature allocates 30 seats for women, will have 200 seats overall (with individuals able to run as members of political parties) and allows Libyans of foreign nationalities to run for office.<a href="#cite_note-lh30march-172">[167]</a> Following the 2012 elections, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> improved Libya's rating from Not Free to Partly Free, and now considers the country to be an electoral democracy.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> Gaddafi merged civil and <a href="/wiki/Sharia#Personal_status_law_only" title="Sharia">sharia</a> courts in 1973. Civil courts now employ sharia judges who sit in regular <a href="/wiki/Court_of_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of appeal">courts of appeal</a> and specialize in sharia appellate cases.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> Laws regarding personal status are derived from Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> At a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs">European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs</a> on 2 December 2014, UN Special Representative <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bernardino León">Bernardino León</a> described Libya as a non-state.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> An agreement to form a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya)" title="Government of National Unity (Libya)">national unity government</a> was signed on 17 December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-177">[172]</a> Under the terms of the agreement, a nine-member <a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_(Libya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency Council (Libya)">Presidency Council</a> and a seventeen-member interim <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a> would be formed, with a view to holding new elections within two years.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-177">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a> would continue to exist as a legislature and an advisory body, to be known as the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Libya)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council (Libya)">State Council</a>, will be formed with members nominated by the <a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="General National Congress (2014)">General National Congress (2014)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> The formation of an interim unity government was announced on 5 February 2021, after its members were elected by the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Political_Dialogue_Forum" title="Libyan Political Dialogue Forum">Libyan Political Dialogue Forum</a> (LPDF).<a href="#cite_note-:0-179">[174]</a> Seventy-four members of the LPDF cast ballots for four-member slates which would fill positions including the Prime Minister and the head of the Presidential Council.<a href="#cite_note-:0-179">[174]</a> After no slates reached a 60% vote threshold, the two leading teams competed in a run-off election.<a href="#cite_note-:0-179">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">Mohamed al-Menfi</a>, a former ambassador to Greece, became head of the Presidential Council.<a href="#cite_note-:1-180">[175]</a> Meanwhile, the LPDF confirmed that <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Dbeibeh" title="Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh">Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh</a>, a businessman, would be the transitional Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-:1-180">[175]</a> All of the candidates who ran in this election, including the members of the winning slate, promised to appoint women to 30% of all senior government positions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-180">[175]</a> The politicians elected to lead the interim government initially agreed not to stand in the national elections scheduled for 24 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:1-180">[175]</a> However, Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh announced his candidature for president despite the ban in November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> The Appeals Court in Tripoli rejected appeals for his disqualification, and allowed Dbeibeh back on the candidates' list, along with a number of other disqualified candidates, originally scheduled for December 24.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> Even more controversially, the court also reinstated <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a>, a son of the former dictator, as a presidential candidate.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> On 22 December 2021, Libya's Election Commission called for the postponement of the election until 24 January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> Earlier, a parliamentary commission said it would be "impossible" to hold the election on 24 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-186">[181]</a> The UN called on Libya's interim leaders to "expeditiously address all legal and political obstacles to hold elections, including finalising the list of presidential candidates".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-186">[181]</a> However, at the last minute, the election was postponed indefinitely and the international community agreed to continue its support and recognition of the interim government headed by Mr Dbeibeh.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> According to new election rules, a new prime minister has 21 days to form a cabinet that must be endorsed by the various governing bodies within Libya.<a href="#cite_note-:1-180">[175]</a> After this cabinet is agreed upon, the unity government will replace all "parallel authorities" within Libya, including the Government of National Accord in Tripoli and the administration led by General Haftar.<a href="#cite_note-:1-180">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya" title="Foreign relations of Libya">Foreign relations of Libya</a></div> Libya's foreign policies have fluctuated since 1951. As a Kingdom, Libya maintained a definitively pro-Western stance, and was recognized as belonging to the conservative traditionalist bloc in the League of Arab States (the present-day <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>), of which it became a member in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> The government was also friendly towards Western countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First Italian Republic">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Greece</a>, and established full diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> Although the government supported Arab causes, including the Moroccan and Algerian independence movements, it took little active part in the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab-Israeli dispute</a> or the tumultuous inter-Arab politics of the 1950s and early 1960s. The Kingdom was noted for its close association with the West, while it steered a conservative course at home.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> After the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> closed American and British bases and partly <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a> foreign oil and commercial interests in Libya. Gaddafi was known for backing a number of leaders viewed as anathema to <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political liberalism">political liberalism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda_(1971%E2%80%9379)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Uganda (1971–79)">Ugandan</a> President <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jean-B%C3%A9del_Bokassa" title="Jean-Bédel Bokassa">Jean-Bédel Bokassa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-stanik23-193">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-leedavis16-194">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopian</a> strongman <a href="/wiki/Haile_Mariam_Mengistu" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Mariam Mengistu">Haile Mariam Mengistu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-leedavis16-194">[189]</a> Liberian President <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Liberian_politician)" title="Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)">Charles Taylor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-economistfall-195">[190]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro/History" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbia and Montenegro/History">Yugoslav</a> President <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutassim_Gadaffi_Hillary_Clinton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mutassim_Gadaffi_Hillary_Clinton.jpg/199px-Mutassim_Gadaffi_Hillary_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mutassim_Gadaffi_Hillary_Clinton.jpg/299px-Mutassim_Gadaffi_Hillary_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mutassim_Gadaffi_Hillary_Clinton.jpg/398px-Mutassim_Gadaffi_Hillary_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="469" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Libyan National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Mutassim_Gaddafi" title="Mutassim Gaddafi">Mutassim Gaddafi</a> and US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, April 2009</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry,_UK_Foreign_Secretary_Hague_Hold_News_Conference_With_Libyan_Prime_Minister_Ziedan_(11035773394).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Secretary_Kerry%2C_UK_Foreign_Secretary_Hague_Hold_News_Conference_With_Libyan_Prime_Minister_Ziedan_%2811035773394%29.jpg/235px-Secretary_Kerry%2C_UK_Foreign_Secretary_Hague_Hold_News_Conference_With_Libyan_Prime_Minister_Ziedan_%2811035773394%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Secretary_Kerry%2C_UK_Foreign_Secretary_Hague_Hold_News_Conference_With_Libyan_Prime_Minister_Ziedan_%2811035773394%29.jpg/353px-Secretary_Kerry%2C_UK_Foreign_Secretary_Hague_Hold_News_Conference_With_Libyan_Prime_Minister_Ziedan_%2811035773394%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Secretary_Kerry%2C_UK_Foreign_Secretary_Hague_Hold_News_Conference_With_Libyan_Prime_Minister_Ziedan_%2811035773394%29.jpg/470px-Secretary_Kerry%2C_UK_Foreign_Secretary_Hague_Hold_News_Conference_With_Libyan_Prime_Minister_Ziedan_%2811035773394%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2705" data-file-height="1795" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">UK Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> with Libyan Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Zeidan" title="Ali Zeidan">Ali Zeidan</a> and US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, November 2013</div></div></div></div></div> Relations with the West were strained by a series of incidents for most of Gaddafi's rule,<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated183-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> including the killing of <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">London</a> policewoman <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Fletcher">Yvonne Fletcher</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1986_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 Berlin discotheque bombing">bombing</a> of a <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> nightclub frequented by US servicemen, and the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a>, which led to UN sanctions in the 1990s, though by the late 2000s, the United States and other Western powers had normalised relations with Libya.<a href="#cite_note-SalakLibya-58">[53]</a> Gaddafi's decision to abandon the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> saw <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_under_Ba%27athist_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq under Ba'athist rule">Iraqi dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> overthrown and put on trial led to Libya being hailed as a success for Western <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> initiatives in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders on behalf of Arab nations for their involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">trans-Saharan slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-France_24_2010-203">[198]</a> Libya is included in the European Union's <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Libyan authorities rejected European Union's plans aimed at stopping <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">migration from Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> In 2017, Libya signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Libyan Armed Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2016)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Libya's <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">previous national army</a> was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a> and disbanded. The <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a> based <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a> who claim to be the legitimate government of Libya have attempted to reestablish a military known as the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Army" title="Libyan National Army">Libyan National Army</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a>, they control much of eastern Libya.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> In May 2012, an estimated 35,000 personnel had joined its ranks.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-208">[203]</a> The internationally recognised <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a> established in 2015 has <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Army" title="Libyan Army">its own army</a> that replaced the LNA, but it consists largely of undisciplined and disorganised militia groups. As of November 2012, it was deemed to be still in the embryonic stage of development.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Magariaf" title="Mohammed Magariaf">Mohammed el-Megarif</a> promised that empowering the army and police force is the government's biggest priority.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> President el-Megarif also ordered that all of the country's militias must come under government authority or disband.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> Militias have so far refused to be integrated into a central security force.<a href="#cite_note-hangover-212">[207]</a> Many of these militias are disciplined, but the most powerful of them answer only to the executive councils of various Libyan cities.<a href="#cite_note-hangover-212">[207]</a> These militias make up the so-called <a href="/wiki/Libya_Shield_Force" title="Libya Shield Force">Libyan Shield</a>, a parallel national force, which operates at the request, rather than at the order, of the defence ministry.<a href="#cite_note-hangover-212">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Libya" title="Subdivisions of Libya">Subdivisions of Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Libya" title="Districts of Libya">Districts of Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baladiyat_of_Libya" title="Baladiyat of Libya">Baladiyat of Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Libya%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/300px-Libya%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Libya%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/450px-Libya%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Libya%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/600px-Libya%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Libya since 2007</figcaption></figure> Historically, the area of Libya was considered three provinces (or states), <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> in the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Barka (Cyrenaica)</a> in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> in the southwest. It was the conquest by Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> that united them in a single political unit. Since 2007, Libya has been divided into 22 districts (<a href="/wiki/Shabiyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabiyat">Shabiyat</a>): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Nuqat_al_Khams" title="Nuqat al Khams">Nuqat al Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_District" title="Zawiya District">Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafara" title="Jafara">Jafara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_District,_Libya" title="Tripoli District, Libya">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murqub_District" title="Murqub District">Murqub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misrata_District" title="Misrata District">Misrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_District" title="Sirte District">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Benghazi District">Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marj_District" title="Marj District">Marj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al_Akhdar" title="Jabal al Akhdar">Jabal al Akhdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna_District" title="Derna District">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobruk_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobruk District">Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalut_District" title="Nalut District">Nalut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al_Gharbi_District" title="Jabal al Gharbi District">Jabal al Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al_Shatii_District" title="Wadi al Shatii District">Wadi al Shatii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jufra_District" title="Jufra District">Jufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wahat_District" title="Al Wahat District">Al Wahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat_District" title="Ghat District">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al_Hayaa_District" title="Wadi al Hayaa District">Wadi al Hayaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabha_District" title="Sabha District">Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murzuq_District" title="Murzuq District">Murzuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufra_District" title="Kufra District">Kufra</a></li></ol></div> In 2022, 18 provinces were declared by the Libyan Government of National Unity (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302150300/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libyan-government-divides-country-18-provinces">Libyan Observer</a>): the eastern coast, Jabal Al-Akhdar, Al-Hizam, Benghazi, Al-Wahat, Al-Kufra, Al-Khaleej, Al-Margab, Tripoli, Al-Jafara, Al-Zawiya, West Coast, Gheryan, Zintan, Nalut, Sabha, Al-Wadi, and Murzuq Basin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Libya" title="Human rights in Libya">Human rights in Libya</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> annual report 2016, journalists are still being targeted by the armed groups in Libya. The organization added that Libya ranked very low in the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>, 154th out of 180 countries.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> For the 2021 Press Freedom Index its score dropped to 165th out of 180 countries.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Libya">Homosexuality</a> is illegal in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Economy of Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Libya.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Libya.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Libya.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Change in per capita GDP of Libya, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Libya_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Libya_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Libya_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Libya_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Libya_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/440px-Libya_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Libya exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil sector</a>, which account for over half of GDP and 97% of exports.<a href="#cite_note-star-oil-216">[211]</a> Libya holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa and is an important contributor to the global supply of light, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet crude">sweet crude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eia-libya-217">[212]</a> During 2010, when oil averaged at $80 a barrel, oil production accounted for 54% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> Apart from petroleum, the other natural resources are natural gas and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-opec-libya-219">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> estimated Libya's real GDP growth at 122% in 2012 and 16.7% in 2013, after a 60% plunge in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-star-oil-216">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> defines Libya as an 'Upper Middle Income Economy', along with only seven other African countries.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> Substantial revenues from the energy sector, coupled with a small population, give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-opec-libya-219">[214]</a> This allowed the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> state to provide an extensive level of <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>, particularly in the fields of housing and education.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouri_NC_41_DP4_platform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bouri_NC_41_DP4_platform.jpg/220px-Bouri_NC_41_DP4_platform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bouri_NC_41_DP4_platform.jpg/330px-Bouri_NC_41_DP4_platform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bouri_NC_41_DP4_platform.jpg/440px-Bouri_NC_41_DP4_platform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil platform</a> off the Libyan coast</figcaption></figure> Libya faces many structural problems including a lack of institutions, weak governance, and chronic <a href="/wiki/Structural_unemployment" title="Structural unemployment">structural unemployment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-imf-survey-222">[217]</a> The economy displays a lack of economic diversification and significant reliance on immigrant labour.<a href="#cite_note-ilo-libya-223">[218]</a> Libya has traditionally relied on unsustainably high levels of public sector hiring to create employment.<a href="#cite_note-african-outlook-224">[219]</a> In the mid-2000s, the government employed about 70% of all national employees.<a href="#cite_note-ilo-libya-223">[218]</a> Unemployment rose from 8% in 2008 to 21% in 2009, according to the census figures.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> According to an <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> report, based on data from 2010, unemployment for women stands at 18% while for the figure for men is 21%, making Libya the only Arab country where there are more unemployed men than women.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> Libya has high levels of social inequality, high rates of youth unemployment and regional economic disparities.<a href="#cite_note-african-outlook-224">[219]</a> Water supply is also a problem, with some 28% of the population not having access to safe drinking water in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyan_pivot_irrigation_460142568_02e969004a_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Libyan_pivot_irrigation_460142568_02e969004a_o.jpg/220px-Libyan_pivot_irrigation_460142568_02e969004a_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Libyan_pivot_irrigation_460142568_02e969004a_o.jpg/330px-Libyan_pivot_irrigation_460142568_02e969004a_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Libyan_pivot_irrigation_460142568_02e969004a_o.jpg/440px-Libyan_pivot_irrigation_460142568_02e969004a_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pivot_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pivot irrigation">Pivot irrigation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kufra" title="Kufra">Kufra</a>, southeast Libya, 2008</figcaption></figure> Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Libya, which includes <a href="/wiki/Cairo-Dakar_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo-Dakar Highway">Cairo-Dakar Highway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli-Cape_Town_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripoli-Cape Town Highway">Tripoli-Cape Town Highway</a>. These routes have further contributed in the economic development of Libya. Libya imports up to 90% of its cereal consumption requirements, and imports of wheat in 2012/13 was estimated at 1 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-fao_giews-228">[223]</a> The 2012 wheat production was estimated at 200,000 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-fao_giews-228">[223]</a> The government hopes to increase food production to 800,000 tonnes of cereals by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-fao_giews-228">[223]</a> However, natural and environmental conditions limit Libya's agricultural production potential.<a href="#cite_note-fao_giews-228">[223]</a> Before 1958, agriculture was the country's main source of revenue, making up about 30% of GDP. With the discovery of oil in 1958, the size of the agriculture sector declined rapidly, comprising less than 5% GDP by 2005.<a href="#cite_note-voa-olive-229">[224]</a> The country joined <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-opec-libya-219">[214]</a> Libya is not a <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a> member, but negotiations for its accession started in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> In the early 1980s, Libya was one of the wealthiest countries in the world; its <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> was higher than some developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_location_map-oil_%26_gas_2011-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Libya_location_map-oil_%26_gas_2011-en.svg/220px-Libya_location_map-oil_%26_gas_2011-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Libya_location_map-oil_%26_gas_2011-en.svg/330px-Libya_location_map-oil_%26_gas_2011-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Libya_location_map-oil_%26_gas_2011-en.svg/440px-Libya_location_map-oil_%26_gas_2011-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Oil is the major natural resource of Libya, with <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Libya" title="Oil reserves in Libya">estimated reserves of 43.6 billion barrels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 2000s officials of the Jamahiriya era carried out economic reforms to reintegrate Libya into the global economy.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">UN sanctions</a> were lifted in September 2003, and Libya announced in December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build weapons of mass destruction.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other steps have included applying for membership of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, reducing <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>, and announcing plans for <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> Authorities privatized more than 100 government owned companies after 2003 in industries including oil refining, tourism and real estate, of which 29 were 100% foreign owned.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> Many international oil companies returned to the country, including oil giants <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> After sanctions were lifted there was a gradual increase of air traffic, and by 2005 there were 1.5 million yearly air travellers.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> Libya had long been a notoriously difficult country for Western tourists to visit due to stringent visa requirements.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a>, the second-eldest son of Muammar Gaddafi, was involved in a <a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">green development</a> project called the Green Mountain Sustainable Development Area, which sought to bring tourism to <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> and to preserve <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Greek</a> ruins in the area.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> In August 2011, it was estimated that it would take at least 10 years to rebuild Libya's infrastructure. Even before the 2011 war, Libya's infrastructure was in a poor state due to "utter neglect" by Gaddafi's administration, according to the NTC.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> By October 2012, the economy had recovered from the 2011 conflict, with oil production returning to near normal levels.<a href="#cite_note-star-oil-216">[211]</a> Oil production was more than 1.6 million barrels per day before the war. By October 2012, the average oil production has surpassed 1.4 million bpd.<a href="#cite_note-star-oil-216">[211]</a> The resumption of production was made possible due to the quick return of major Western companies, like <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wintershall" title="Wintershall">Wintershall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental</a>.<a href="#cite_note-star-oil-216">[211]</a> In 2016, an announcement from the company said the company aims 900,000 barrel per day in the next year. Oil production has fallen from 1.6 million barrel per day to 900,000 in four years of war.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Man-Made_River" title="Great Man-Made River">Great Man-Made River</a> is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> The project utilizes a pipeline system that pumps <a href="/wiki/Fossil_water" title="Fossil water">fossil water</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System" title="Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System">Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System</a> from down south in Libya to cities in the populous Libyan northern Mediterranean coast including Tripoli and Benghazi. The water provides 70% of all freshwater used in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> During the second Libyan civil war, lasting from 2014 to 2020, the water infrastructure suffered neglect and occasional breakdowns.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> By 2017, 60% of the Libyan population were <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnourished</a>. Since then, 1.3 million people are waiting for emergency humanitarian aid, out of a total population of 7.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> In March 2024, Libya is actively promoting business development and encouraging both domestic and foreign investment. This strategic initiative is aimed at securing long-term economic stability and prosperity for Libya by diversifying its economic foundation, decreasing reliance on a singular sector, and establishing resilience in the face of fluctuating oil markets. Embracing green industries like renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, and eco-tourism holds the potential to generate fresh employment prospects across a spectrum of sectors, thereby addressing unemployment challenges, particularly among the youth demographic.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Libya" title="Demographics of Libya">Demographics of Libya</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_ethnic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Libya_ethnic.svg/300px-Libya_ethnic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Libya_ethnic.svg/450px-Libya_ethnic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Libya_ethnic.svg/599px-Libya_ethnic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic composition of the Libyan population in 1974 (CIA map) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berber</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Uninhabited</div></figcaption></figure> Libya is a large country with a relatively small population concentrated very narrowly along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> Its population density is about 50 inhabitants per square kilometre (130/sq mi) in the two northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, but falls to less than 1 inhabitant per square kilometre (2.6/sq mi) elsewhere. Ninety percent of the people live along the coast in less than 10% of the area. About 88% of the population is urban, mostly concentrated in the three largest cities, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a>. Libya has a population of about 6.7 million,<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-247">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-248">[243]</a> 27.7% of whom are under the age of 15.<a href="#cite_note-spooks-249">[244]</a> In 1984 the population was 3.6 million, an increase from the 1.54 million reported in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> The population of Libya is primarily of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> Arabs comprise 92% of the population, while <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> comprise 5%, though other estimates put this percentage at 10%, representing approximately 600,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> Among the Berber groups are the minority Berber populations of <a href="/wiki/Zuwarah" title="Zuwarah">Zuwarah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nafusa_Mountains" title="Nafusa Mountains">Nafusa Mountains</a>. Southern Libya, primarily <a href="/wiki/Sebha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebha">Sebha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kufra" title="Kufra">Kufra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghat,_Libya" title="Ghat, Libya">Ghat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghadamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadamis">Ghadamis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murzuk" title="Murzuk">Murzuk</a>, is also inhabited by two other ethnic groups; the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a>. Libya is one of the world's most <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribal</a> countries. There are about 140 tribes and <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a> in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> Also living in Libya are an estimated 750,000 Egyptian workers, down from more than 2 million prior to the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> Family life is important for Libyan families, the majority of whom live in <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">apartment blocks</a> and other independent housing units, with modes of housing depending on their income and wealth. Although the Arab Libyans traditionally lived nomadic <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> lifestyles in tents, they have predominately settled in towns and cities.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> Because of this, their old ways of life are gradually fading out. An unknown small number of Libyans still live in the desert as their families have done for centuries. Most of the population has occupations in industry and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a>, and a small percentage is in agriculture. According to the UNHCR, there were around 8,000 registered refugees, 5,500 unregistered refugees, and 7,000 asylum seekers of various origins in Libya in January 2013. Additionally, 47,000 Libyan nationals were internally displaced and 46,570 were internally displaced returnees.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Libya" title="Health in Libya">Health in Libya</a></div> In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 3.88% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were 18.71 physicians and 66.95 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> The life expectancy at birth was 74.95 years in 2011, or 72.44 years for males and 77.59 years for females.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> In 2023, the Libyan health ministry announced the launch of the National Strategy for Primary Healthcare 2023–2028 to improve services provided by group clinics and health centres. A unique health number allotted to each citizen will facilitate access to medical records. Before Storm Daniel, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs estimated that around 60,000 people were in need of humanitarian aid in Derna and environs. Since the storm many of the hospitals and primary health facilities in Derna and eastern Libya have been rendered partially or completely nonfunctional.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Education in Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_28_Ottobre,_Bengasi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Piazza_28_Ottobre%2C_Bengasi.jpg/220px-Piazza_28_Ottobre%2C_Bengasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Piazza_28_Ottobre%2C_Bengasi.jpg/330px-Piazza_28_Ottobre%2C_Bengasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Piazza_28_Ottobre%2C_Bengasi.jpg/440px-Piazza_28_Ottobre%2C_Bengasi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Al Manar Royal Palace in central Benghazi – the location of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Libya" title="University of Libya">University of Libya</a>'s first campus, founded by royal decree in 1955</figcaption></figure> Libya's population includes 1.7 million students, over 270,000 of whom study at the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Libedu-261">[256]</a> Basic education in Libya is free for all citizens,<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> and is compulsory up to the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary level</a>. The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 89.2%.<a href="#cite_note-unescolit-263">[258]</a> After Libya's independence in 1951, its first university – the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Libya" title="University of Libya">University of Libya</a> – was established in Benghazi by royal decree.<a href="#cite_note-Libedu2-264">[259]</a> In the 1975–76 academic year the number of university students was estimated to be 13,418. As of 2004<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libya&action=edit">[update]</a>, this number has increased to more than 200,000, with another 70,000 enrolled in the higher technical and vocational sector.<a href="#cite_note-Libedu-261">[256]</a> The rapid increase in the number of students in the higher education sector has been mirrored by an increase in the number of institutions of higher education. Since 1975 the number of public universities has grown from two to twelve and since their introduction in 1980, the number of higher technical and vocational institutes has grown to 84.[? <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Libedu-261">[256]</a> Since 2007 some new private universities such as the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_International_Medical_University" title="Libyan International Medical University">Libyan International Medical University</a> have been established. Although before 2011 a small number of private institutions were given accreditation, the majority of Libya's higher education has always been financed by the public budget. In 1998 the budget allocation for education represented 38.2% of Libya's national budget.<a href="#cite_note-Libedu2-264">[259]</a> In 2024, the Ministry of Education announced the launch of the Full-Day School Project in which 12 schools in different parts of the country will have longer school days. The project aims to provide 800 hours of instruction per year to 3,300 elementary school students.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> The original inhabitants of Libya belonged predominantly to <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> ethnic groups; however, the long series of foreign invasions and migrations – particularly by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> – had a profound and lasting ethnic, linguistic, and cultural influence on Libyan demographics. Centuries of large-scale <a href="/wiki/Arab_migration_to_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab migration to the Maghreb">Arab migration to the Maghreb</a> since the 7th century shifted the demographics of Libya in favour of Arabs. Some <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> settled in Libya during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Most of Libya's inhabitants are <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[9]</a> with many tracing their ancestry to Bedouin Arab tribes like <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a>, plus Turkish and Berber minorities. The <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Turkish minority</a> are often called "<a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a>" and are concentrated in and around villages and towns.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> There are some ethnic minorities, such as the Berber <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> and the Black African <a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Tebou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dupree_1958_loc=33-44-267">[262]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian settlers</a>, at their height numbering over half a million, left after Italian Libya's independence in 1947. More repatriated in 1970 after the accession of Muammar Gaddafi, but a few hundred returned in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Labour">Foreign Labour</h3></div> As of 2023 the IOM estimates that approximately 10% of Libya's population (upwards of 700,000 people) constituted foreign labour.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> Prior to the 2011 revolution, official and unofficial figures of migrant labour ranged from 25% to 40% of the population (between 1.5 and 2.4 million people). Historically, Libya hosted millions of low- and high-skilled Egyptian migrants, in particular.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> It is difficult to estimate the total number of immigrants in Libya because the census figures, official counts and typically more accurate unofficial estimates all differ. In the 2006 census, around 359,540 foreign nationals were resident in Libya out of a population of over 5.5 million (6.35% of the population). Almost half of these were Egyptians, followed by Sudanese and Palestinian immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-EU_migrant_policy_Centre-271">[266]</a> During the 2011 revolution, 768,362 immigrants fled Libya as calculated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a>, around 13% of the population at the time, although many more stayed on in the country.<a href="#cite_note-EU_migrant_policy_Centre-271">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> If consular records prior to the revolution are used to estimate the immigrant population, as many as 2 million Egyptian migrants were recorded by the Egyptian embassy in Tripoli in 2009, followed by 87,200 Tunisians, and 68,200 Moroccans by their respective embassies. Turkey recorded the evacuation of 25,000 workers during the 2011 uprising.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> The number of Asian migrants before the revolution were just over 100,000 (60,000 Bangladeshis, 20,000 Filipinos, 18,000 Indians, 10,000 Pakistanis, as well as Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai and other workers).<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> This would put the immigrant population at almost 40% before the revolution and is a figure more consistent with government estimates in 2004 which put the regular and irregular migrant numbers at 1.35 to 1.8 million (25–33% of the population at the time).<a href="#cite_note-EU_migrant_policy_Centre-271">[266]</a> Libya's native population of Arabs-Berbers as well as Arab migrants of various nationalities collectively make up 97% of the population as of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libya&action=edit">[update]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Libya" title="Languages of Libya">Languages of Libya</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>, the official language of Libya is Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> The local <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan Arabic</a> variety is spoken alongside <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>. Various <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> are also spoken, including <a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghadamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadamis">Ghadamis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nafusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafusi">Nafusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suknah" class="mw-redirect" title="Suknah">Suknah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awjilah_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awjilah (language)">Awjilah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cfbly-276">[271]</a> The Libyan Amazigh High Council (LAHC) has declared the Amazigh (<a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> or Tamazight) language to be official in the cities and districts inhabited by the Berbers in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is widely understood in the major cities,<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> while the former colonial language of <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> is also used in commerce and by the remaining Italian population.<a href="#cite_note-Cfbly-276">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Religion in Libya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadames_-_Grosse_Moschee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ghadames_-_Grosse_Moschee.jpg/210px-Ghadames_-_Grosse_Moschee.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ghadames_-_Grosse_Moschee.jpg/315px-Ghadames_-_Grosse_Moschee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ghadames_-_Grosse_Moschee.jpg/420px-Ghadames_-_Grosse_Moschee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2947" data-file-height="3447" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Ghadames" title="Ghadames">Ghadames</a>, close to the Tunisian and Algerian border</figcaption></figure> About 97% of the population in Libya are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, most of whom belong to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni branch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spooks-249">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chivvis-2014-279">[274]</a> Small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> Muslims live in the country.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> Before the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi</a> Sunni Sufi movement was the primary Islamic movement in Libya. This was a religious revival adapted to desert life. Its zawaaya (lodges) were found in <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>, but Senussi influence was strongest in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>. Rescuing the region from unrest and anarchy, the Senussi movement gave the Cyrenaican tribal people a religious attachment and feelings of unity and purpose.<a href="#cite_note-senussi-282">[277]</a> This Islamic movement was eventually destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italian invasion</a>. Gaddafi asserted that he was a devout Muslim, and his government was taking a role in supporting Islamic institutions and in worldwide proselytising on behalf of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Religious_Freedom_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="International Religious Freedom Report">International Religious Freedom Report</a> 2004 noted that "bishops, priests and nuns wear religious dress freely in public and report virtually no discrimination," while also "enjoying good relations with the Government". The report also indicated that members of minority religions said "they do not face harassment by authorities or the Muslim majority on the basis of their religious practices". The <a href="/wiki/International_Christian_Concern" title="International Christian Concern">International Christian Concern</a> does not list Libya as a country where there is "persecution or severe discrimination against Christians".<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">fall of Gaddafi</a>, ultra-conservative strains of Islam have reasserted themselves in places. <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a> in eastern Libya, historically a hotbed of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihadist</a> thought, came under the control of militants aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> Jihadist elements have also spread to <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a>, among other areas, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">Second Libyan Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> Prior to independence, Libya was home to more than 140,000 Christians (mostly of <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian</a> and Maltese ancestry). Many Christian settlers left to Italy or Malta after the independence.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> Small foreign communities of Christians remained. <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Christianity</a>, the predominant Christian church of Egypt, is the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Africa#Libya,_Tunisia,_Algeria_and_Morocco" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Africa">largest and most historic Christian denomination in Libya</a>. There are about 60,000 Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Copt" class="mw-redirect" title="Copt">Copts</a> in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> There are three Coptic Churches in Libya, one in Tripoli, one in Benghazi, and one in Misurata. The Coptic Church has grown in recent years in Libya, due to the growing immigration of <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">Egyptian Copts</a> to Libya. There are an estimated 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> in Libya who are served by two bishops, one in Tripoli (serving the Italian community) and one in <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> (serving the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese</a> community). There is also a small <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> community, made up mostly of African immigrant workers in Tripoli which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Diocese of Egypt">Anglican Diocese of Egypt</a>. People have been arrested on suspicion of being <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a>, as proselytising is illegal.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> Christians have also faced the threat of violence from radical Islamists in some parts of the country, with a well-publicised video released by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in February 2015 depicting the mass beheading of Christian Copts.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> Libya was ranked fourth on <a href="/wiki/Open_Doors" title="Open Doors">Open Doors</a>' 2022 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the 50 countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> Libya was once the home of one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world, dating back to at least 300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> In 1942, the Italian Fascist authorities set up forced labour camps south of Tripoli for the Jews, including <a href="/wiki/Giado" class="mw-redirect" title="Giado">Giado</a> (about 3,000 Jews), <a href="/wiki/Gharyan" title="Gharyan">Gharyan</a>, Jeren, and Tigrinna. In Giado some 500 Jews died of weakness, hunger, and disease. In 1942, Jews who were not in the concentration camps were heavily restricted in their economic activity and all men between 18 and 45 years were drafted for forced labour. In August 1942, Jews from Tripolitania were interned in a concentration camp at Sidi Azaz. In the three years after November 1945, more than 140 Jews were murdered, and hundreds more wounded, in a series of <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harris-295">[290]</a> By 1948, about 38,000 Jews remained in the country. Upon Libyan independence in 1951, most of the Jewish community emigrated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Libya" title="Template:Largest cities of Libya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Libya" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Libya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Libya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Libya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Libya <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/11/18/1037689/-Syria-Understand-What-You-Are-Promoting-You-Callous-Ignorant-Jerks">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mineaction.org/downloads/1/Libyan%20Arab%20Jamahiriya%20Sitrep%2053%20(11-08-2011).pdf">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/F_R_186.pdf">[3]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Libya" title="List of cities in Libya">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Libya" title="Districts of Libya">District</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli_by_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tripoli"><img alt="Tripoli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tripoli_by_night.jpg/120px-Tripoli_by_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tripoli_by_night.jpg/180px-Tripoli_by_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tripoli_by_night.jpg/240px-Tripoli_by_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> <a href="/wiki/File:The_Old_Town,_Benghazi,_Libya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benghazi"><img alt="Benghazi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Old_Town%2C_Benghazi%2C_Libya.jpg/120px-The_Old_Town%2C_Benghazi%2C_Libya.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Old_Town%2C_Benghazi%2C_Libya.jpg/180px-The_Old_Town%2C_Benghazi%2C_Libya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Old_Town%2C_Benghazi%2C_Libya.jpg/240px-The_Old_Town%2C_Benghazi%2C_Libya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="466" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_District,_Libya" title="Tripoli District, Libya">Tripoli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,250,000 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Misrata_Downtown_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Misrata"><img alt="Misrata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Misrata_Downtown_Square.jpg/120px-Misrata_Downtown_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Misrata_Downtown_Square.jpg/180px-Misrata_Downtown_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Misrata_Downtown_Square.jpg/240px-Misrata_Downtown_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a> <a href="/wiki/File:The_field_of_e-old_(Bayda,_Libya,2012-07-31).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beida"><img alt="Beida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_field_of_e-old_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C2012-07-31%29.jpg/120px-The_field_of_e-old_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C2012-07-31%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_field_of_e-old_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C2012-07-31%29.jpg/180px-The_field_of_e-old_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C2012-07-31%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_field_of_e-old_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C2012-07-31%29.jpg/240px-The_field_of_e-old_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C2012-07-31%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beida,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Beida, Libya">Beida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">700,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Misrata_District" title="Misrata District">Misurata</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">350,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beida,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Beida, Libya">Beida</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jebel_el-Akhdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel el-Akhdar">Jebel el-Akhdar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Khoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khoms">Khoms</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Murqub_District" title="Murqub District">Murqub</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">201,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya" title="Zawiya, Libya">Zawiya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_District" title="Zawiya District">Zawiya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ajdabiya" title="Ajdabiya">Ajdabiya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Wahat_District" title="Al Wahat District">Al Wahat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">134,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sebha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebha">Sebha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sebha_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebha District">Sebha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">130,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sirte_District" title="Sirte District">Sirte</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">128,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Butnan_District" title="Butnan District">Butnan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Libya" title="Culture of Libya">Culture of Libya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Music of Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libyan literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Temple of Zeus in <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabratha_-_Museum_mit_Funden_aus_der_R%C3%B6merzeit,_Mosaik_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sabratha_-_Museum_mit_Funden_aus_der_R%C3%B6merzeit%2C_Mosaik_05.jpg/220px-Sabratha_-_Museum_mit_Funden_aus_der_R%C3%B6merzeit%2C_Mosaik_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sabratha_-_Museum_mit_Funden_aus_der_R%C3%B6merzeit%2C_Mosaik_05.jpg/330px-Sabratha_-_Museum_mit_Funden_aus_der_R%C3%B6merzeit%2C_Mosaik_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sabratha_-_Museum_mit_Funden_aus_der_R%C3%B6merzeit%2C_Mosaik_05.jpg/440px-Sabratha_-_Museum_mit_Funden_aus_der_R%C3%B6merzeit%2C_Mosaik_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Roman mosaic in <a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Sabratha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli_September_1st_Flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tripoli_September_1st_Flags.jpg/220px-Tripoli_September_1st_Flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tripoli_September_1st_Flags.jpg/330px-Tripoli_September_1st_Flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tripoli_September_1st_Flags.jpg/440px-Tripoli_September_1st_Flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">Al-Fatah Revolution day</a> decorations in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> 2008</figcaption></figure> Many Arabic speaking Libyans consider themselves as part of a wider Arab community. This was strengthened by the spread of Pan-Arabism in the mid-20th century, and their reach to power in Libya where they instituted Arabic as the only official language of the state. Under Gaddafi's rule, the teaching and even use of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber language</a> was strictly forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> In addition to banning foreign languages previously taught in academic institutions, leaving entire generations of Libyans with limitations in their comprehension of the English language. Both the spoken Arabic dialects and Berber, still retain words from Italian, that were acquired before and during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libia Italiana</a> period. Libyans have a heritage in the traditions of the previously nomadic <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> Arabic speakers and sedentary <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> tribes. Most Libyans associate themselves with a particular family name originating from tribal or conquest based heritage. Reflecting the "nature of giving" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الاحسان Ihsan, <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>: ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴽⴰⴼ Anakkaf ), amongst the Libyan people as well as the sense of hospitality, recently the state of Libya made it to the top 20 on the world giving index in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> According to CAF, in a typical month, almost three-quarters (72%) of all Libyans helped somebody they did not know – the third highest level across all 135 countries surveyed. There are few theatres or art galleries due to the decades of cultural repression under the Gaddafi regime and lack of infrastructure development under the regime of dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> For many years there have been no public theatres, and only very few cinemas showing foreign films. The tradition of <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk culture</a> is still alive and well, with troupes performing music and dance at frequent festivals, both in Libya and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> A large number of <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Libya" title="Television in Libya">Libyan television</a> stations are devoted to political review, Islamic topics and cultural phenomena. A number of TV stations air various styles of traditional Libyan music.[? <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg music">Tuareg music</a> and dance are popular in <a href="/wiki/Ghadames" title="Ghadames">Ghadames</a> and the south. Libyan television broadcasts air programs mostly in Arabic though usually have time slots for English and French programs.[? <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] A 1996 analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> found Libya's media was the most tightly controlled in the Arab world during the country's dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-mediacont-300">[295]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libya&action=edit">[update]</a> hundreds of TV stations have begun to air due to the collapse of censorship from the old regime and the initiation of "free media". Many Libyans frequent the country's beach and they also visit Libya's archaeological sites—especially <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>, which is widely considered to be one of the best preserved Roman archaeological sites in the world.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> The most common form of public transport between cities is the bus, though many people travel by automobile. There are no railway services in Libya, but these are planned for construction in the near future (see <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Libya" title="Rail transport in Libya">rail transport in Libya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> Libya's capital, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, has many museums and archives. These include the Government Library, the Ethnographic Museum, the Archaeological Museum, the National Archives, the Epigraphy Museum and the Islamic Museum. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Castle_Museum" title="Red Castle Museum">Red Castle Museum</a> located in the capital near the coast and right in the city centre, built in consultation with <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, may be the country's most famous.<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bazin.jpg/220px-Bazin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bazin.jpg/330px-Bazin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bazin.jpg/440px-Bazin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bazin_(bread)" title="Bazin (bread)">Bazeen</a>, a communal bread dish</figcaption></figure> Libyan cuisine is a mixture of the different <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, Bedouin and traditional Arab culinary influences.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> Pasta is the staple food in the Western side of Libya, whereas rice is generally the staple food in the east. Common Libyan foods include several variations of red (tomato) sauce based pasta dishes (similar to the Italian <a href="/wiki/Arrabbiata_sauce" title="Arrabbiata sauce">Sugo all'arrabbiata</a> dish); rice, usually served with lamb or chicken (typically stewed, fried, grilled, or boiled in-sauce); and <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a>, which is steam cooked whilst held over boiling red (tomato) sauce and meat (sometimes also containing courgettes/zucchini and chickpeas), which is typically served along with cucumber slices, lettuce and olives. <a href="/wiki/Bazeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazeen">Bazeen</a>, a dish made from barley flour and served with red tomato sauce, is customarily eaten communally, with several people sharing the same dish, usually by hand. This dish is commonly served at traditional weddings or festivities. <a href="/wiki/Asida" title="Asida">Asida</a> is a sweet version of Bazeen, made from white flour and served with a mix of honey, ghee or butter. Another popular way to serve Asida is with <a href="/wiki/Rub_(syrup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rub (syrup)">rub</a> (fresh date syrup) and olive oil. <a href="/wiki/Usban" title="Usban">Usban</a> is animal tripe stitched and stuffed with rice and vegetables cooked in tomato based soup or steamed. <a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Shurba</a> is a red tomato sauce-based soup, usually served with small grains of pasta.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> A very common snack eaten by Libyans is known as khubs bi' tun, literally meaning "bread with tuna fish", usually served as a baked baguette or pita bread stuffed with tuna fish that has been mixed with <a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">harissa</a> (chili sauce) and olive oil. Many snack vendors prepare these sandwiches and they can be found all over Libya. Libyan restaurants may serve international cuisine, or may serve simpler fare such as lamb, chicken, vegetable stew, potatoes and <a href="/wiki/Macaroni" title="Macaroni">macaroni</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Due to severe lack of infrastructure, many under-developed areas and small towns do not have restaurants and instead food stores may be the only source to obtain food products. Alcohol consumption is illegal in the entire country.<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> There are four main ingredients of traditional Libyan food: <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a>, grains and milk.<a href="#cite_note-Libyan_Food-307">[302]</a> Grains are roasted, ground, sieved and used for making bread, cakes, soups and bazeen. Dates are harvested, dried and can be eaten as they are, made into syrup or slightly fried and eaten with <a href="/wiki/Bsisa" title="Bsisa">bsisa</a> and milk. After eating, Libyans often drink black tea. This is normally repeated a second time (for the second glass of tea), and in the third round of tea, it is served with roasted peanuts or roasted <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a> known as shay bi'l-luz (mixed with the tea in the same glass).<a href="#cite_note-Libyan_Food-307">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Libya. The country hosted the <a href="/wiki/1982_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1982 African Cup of Nations">1982 African Cup of Nations</a> and almost qualified for the <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Libya_national_football_team" title="Libya national football team">national team</a> almost won the 1982 AFCON; they lost to <a href="/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team" title="Ghana national football team">Ghana</a> on penalties 7–6. In 2014, Libya won the African Nations Championship after beating Ghana in the finals. Although the national team has never won a major competition or qualified for a World Cup, there is still lots of passion for the sport and the quality of football is improving.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> It also participated in many Summer Olympics, such as the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> and more. Horse racing is also a popular sport in Libya. It is a tradition of many special occasions and holidays.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Libya" title="Outline of Libya">Outline of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Libya-related_articles" title="Index of Libya-related articles">Index of Libya-related articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a> does not recognise the Presidential Council as responsible for head of state functions. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a> does not recognise the Presidential Council as responsible for head of state functions. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Disputed with <a href="/wiki/Osama_Hammad" title="Osama Hammad">Osama Hammad</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Stability" title="Government of National Stability">Government of National Stability</a>, which is recognized by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a> as the acting Prime Minister of Libya. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɪbiə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4c\/En-us-Libya.ogg\/En-us-Libya.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Libya.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/En-us-Libya.ogg/En-us-Libya.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Libya.ogg" title="File:En-us-Libya.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LIB-ee-ə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ليبيا, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Lībiyā, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[liː.bi.jaː]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دولة ليبيا, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Dawlat Lībiyā <a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/">"Libya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 7 August 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. 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Retrieved 25 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rival+second+Libyan+assembly+chooses+own+PM+as+chaos+spreads&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Stephen" class="citation news cs1">Chris Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry">"Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142244/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2016. 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Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Libyan+Civil+War%3A+Two+warring+factions+sign+%27permanent%27+ceasefire&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fbackpage%2Fnews%2Flibyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arab.news/yrqr2">"Libya — a tale of two governments, again"</a>. Arab News. 11 June 2022. 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London: Zed Books. p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5425.htm">"Libya – History"</a>. US Department of State's Background Notes. 15 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604185313/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5425.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019. 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Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libya%3A+History&rft.pub=%2Fglobaledge.msu.edu+%28via+Michigan+State+University%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobaledge.msu.edu%2Fcountries%2Flibya%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaddafiunrepentant-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaddafiunrepentant_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEljahmi,_Mohamed2006" class="citation journal cs1">Eljahmi, Mohamed (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/878/libya-and-the-us-Gaddafi-unrepentant">"Libya and the U.S.: Gaddafi Unrepentant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East Quarterly">Middle East Quarterly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110302065908/http://www.meforum.org/878/libya-and-the-us-Gaddafi-unrepentant">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Libya+and+the+U.S.%3A+Gaddafi+Unrepentant&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Eljahmi%2C+Mohamed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F878%2Flibya-and-the-us-Gaddafi-unrepentant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807181001/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/libya.html">"Comparative Criminology – Libya"</a>. 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Terrorism.about.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402075740/http://terrorism.about.com/od/originshistory/p/PanAmBombing.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2012. 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Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Qaddafi+Forces+Batter+Rebels+in+Strategic+Refinery+Town&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft.aulast=Fahim&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F10%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F10libya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The Independent, 9 March 2011 P.4 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110227021434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ban-Ki-moon-blasts-Gaddafi-calls-situation-dangerous/Article1-666108.aspx">"Ban Ki-moon blasts Gaddafi; calls situation dangerous"</a>. Hindustan Times. 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Retrieved 26 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Some+backbone+at+the+U.N.&rft.date=2011-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Fla-ed-libya-20110226%2C0%2C6927383.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=125800">"Libya Expelled from UN Human Rights Council"</a>. Sofia News Agency. 2 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511093052/http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=125800">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. 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France 24. 10 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628090731/https://www.france24.com/en/20101010-muammar-gaddafi-sudan-secession-danger-africa-libya">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021. 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Retrieved 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Libya+rejects+EU+plans+for+migrant+centers+on+its+territory&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-europe-migrants-libya%2Flibya-rejects-eu-plans-for-migrant-centers-on-its-territory-idUSKBN1KA0X3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/migration/136837">"Libyan authorities oppose EU migrant plans"</a>. EUobserver. 8 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526205253/https://euobserver.com/migration/136837">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. 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VOA News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/olive_oil_libyas_other_oil_economy/1120507.html">the original</a> on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olive+Oil+%E2%80%93+Libya%27s+Other+Oil+Economy&rft.pub=VOA+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Folive_oil_libyas_other_oil_economy%2F1120507.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/libya/">"Libya – Trade"</a>. European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213194016/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/libya/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libya+%E2%80%93+Trade&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftrade%2Fcreating-opportunities%2Fbilateral-relations%2Fcountries%2Flibya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Philips' Modern School Atlas, 1987, 1983 GNP per capita figures are quoted in a list. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/06/11/libya">"In a pure coincidence, Gaddafi impeded U.S. oil interests before the war"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727073822/http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/06/11/libya">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Glenn Greenwald. 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Retrieved 21 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=WTO+go-ahead+for+Libya+talks&rft.date=2004-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F3929727.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2009" class="citation news cs1">Cohn, Carolyn (24 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020102503/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE56N02L20090724">"Libya expects nearly $2 bln in new FDI"</a>. Reuters Africa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE56N02L20090724">the original</a> on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libya+expects+nearly+%242+bln+in+new+FDI&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FinvestingNews%2FidAFJOE56N02L20090724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050513162749/http://www.oilandgasnewsworldwide.com/News.asp?Article=16404">"Shell returns to Libya with gas exploration pact"</a>. Oil & Gas News. 9–15 May 2005. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410012030/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5030998.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Libyan+aviation+ready+for+take-off&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft.aulast=Jawad&rft.aufirst=Rana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F5030998.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangsAmmar_Mabrouk_Eltaye" class="citation news cs1">Bangs, Richard; Ammar Mabrouk Eltaye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5210117">"Libya sees thriving tourism industry ahead"</a>. NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924003329/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5210117">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Libya+sees+thriving+tourism+industry+ahead&rft.aulast=Bangs&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ammar+Mabrouk+Eltaye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna5210117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2007" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Elisabeth (16 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16liby.html">"A Green Resort Is Planned to Preserve Ruins and Coastal Waters"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227172005/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16liby.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Green+Resort+Is+Planned+to+Preserve+Ruins+and+Coastal+Waters&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F16%2Fscience%2F16liby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14684547">"Libyan sovereign wealth fund 'missing $2.9bn'"</a>. BBC News. 26 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118232128/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14684547">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Libyan+sovereign+wealth+fund+%27missing+%242.9bn%27&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-14684547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/libya-militias-battle-for-control-of-oil-ports">"As The Power Struggle Endures, Libya Eyes 900,000 Bpd Oil Output"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209041257/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/libya-militias-battle-for-control-of-oil-ports">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=As+The+Power+Struggle+Endures%2C+Libya+Eyes+900%2C000+Bpd+Oil+Output&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Flibya-militias-battle-for-control-of-oil-ports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx">Guinness World Records 2008 Book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904994-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904994-18-3">978-1-904994-18-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoutaz_Ali2017" class="citation web cs1">Moutaz Ali (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world">"The Eighth Wonder of the World?"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quantara.de&rft.atitle=The+Eighth+Wonder+of+the+World%3F&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Moutaz+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fcontent%2Flibyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ">In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ">Archived</a> 18 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Libya+%E2%80%93+Political+process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLibya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fanack.com/libya/society-media-culture/culture/sports/">"Sports in Libya"</a>. Fanack.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919215523/https://fanack.com/libya/society-media-culture/culture/sports/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fanack.com&rft.atitle=Sports+in+Libya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanack.com%2Flibya%2Fsociety-media-culture%2Fculture%2Fsports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibya" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Libya <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Libya">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Libya&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=LY">Key Development Forecasts for Libya</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gia.gov.ly/en/gia-en/">Information Portal</a> – Official Libya Information Portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnu.gov.ly/">Government</a> – official website of Government of National Unity of Libya</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsc.ly/">Statistics and Census</a> – official website of Bureau of Statistics and Census</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0013)">"Early History of Libya"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120922002708/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0013)">Archived</a> 22 September 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, U.S. Library of Congress.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Libya" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Libya">Wikimedia Atlas of Libya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192758">Libya</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libya_topics" title="Template:Libya topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libya_topics" title="Template talk:Libya topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libya_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libya topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_in_the_Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya in the Roman era">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Tripolitania_and_Cyrenaica" title="Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica">Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Spanish Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Tripoli" title="Hospitaller Tripoli">Hospitaller Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Italian colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Italian Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_administration_of_Libya" title="Allied administration of Libya">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;background:#f8f8f8;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg/80px-Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg/120px-Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg/160px-Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="929" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Libya" title="Template:Borders of Libya">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Libya" title="List of cities in Libya">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya#Climate_and_hydrology" title="Geography of Libya">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Libya" title="Districts of Libya">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Libya" title="List of ecoregions in Libya">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladiyat_of_Libya" title="Baladiyat of Libya">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Libya" title="Subdivisions of Libya">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Libya" title="Wildlife of Libya">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya" title="Politics of Libya">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_interim_Constitutional_Declaration" title="Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Libya" title="Elections in Libya">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya" title="Foreign relations of Libya">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Foreign relations under Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya)" title="Government of National Unity (Libya)">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_(Libya)" title="Presidential Council (Libya)">Presidential Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Libya" title="List of heads of state of Libya">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Libya" title="List of heads of government of Libya">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Libya)" title="High Council of State (Libya)">High Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Libya" title="Human rights in Libya">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Libya">LGBT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Libya" title="Agriculture in Libya">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Libya" title="Central Bank of Libya">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Libya">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Libya" title="List of companies of Libya">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_dinar" title="Libyan dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Libya" title="Energy in Libya">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man-Made_River" title="Great Man-Made River">Great Man-Made River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oil_Corporation" title="National Oil Corporation">National Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Libya" title="Oil reserves in Libya">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Libya" title="Tourism in Libya">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Libya" title="Transport in Libya">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Libya" title="Culture of Libya">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Libya" title="Demographics of Libya">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Libya" title="Health in Libya">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Libya" title="Media of Libya">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Libya" title="Public holidays in Libya">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Religion</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Libya" title="Football in Libya">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_at_the_Olympics" title="Libya at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Libya" title="Outline of Libya">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Libya-related_articles" title="Index of Libya-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Libya" title="Category:Libya">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libya" title="Portal:Libya">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Partially recognized state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>1</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Vélez de la Gomera</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a>3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halaib_Triangle" title="Halaib Triangle">Hala'ib Triangle</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa_Salient" title="Wadi Halfa Salient">Wadi Halfa Salient</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Tawil" title="Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a>5</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a>6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafia_Kingi" title="Kafia Kingi">Kafia Kingi</a>6</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aouzou_Strip" title="Aouzou Strip">Aouzou Strip</a>7</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island" title="Perejil Island">Perejil</a>8</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a>. 2Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco. 3Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain. 4Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan. 5<a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Unclaimed territory</a> located between Egypt and the Sudan. 6Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan. 7Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya. 8Disputed between Morocco and Spain</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/21px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/42px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libya" title="Portal:Libya">Libya</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Libya at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="c:ليبيا">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Libya" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Libya">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Libya" class="extiw" title="q:Libya">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121678150">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138308426">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205534/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRFgDcxjjgjt9WFqyvxc">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035589-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79066419">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118803303">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15323238r">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934280g">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118803303">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15323238r">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934280g">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569442">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35304693">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003452">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035735">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=55408">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/libya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Libya&params=27_N_17_E_dim:1500km_type:country_region:LY">27°N 17°E / 27°N 17°E / 27; 17</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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