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<span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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<p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1160504542">.mw-parser-output .ib-weather-event .infobox-header>.nowrap{margin:0 8px}</style><table class="infobox ib-weather-event"><caption class="infobox-title">1898 Windward Islands hurricane</caption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_morning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Weather chart showing the storm and nearby wind directions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_morning.png/220px-1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_morning.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_morning.png/330px-1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_morning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_morning.png/440px-1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_morning.png 2x" data-file-width="2387" data-file-height="3454" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis" title="Surface weather analysis">Weather map</a> depicting the hurricane moving through the Windward Islands on the morning of September 11</div></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddd;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span class="nowrap">Meteorological history</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">September 5, 1898<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1898-09-05</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-note-time_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-time-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical</a></th><td class="infobox-data">September 20, 1898<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1898-09-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissipated</th><td class="infobox-data">September 20, 1898<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1898-09-20</span>)</span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1160504542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #FFD98C"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span class="nowrap">Category 2 hurricane</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>1-minute sustained</i> (<a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">SSHWS</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">NWS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest winds</th><td class="infobox-data">110 mph (175 km/h)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest pressure</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">965 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">mbar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">hPa</a>); 28.50 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="background-color: #00000022; color: inherit;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Overall effects</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data">At least 300 dead</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Damage</th><td class="infobox-data">$2.5 million (<a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> only)<sup id="cite_ref-note-money_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-money-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas affected</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)" title="Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)">St. Vincent</a>), <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncics.org/ibtracs/index.php?name=v04r00-1898249N11333">IBTrACS</a><span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188825#P4540" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Part of the <b><a href="/wiki/1898_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="1898 Atlantic hurricane season">1898 Atlantic hurricane season</a></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>Windward Islands Hurricane</b> was a strong, destructive <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a> that raged through the eastern Caribbean islands in the early part of September during the <a href="/wiki/1898_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="1898 Atlantic hurricane season">1898 Atlantic hurricane season</a>. An estimated 392 people died as a result of the storm. Damage on <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Antilles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (Antilles)">St. Vincent</a> was catastrophic. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meteorological_history">Meteorological history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meteorological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_track.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_track.png/275px-1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_track.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_track.png/413px-1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_track.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_track.png/550px-1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_track.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a> and based on data from <a href="/wiki/HURDAT" title="HURDAT">HURDAT</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Map key</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 51em; width: 100%"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a></b></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6EC1EA; color:black;"> </span> Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4DFFFF; color:black;"> </span> Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFCC; color:black;"> </span> Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFE775; color:black;"> </span> Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFC140; color:black;"> </span> Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8F20; color:black;"> </span> Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6060; color:black;"> </span> Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;"> </span> Unknown </div> </div> <div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 20em; width: 100%;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Storm type</b></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 4px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/18px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/27px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/36px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 4px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Solid_black.svg/18px-Solid_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Solid_black.svg/27px-Solid_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Solid_black.svg/36px-Solid_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></div> <div><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="triangle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/18px-ArrowUp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/27px-ArrowUp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/36px-ArrowUp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a>, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression</div> </div></div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>An article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Weather_Review" title="Monthly Weather Review">Monthly Weather Review</a></i> published by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Weather_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Weather Bureau">United States Weather Bureau</a> described the Windward Islands hurricane as "the most important meteorological event of September, 1898".<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 391">: 391 </span></sup> The origins of the hurricane are unclear due to the dearth of marine weather observations over the central Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> A compilation of historical <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> tracks published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_Center" title="National Climatic Data Center">National Climatic Data Center</a> in 1993 listed the storm as having begun south of <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabo Verde">Cabo Verde</a> on September 5.<sup id="cite_ref-Neumann_et_al._1993_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neumann_et_al._1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of the <a href="/wiki/1898_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="1898 Atlantic hurricane season">1898 Atlantic hurricane season</a> by hurricane expert José Fernández Partagás in 1996 made no modifications to the 1993 track due to the lack of available observations,<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> as did a <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_reanalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic hurricane reanalysis">reanalysis</a> of the storm conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanographic_and_Meteorological_Laboratory" title="Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory">Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Metadata_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metadata-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The storm is first listed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic hurricane database">Atlantic hurricane database</a> at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&params=11.2_N_26.9_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°12′N</span> <span class="longitude">26°54′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.2°N 26.9°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.2; -26.9</span></span></span></a></span></span> on September 5, 1898, as a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storm">tropical storm</a> with estimated <a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind" title="Maximum sustained wind">maximum sustained winds</a> of 40 mph (65 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-hurdat_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurdat-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The database depicts the storm tracking west with its wind speeds increasing incrementally, reaching hurricane-force over the central Atlantic on September 6.<sup id="cite_ref-IBTrACS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBTrACS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around midday on September 9, the French <a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">barque</a> <i>Tourny</i> encountered the storm near <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&params=12_2_N_54_2_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°2′N</span> <span class="longitude">54°2′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.033°N 54.033°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.033; -54.033</span></span></span></a></span></span>. The ship registered a minimum <a href="/wiki/Barometric_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Barometric pressure">barometric pressure</a> of around 985 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">mbar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">hPa</a>; 29.1 <a href="/wiki/Inches_of_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Inches of mercury">inHg</a>) during the encounter, though a later assessment of the ship's <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a> found that the instrument underestimated pressures by about 8 mbar (hPa; 0.25 inHg).<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392–393">: 392–393 </span></sup> </p><p>Observations from <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> on the morning of September 10 tentatively indicated the presence of a tropical disturbance southeast of the Windward Islands, and falling pressures in Barbados later that day provided conclusive evidence of an approaching storm.<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> The hurricane passed near Barbados on the night of September 10.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392">: 392 </span></sup> No period of calm was reported in Bridgetown, suggesting that the storm's <a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">eye</a> missed the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> An analysis of the storm presented to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Meteorological_Society" title="Royal Meteorological Society">Royal Meteorological Society</a> (RMS) in December 1898 determined that the centre of the hurricane passed 18 mi (29 km) south of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> HMS <a href="/wiki/Alert-class_sloop" title="Alert-class sloop"><i>Alert</i></a> encountered the storm while evacuating from Barbados on September 10, recording a minimum barometric pressure of 1002.4 mbar (hPa; 29.60 inHg) at 9:00 p.m. while the hurricane's centre was some 25 mi (40 km) to the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> The storm reached the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)" title="Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)">St. Vincent</a> during the day on September 11.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392">: 392 </span></sup> The calm eye of the storm traversed southern <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)" title="Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)">St. Vincent</a>, passing directly over <a href="/wiki/Kingstown" title="Kingstown">Kingstown</a> at around local noon.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> A minimum air pressure of 965.43 mbar (hPa; 28.509 inHg) was recorded at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_Botanic_Gardens" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botanic Gardens">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botanic Gardens</a> at 11:40 a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> Based on this measurement, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_reanalysis_project" title="Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project">Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project</a> estimated that the hurricane had <a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind" title="Maximum sustained wind">maximum sustained winds</a> of approximately 110 mph (175 km/h), an intensity equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Category_2_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="List of Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes">Category 2 hurricane</a> on the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metadata_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metadata-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partagás described the storm as nearly a <a href="/wiki/Major_hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Major hurricane">major hurricane</a> based on the pressure observation at St. Vincent.<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_evening.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plot of the storm's track and related weather observations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_evening.png/280px-1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_evening.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_evening.png/420px-1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_evening.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_evening.png/560px-1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane_surface_analysis_1898-09-11_evening.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. Weather Bureau depicted the hurricane tracking northwest near <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, but this portrayal was disputed by subsequent analyses.</figcaption></figure> <p>After moving west past the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>, the hurricane curved northwest towards <a href="/wiki/Aves_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves Island">Aves Island</a> with a forward speed of around 7.5 mi (12.1 km). The areal extent of the storm's winds expanded significantly during its passage of the Windward Islands: the region of strong winds spanned 35 mi (56 km) in diameter on approach to St. Vincent but subsequently extended outward to 170 mi (270 km) from the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> The Weather Bureau noted that "after September 11 [the] storm lost strength rapidly, and there is no evidence at hand to show that during its subsequent northwesterly course over the eastern Caribbean Sea and the ocean to the northward it exhibited destructive violence."<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 394">: 394 </span></sup> The bureau assessed the storm to have taken a track through the <a href="/wiki/Mona_Passage" title="Mona Passage">Mona Passage</a> before the storm eventually dissipated east of the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> on September 14.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 391">: 391 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChartXV_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChartXV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the RMS analysis disputed this description of the storm's path, instead depicting a track that took the storm northward between Puerto Rico and the Windward Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> Compendiums of storms affecting Puerto Rico and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> do not suggest impacts from the hurricane.<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> The centre of the storm likely passed near <a href="/wiki/Sombrero_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sombrero Island">Sombrero Island</a> on September 13, where a minimum air pressure of 998 mbar (29.48 inHg) was measured.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> According to the RMS analysis, the hurricane continued northward before curving to the northwest upon reaching the <a href="/wiki/23rd_parallel_north" title="23rd parallel north">23rd parallel north</a>. On September 17, the storm reached the <a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_north" title="30th parallel north">30th parallel north</a> and began accelerating to the northeast at an average forward speed of around 24 mph (39 km/h). The storm spanned around 400 mi (640 km) in diameter when it passed near <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and expanded to around 450 mi (720 km) in diameter when it tracked east of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. The RMS analysis located the storm at around <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&params=42_N_42_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°N</span> <span class="longitude">42°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42°N 42°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42; -42</span></span></span></a></span></span> on September 20.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> However, the Atlantic hurricane database depicts the storm completing <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Extratropical transition">extratropical transition</a> by September 20 and taking a track across <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> before dissipating in the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a> later that day.<sup id="cite_ref-IBTrACS_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBTrACS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations_and_impact">Preparations and impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations and impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_century_dictionary_and_cyclopedia,_a_work_of_universal_reference_in_all_departments_of_knowledge_with_a_new_atlas_of_the_world_(1896)_(14776616645).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Political map with insets for some islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_century_dictionary_and_cyclopedia%2C_a_work_of_universal_reference_in_all_departments_of_knowledge_with_a_new_atlas_of_the_world_%281896%29_%2814776616645%29.jpg/220px-The_century_dictionary_and_cyclopedia%2C_a_work_of_universal_reference_in_all_departments_of_knowledge_with_a_new_atlas_of_the_world_%281896%29_%2814776616645%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_century_dictionary_and_cyclopedia%2C_a_work_of_universal_reference_in_all_departments_of_knowledge_with_a_new_atlas_of_the_world_%281896%29_%2814776616645%29.jpg/330px-The_century_dictionary_and_cyclopedia%2C_a_work_of_universal_reference_in_all_departments_of_knowledge_with_a_new_atlas_of_the_world_%281896%29_%2814776616645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_century_dictionary_and_cyclopedia%2C_a_work_of_universal_reference_in_all_departments_of_knowledge_with_a_new_atlas_of_the_world_%281896%29_%2814776616645%29.jpg/440px-The_century_dictionary_and_cyclopedia%2C_a_work_of_universal_reference_in_all_departments_of_knowledge_with_a_new_atlas_of_the_world_%281896%29_%2814776616645%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2482" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> from the 1896 edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Century_Dictionary" title="Century Dictionary">Century Dictionary</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbados">Barbados</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Barbados"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Well east of Barbados, the French <a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">barque</a> <i>Tourney</i> encountered the storm around midday on September 9 at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&params=12_2_N_54_2_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°2′N</span> <span class="longitude">54°2′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.033°N 54.033°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.033; -54.033</span></span></span></a></span></span>. The ship lost all <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">sail</a> and nearly all of its rice cargo, and over the course of two days it was blown 60 mi (97 km) off course.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392–393">: 392–393 </span></sup> Rain showers were frequent in Barbados between September 1 and September 10, but such weather conditions were typical for the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392">: 392 </span></sup> More inclement weather began to prevail in Barbados ahead of the hurricane on September 6, continuing for several days with <a href="/wiki/Shower_(precipitation)" title="Shower (precipitation)">showers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> Despite the frequent rainfall, the <a href="/wiki/Air_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pressure">air pressure</a> held steady for several days.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of an approaching hurricane remained inconclusive until September 10, when observations suggested a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> was present southeast of Barbados, and the air pressure began to fall rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392">: 392 </span></sup> These findings were transmitted to the U.S. Weather Bureau in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> at 12:40 p.m. that day by P. McDonough, a Weather Bureau Observer stationed at <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgetown, Barbados">Bridgetown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392">: 392 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward_1899_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward_1899-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> In response, the U.S. Weather Bureau communicated <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches" title="Tropical cyclone warnings and watches">hurricane warnings</a> to the bureau's stations in the Lesser Antilles, requesting the stations to disseminate warnings to those in their purview. Additional advisories were transmitted throughout the Caribbean Sea to support observation of the storm. Initial forecasts from the U.S. Weather Bureau projected that the hurricane would track slowly northwest with increasing strength.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392">: 392 </span></sup> Ships moored at the Bridgetown harbour and <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Bay,_Barbados" title="Carlisle Bay, Barbados">Carlisle Bay</a> either left or were secured further in advance of the hurricane.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> The hurricane warning efforts of the newly established West Indian Weather Service of the U.S. Weather Bureau were later lauded by the press, including the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gleaner" title="The Gleaner">Daily Gleaner</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Times-Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Times-Democrat">Times-Democrat</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 394">: 394 </span></sup> However, McDonough wrote that the many locals "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pooh-pooh" class="extiw" title="wikt:pooh-pooh">pooh-poohed</a> the information given out," believing that the island was "immune" from hurricanes due to the long period of time elapsed since the last destructive storm.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> </p><p>The hurricane impacted Barbados on the night of September 10–11, a night that the <i>Barbados Agricultural Reporter</i> described as one that would "live forever in the memory of the present generation of Barbadians." The storm's forces were experienced for around ten hours, with the strongest winds buffeting the island from around 7:30 p.m. on September 10 to 4 a.m. on September 11.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392">: 392 </span></sup> Gale-force winds were experienced after 6:30 p.m. and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane-force" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane-force">hurricane-force</a> winds set in after 9 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392">: 392 </span></sup> McDonough recorded a peak one-minute <a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind" title="Maximum sustained wind">sustained wind</a> of 75 mph (121 km/h) at 10:18 p.m. The shelter housing the associated <a href="/wiki/Anemometer" title="Anemometer">anemometer</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Weather_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather instrument">weather instruments</a> was subsequently destroyed by the wind, damaging the instruments or leaving them unusable. McDonough believed that winds were at their strongest between 11 p.m. and midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392">: 392 </span></sup> Winds in Bridgetown peaked at 62 mph (100 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> McDonough also recorded a minimum air pressure of 997.7 mbar (hPa; 29.462 inHg) at 9:20 p.m. and a total rainfall accumulation of 11.42 in (290 mm) between 6 p.m. September 10 and 10:30 a.m. September 12. The September 17 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Barbados_Advocate" title="The Barbados Advocate">The Barbados Advocate</a></i> provided the following summation of the storm's impact:<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 392">: 392 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Fiercer and more destructive hurricanes may have visited the West Indies in years past, but taking into consideration the general condition of her industry and its gloomy prospects, never has a more appalling calamity fallen on this island since first it rose out of these western seas, than the fearful hurricane that ravaged it from shore to shore on [the night of September 10].</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt_Paul_Sandby_-_Carlisle_Bay,_Barbados_-_B1975.4.1847_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of the bay and attendant ships" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lt_Paul_Sandby_-_Carlisle_Bay%2C_Barbados_-_B1975.4.1847_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/220px-Lt_Paul_Sandby_-_Carlisle_Bay%2C_Barbados_-_B1975.4.1847_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lt_Paul_Sandby_-_Carlisle_Bay%2C_Barbados_-_B1975.4.1847_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/330px-Lt_Paul_Sandby_-_Carlisle_Bay%2C_Barbados_-_B1975.4.1847_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lt_Paul_Sandby_-_Carlisle_Bay%2C_Barbados_-_B1975.4.1847_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/440px-Lt_Paul_Sandby_-_Carlisle_Bay%2C_Barbados_-_B1975.4.1847_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Many ships in Carlisle Bay (drawing by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sandby" title="Paul Sandby">Paul Sandby</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820</span>) were driven out to sea by the wind and marooned on distant reefs or destroyed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The hurricane killed 83 people and injured 150 on Barbados according to the U.S. Weather Bureau,<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 391">: 391 </span></sup> though a report published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_the_Royal_Meteorological_Society" title="Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society">Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society</a></i> documented 115 fatalities on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> McDonough reported that 5,062 houses were completely destroyed and another 2,359 sustained at least partial damage, displacing some 40,000–45,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> The RMS report enumerated 11,400 destroyed homes and 50,000 displaced people.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> Property damage resulting from the hurricane amounted to US$2.5 million according to the U.S. Weather Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 391">: 391 </span></sup> Impacts from the hurricane were experienced throughout Barbados, though the most severe effects occurred along the eastern and southern areas of the island. Despite being secured by additional <a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchors</a>, several ships harboured at Carlisle Bay were severed from their anchorage and blown out to sea by the hurricane and marooned on <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> near Bridgeport and 100 mi (160 km) to the west along reefs near St. Vincent.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> Five ships were driven out to sea with their anchors dragged along the seafloor, losing all sail and drifting broadside for a distance of roughly 105 mi (169 km) over the course of 15 hours before beaching near <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Georgetown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Georgetown, St. Vincent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> The crews of the vessels <i>Grace Lynwood</i>, <i>Lapland</i>, and <i>Loando</i> were rescued after being blown onto the St. Vincent reefs. The vessels <i>Florence</i>, <i>Florence B. Parr</i>, <i>Kate Florence</i>, and <i>Lovdahl</i> were all blown out to sea with no subsequent correspondence. The <i>Campania</i>, <i>Elmo</i>, <i>Ocean Traveller</i>, and many <a href="/wiki/Lighter_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighter (ship)">lighters</a> were beached on reefs near Bridgeport and deemed total losses. Smaller ships were destroyed by the heavy surf.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> </p><p>A section of the Bridgetown <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">wharf</a> was severed by the rough seas, and waves crashed over the wharf onto the city streets. The streets were rendered impassable by the storm, snarling vehicle traffic and <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a> service; the Bridgetown streetcar service was restored in limited capacity on September 12. The suburbs of Bridgetown sustained considerable damage, with trees snapped or uprooted and <a href="/wiki/Frame_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame house">frame houses</a> razed. Strong winds blew down thousands of <a href="/wiki/Telephone_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone pole">telephone poles</a>, incapacitating the island's entire telephone system.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael,_Barbados" title="Saint Michael, Barbados">St. Michael</a> and Belleville also suffered extensively, with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> reporting them as "totally demolished".<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> The sugar cane crop also experienced significant losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Vincent_and_St._Lucia">St. Vincent and St. Lucia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: St. Vincent and St. Lucia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lansdown_Guilding01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of the garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lansdown_Guilding01a.jpg/220px-Lansdown_Guilding01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lansdown_Guilding01a.jpg/330px-Lansdown_Guilding01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lansdown_Guilding01a.jpg/440px-Lansdown_Guilding01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>The lowest pressure measured in connection with the hurricane was measured at a station in the Saint Vincent Botanic Garden.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)" title="Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)">St. Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a> sustained severe effects comparable to those experienced on Barbados.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 391">: 391 </span></sup> Rough seas began to encroach upon the St. Vincent coast 20 hours before the hurricane arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> By 3 p.m. on September 10, falling air pressures on St. Vincent began to indicate that a hurricane was imminent, prompting warnings of the approaching storm. Strong winds battered St. Vincent on September 11, uprooting trees and disrupting telecommunications.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> The hurricane's winds were at their strongest between 1 and 2 p.m., and the storm's effects largely subsided by 3 p.m. H. Powell, the curator of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_Botanic_Gardens" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botanic Gardens">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botanic Gardens</a>, estimated that wind speeds reached 90–100 mph (140–160 km/h). A minimum barometric pressure of 965.43 mbar (hPa; 28.509 inHg) was recorded during a period of calm on the island. Between 9 a.m. on September 11 and 9 a.m. on September 12, 9.17 in (233 mm) of rainfall was recorded at the Botanic Gardens;<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> an estimated 14 in (360 mm) of rain fell at St. Vincent during the entirety of the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> </p><p>Powell described a previous <a href="/wiki/1886_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1886 Atlantic hurricane season">hurricane in 1886</a> as being "mere '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/child%27s_play" class="extiw" title="wikt:child's play">child's play</a>'" compared to the 1898 storm in St. Vincent, and reported that some residents described the hurricane as "in every way more destructive" than a significant <a href="/wiki/1831_Barbados%E2%80%93Louisiana_hurricane" title="1831 Barbados–Louisiana hurricane">hurricane in 1831</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393–394">: 393–394 </span></sup> The death toll in St. Vincent tallied around in the hundreds;<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> the RMS analysis reported roughly 200 fatalities while the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> reported around 300 fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> Around 6,000 homes were destroyed or irreparably damaged, displacing approximately 20,000 people. Strong winds destroyed almost every church and chapel on the island and uprooted numerous trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> Nearly all of the large trees at the Botanic Gardens were downed. Trees and homes that withstood the northerly winds accompanying the initial approach of the hurricane were destroyed by the opposing winds that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393">: 393 </span></sup> Heavy rain from the hurricane produced floods that cascaded down mountainsides, razing entire villages and estates.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> Shipping in Kingstown was wrecked by the rough seas.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The villages of Richmond and Wallibou were a "complete wreck", with no houses remaining. In <a href="/wiki/Chateaubelair" title="Chateaubelair">Chateaubelair</a>, many houses were demolished, while a few were still standing after the storm, albeit with severe damage. Forty-five deaths occurred in the village. Similar impact was reported in <a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Cumberland, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Cumberland</a>, with one death. Only one house was not destroyed at <a href="/wiki/Barrouallie" title="Barrouallie">Barrouallie</a>. Thirty fatalities were reported, eleven of which occurred after a church which people sought refuge in was wrecked. In <a href="/wiki/Layou" title="Layou">Layou</a>, only the police barracks remained standing.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Much of the damage in St. Lucia was inflicted by a ten-hours-long rainfall that led to floods and landslides.<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Valleys in St. Lucia temporarily became lakes after accumulating floodwaters. A landslide triggered by heavy rain in St. Lucia engulfed homes within a 3 mi (4.8 km) stretch of a valley. <a href="/wiki/Castries" title="Castries">Castries Harbour</a> suffered heavy damage due to the heavy seas.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William B. Stockman, a U.S. Weather Bureau forecaster serving under the agency's West Indian Weather Service at <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston, Jamaica</a>, directed the raising of <a href="/wiki/Signal_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal flag">hurricane signals</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre, Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">St. Kitts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands">St. Thomas</a> after receiving weather observations on September 10 indicative of a hurricane. Spanish ships delayed their departures from <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a>, upon receiving notice of the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 394">: 394 </span></sup> </p><p>Within the Lesser Antilles outside of Barbados, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent, impacts were comparatively minor and limited to roiled seas and heavy rain.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 394">: 394 </span></sup> Impacts in the <a href="/wiki/Grenadines" title="Grenadines">Grenadines</a> were minor outside of <a href="/wiki/Bequia" title="Bequia">Bequia</a>, located just south of St. Vincent.<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> Thunderstorms and rainfall spread to other parts of the Windward Islands, with rainfall totals reaching 2.25 in (57 mm) at <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> and 5.5 in (140 mm) at <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> A landslide in <a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res,_Guadeloupe" title="Trois-Rivières, Guadeloupe">Trois-Rivières, Guadeloupe</a>, engulfed two homes, causing nine deaths. The sloop <i>Marie Stella</i> capsized off <a href="/wiki/Goyave" title="Goyave">Goyave</a>, resulting in another nine deaths near Guadeloupe.<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>The storm passed near St. Kitts without causing much damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 394">: 394 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> Winds at <a href="/wiki/Basseterre" title="Basseterre">Basseterre</a> peaked at 58 mph (93 km/h) on September 12.<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> Rainfall accumulations between the morning of September 12 and the morning of September 13 reached 5.5 in (140 mm) on St. Kitts; roughly the same amount was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>. Around 20 in (510 mm) of rain was recorded at <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> throughout the storm and 17.25 in (438 mm) of rain was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> over a 48-hour period.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1898_11-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1898-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>The ship <i>Fluminense</i> arrived in Barbados with damage from a storm encounter on September 18 after departing from New York. Partagás surmised that the vessel likely encountered the hurricane somewhere between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. On September 19, the ship <i>Osorno</i> possibly encountered the storm en route from <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> to New York, experiencing 24 hours of gale-force winds. One crewmember was washed overboard and drowned.<sup id="cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/32px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/48px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/64px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2004" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones" title="Portal:Tropical cyclones">Tropical cyclones portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1886_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1886 Atlantic hurricane season">Hurricane Six (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Martinique_hurricane" title="1891 Martinique hurricane">1891 Martinique hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Edith_(1963)" title="Hurricane Edith (1963)">Hurricane Edith (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Tomas" title="Hurricane Tomas">Hurricane Tomas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note-time-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note-time_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All times and dates are based on <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> (UTC) unless otherwise noted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note-money-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note-money_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All monetary values are in 1898 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> unless otherwise noted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hurdat-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hurdat_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HURricane DATa (HURDAT) is a database of historical tropical cyclones maintained by the National Hurricane Center. The database is routinely revised to incorporate new data.<sup id="cite_ref-Landsea_2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landsea_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rappaport_et_al._2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rappaport_et_al._2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An approaching hurricane is associated with a decrease in air pressure ahead of the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanehill_1939_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanehill_1939-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2, 5">: 2, 5 </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Garriott_1898-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garriott_1898_3-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarriott1898" class="citation journal cs1">Garriott, E. 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Abbe, Cleveland (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281898%2926%5B391b%3AFAW%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"Forecasts and Warnings"</a>. <i>Monthly Weather Review</i>. <b>26</b> (9): 391–394. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1898MWRv...26..391G">1898MWRv...26..391G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281898%2926%5B391b%3AFAW%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0493(1898)26[391b:FAW]2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Weather+Review&rft.atitle=Forecasts+and+Warnings&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=391-394&rft.date=1898-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0493%281898%2926%5B391b%3AFAW%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1898MWRv...26..391G&rft.aulast=Garriott&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0493%25281898%252926%255B391b%253AFAW%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1898+Windward+Islands+hurricane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partagas_and_Diaz_1999_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartagásDiaz1999" class="citation book cs1">Partagás, José Fernandez; Diaz, Henry F. 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Royal Meteorological Society: 23–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1899QJRMS..25...23C">1899QJRMS..25...23C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqj.49702510904">10.1002/qj.49702510904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122299216">122299216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=The+West+Indian+Hurricane%2C+September+1898&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=23-32&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122299216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.49702510904&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1899QJRMS..25...23C&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1898+Windward+Islands+hurricane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChartXV-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChartXV_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-weather-review_1898-09_26_9/page/n63/mode/2up">"Chart XV. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Weather+Review&rft.atitle=Chart+XV.+Weather+Charts.+September+11%2C+1898&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1898-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_monthly-weather-review_1898-09_26_9%2Fpage%2Fn63%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1898+Windward+Islands+hurricane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanehill_1939-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tanehill_1939_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannehill1939" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ray_Tannehill" title="Ivan Ray Tannehill">Tannehill, Ivan Ray</a> (February 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT31030914/PDF">The Hurricane</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2023</span> – via National Agricultural Library Digital Collections.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Hurricane&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1939-02&rft.aulast=Tannehill&rft.aufirst=Ivan+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaldc.nal.usda.gov%2Fdownload%2FCAT31030914%2FPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1898+Windward+Islands+hurricane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward_1899-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ward_1899_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1899" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, R. DeC. (20 January 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2499160">"The Windward Islands Hurricane of September, 1898"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>9</b> (212): 116–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.9.212.116.c">10.1126/science.9.212.116.c</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239783629">239783629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Windward+Islands+Hurricane+of+September%2C+1898&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=212&rft.pages=116-117&rft.date=1899-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.9.212.116.c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239783629%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=R.+DeC.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2499160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1898+Windward+Islands+hurricane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Windward_Islands_hurricane&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1852_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1852 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Eight" title="1853 Atlantic hurricane season">Eight (1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1854 Atlantic hurricane season">"Matagorda" (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1855 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1855 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1857 Atlantic hurricane season">"S.S. Central America Disaster" (1857)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1857 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1857)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1858 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1858 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1859 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1859 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1859)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1860 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1860 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1860 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1860 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1861 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1861 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1862 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1862 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1863 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1863 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1863 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1863 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1865 Atlantic hurricane season">"Sabine River-Lake Calcasieu" (1865)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1865 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1865)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1866 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1866 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1866 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1867 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1867 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1867 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1867 Atlantic hurricane season">"Galveston" (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1868 Atlantic hurricane season">One 1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1868 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1868 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1869 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1869 Atlantic hurricane season">"Lower Texas Coast" (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1869 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Saxby_Gale" title="1869 Saxby Gale">"Saxby" (1869)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1870 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1870)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Nine" title="1870 Atlantic hurricane season">"Second Key West" (1870)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Ten" title="1870 Atlantic hurricane season">Ten (1870)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1871 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1872 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1872)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1874 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1875 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1876 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1876)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1878 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1878 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1878 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_of_1878" title="Gale of 1878">Eleven (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1879 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Eight" title="1879 Atlantic hurricane season">Eight (1879)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1880_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1880 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1880)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1881 Atlantic hurricane season">"Georgia" (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1881 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1884 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1884)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1885 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1886 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1886 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1886 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Eight" title="1886 Atlantic hurricane season">Eight (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Nine" title="1886 Atlantic hurricane season">Nine (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1887 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Eight" title="1887 Atlantic hurricane season">Eight (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Nine" title="1887 Atlantic hurricane season">Nine (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Fifteen" title="1887 Atlantic hurricane season">Fifteen (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1888 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Nine" title="1888 Atlantic hurricane season">Nine (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1889 Atlantic hurricane season">"San Martín" (1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1889 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1889)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1891_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1891 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1891 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1891 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1892 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1892)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1892 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1892)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1892 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1892)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1893 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1893 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1893 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Eight" title="1893 Atlantic hurricane season">Eight (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1894 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1895 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1895 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1896 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1896 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_East_Coast_hurricane" title="1896 East Coast hurricane">"East Coast" (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1896 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1897 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1897)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">"Windward Islands" (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Carrabelle_hurricane" title="1899 Carrabelle hurricane">"Carrabelle" (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1899 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Nine" title="1899 Atlantic hurricane season">Nine (1899)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1900_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1900 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1901 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1902 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1902 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_New_Jersey_hurricane" title="1903 New Jersey hurricane">"New Jersey" (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1903 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1903 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1906 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1908 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Eight" title="1908 Atlantic hurricane season">Eight (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Nine" title="1908 Atlantic hurricane season">Nine (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1909 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Greater_Antilles_hurricane" title="1909 Greater Antilles hurricane">"Greater Antilles" (1909)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1910_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1910 Atlantic hurricane season">"San Zacarias" (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1910 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1911 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1911 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1912 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1915 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1916 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1916 Atlantic hurricane season">"San Hipólito" (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Pensacola_hurricane" title="1916 Pensacola hurricane">"Pensacola" (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1918 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1918 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three" title="1919 Atlantic hurricane season">Three (1919)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1920 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Louisiana_hurricane" title="1920 Louisiana hurricane">"Louisiana" (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1922 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two" title="1923 Atlantic hurricane season">Two (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1924 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1926 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Eight" title="1926 Atlantic hurricane season">Eight (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1927 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Fort_Pierce_hurricane" title="1928 Fort Pierce hurricane">"Fort Pierce" (1928)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1931_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1931 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Fifteen" title="1932 Atlantic hurricane season">Fifteen (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Trinidad_hurricane" title="1933 Trinidad hurricane">"Trinidad" (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Thirteen" title="1933 Atlantic hurricane season">Thirteen (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Central_America_hurricane" title="1934 Central America hurricane">"Central America" (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1934 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Ten" title="1934 Atlantic hurricane season">Ten (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yankee_hurricane" title="1935 Yankee hurricane">"Yankee" (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Five" title="1936 Atlantic hurricane season">Five (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Ten" title="1936 Atlantic hurricane season">Ten (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Fifteen" title="1936 Atlantic hurricane season">Fifteen (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1937 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Eight" title="1937 Atlantic hurricane season">Eight (1937)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Louisiana_hurricane" title="1940 Louisiana hurricane">"Louisiana" (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_South_Carolina_hurricane" title="1940 South Carolina hurricane">"South Carolina" (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_New_England_hurricane" title="1940 New England hurricane">"New England" (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Nova_Scotia_hurricane" title="1940 Nova Scotia hurricane">"Nova Scotia" (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Seven" title="1940 Atlantic hurricane season">Seven (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1942 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Belize_hurricane" title="1942 Belize hurricane">"Belize" (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Surprise_Hurricane" title="1943 Surprise Hurricane">"Surprise" (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Six" title="1943 Atlantic hurricane season">Six (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Nine" title="1943 Atlantic hurricane season">"San Calixto" (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Nine" title="1944 Atlantic hurricane season">Nine (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Outer_Banks_hurricane" title="1945 Outer Banks hurricane">"Outer Banks" (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Eleven" title="1945 Atlantic hurricane season">Eleven (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1946 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Florida_hurricane" title="1946 Florida hurricane">"Florida" (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Two_(Charlie)" title="1947 Atlantic hurricane season">Charlie (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Florida%E2%80%93Georgia_hurricane" title="1947 Florida–Georgia hurricane">King (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_One" title="1949 Atlantic hurricane season">One (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Texas_hurricane" title="1949 Texas hurricane">"Texas" (1949)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1859_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Four" title="1859 Atlantic hurricane season">Four (1859)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1950–present" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1950–present</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Baker_(1950)" title="Hurricane Baker (1950)">Baker (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charlie_(1950)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Charlie (1950)">Charlie (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_George_(1950)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane George (1950)">George (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Item_(1950)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Item (1950)">Item (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_How_(1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane How (1951)">How (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Able_(1952)" title="Hurricane Able (1952)">Able (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Baker_(1952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Baker (1952)">Baker (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Easy_(1952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Easy (1952)">Easy (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Alice_(June_1954)" title="Hurricane Alice (June 1954)">Alice (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Unnamed_hurricane" title="1954 Atlantic hurricane season">Unnamed (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Diane" title="Hurricane Diane">Diane (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Edith_(1955)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Edith (1955)">Edith (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Flora_(1955)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Flora (1955)">Flora (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katie_(1955)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Katie (1955)">Katie (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Greta_(1956)" title="Hurricane Greta (1956)">Greta (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ella_(1958)" title="Hurricane Ella (1958)">Ella (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ilsa_(1958)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Ilsa (1958)">Ilsa (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Janice_(1958)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Janice (1958)">Janice (1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Anna_(1961)" title="Hurricane Anna (1961)">Anna (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Daisy_(1962)" title="Hurricane Daisy (1962)">Daisy (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ella_(1962)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Ella (1962)">Ella (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Edith_(1963)" title="Hurricane Edith (1963)">Edith (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ginny" title="Hurricane Ginny">Ginny (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ethel_(1964)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Ethel (1964)">Ethel (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Anna_(1965)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Anna (1965)">Anna (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Elena_(1965)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Elena (1965)">Elena (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Chloe_(1967)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Chloe (1967)">Chloe (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Francelia" title="Hurricane Francelia">Francelia (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Kara" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Kara">Kara (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Laurie" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Laurie">Laurie (1969)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_Canada_hurricane" title="1970 Canada hurricane">Eighteen (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ginger_(1971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Ginger (1971)">Ginger (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Betty_(1972)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Betty (1972)">Betty (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Fifi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Fifi">Fifi (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Doris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Doris">Doris (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Faye_(1975)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Faye (1975)">Faye (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Emmy_(1976)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Emmy (1976)">Emmy (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gloria_(1976)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Gloria (1976)">Gloria (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Flossie_(1978)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Flossie (1978)">Flossie (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gloria_(1979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Gloria (1979)">Gloria (1979)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Bonnie_(1980)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Bonnie (1980)">Bonnie (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan_(1980)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Ivan (1980)">Ivan (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne_(1980)" title="Hurricane Jeanne (1980)">Jeanne (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gert_(1981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Gert (1981)">Gert (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Josephine_(1984)" title="Hurricane Josephine (1984)">Josephine (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Earl_(1986)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Earl (1986)">Earl (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dean_(1989)" title="Hurricane Dean (1989)">Dean (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Erin_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Erin (1989)">Erin (1989)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Diana_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Diana (1990)">Diana (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Isidore_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Isidore (1990)">Isidore (1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Grace_(1991)" title="Hurricane Grace (1991)">Grace (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Bonnie_(1992)" title="Hurricane Bonnie (1992)">Bonnie (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charley_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Charley (1992)">Charley (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gert_(1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Gert (1993)">Gert (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Florence_(1994)" title="Hurricane Florence (1994)">Florence (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Erin_(1995)" title="Hurricane Erin (1995)">Erin (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Humberto_(1995)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Humberto (1995)">Humberto (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Iris_(1995)" title="Hurricane Iris (1995)">Iris (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Danielle_(1998)" title="Hurricane Danielle (1998)">Danielle (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Earl_(1998)" title="Hurricane Earl (1998)">Earl (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Jeanne (1998)">Jeanne (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Karl_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Karl (1998)">Karl (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis_(1999)" title="Hurricane Dennis (1999)">Dennis (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irene_(1999)" title="Hurricane Irene (1999)">Irene (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jose_(1999)" title="Hurricane Jose (1999)">Jose (1999)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michael_(2000)" title="Hurricane Michael (2000)">Michael (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Humberto_(2001)" title="Hurricane Humberto (2001)">Humberto (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav_(2002)" title="Hurricane Gustav (2002)">Gustav (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Juan_(2003)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Juan (2003)">Juan (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Danielle_(2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Danielle (2004)">Danielle (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irene_(2005)" title="Hurricane Irene (2005)">Irene (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dolly_(2008)" title="Hurricane Dolly (2008)">Dolly (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ida_(2009)" title="Hurricane Ida (2009)">Ida (2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Alex_(2010)" title="Hurricane Alex (2010)">Alex (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Paula_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Paula (2010)">Paula (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Richard_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Richard (2010)">Richard (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Tomas_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Tomas (2010)">Tomas (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ernesto_(2012)" title="Hurricane Ernesto (2012)">Ernesto (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gordon_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Gordon (2012)">Gordon (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Kirk_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Kirk (2012)">Kirk (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Arthur_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Arthur (2014)">Arthur (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gert_(2017)" title="Hurricane Gert (2017)">Gert (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katia_(2017)" title="Hurricane Katia (2017)">Katia (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Chris_(2018)" title="Hurricane Chris (2018)">Chris (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Helene_(2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Helene (2018)">Helene (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Oscar_(2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Oscar (2018)">Oscar (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jerry_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Jerry (2019)">Jerry (2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Paulette" title="Hurricane Paulette">Paulette (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sally" title="Hurricane Sally">Sally (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Earl_(2022)" title="Hurricane Earl (2022)">Earl (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Nigel_(2023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Nigel (2023)">Nigel (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Tammy" title="Hurricane Tammy">Tammy (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ernesto_(2024)" title="Hurricane Ernesto (2024)">Ernesto (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Francine" title="Hurricane Francine">Francine (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Isaac_(2024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Isaac (2024)">Isaac (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Leslie_(2024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Leslie (2024)">Leslie (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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