CINXE.COM
(PDF) Ibn Qayyim's Legacy on Modern Muslim Thought
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="rSZGp_fEhaBUpor3eiX_BG49BIRUHBrG57zzybbEzRDOMWrgCLKZQpTFpuPlHHSJETelxFhsGOwTuOwatQQ_4A" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="The Influence of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziyah in the Reality of Muslims Today" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Social Science" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="samsidar jamaluddin" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/101139237/The_Influence_of_Ibn_Qayyim_Al_Jauziyah_in_the_Reality_of_Muslims_Today" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The Influence of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziyah in the Reality of Muslims Today" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Ibn Qayyim invites and calls on Muslims to ijtihad and leave taklid, Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah is a scholar who is very persistent in fighting blind taklid and calling for freedom of thought, but still clinging to the main points of Islamic teachings" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/220799615/78680344/67235120/s200_samsidar.jamaluddin.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/101139237/The_Influence_of_Ibn_Qayyim_Al_Jauziyah_in_the_Reality_of_Muslims_Today" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Influence of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziyah in the Reality of Muslims Today" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Ibn Qayyim invites and calls on Muslims to ijtihad and leave taklid, Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah is a scholar who is very persistent in fighting blind taklid and calling for freedom of thought, but still clinging to the main points of Islamic teachings" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/jamaluddinsamsidar" /> <meta name="description" content="Ibn Qayyim invites and calls on Muslims to ijtihad and leave taklid, Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah is a scholar who is very persistent in fighting blind taklid and calling for freedom of thought, but still clinging to the main points of Islamic teachings" /> <title>(PDF) Ibn Qayyim's Legacy on Modern Muslim Thought</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/101139237/The_Influence_of_Ibn_Qayyim_Al_Jauziyah_in_the_Reality_of_Muslims_Today" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739831480000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739831480000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Ibn Qayyim invites and calls on Muslims to ijtihad and leave taklid, Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah is a scholar who is very persistent in fighting blind taklid and calling for freedom of thought, but still clinging to the main points of Islamic teachings and the creed of the Salaf. In Ibn Qayyim\u0026amp;amp;#39;s view, ijtihad must develop in accordance with the development of situations and conditions in various places and times. Therefore he put forward a rule: Fi taghayyir al-fatawa wa ikhtilafiha bi hasbi taghayyir al-azminah wa al-amkinah wa al-ahwal wa al-niyat wa al-\u0026amp;amp;#39;awa\u0026amp;amp;#39;id. According to him, an important factor in formulating legal provisions or legal stipulations must be related to five things, namely al-azminah (the situation of the times), al-amkinah (the situation of the place), al-ahwal (the circumstances), al-niyat (the cause of desires), and al-awa\u0026amp;amp;#39;id (customs). All of this affects the development of law, so that Islamic law can truly be lived as a law that is rahmatan lil \u0026amp;amp;...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"samsidar jamaluddin","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/jamaluddinsamsidar"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-05-02","dateModified":"2025-02-01","headline":"The Influence of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziyah in the Reality of Muslims Today","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101761762/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Law","Islam","Sharia","Fiqh","Social Science","Creed"],"publication":"International Journal of Social Science","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Bajang Institute"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101761762/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/101139237/The_Influence_of_Ibn_Qayyim_Al_Jauziyah_in_the_Reality_of_Muslims_Today"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-f29774c14b4e629cbb4375c919ad1c2b2891ac825d0a410ea6339ae17e481a55.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-bfbac2a470372e2f3a6661a65fa7ff0a0fbf7aa32534d9a831d683d2a6f9e01b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-d1941ab08e91e29ee143084c4749da4aaffa350a2ac6eec2306b1d7a352d911a.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "f2ec062e28300fb830adbe266d887f525aafb9d9ab4f65970daa7a51a39944b8", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="XNz2gFzNdKGSjdp1bwu5lQtaX5oj_hulWJakIXzOvc0_y9rHo7toQ1Lu9mHwMjIYdFD-2i-OGY-skrvyfw5PPQ" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/101139237/The_Influence_of_Ibn_Qayyim_Al_Jauziyah_in_the_Reality_of_Muslims_Today" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="oHhkpp3BfD3ZnkKijetICsRRczecNsORxWS8O3Wo1kfDb0jhYrdg3xn9brYS0sOHu1vSd5BGwbsxYKPodmgktw" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Log In</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</button><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-e5ca05062a7092a8f6f5af11f70589210af26f6a0030f102b0b21b22451b9d41.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 220799615; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F101139237%2FThe_Influence_of_Ibn_Qayyim_Al_Jauziyah_in_the_Reality_of_Muslims_Today%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F101139237%2FThe_Influence_of_Ibn_Qayyim_Al_Jauziyah_in_the_Reality_of_Muslims_Today%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":101761762,"identifier":"Attachment_101761762","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":101139237,"created_at":"2023-05-02T16:43:21.992-07:00","from_world_paper_id":232896085,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T11:11:57.837-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Ibn Qayyim invites and calls on Muslims to ijtihad and leave taklid, Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah is a scholar who is very persistent in fighting blind taklid and calling for freedom of thought, but still clinging to the main points of Islamic teachings and the creed of the Salaf. In Ibn Qayyim\u0026#39;s view, ijtihad must develop in accordance with the development of situations and conditions in various places and times. Therefore he put forward a rule: Fi taghayyir al-fatawa wa ikhtilafiha bi hasbi taghayyir al-azminah wa al-amkinah wa al-ahwal wa al-niyat wa al-\u0026#39;awa\u0026#39;id. According to him, an important factor in formulating legal provisions or legal stipulations must be related to five things, namely al-azminah (the situation of the times), al-amkinah (the situation of the place), al-ahwal (the circumstances), al-niyat (the cause of desires), and al-awa\u0026#39;id (customs). All of this affects the development of law, so that Islamic law can truly be lived as a law that is rahmatan lil \u0026...","publisher":"Bajang Institute","ai_title_tag":"Ibn Qayyim's Legacy on Modern Muslim Thought","publication_name":"International Journal of Social Science"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Influence of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziyah in the Reality of Muslims Today","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [220799615]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":101761762,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Influence of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziyah in the Reality of Muslims Today”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/101761762/mini_magick20230502-1-umjvhm.png?1683071056" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Influence of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziyah in the Reality of Muslims Today</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="220799615" href="https://independent.academia.edu/jamaluddinsamsidar"><img alt="Profile image of samsidar jamaluddin" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/220799615/78680344/67235120/s65_samsidar.jamaluddin.jpeg" />samsidar jamaluddin</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">International Journal of Social Science</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 101139237; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=101139237"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Ibn Qayyim invites and calls on Muslims to ijtihad and leave taklid, Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah is a scholar who is very persistent in fighting blind taklid and calling for freedom of thought, but still clinging to the main points of Islamic teachings and the creed of the Salaf. In Ibn Qayyim&#39;s view, ijtihad must develop in accordance with the development of situations and conditions in various places and times. Therefore he put forward a rule: Fi taghayyir al-fatawa wa ikhtilafiha bi hasbi taghayyir al-azminah wa al-amkinah wa al-ahwal wa al-niyat wa al-&#39;awa&#39;id. According to him, an important factor in formulating legal provisions or legal stipulations must be related to five things, namely al-azminah (the situation of the times), al-amkinah (the situation of the place), al-ahwal (the circumstances), al-niyat (the cause of desires), and al-awa&#39;id (customs). All of this affects the development of law, so that Islamic law can truly be lived as a law that is rahmatan lil &...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":101761762,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/101139237/The_Influence_of_Ibn_Qayyim_Al_Jauziyah_in_the_Reality_of_Muslims_Today"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":101761762,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/101139237/The_Influence_of_Ibn_Qayyim_Al_Jauziyah_in_the_Reality_of_Muslims_Today"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. If the signup banner trigger (a 242px-high* invisible div underneath the 'See Full PDF' / 'Download PDF' buttons) // is already fully scrolled above the viewport, show the banner by default // 2. If the signup banner trigger is fully visible, show the banner // 3. If the signup banner trigger has even a few pixels scrolled below the viewport, hide the banner // // * 242px is the empirically determined height of the signup banner. It's better to be a bit taller than // necessary than too short, so it's fine that the mobile (small breakpoint) banner is shorter. // First check session storage for the signup banner's visibility state const signupBannerHidden = sessionStorage.getItem('ds-signup-banner-hidden'); if (signupBannerHidden === 'true') { return; } const signupBanner = document.querySelector('.ds-signup-banner'); const signupBannerTrigger = document.querySelector('.ds-signup-banner-trigger'); if (!signupBannerTrigger) { window.Sentry.captureMessage("Signup banner trigger not found"); return; } let footerShown = false; window.addEventListener('load', () => { const rect = signupBannerTrigger.getBoundingClientRect(); // If page loaded up already scrolled below the trigger (via scroll restoration), show the banner by default if (rect.bottom < 0) { footerShown = true; signupBanner.classList.add('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } }); // Wait for trigger to fully enter viewport before showing banner (ensures PDF CTAs are never covered by banner) const observer = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => { entries.forEach(entry => { if (entry.isIntersecting && !footerShown) { footerShown = true; signupBanner.classList.add('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } else if (!entry.isIntersecting && footerShown) { if (signupBannerTrigger.getBoundingClientRect().bottom > 0) { footerShown = false; signupBanner.classList.remove('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } } }); }); observer.observe(signupBannerTrigger); // Set up signup banner close button event handler: const signupBannerCloseButton = document.querySelector('#ds-signup-banner-close-button'); signupBannerCloseButton.addEventListener('click', () => { signupBanner.classList.remove('ds-signup-banner-visible'); observer.unobserve(signupBannerTrigger); // Store the signup banner's visibility state in session storage sessionStorage.setItem('ds-signup-banner-hidden', 'true'); }); })();</script></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="101761762" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/101139237/The_Influence_of_Ibn_Qayyim_Al_Jauziyah_in_the_Reality_of_Muslims_Today" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="121787368" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121787368/THE_LEGACY_OF_IBN_QAYYIM_AL_JAUZIYAH_IN_THE_TEACHINGS_OF_LEGAL_FATWAS_ON_THE_REALITY_OF_MODERN_MUSLIMS">THE LEGACY OF IBN QAYYIM AL-JAUZIYAH IN THE TEACHINGS OF LEGAL FATWAS ON THE REALITY OF MODERN MUSLIMS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="94178787" href="https://perintiskemerdekaanno.academia.edu/MappasessuMappasessu">Mappasessu S H Mappasessu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Quantum Juris: Jurnal Hukum Modern, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The concept of change formulated by Ibn Qayyim as a consequence of differences in places, differences in times, intentions, and customs was carried out solely to realize the purpose of law that is universal and eternal. This paper describes the underlying epistemological aspects and factors influencing the change of fatwas, and the methods used by Ibn Qayyim in the formulation of a law and its development. Using the library research method, which is research whose data is in the form of theories, concepts, thoughts, and ideas, examining data and events or cases among the Islamic ummah, then continued research on the rules, principles, and methodologies of relevant legal reasoning, the results of which found that there are factors that influence the change in fatwa are changes in times, places, conditions, intentions, customs and illat methodological framework Ibn Qayyim developed can be divided into two, namely methods developed to understand context and methods developed to understand texts and their applications.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE LEGACY OF IBN QAYYIM AL-JAUZIYAH IN THE TEACHINGS OF LEGAL FATWAS ON THE REALITY OF MODERN MUSLIMS","attachmentId":116586642,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121787368/THE_LEGACY_OF_IBN_QAYYIM_AL_JAUZIYAH_IN_THE_TEACHINGS_OF_LEGAL_FATWAS_ON_THE_REALITY_OF_MODERN_MUSLIMS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121787368/THE_LEGACY_OF_IBN_QAYYIM_AL_JAUZIYAH_IN_THE_TEACHINGS_OF_LEGAL_FATWAS_ON_THE_REALITY_OF_MODERN_MUSLIMS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="44134817" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44134817/On_Taql%C4%ABd_Ibn_al_Qayyims_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law_Book_Review_">On Taqlīd: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law [Book Review]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1337297" href="https://aku.academia.edu/WalidGhali">Walid Ghali</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On Taqlīd: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law [Book Review]","attachmentId":64486890,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44134817/On_Taql%C4%ABd_Ibn_al_Qayyims_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law_Book_Review_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44134817/On_Taql%C4%ABd_Ibn_al_Qayyims_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law_Book_Review_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="75021728" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75021728/On_Taqlid_Ibn_al_Qayyims_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law">On Taqlid: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13230704" href="https://georgetown.academia.edu/AMustafa">Abdul Rahman Mustafa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Acknowledgements Introduction An Exposition on Imitation A Disputation between an Imitator and his Adversary Glossary Notes Bibliography Index</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On Taqlid: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law","attachmentId":82960466,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75021728/On_Taqlid_Ibn_al_Qayyims_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75021728/On_Taqlid_Ibn_al_Qayyims_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="44921694" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44921694/Ijtihad_and_a_Modernist_Perspective_towards_Islamic_Law_and_Thought">Ijtihad and a Modernist Perspective towards Islamic Law and Thought</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="217301" href="https://marmara.academia.edu/PROFDRSAIMKAYADIBI">PROF. DR. SAIM KAYADIBI</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Islamic Law Studies , 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The concept of ijtihâd is a main mechanism for development of Islamic law. Thus, it has to reactivate its role for the present era. As these ra’y and qiyās are the supplementary components for ijtihâd, new occurrences have inspired the idea of sharī‘ah reform. This chapter will investigate the kinds of sharī‘ah reform that are related to ijtihâd, starting from the core foundation of ijtihad and leading to its development throughout history. Times constantly change, and with these changes, human thought evolves. To deal with this man needs to build a social structure in which he is able to live in harmony. As history has revealed, it is the belief of Muslims that God has responded to support this human revolution by sending prophets with revealed laws, thus, giving aim and direction to the human race. Man is considered as being guided towards certain purposes</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ijtihad and a Modernist Perspective towards Islamic Law and Thought","attachmentId":65445876,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44921694/Ijtihad_and_a_Modernist_Perspective_towards_Islamic_Law_and_Thought","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44921694/Ijtihad_and_a_Modernist_Perspective_towards_Islamic_Law_and_Thought"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="1059036" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1059036/A_Scholar_in_the_Shadow_Essays_in_the_Legal_and_Theological_Thought_of_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Gawziyyah_Oriente_Moderno_90_1_2010_">A Scholar in the Shadow: Essays in the Legal and Theological Thought of Ibn Qayyim al-Gawziyyah, Oriente Moderno 90, 1 (2010)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="900781" href="https://biu.academia.edu/LivnatHoltzman">Livnat Holtzman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah (1292-1350), the author of several key-works in Islamic law, theology, and mysticism, is chiefly known in Western scholarship as the most devoted disciple of the great Hanbali theologian and jurisconsult, Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328). While substantial innovative research was recently published by Western scholars about Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s broad literary corpus remains almost unexplored. Although some of Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah's works were recognized as unique and, in some cases, were used as the almost exclusive source for research, Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah was rarely credited for them as an independent and substantial thinker. This book examines Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s contributions to several fields of Islamic knowledge. The articles here offer new insights on his legal and theological thought, while revealing his views on a wide range of subjects, thematically divided into Society and Law, God and Man, and Body and Soul. The book also offers a fresh reading in the biographical sources on Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah, and suggests some new trajectories for future research. The articles featured in this volume, written by leading scholars in their respective fields, portray Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah as a systematic theologian and scholar, who strives to integrate highly theoretical discussions with practical aspects of everyday life. A Scholar in the Shadow is the first comprehensive academic treatment of Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s legal and theological thought. The book attempts to decipher the appeal of Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah to modern Muslims and others interested in early medieval Islam, while highlighting Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s contributions to Islamic thought. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Caterina Bori and Livnat Holtzman, A Scholar in the Shadow Society and Law Birgit Krawietz, Transgressive Creativity in the Making. Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s Reframing within Hanbali Legal Methodology Yehoshua Frenkel, Islamic Utopia under the Mamluks: The Social and Legal Ideals of Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah David Freidenreich, Five Questions about Non-Muslim Meat: Toward a New Appreciation of Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s God and Man Jon Hoover, God’s Wise Purposes in Creating Iblis. Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s Theodicy of God’s Names and Attributes Yasir Qadhi, The ‘Unleashed Thunderbolts’ of Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah: An Introductory Essay Abdessamad Belhaj, Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah et sa contribution à la rhétorique arabe Ovamir Anjum, Sufism without Mysticism? Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s Objectives in Madariğ al-Salikin Body and Soul Irmeli Perho, Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s Contribution to the Prophet’s Medicine Tzvi Langermann, The Naturalization of Science in Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah’s Kitab al-Ruh Geneviève Gobillot, Corps (badan), âme (nafs) et esprit (ruh) selon Ibn Qayyim al-Ğawziyyah à travers son Kitab al-ruh. Entre théologie rationnelle et pensée mystique Bibliography Index</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Scholar in the Shadow: Essays in the Legal and Theological Thought of Ibn Qayyim al-Gawziyyah, Oriente Moderno 90, 1 (2010)","attachmentId":64276385,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1059036/A_Scholar_in_the_Shadow_Essays_in_the_Legal_and_Theological_Thought_of_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Gawziyyah_Oriente_Moderno_90_1_2010_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1059036/A_Scholar_in_the_Shadow_Essays_in_the_Legal_and_Theological_Thought_of_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Gawziyyah_Oriente_Moderno_90_1_2010_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="62070880" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62070880/Review_Ron_Shaham_Rethinking_Islamic_Legal_Modernism_The_Teaching_of_Yusuf_al_Qaradawi_Leiden_Brill_2018_in_Die_Welt_des_Islams_61_2021_4_497_500">Review: Ron Shaham: Rethinking Islamic Legal Modernism: The Teaching of Yusuf al-Qaradawi. Leiden: Brill, 2018, in: Die Welt des Islams, 61 (2021) 4, 497-500.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16587650" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/BettinaGr%C3%A4f">Bettina Gräf</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review: Ron Shaham: Rethinking Islamic Legal Modernism: The Teaching of Yusuf al-Qaradawi. Leiden: Brill, 2018, in: Die Welt des Islams, 61 (2021) 4, 497-500.","attachmentId":75091875,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62070880/Review_Ron_Shaham_Rethinking_Islamic_Legal_Modernism_The_Teaching_of_Yusuf_al_Qaradawi_Leiden_Brill_2018_in_Die_Welt_des_Islams_61_2021_4_497_500","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62070880/Review_Ron_Shaham_Rethinking_Islamic_Legal_Modernism_The_Teaching_of_Yusuf_al_Qaradawi_Leiden_Brill_2018_in_Die_Welt_des_Islams_61_2021_4_497_500"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="106684550" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106684550/Al_Shawkanis_View_on_Ijtihad_and_Taqlid_%C5%9Eevk%C3%A2n%C3%AEnin_%C4%B0%C3%A7tihat_ve_Taklid_Hakk%C4%B1ndaki_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9Fleri">Al-Shawkani's View on Ijtihad and Taqlid | Şevkânî'nin İçtihat ve Taklid Hakkındaki Görüşleri</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="142858121" href="https://ibnhaldun.academia.edu/MOl%C4%9Fa%C3%A7">Muhammet Olğaç</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Usul al-Fiqh Al-Shawkani's View on Ijtihad and Taqlid | Şevkânî'nin İçtihat ve Taklid Hakkındaki Görüşleri, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Discourses of the renewal of Islamic Law in accordance with the age we live in and such calls immediately bring to mind the approach towards ijtihad and imitation of jurisprudence schools. It is observed that from the fourth Hijri century until the last century, scholars of fiqh generally have followed certain jurisprudence schools. However, it has always found among scholars who opposed imitation and called for independent ijtihad. Muhammed b. Ali al-Shawkani (d. 1250/1834), considered one of the last scholars of the classical period, was one of those scholars who supported independent ijtihad. His view on ijtihad was very effective on some contemporary scholars. In this article, I will study his opinions on this issue.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Al-Shawkani's View on Ijtihad and Taqlid | Şevkânî'nin İçtihat ve Taklid Hakkındaki Görüşleri","attachmentId":105753821,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106684550/Al_Shawkanis_View_on_Ijtihad_and_Taqlid_%C5%9Eevk%C3%A2n%C3%AEnin_%C4%B0%C3%A7tihat_ve_Taklid_Hakk%C4%B1ndaki_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9Fleri","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106684550/Al_Shawkanis_View_on_Ijtihad_and_Taqlid_%C5%9Eevk%C3%A2n%C3%AEnin_%C4%B0%C3%A7tihat_ve_Taklid_Hakk%C4%B1ndaki_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9Fleri"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="20367177" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20367177/The_contribution_of_Y%C5%ABsuf_Qara%E1%B8%8D%C4%81w%C4%AB_to_Shariah_and_Fiqh">The contribution of Yūsuf Qaraḍāwī to Shariah and Fiqh</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29356065" href="https://usim.academia.edu/DrYasminHananiMohdSafian">Dr Yasmin Hanani Mohd Safian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper analyses the contribution of preeminent Muslim scholar, Yūsuf Qaraḍāwī to the religion, especially in the area of Shariah and Fiqh. His active role in disseminating the knowledge of Shariah and fiqh began when since he was just 17 years old. His major works including The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam, Fiqh al-Zakat and Fiqh of Minority have greatly contributed greatly to the progress of fiqh mu`āsir, putting him as one of the most influential Muslim in the world. He received many critical review over the years. Therefore, this paper analyses some of his fiqh works vis-à-vis the analytical reviews he received. It can be concluded that Qaraḍāwī has made a considerable effort to exercise ijtihād corresponding to current problem that is beneficial for Muslim worldwide. At the same time, he has called for renewal in ijtihād process and abandonment of religious extremism, religious neglect and blind imitation in legal rulings.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The contribution of Yūsuf Qaraḍāwī to Shariah and Fiqh","attachmentId":41318008,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20367177/The_contribution_of_Y%C5%ABsuf_Qara%E1%B8%8D%C4%81w%C4%AB_to_Shariah_and_Fiqh","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20367177/The_contribution_of_Y%C5%ABsuf_Qara%E1%B8%8D%C4%81w%C4%AB_to_Shariah_and_Fiqh"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="77278627" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77278627/Legal_Maxims_qaw%C4%81%CA%BFid_fiqhiyya_in_Y%C5%ABsuf_al_Qara%E1%B8%8D%C4%81w%C4%ABs_Jurisprudence_and_Fatwas">Legal Maxims (qawāʿid fiqhiyya) in Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī's Jurisprudence and Fatwas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9631752" href="https://huji.academia.edu/RShaham">Ron Shaham</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of the American Oriental Society, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Subsequent to the crystallization of the legal schools, Muslim jurists felt the need to consolidate the massive corpus of legal opinion in order to aid students and practitioners of the law. The result was legal maxims (qawāʿid fiqhiyya), concise theoretical statements that captured the objectives of the Sharia. An example is al-ḍarar yuzāl (“Harm must be removed”), which is based on the hadith lā ḍarar wa-lā ḍirār. This article analyzes the role of legal maxims in Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī’s (b. 1926 in Egypt) jurisprudence and fatwas, as found in his numerous books and articles. Its preliminary assumption is that Qaraḍāwī uses legal maxims to control and systematize the use of considerations of public welfare (maṣlaḥa), especially in the field of “the jurisprudence of reality” (fiqh al-wāqiʿ). Because this fiqh deals mainly with political topics on which there are hardly any guidelines in scripture, and stems therefore from mostly nontextual benefits (maṣāliḥ mursala), it is an area vulnerable to undisciplined use of utilitarian considerations by jurists. Legal maxims then come in handy when weighing the relevant benefit and harm related to each topic.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Legal Maxims (qawāʿid fiqhiyya) in Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī's Jurisprudence and Fatwas","attachmentId":95073340,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77278627/Legal_Maxims_qaw%C4%81%CA%BFid_fiqhiyya_in_Y%C5%ABsuf_al_Qara%E1%B8%8D%C4%81w%C4%ABs_Jurisprudence_and_Fatwas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77278627/Legal_Maxims_qaw%C4%81%CA%BFid_fiqhiyya_in_Y%C5%ABsuf_al_Qara%E1%B8%8D%C4%81w%C4%ABs_Jurisprudence_and_Fatwas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="16526372" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16526372/On_Taql%C4%ABd_Ibn_al_Qayyim_s_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law_by_Abdul_Rahman_Mustafa_Comparative_Islamic_Studies_Journal">On Taqlīd: Ibn al Qayyim’s Critique of Authority in Islamic Law, by Abdul-Rahman Mustafa. Comparative Islamic Studies Journal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1536226" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoeBradford">Joe W Bradford</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Comparative Islamic Studies, 03/2016 Volume 10, Issue 1. Equinox Publishing Ltd. This is an author's copy, please consult the journal online https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/CIS/article/view/30460</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On Taqlīd: Ibn al Qayyim’s Critique of Authority in Islamic Law, by Abdul-Rahman Mustafa. Comparative Islamic Studies Journal","attachmentId":52231682,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16526372/On_Taql%C4%ABd_Ibn_al_Qayyim_s_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law_by_Abdul_Rahman_Mustafa_Comparative_Islamic_Studies_Journal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16526372/On_Taql%C4%ABd_Ibn_al_Qayyim_s_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law_by_Abdul_Rahman_Mustafa_Comparative_Islamic_Studies_Journal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":101761762,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":101761762,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_101761762" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="1057824" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1057824/Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyyah">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="900781" href="https://biu.academia.edu/LivnatHoltzman">Livnat Holtzman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Essays in Arabic Literary Biography, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah","attachmentId":6472105,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1057824/Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyyah","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1057824/Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyyah"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="101146526" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101146526/Relevance_of_Ijtihad_Ibn_Taimiyah_to_Contemporary_Jurisprudence">Relevance of Ijtihad Ibn Taimiyah to Contemporary Jurisprudence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="230965910" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AchmadFageh">Achmad Fageh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Relevance of Ijtihad Ibn Taimiyah to Contemporary Jurisprudence","attachmentId":101767178,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101146526/Relevance_of_Ijtihad_Ibn_Taimiyah_to_Contemporary_Jurisprudence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101146526/Relevance_of_Ijtihad_Ibn_Taimiyah_to_Contemporary_Jurisprudence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="43974698" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43974698/Ijtihad_and_the_Question_of_Legislation_An_Analysis_of_Allama_Iqbals_Views">Ijtihad and the Question of Legislation: An Analysis of Allama Iqbals' Views</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98971780" href="https://kashmir.academia.edu/sheikhishfaq">sheikh ishfaq</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ijtihad and the Question of Legislation: An Analysis of Allama Iqbals' Views","attachmentId":64303779,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43974698/Ijtihad_and_the_Question_of_Legislation_An_Analysis_of_Allama_Iqbals_Views","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43974698/Ijtihad_and_the_Question_of_Legislation_An_Analysis_of_Allama_Iqbals_Views"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="37926086" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37926086/Yehoshua_Frenkel_Islamic_Utopia_under_the_Mamluks_The_Social_and_Legal_Ideals_of_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyyah_Oriente_Moderno_vol_90_no_1_2010_67_87">Yehoshua Frenkel, “Islamic Utopia under the Mamluks: The Social and Legal Ideals of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah,” Oriente Moderno, vol. 90, no. 1 (2010): 67-87</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28286199" href="https://haifa.academia.edu/frenkel">Yehoshua Frenkel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Yehoshua Frenkel, “Islamic Utopia under the Mamluks: The Social and Legal Ideals of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah,” Oriente Moderno, vol. 90, no. 1 (2010): 67-87","attachmentId":57938268,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37926086/Yehoshua_Frenkel_Islamic_Utopia_under_the_Mamluks_The_Social_and_Legal_Ideals_of_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyyah_Oriente_Moderno_vol_90_no_1_2010_67_87","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37926086/Yehoshua_Frenkel_Islamic_Utopia_under_the_Mamluks_The_Social_and_Legal_Ideals_of_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyyah_Oriente_Moderno_vol_90_no_1_2010_67_87"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="33098517" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33098517/Review_of_Islamic_Theology_Philosophy_and_Law_Debating_Ibn_Taymiyya_and_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyya_ed_Georges_Tamer_and_Birgit_Krawietz_Berlin_De_Gruyter_2013_">Review of Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, ed. Georges Tamer and Birgit Krawietz (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2329645" href="https://bc.academia.edu/JasonWelle">Jason Welle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Islamochristiana, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, ed. Georges Tamer and Birgit Krawietz (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013)","attachmentId":53196190,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33098517/Review_of_Islamic_Theology_Philosophy_and_Law_Debating_Ibn_Taymiyya_and_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyya_ed_Georges_Tamer_and_Birgit_Krawietz_Berlin_De_Gruyter_2013_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33098517/Review_of_Islamic_Theology_Philosophy_and_Law_Debating_Ibn_Taymiyya_and_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyya_ed_Georges_Tamer_and_Birgit_Krawietz_Berlin_De_Gruyter_2013_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="2150001" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2150001/The_Legal_Methodology_of_Fiqh_al_Aqalliyyat_and_its_Critics_An_Analytical_Study">The Legal Methodology of “Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat” and its Critics: An Analytical Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="315431" href="https://jkhighereducation.academia.edu/TauseefAhmadParray">Tauseef Ahmad Parray</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs,Volume 32, Issue 1, 2012,pages 88-107,DOI:10.1080/13602004.2012.665624</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Legal Methodology of “Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat” and its Critics: An Analytical Study","attachmentId":50278358,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2150001/The_Legal_Methodology_of_Fiqh_al_Aqalliyyat_and_its_Critics_An_Analytical_Study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2150001/The_Legal_Methodology_of_Fiqh_al_Aqalliyyat_and_its_Critics_An_Analytical_Study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="21741876" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21741876/AB%C3%9B_ISH%C3%82Q_IBR%C3%82H%C3%8EM_IBN_M%C3%9BS%C3%82_AL_SY%C3%82THIB%C3%8E_AND_HIS_OPINION_ON_THE_DICHOTOMY_OF_IB%C3%82D%C3%82T_AND_%C3%82D%C3%82T_IN_ISLAMIC_LAW">ABÛ ISHÂQ IBRÂHÎM IBN MÛSÂ AL-SYÂTHIBÎ AND HIS OPINION ON THE DICHOTOMY OF 'IBÂDÂT AND 'ÂDÂT IN ISLAMIC LAW</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35772158" href="https://stainpamekasan.academia.edu/Jurnalalihkam">Jurnal al-ihkam</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ABÛ ISHÂQ IBRÂHÎM IBN MÛSÂ AL-SYÂTHIBÎ AND HIS OPINION ON THE DICHOTOMY OF 'IBÂDÂT AND 'ÂDÂT IN ISLAMIC LAW","attachmentId":42510765,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21741876/AB%C3%9B_ISH%C3%82Q_IBR%C3%82H%C3%8EM_IBN_M%C3%9BS%C3%82_AL_SY%C3%82THIB%C3%8E_AND_HIS_OPINION_ON_THE_DICHOTOMY_OF_IB%C3%82D%C3%82T_AND_%C3%82D%C3%82T_IN_ISLAMIC_LAW","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21741876/AB%C3%9B_ISH%C3%82Q_IBR%C3%82H%C3%8EM_IBN_M%C3%9BS%C3%82_AL_SY%C3%82THIB%C3%8E_AND_HIS_OPINION_ON_THE_DICHOTOMY_OF_IB%C3%82D%C3%82T_AND_%C3%82D%C3%82T_IN_ISLAMIC_LAW"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="126941264" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/126941264/A_Critique_of_Neo_Ijtihadism_and_Lyaqat_Takim_s_Theory">A Critique of Neo-Ijtihadism and Lyaqat Takim’s Theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="146145829" href="https://independent.academia.edu/hamzahAli39">Hamzah Sheikhtabar</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Critique of Neo-Ijtihadism and Lyaqat Takim’s Theory","attachmentId":120747015,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126941264/A_Critique_of_Neo_Ijtihadism_and_Lyaqat_Takim_s_Theory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/126941264/A_Critique_of_Neo_Ijtihadism_and_Lyaqat_Takim_s_Theory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="19630480" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19630480/Al_Qadi_Abu_Ya_la_Thoughts_and_Influence_on_the_Development_of_Legal_Theory_of_Islamic_Civilization_and_Sciences_of_Jurisprudence">Al-Qadi Abu Ya‘la: Thoughts and Influence on the Development of Legal Theory of Islamic Civilization and Sciences of Jurisprudence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="183470" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AbdulAzeezYusuf6">Abdul Azeez Yusuf</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Umran International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Al-Qadi Abu Ya‘la: Thoughts and Influence on the Development of Legal Theory of Islamic Civilization and Sciences of Jurisprudence","attachmentId":40744625,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19630480/Al_Qadi_Abu_Ya_la_Thoughts_and_Influence_on_the_Development_of_Legal_Theory_of_Islamic_Civilization_and_Sciences_of_Jurisprudence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19630480/Al_Qadi_Abu_Ya_la_Thoughts_and_Influence_on_the_Development_of_Legal_Theory_of_Islamic_Civilization_and_Sciences_of_Jurisprudence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="1069931" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1069931/Debating_the_Doctrine_of_Jabr_Compulsion_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyya_Reads_Fakhr_al_Din_al_Razi">Debating the Doctrine of Jabr (Compulsion): Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Reads Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="900781" href="https://biu.academia.edu/LivnatHoltzman">Livnat Holtzman</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Debating the Doctrine of Jabr (Compulsion): Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Reads Fakhr al-Din al-Razi","attachmentId":31908440,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1069931/Debating_the_Doctrine_of_Jabr_Compulsion_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyya_Reads_Fakhr_al_Din_al_Razi","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1069931/Debating_the_Doctrine_of_Jabr_Compulsion_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyya_Reads_Fakhr_al_Din_al_Razi"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="65387356" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65387356/A_Critical_Edition_of_Qaw_id_al_Ta_awwuf">A Critical Edition of Qaw[<id al-Ta~awwuf</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60804818" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShamsRehman8">Ghulam Shams-ur-Rehman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Critical Edition of Qaw[\u003cid al-Ta~awwuf","attachmentId":77006350,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65387356/A_Critical_Edition_of_Qaw_id_al_Ta_awwuf","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65387356/A_Critical_Edition_of_Qaw_id_al_Ta_awwuf"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="109773690" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109773690/The_Contribution_of_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyya_to_Salafi_Sufism">The Contribution of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya to Salafi Sufism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="105562839" href="https://uinmataram.academia.edu/LaluAgusSatriawan">Lalu Agus Satriawan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Teosofi, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Contribution of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya to Salafi Sufism","attachmentId":107797752,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109773690/The_Contribution_of_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyya_to_Salafi_Sufism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109773690/The_Contribution_of_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziyya_to_Salafi_Sufism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="80581356" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80581356/Ijtihad_Methods_of_The_Prophet_s_Companions_and_Its_Influence_on_Islamic_Legal_Traditions">Ijtihad Methods of The Prophet’s Companions and Its Influence on Islamic Legal Traditions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="70258809" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AchmadKholiq1">Achmad Kholiq</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ijtihad Methods of The Prophet’s Companions and Its Influence on Islamic Legal Traditions","attachmentId":86916401,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80581356/Ijtihad_Methods_of_The_Prophet_s_Companions_and_Its_Influence_on_Islamic_Legal_Traditions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80581356/Ijtihad_Methods_of_The_Prophet_s_Companions_and_Its_Influence_on_Islamic_Legal_Traditions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="14502096" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14502096/A_book_review_on_On_Taql%C4%ABd_Ibn_al_Qayyims_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law_by_Abdul_Rahman_Mustafa">A book review on: On Taqlīd: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law by Abdul-Rahman Mustafa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="900781" href="https://biu.academia.edu/LivnatHoltzman">Livnat Holtzman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, DOI 10.1080/09596410.2015.1070607, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A book review on: On Taqlīd: Ibn al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law by Abdul-Rahman Mustafa","attachmentId":38331957,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14502096/A_book_review_on_On_Taql%C4%ABd_Ibn_al_Qayyims_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law_by_Abdul_Rahman_Mustafa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14502096/A_book_review_on_On_Taql%C4%ABd_Ibn_al_Qayyims_Critique_of_Authority_in_Islamic_Law_by_Abdul_Rahman_Mustafa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="90444986" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90444986/An_Overview_of_the_Qu_r%C4%81n%C4%ABc_Concept_of_Jahi_liyyah_and_Various_Trends_of_the_Present_Age">An Overview of the Qu’rānīc Concept of “Jahi’liyyah” and Various Trends of the Present Age</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7781658" href="https://independent.academia.edu/muhammadkhubaibiub">Muhammad Khubaib</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Al Khadim Research journal of Islamic culture and Civilization</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Overview of the Qu’rānīc Concept of “Jahi’liyyah” and Various Trends of the Present Age","attachmentId":94006717,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90444986/An_Overview_of_the_Qu_r%C4%81n%C4%ABc_Concept_of_Jahi_liyyah_and_Various_Trends_of_the_Present_Age","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90444986/An_Overview_of_the_Qu_r%C4%81n%C4%ABc_Concept_of_Jahi_liyyah_and_Various_Trends_of_the_Present_Age"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="95349916" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95349916/Al_Maqqahid_Al_ShariAh_Philosophical_Aspects_and_Its_Relevance_to_Contemporary_Ijtihad">Al-Maqqahid Al-Shari'Ah Philosophical Aspects and Its Relevance to Contemporary Ijtihad</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="152481469" href="https://al-azhar.academia.edu/SamsidarJamaluddin">Samsidar Jamaluddin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Social Science</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Al-Maqqahid Al-Shari'Ah Philosophical Aspects and Its Relevance to Contemporary Ijtihad","attachmentId":97556642,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95349916/Al_Maqqahid_Al_ShariAh_Philosophical_Aspects_and_Its_Relevance_to_Contemporary_Ijtihad","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95349916/Al_Maqqahid_Al_ShariAh_Philosophical_Aspects_and_Its_Relevance_to_Contemporary_Ijtihad"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="104243954" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104243954/Maqasid_Al_Shariah_Theory_A_Comparative_Analysis_Between_The_Thoughts_Of_Al_Shatibi_And_Izz_Al_Din_Ibn_Abd_Al_Salam">Maqasid Al-Shariah Theory: A Comparative Analysis Between The Thoughts Of Al-Shatibi And ‘Izz Al-Din Ibn ‘Abd Al-Salam</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43378807" href="https://independent.academia.edu/abubakarMarina">Marina abu bakar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maqasid Al-Shariah Theory: A Comparative Analysis Between The Thoughts Of Al-Shatibi And ‘Izz Al-Din Ibn ‘Abd Al-Salam","attachmentId":104025572,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104243954/Maqasid_Al_Shariah_Theory_A_Comparative_Analysis_Between_The_Thoughts_Of_Al_Shatibi_And_Izz_Al_Din_Ibn_Abd_Al_Salam","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104243954/Maqasid_Al_Shariah_Theory_A_Comparative_Analysis_Between_The_Thoughts_Of_Al_Shatibi_And_Izz_Al_Din_Ibn_Abd_Al_Salam"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="80531924" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80531924/Ijtihad_in_Muhammadiyah_An_Us_u_l_Al_Fiqh_Study">Ijtihad in Muhammadiyah: An Uṣūl Al-Fiqh Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6050151" href="https://unair.academia.edu/DianBerkah">Dian Berkah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ijtihad in Muhammadiyah: An Uṣūl Al-Fiqh Study","attachmentId":86882242,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80531924/Ijtihad_in_Muhammadiyah_An_Us_u_l_Al_Fiqh_Study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80531924/Ijtihad_in_Muhammadiyah_An_Us_u_l_Al_Fiqh_Study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="76366861" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76366861/The_Critical_Analysis_of_Taha_Jabir_al_Alwani_s_Concept_of_Fiqh_al_Aqalliyy%C4%81t">The Critical Analysis of Taha Jabir al-Alwani’s Concept of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8117715" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/S%C3%BCmeyraYakar">Sümeyra Yakar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Critical Analysis of Taha Jabir al-Alwani’s Concept of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt","attachmentId":84096779,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76366861/The_Critical_Analysis_of_Taha_Jabir_al_Alwani_s_Concept_of_Fiqh_al_Aqalliyy%C4%81t","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76366861/The_Critical_Analysis_of_Taha_Jabir_al_Alwani_s_Concept_of_Fiqh_al_Aqalliyy%C4%81t"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="30188591" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30188591/International_Journal_of_Islamic_and_Civilizational_Studies_Al_Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_Ab%C5%AB_Yal%C4%81_Thoughts_and_Influence_on_the_Development_of_Legal_Theory_of_Islamic_Civilization_and_Sciences_of_Jurisprudence">International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies Al-Qāḍī Abū Ya'lā: Thoughts and Influence on the Development of Legal Theory of Islamic Civilization and Sciences of Jurisprudence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57480271" href="https://dezfouli.academia.edu/JURNALUMRAN">JURNAL UMRAN</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies Al-Qāḍī Abū Ya'lā: Thoughts and Influence on the Development of Legal Theory of Islamic Civilization and Sciences of Jurisprudence","attachmentId":50647957,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30188591/International_Journal_of_Islamic_and_Civilizational_Studies_Al_Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_Ab%C5%AB_Yal%C4%81_Thoughts_and_Influence_on_the_Development_of_Legal_Theory_of_Islamic_Civilization_and_Sciences_of_Jurisprudence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30188591/International_Journal_of_Islamic_and_Civilizational_Studies_Al_Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_Ab%C5%AB_Yal%C4%81_Thoughts_and_Influence_on_the_Development_of_Legal_Theory_of_Islamic_Civilization_and_Sciences_of_Jurisprudence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="77728303" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77728303/The_Evolution_of_al_Qa_d_i_al_Nu%CA%BFma_n_s_Theory_of_Ismaili_Jurisprudence_as_Reflected_in_the_Chronology_of_his_Works_on_Jurisprudence">The Evolution of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān’s Theory of Ismaili Jurisprudence as Reflected in the Chronology of his Works on Jurisprudence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9564648" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IsmailPoonawala">Ismail Poonawala</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Evolution of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān’s Theory of Ismaili Jurisprudence as Reflected in the Chronology of his Works on Jurisprudence","attachmentId":85018642,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77728303/The_Evolution_of_al_Qa_d_i_al_Nu%CA%BFma_n_s_Theory_of_Ismaili_Jurisprudence_as_Reflected_in_the_Chronology_of_his_Works_on_Jurisprudence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77728303/The_Evolution_of_al_Qa_d_i_al_Nu%CA%BFma_n_s_Theory_of_Ismaili_Jurisprudence_as_Reflected_in_the_Chronology_of_his_Works_on_Jurisprudence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="37644200" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37644200/AN_APPRAISAL_OF_IBN_QAYYIMS_ETHICAL_THEORY_AND_ITS_CONTEMPORARY_RELEVANCE">AN APPRAISAL OF IBN QAYYIM'S ETHICAL THEORY AND ITS CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5504761" href="https://buk.academia.edu/AMurtala">Ahmad Murtala</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"AN APPRAISAL OF IBN QAYYIM'S ETHICAL THEORY AND ITS CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE","attachmentId":57629859,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37644200/AN_APPRAISAL_OF_IBN_QAYYIMS_ETHICAL_THEORY_AND_ITS_CONTEMPORARY_RELEVANCE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37644200/AN_APPRAISAL_OF_IBN_QAYYIMS_ETHICAL_THEORY_AND_ITS_CONTEMPORARY_RELEVANCE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="4497745" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4497745/The_Role_of_Ijtih%C4%81d_in_Progressing_Islamic_Law_in_Modern_Times">The Role of Ijtihād in Progressing Islamic Law in Modern Times</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2114788" href="https://kcl.academia.edu/HamidHarasani">Hamid Harasani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">US-China Law Review, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Role of Ijtihād in Progressing Islamic Law in Modern Times","attachmentId":31895548,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4497745/The_Role_of_Ijtih%C4%81d_in_Progressing_Islamic_Law_in_Modern_Times","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4497745/The_Role_of_Ijtih%C4%81d_in_Progressing_Islamic_Law_in_Modern_Times"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="23" data-entity-id="78619961" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78619961/Maqa%E1%B9%A3id_and_the_Renewal_of_Islamic_Legal_Theory_in_Abdullah_Bin_Bayyahs_Discourse">Maqaṣid and the Renewal of Islamic Legal Theory in ' Abdullah Bin Bayyah's Discourse</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54040780" href="https://georgetown.academia.edu/RezartBeka">Rezart Beka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Maqāṣid and the Renewal of Islamic Legal Theory in ʿAbdullah Bin Bayyah’s Discourse. American Journal of Islam and Society, 38(3-4), 103–145., 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maqaṣid and the Renewal of Islamic Legal Theory in ' Abdullah Bin Bayyah's Discourse","attachmentId":85604971,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78619961/Maqa%E1%B9%A3id_and_the_Renewal_of_Islamic_Legal_Theory_in_Abdullah_Bin_Bayyahs_Discourse","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78619961/Maqa%E1%B9%A3id_and_the_Renewal_of_Islamic_Legal_Theory_in_Abdullah_Bin_Bayyahs_Discourse"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="24" data-entity-id="6705419" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6705419/Review_A_Scholar_in_the_shadow_edited_volume_on_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziya">Review: A Scholar in the shadow, edited volume on Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1078146" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/AhmedShamsy">Ahmed El Shamsy</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review: A Scholar in the shadow, edited volume on Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya","attachmentId":33427803,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6705419/Review_A_Scholar_in_the_shadow_edited_volume_on_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziya","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6705419/Review_A_Scholar_in_the_shadow_edited_volume_on_Ibn_Qayyim_al_Jawziya"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="15866" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam">Islam</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="27673" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sharia">Sharia</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="106300" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiqh">Fiqh</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1197942" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Science">Social Science</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1225771" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creed">Creed</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div> </body> </html>