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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nerve+agent" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biological effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biological effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-G-series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G-series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>G-series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G-series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-V-series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#V-series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>V-series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-V-series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novichok_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novichok_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Novichok agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novichok_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbamates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbamates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Carbamates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbamates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insecticides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insecticides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Insecticides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insecticides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_dissemination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_dissemination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods of dissemination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_dissemination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>During World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Post–World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ocean disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Detection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Detection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Detection_of_gaseous_nerve_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_of_gaseous_nerve_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Detection of gaseous nerve agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_of_gaseous_nerve_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laser_photoacoustic_spectroscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser_photoacoustic_spectroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser_photoacoustic_spectroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-dispersive_infrared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-dispersive_infrared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Non-dispersive infrared</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-dispersive_infrared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IR_absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IR_absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>IR absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IR_absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nerve agent</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senuweemiddel" title="Senuweemiddel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Senuweemiddel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="غاز أعصاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاز أعصاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="নার্ভ এজেন্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নার্ভ এজেন্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Нервнопаралитично вещество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нервнопаралитично вещество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_nervi%C3%B3s" title="Agent nerviós – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agent nerviós" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervenkampfstoff" title="Nervenkampfstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nervenkampfstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nervioso" title="Gas nervioso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gas nervioso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerva_gaso" title="Nerva gaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nerva gaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="عوامل عصبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عوامل عصبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_innervant" title="Agent innervant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agent innervant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9argh%C3%A1s" title="Néarghás – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néarghás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD_%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4" title="신경 가스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신경 가스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="तंत्रिका गैस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तंत्रिका गैस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen_saraf" title="Agen saraf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agen saraf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nervino" title="Gas nervino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gas nervino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גז עצבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גז עצבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნერვული აგენტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნერვული აგენტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Нервен гас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нервен гас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen_saraf" title="Agen saraf – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agen saraf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenuwgas" title="Zenuwgas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zenuwgas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9" title="神経ガス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神経ガス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervegass" title="Nervegass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nervegass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asab_tizimini_zaharlovchi_paralitik_moddalar" title="Asab tizimini zaharlovchi paralitik moddalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asab tizimini zaharlovchi paralitik moddalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agente_nervoso" title="Agente nervoso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agente nervoso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_iritant" title="Gaz iritant – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaz iritant" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нервно-паралитические отравляющие вещества – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нервно-паралитические отравляющие вещества" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nerve agent" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiv%C4%8Dni_strup" title="Živčni strup – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živčni strup" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervni_agens" title="Nervni agens – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nervni agens" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermokaasu" title="Hermokaasu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hermokaasu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of organophosphates; classified as weapons of mass destruction</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about chemical weapons. For an American hardcore punk band, see <a href="/wiki/The_Nerve_Agents" title="The Nerve Agents">The Nerve Agents</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nerve gas" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Neural_gas" title="Neural gas">Neural gas</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">Chemical agents</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%;padding-top:0; display:block;margin:0.4em 0;"> Lethal agents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Blood_agent" title="Blood agent">Blood</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_chloride" title="Cyanogen chloride">Cyanogen chloride (CK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide (AC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">Arsine (SA)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Blister_agent" title="Blister agent">Blister</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldichloroarsine" title="Ethyldichloroarsine">Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldichloroarsine" title="Methyldichloroarsine">Methyldichloroarsine (MD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyldichloroarsine" title="Phenyldichloroarsine">Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">Lewisite (L)</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">Mustard gas<br /><span class="nowrap">(HD H HT HL HQ)</span></a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_mustard" title="Nitrogen mustard">Nitrogen mustard</a><br /><div class="hlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/HN1_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN1 (nitrogen mustard)">HN1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethine" title="Chlormethine">HN2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/HN3_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN3 (nitrogen mustard)">HN3</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene_oxime" title="Phosgene oxime">Phosgene oxime (CX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A035" title="C01-A035">C01-A035</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A039" title="C01-A039">C01-A039</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nerve</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;"> <i>G-agents</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.275em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun (GA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin (GB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosarin" title="Chlorosarin">Chlorosarin (GC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman (GD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylsarin" title="Ethylsarin">Ethylsarin (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin (GF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GV_(nerve_agent)" title="GV (nerve agent)">GV</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;"> <i>V-agents</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.275em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EA-3148" title="EA-3148">EA-3148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-sub_x" title="V-sub x">V-sub x</a>/GD-7,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VE_(nerve_agent)" title="VE (nerve agent)">VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl_3-pyridyl_methylphosphonate" title="3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 3-pyridyl methylphosphonate">VP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VS_(nerve_agent)" title="VS (nerve agent)">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agents</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.275em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-230" title="A-230">A-230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-232" title="A-232">A-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-234_(nerve_agent)" title="A-234 (nerve agent)">A-234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-242" title="A-242">A-242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-262" title="A-262">A-262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A035" title="C01-A035">C01-A035</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A039" title="C01-A039">C01-A039</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A042" title="C01-A042">C01-A042</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_agent" title="Pulmonary agent">Pulmonary/choking</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">Chloropicrin (PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">Phosgene (CG)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosgene" title="Diphosgene">Diphosgene (DP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_decafluoride" title="Disulfur decafluoride">Disulfur decafluoride</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vomiting_agent" title="Vomiting agent">Vomiting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamsite" title="Adamsite">Adamsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">Chloropicrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylchlorarsine" title="Diphenylchlorarsine">Diphenylchlorarsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylcyanoarsine" title="Diphenylcyanoarsine">Diphenylcyanoarsine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diphenylarsincyanid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diphenylarsincyanid (page does not exist)">Diphenylamincyanoarsine</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%;padding-top:0; display:block;margin:0.4em 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent" title="Incapacitating agent">Incapacitating agents</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">Agent 15 (BZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP)</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EA-3167" title="EA-3167">EA-3167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolokol-1" title="Kolokol-1">Kolokol-1</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping gas">Sleeping gas</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Riot_control#Riot_control_agent_(RCA)" title="Riot control">Riot-control (RCAs)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylyl_bromide" title="Xylyl bromide">Xylyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">Pepper spray (OC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">CN (mace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_warfare_agents" title="List of chemical warfare agents">List of chemical warfare agents</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chemical_agents_sidebar" title="Template:Chemical agents sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chemical_agents_sidebar" title="Template talk:Chemical agents sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical_agents_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical agents sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nerve agents</b>, sometimes also called <b>nerve gases</b>, are a class of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemicals</a> that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by the blocking of <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">acetylcholinesterase</a> (AChE), an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that catalyzes the breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>. Nerve agents are irreversible <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a> used as <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</a>. </p><p>Poisoning by a nerve agent leads to constriction of <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupils</a>, profuse <a href="/wiki/Salivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivation">salivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a>, and involuntary <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>, with the first symptoms appearing in seconds after exposure. Death by <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">asphyxiation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> may follow in minutes due to the loss of the body's control over <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiratory</a> and other muscles. Some nerve agents are readily vaporized or <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosolized</a>, and the primary portal of entry into the body is the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. Nerve agents can also be absorbed through the skin, requiring that those likely to be subjected to such agents wear a full body suit in addition to a <a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">respirator</a>. </p><p>Nerve agents are generally colorless and tasteless liquids. Nerve agents evaporate at varying rates depending on the substance. None are gases in normal environments. The popular term "nerve gas" is inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agents <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a> are odorless; <a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun</a> has a slightly fruity odor and <a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman</a> has a slight <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> odor.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSDR_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_effects">Biological effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biological effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nerve agents attack the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. All such agents function the same way resulting in <a href="/wiki/Cholinergic_crisis" title="Cholinergic crisis">cholinergic crisis</a>: they <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibit</a> the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">acetylcholinesterase</a>, which is responsible for the breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> (ACh) in the <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapses</a> between nerves that control whether muscle tissues are to relax or contract. If the agent cannot be broken down, muscles are prevented from receiving 'relax' signals and they are effectively paralyzed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidell1997131–139_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidell1997131–139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the compounding of this paralysis throughout the body that quickly leads to more severe complications, including the heart and the muscles used for breathing. Because of this, the first symptoms usually appear within 30 seconds of exposure and death can occur via <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxiation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> in a few minutes, depending upon the dose received and the agent used.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSDR_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial symptoms following exposure to nerve agents (like <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a>) are a runny nose, tightness in the chest, and <a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">constriction of the pupils</a>. Soon after, the victim will have difficulty breathing and will experience nausea and salivation. As the victim continues to lose control of bodily functions, involuntary <a href="/wiki/Salivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivation">salivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">lacrimation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> pain and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> will be experienced. <a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blisters</a> and burning of the eyes and/or lungs may also occur.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phase is followed by initially <a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_jerks" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoclonic jerks">myoclonic jerks</a> (muscle jerks) followed by <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a>–type epileptic seizure. Death then comes via complete respiratory depression, most likely via the excessive peripheral activity at the <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">neuromuscular junction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidell1997147–149_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidell1997147–149-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effects of nerve agents are long lasting and increase with continued exposure. Survivors of nerve agent poisoning almost invariably develop chronic neurological damage and related <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric">psychiatric</a> effects.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4838227_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4838227-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible effects that can last at least up to two–three years after exposure include blurred vision, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">tiredness</a>, declined memory, hoarse voice, <a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">palpitations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">sleeplessness</a>, shoulder stiffness and <a href="/wiki/Eye_strain" title="Eye strain">eye strain</a>. In people exposed to nerve agents, <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">erythrocyte</a> acetylcholinesterase in the long-term are noticeably lower than normal and tend to be lower the worse the persisting symptoms are.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11713003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11713003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10616267_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10616267-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a normally functioning <a href="/wiki/Motor_nerve" title="Motor nerve">motor nerve</a> is stimulated, it releases the <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>, which transmits the impulse to a muscle or organ. Once the impulse is sent, the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">acetylcholinesterase</a> immediately breaks down the acetylcholine in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. </p><p>Nerve agents disrupt the nervous system by inhibiting the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase by forming a <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bond</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a>, where acetylcholine would normally be broken down (undergo <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>). Acetylcholine thus builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. This same action also occurs at the gland and organ levels, resulting in uncontrolled drooling, tearing of the eyes (lacrimation) and excess production of mucus from the nose (rhinorrhea). </p><p>The reaction product of the most important nerve agents, including Soman, Sarin, Tabun and VX, with acetylcholinesterase were solved by the U.S. Army using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10353814_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10353814-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Millard_et_al_1999_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millard_et_al_1999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction products have been confirmed subsequently using different sources of acetylcholinesterase and the closely related target enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase. The X-ray structures clarify important aspects of the reaction mechanism (e.g., stereochemical inversion) at atomic resolution and provide a key tool for antidote development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard treatment for nerve agent <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning" title="Organophosphate poisoning">poisoning</a> is a combination of an <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> to manage the symptoms, and an <a href="/wiki/Oxime" title="Oxime">oxime</a> as an antidote.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anticholinergics treat the symptoms by reducing the effects of acetylcholine, while oximes displaces phosphate molecules from the <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase" title="Cholinesterase">cholinesterase</a> enzymes, allowing the breakdown of acetylcholine. Military personnel are issued the combination in an <a href="/wiki/Autoinjector" title="Autoinjector">autoinjector</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/ATNAA" title="ATNAA">ATNAA</a>), for ease of use in stressful conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> is the standard anticholinergic drug used to manage the symptoms of nerve agent poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It acts as an antagonist to <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">muscarinic acetylcholine receptors</a>, blocking the effects of excess acetylcholine.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some synthetic anticholinergics, such as <a href="/wiki/Biperiden" title="Biperiden">biperiden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10877003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10877003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may counteract the central symptoms of nerve agent poisoning more effectively than atropine, since they pass the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> better.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these drugs will save the life of a person affected by nerve agents, that person may be incapacitated briefly or for an extended period, depending on the extent of exposure. The endpoint of atropine administration is the clearing of bronchial secretions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pralidoxime_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Pralidoxime chloride">Pralidoxime chloride</a> (also known as <i>2-PAMCl</i>) is the standard oxime used to treat nerve agent poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than counteracting the initial effects of the nerve agent on the nervous system as does atropine, pralidoxime chloride reactivates the poisoned enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) by scavenging the phosphoryl group attached on the functional hydroxyl group of the enzyme, counteracting the nerve agent itself.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11978898_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11978898-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revival of acetylcholinesterase with pralidoxime chloride works more effectively on <a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic receptors">nicotinic receptors</a> while blocking acetylcholine receptors with atropine is more effective on <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscarinic receptors">muscarinic receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a>, such as diazepam, may be administered to manage seizures, improving long term prognosis and reducing risk of brain damage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not usually self-administered as its use is for actively seizing patients.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pyridostigmine" title="Pyridostigmine">Pyridostigmine bromide</a> was used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">US military</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">first Gulf War</a> as a pretreatment for <a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman</a> as it increased the <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a>. It is only effective if taken prior to exposure and in conjunction with Atropine and Pralidoxime, issued in the <a href="/wiki/Mark_I_NAAK" title="Mark I NAAK">Mark I NAAK</a> autoinjector, and is ineffective against other nerve agents. While it reduces fatality rates, there is an increased risk of brain damage; this can be mitigated by administration of an anticonvulsant.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence suggests that the use of pyridostigmine may be responsible for some of the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholinesterase" title="Butyrylcholinesterase">Butyrylcholinesterase</a> is under development by the U.S. Department of Defense as a <a href="/wiki/Prophylactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylactic">prophylactic</a> <a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">countermeasure</a> against <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphate</a> nerve agents. It binds nerve agent in the bloodstream before the poison can exert effects in the nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25448037_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25448037-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both purified <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">acetylcholinesterase</a> and butyrylcholinesterase have demonstrated success in animal studies as "biological scavengers" (and universal targets) to provide <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a> protection against the entire spectrum of organophosphate nerve agents.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1986743_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1986743-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8343986_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8343986-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butyrylcholinesterase currently is the preferred enzyme for development as a pharmaceutical drug primarily because it is a naturally circulating human plasma protein (superior <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a>) and its larger active site compared with acetylcholinesterase may permit greater flexibility for future design and improvement of butyrylcholinesterase to act as a nerve agent scavenger.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10421478_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10421478-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classes">Classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main classes of nerve agents. The members of the two classes share similar properties and are given both a common name (such as <i>Sarin</i>) and a two-character <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> identifier (such as GB). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G-series">G-series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: G-series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GA-3D-balls-by-AHRLS-2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GA-3D-balls-by-AHRLS-2011.png/200px-GA-3D-balls-by-AHRLS-2011.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GA-3D-balls-by-AHRLS-2011.png/300px-GA-3D-balls-by-AHRLS-2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GA-3D-balls-by-AHRLS-2011.png/400px-GA-3D-balls-by-AHRLS-2011.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption>Chemical form of the nerve agent <a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun</a>, the first ever synthesized.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerve_agent_G_series.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nerve_agent_G_series.svg/400px-Nerve_agent_G_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nerve_agent_G_series.svg/600px-Nerve_agent_G_series.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nerve_agent_G_series.svg/800px-Nerve_agent_G_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>The G series of nerve agents.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>G-series</i> is thus named because German scientists first synthesized them. G series agents are known as non-persistent, meaning that they evaporate shortly after release, and do not remain active in the dispersal area for very long. All of the compounds in this class were discovered and synthesized during or prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schrader" title="Gerhard Schrader">Gerhard Schrader</a> (later under the employment of <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This series is the first and oldest family of nerve agents. The first nerve agent ever synthesized was GA (<a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun</a>) in 1936. GB (<a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a>) was discovered next in 1939, followed by GD (<a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman</a>) in 1944, and finally the more obscure GF (<a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin</a>) in 1949. GB was the only G agent that was fielded by the US as a munition, in rockets, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial bombs">aerial bombs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artillery_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery shell">artillery shells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FM_3-8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FM_3-8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="V-series">V-series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: V-series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VX-S-enantiomer-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/VX-S-enantiomer-3D-balls.png/220px-VX-S-enantiomer-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/VX-S-enantiomer-3D-balls.png/330px-VX-S-enantiomer-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/VX-S-enantiomer-3D-balls.png/440px-VX-S-enantiomer-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Chemical form of the nerve agent <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerve_agent_V_series.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nerve_agent_V_series.svg/400px-Nerve_agent_V_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nerve_agent_V_series.svg/600px-Nerve_agent_V_series.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nerve_agent_V_series.svg/800px-Nerve_agent_V_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The V series of nerve agents.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>V-series</i> is the second family of nerve agents and contains five well known members: <a href="/wiki/VE_(nerve_agent)" title="VE (nerve agent)">VE</a>, <a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a>, <a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a>, <a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>, along with several more obscure analogues.<sup id="cite_ref-red":4"_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-red":4"-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most studied agent in this family, <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a> (it is thought that the 'X' in its name comes from its overlapping isopropyl radicals), was invented in the 1950s at <a href="/wiki/Porton_Down" title="Porton Down">Porton Down</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, England. Ranajit Ghosh, a chemist at the Plant Protection Laboratories of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a> (ICI) was investigating a class of organophosphate compounds (organophosphate esters of substituted aminoethanethiols). Like Schrader, Ghosh found that they were quite effective pesticides. In 1954, ICI put one of them on the market under the trade name <a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">Amiton</a>. It was subsequently withdrawn, as it was too toxic for safe use. The toxicity did not escape military notice and some of the more toxic materials had been sent to Porton Down for evaluation. After the evaluation was complete, several members of this class of compounds became a new group of nerve agents, the V agents (depending on the source, the V stands for Victory, Venomous, or Viscous). The best known of these is probably <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>, with <a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a> ("Russian V-gas") coming a close second (Amiton is largely forgotten as VG, with G probably coming from "G"hosh). All of the V-agents are persistent agents, meaning that these agents do not degrade or wash away easily and can therefore remain on clothes and other surfaces for long periods. In use, this allows the V-agents to be used to blanket terrain to guide or curtail the movement of enemy ground forces. The consistency of these agents is similar to oil; as a result, the contact hazard for V-agents is primarily – but not exclusively – dermal. VX was the only V-series agent that was fielded by the US as a munition, in rockets, <a href="/wiki/Artillery_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery shell">artillery shells</a>, airplane spray tanks, and <a href="/wiki/Landmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine">landmines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FM_3-8_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FM_3-8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analyzing the structure of thirteen V agents, the standard composition, which makes a compound enter this group, is the absence of <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a>. It is clear that many agricultural pesticides can be considered as V agents if they are notoriously toxic. The agent is not required to be a phosphonate and presents a dialkylaminoethyl group.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toxicity requirement is waived as the VT agent and its salts (VT-1 and VT-2) are "non-toxic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMager1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNsYdE70JxMkCpgPA51_51]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMager1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNsYdE70JxMkCpgPA51_51]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Replacing the sulfur atom with selenium increases the toxicity of the agent by orders of magnitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMager1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNsYdE70JxMkCpgPA57_57]_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMager1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidNsYdE70JxMkCpgPA57_57]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novichok_agents">Novichok agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Novichok agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agent</a></div> <p>The Novichok (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Новичо́к</span></span>, "newcomer") agents, a series of <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphate</a> compounds, were developed in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and in Russia from the mid-1960s to the 1990s. The Novichok program aimed to develop and manufacture highly deadly chemical weapons that were unknown to the West. The new agents were designed to be undetectable by standard NATO chemical-detection equipment and overcome contemporary chemical-protective equipment. </p><p>In addition to the newly developed "third generation" weapons, binary versions of several Soviet agents were developed and were designated as "Novichok" agents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbamates">Carbamates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Carbamates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to some claims,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not all nerve agents are <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphates</a>. The starting compound studied by the United States was the <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamate</a> EA-1464, of notorious toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounds similar in structure and effect to EA-1464 formed a large group, including compounds such as <a href="/wiki/EA-3990" title="EA-3990">EA-3990</a> and <a href="/wiki/EA-4056" title="EA-4056">EA-4056</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Family Practice Notebook claims carbamate-based nerve agents can be three times as toxic as VX.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the United States<sup id="cite_ref-red":4"_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-red":4"-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Soviet Union<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed carbamate-based nerve agents during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Carbamate-based nerve agents are sometimes grouped in academic literature with Fourth Generation Novichok agents, as they were added to the CWC schedule on banned agents at the same time,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite their significant differences in chemical makeup and mechanisms of action.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbamate-based nerve agents have been identified as Schedule 1 Nerve Agents,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the highest classification possible under the CWC, reserved for agents with no identified alternate use, and those that can cause the most harm.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insecticides">Insecticides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Insecticides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carbamates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbamates">carbamates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organophosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphates">organophosphates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dichlorvos" title="Dichlorvos">dichlorvos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">malathion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parathion" title="Parathion">parathion</a>, are nerve agents. The metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> is sufficiently different from <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> that these compounds have little effect on <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> at proper doses, but there is considerable concern about the effects of long-term exposure to these chemicals by <a href="/wiki/Farm_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm workers">farm workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a> alike. At high enough doses, <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute (medical)">acute</a> toxicity and death can occur through the same mechanism as other nerve agents. Some insecticides such as <a href="/wiki/Demeton" title="Demeton">demeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimefox" title="Dimefox">dimefox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">paraoxon</a> are sufficiently toxic to humans that they have been withdrawn from agricultural use, and were at one stage investigated for potential military applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Paraoxon was allegedly used as an <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> weapon by the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South African government as part of <a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a>. Organophosphate <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_poisoning" title="Pesticide poisoning">pesticide poisoning</a> is a major cause of disability in many developing countries and is often the preferred method of suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15550429_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15550429-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_dissemination">Methods of dissemination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Methods of dissemination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many methods exist for spreading nerve agents such as:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> munitions</li> <li>smoke generation</li> <li>explosive dissemination</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol#Generation_and_applications" title="Aerosol">atomizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">humidifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fogger" title="Fogger">foggers</a></li></ul> <p>The method chosen will depend on the physical properties of the nerve agent(s) used, the nature of the target, and the achievable level of sophistication.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nerve_agent" title="Special:EditPage/Nerve agent">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This first class of nerve agents, the G-series, was accidentally discovered in Germany on December 23, 1936, by a research team headed by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schrader" title="Gerhard Schrader">Gerhard Schrader</a> working for <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>. Since 1934, Schrader had been working in a laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a> to develop new types of <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> for <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>. While working toward his goal of improved insecticide, Schrader experimented with numerous compounds, eventually leading to the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun</a>. </p><p>In experiments, Tabun was extremely potent against insects: as little as 5 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> of Tabun killed all the <a href="/wiki/Aphids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphids">leaf lice</a> he used in his initial experiment. In January 1937, Schrader observed the effects of nerve agents on human beings first-hand when a drop of Tabun spilled onto a lab bench. Within minutes he and his laboratory assistant began to experience <a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">miosis</a> (constriction of the pupils of the eyes), dizziness and severe shortness of breath. It took them three weeks to recover fully. </p><p>In 1935 the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> government had passed a decree that required all inventions of possible military significance to be reported to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Ministry of War</a>, so in May 1937 Schrader sent a sample of Tabun to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a> (CW) section of the <a href="/wiki/Waffenamt" title="Waffenamt">Army Weapons Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Spandau" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Spandau">Berlin-Spandau</a>. Schrader was summoned to the Wehrmacht chemical lab in Berlin to give a demonstration, after which Schrader's <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> application and all related research was classified as secret. Colonel Rüdiger, head of the CW section, ordered the construction of new laboratories for the further investigation of Tabun and other organophosphate compounds and Schrader soon moved to a new laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Elberfeld" title="Elberfeld">Elberfeld</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr valley">Ruhr valley</a> to continue his research in secret throughout <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The compound was initially codenamed Le-100 and later Trilon-83. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a> was discovered by Schrader and his team in 1938 and named in honor of its discoverers: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schrader" title="Gerhard Schrader">Gerhard <b>S</b>chrader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ambros" title="Otto Ambros">Otto <b>A</b>mbros</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Ritter_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Ritter (chemist) (page does not exist)">Gerhard <b>R</b>itter</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter_(Chemiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Ritter (Chemiker)">de</a>]</span>, and Hans-Jürgen von der L<b>in</b>de.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was codenamed T-144 or Trilon-46. It was found to be more than ten times as potent as Tabun. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman</a> was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a> in 1944 as he worked with the existing compounds; the name is derived from either the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> 'to sleep' or the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> 'to bludgeon'. It was codenamed T-300. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin</a> was also discovered during WWII but the details were lost and it was rediscovered in 1949. </p><p>The G-series naming system was created by the United States when it uncovered the German activities, labeling Tabun as GA (German Agent A), Sarin as GB and Soman as GD. Ethyl Sarin was tagged GE and CycloSarin as GF. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_World_War_II">During World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: During World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, a pilot <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">plant</a> for Tabun production was set up at <a href="/wiki/Munster_Training_Area#Munsterlager" title="Munster Training Area">Munster-Lager</a>, on <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Lüneburg Heath">Lüneburg Heath</a> near the German Army proving grounds at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raubkammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raubkammer (page does not exist)">Raubkammer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raubkammer" class="extiw" title="de:Raubkammer">de</a>]</span>. In January 1940, construction began on a secret plant, code named "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hochwerk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hochwerk (page does not exist)">Hochwerk</a>" (<i>High factory</i>), for the production of Tabun at <i>Dyhernfurth an der Oder</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Brzeg_Dolny" title="Brzeg Dolny">Brzeg Dolny</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), on the <a href="/wiki/Oder_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder River">Oder River</a> 40 km (25 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. </p><p>The plant was large, covering an area of 2.4 by 0.8 km (1.49 by 0.50 mi) and was completely self-contained, synthesizing all intermediates as well as the final product, Tabun. The factory even had an underground plant for filling munitions, which were then stored at Krappitz (now <a href="/wiki/Krapkowice" title="Krapkowice">Krapkowice</a>) in Upper Silesia. The plant was operated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorgana_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anorgana GmbH (page does not exist)">Anorgana GmbH</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorgana" class="extiw" title="de:Anorgana">de</a>]</span>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>, as were all other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapon agent">chemical weapon agent</a> production plants in Germany at the time. </p><p>Because of the plant's deep secrecy and the difficult nature of the production process, it took from January 1940 until June 1942 for the plant to become fully operational. Many of Tabun's chemical precursors were so corrosive that reaction chambers not lined with quartz or silver soon became useless. Tabun itself was so hazardous that the final processes had to be performed while enclosed in double glass-lined chambers with a stream of pressurized air circulating between the walls. </p><p>Three thousand German nationals were employed at Hochwerk, all equipped with <a href="/wiki/Respirators" class="mw-redirect" title="Respirators">respirators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> constructed of a poly-layered rubber/cloth/rubber sandwich that was destroyed after the tenth wearing. Despite all precautions, there were over 300 accidents before production even began and at least ten workers died during the two and a half years of operation. Some incidents cited in <i>A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare</i> are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Four pipe fitters had liquid Tabun drain onto them and died before their rubber suits could be removed.</li> <li>A worker had two liters of Tabun pour down the neck of his rubber suit. He died within two minutes.</li> <li>Seven workers were hit in the face with a stream of Tabun of such force that the liquid was forced behind their respirators. Only two survived despite <a href="/wiki/Resuscitation" title="Resuscitation">resuscitation</a> measures.</li></ul> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The plant produced between 10 000 and 30 000 tons of Tabun before its capture by the Soviet Army</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="(March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and moved, probably to <a href="/wiki/Dzerzhinsk,_Russia" title="Dzerzhinsk, Russia">Dzerzhinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940 the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_Weapons_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army Weapons Office">German Army Weapons Office</a> ordered the mass production of Sarin for wartime use. A number of pilot plants were built and a high-production facility was under construction (but was not finished) by the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Estimates for total Sarin production by Nazi Germany range from 500 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> to 10 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a>. </p><p>During that time, German <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a> believed that the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> also knew of these compounds, assuming that because these compounds were not discussed in the Allies' scientific journals information about them was being suppressed. Though Sarin, Tabun and Soman were incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> shells, the German government ultimately decided not to use nerve agents against Allied targets. The Allies did not learn of these agents until shells filled with them were captured towards the end of the war. German forces used chemical warfare against partisans during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Battle of the Kerch Peninsula</a> in 1942, but did not use any nerve agent.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is detailed in Joseph Borkin's book <i>The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a>, who was strongly opposed to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_gas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabun (nerve gas)">Tabun</a>, flew <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ambros" title="Otto Ambros">Otto Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">I.G.'s</a> authority on poison gas as well as synthetic rubber, to the meeting. Hitler asked Ambros, "What is the other side doing about poison gas?" Ambros explained that the enemy, because of its greater access to <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>, probably had a greater capacity to produce <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a> than Germany did. Hitler interrupted to explain that he was not referring to traditional poison gases: "I understand that the countries with petroleum are in a position to make more [mustard gas], but Germany has a special gas, Tabun. In this we have a monopoly in Germany." He specifically wanted to know whether the enemy had access to such a gas and what it was doing in this area. To Hitler's disappointment Ambros replied, "I have justified reasons to assume that Tabun, too, is known abroad. I know that Tabun was publicized as early as 1902, that Sarin was patented and that these substances appeared in patents. " (...)Ambros was informing Hitler of an extraordinary fact about one of Germany's most secret weapons. The essential nature of Tabun and Sarin had already been disclosed in the technical journals as far back as 1902 and <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">I.G.</a> had <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> both products in 1937 and 1938. Ambros then warned Hitler that if Germany used Tabun, it must face the possibility that the Allies could produce this gas in much larger quantities. Upon receiving this discouraging report, Hitler abruptly left the meeting. The nerve gases would not be used, for the time being at least, although they would continue to be produced and tested.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Borkin" title="Joseph Borkin">Joseph Borkin</a>, The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–World_War_II"><span id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_II"></span>Post–World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post–World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since World War II, Iraq's use of mustard gas against Iranian troops and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> of 1980–1988) has been the only large-scale use of any chemical weapons. On the scale of the single Kurdish village of <a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja</a> within its own territory, Iraqi forces did expose the populace to some kind of chemical weapons, possibly mustard gas and most likely nerve agents.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operatives of the <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a> religious group made and used <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a> several times on other Japanese, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">Tokyo subway sarin attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, no nerve agents (nor other chemical weapons) were used, but a number of U.S. and UK personnel were exposed to them when the <a href="/wiki/Khamisiyah" title="Khamisiyah">Khamisiyah</a> chemical depot was destroyed. This and the widespread use of anticholinergic drugs as a protective treatment against any possible nerve gas attack have been proposed as a possible cause of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a> gas was deployed in <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">a 2013 attack</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, killing several hundred people. Most governments contend that forces loyal to President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> deployed the gas;<sup id="cite_ref-Sellstrom_report_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sellstrom_report-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Government">Syrian Government</a> has denied responsibility. </p><p>On 13 February 2017, the nerve agent <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a> was used in the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">assassination of Kim Jong-nam</a>, half-brother of the North Korean leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong-un</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport" title="Kuala Lumpur International Airport">Kuala Lumpur International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 March 2018, a former Russian agent (who was convicted of high treason but allowed to live in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Spy_swap" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy swap">spy swap</a> agreement), <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Skripal" title="Sergei Skripal">Sergei Skripal</a>, and his daughter, who was visiting from Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">were both poisoned by a Novichok nerve agent</a> in the English city of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>. They survived, and were subsequently released from hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Police" title="Wiltshire Police">Wiltshire Police</a> officer, Nick Bailey, was exposed to the substance. He was one of the first to respond to the incident. Twenty-one members of the public received medical treatment following exposure to the nerve agent. Despite this, only Bailey and the Skripals remained in critical condition.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 March 2018, <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_England" title="Public Health England">Public Health England</a> issued advice for the other people believed to have been in the Mill pub (the location where the attack is believed to have been carried out) or the nearby <a href="/wiki/Zizzi" title="Zizzi">Zizzi</a> Restaurant.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 March 2018, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> stated that the substance used was a Novichok nerve agent.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 June 2018, two British nationals, Charlie Rowley and Dawn Sturgess, <a href="/wiki/2018_Amesbury_poisonings" title="2018 Amesbury poisonings">were poisoned by a Novichok nerve agent</a> of the same kind that was used in the Skripal poisoning, which Rowley had found in a discarded perfume bottle and gifted to Sturgess.<sup id="cite_ref-itv-20180724_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itv-20180724-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-20180724_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20180724-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20180724_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20180724-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst Rowley survived, Sturgess died on 8 July. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> believe that the poisoning was not a targeted attack, but a result of the way the nerve agent was disposed of after the poisoning in Salisbury.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_disposal">Ocean disposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ocean disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972, the United States Congress banned the practice of disposing chemical weapons into the ocean. Thirty-two thousand <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean waters off the United States by the U.S. Army, primarily as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_CHASE" title="Operation CHASE">Operation CHASE</a>. According to a 1998 report by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency, the Army created at least 26 chemical weapons dump sites in the ocean off at least 11 states on both the west and east coasts. Due to poor records, they currently only know the rough whereabouts of half of them.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is currently a lack of scientific data regarding the ecological and health effects of this dumping. In the event of leakage, many nerve agents are soluble in water and would dissolve in a few days, while other substances like <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">sulfur mustard</a> could last longer. There have also been a few incidents of chemical weapons washing ashore or being accidentally retrieved, for example during dredging or <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawl fishing</a> operations.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection">Detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_of_gaseous_nerve_agents">Detection of gaseous nerve agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Detection of gaseous nerve agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The methods of detecting gaseous nerve agents include but are not limited to the following. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laser_photoacoustic_spectroscopy">Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a> <a href="/wiki/Photoacoustic_spectroscopy" title="Photoacoustic spectroscopy">photoacoustic spectroscopy</a> (LPAS) is a method that has been used to detect nerve agents in the air. In this method, laser light is absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Gaseous" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaseous">gaseous</a> <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>. This causes a heating/cooling cycle and changes in <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>. Sensitive <a href="/wiki/Microphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphones">microphones</a> convey <a href="/wiki/Sound_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound waves">sound waves</a> that result from the pressure changes. Scientists at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">U.S. Army Research Laboratory</a> engineered an LPAS system that can detect multiple trace amounts of toxic gases in one air sample.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurton_Felton_Tober_2012_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurton_Felton_Tober_2012-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> contained three lasers <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulated</a> to different <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>, each producing a different sound wave tone. The different wavelengths of light were directed into a sensor referred to as the photoacoustic cell. Within the cell were the vapors of different nerve agents. The traces of each nerve agent had a signature effect on the "loudness" of the lasers' sound wave tones.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some overlap of nerve agents' effects did occur in the acoustic results. However, it was predicted that specificity would increase as additional lasers with unique wavelengths were added.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurton_Felton_Tober_2012_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurton_Felton_Tober_2012-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, too many lasers set to different <a href="/wiki/Wavelengths" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavelengths">wavelengths</a> could result in overlap of <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption spectra">absorption spectra</a>. Citation LPAS technology can identify <a href="/wiki/Gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases">gases</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_billion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per billion">parts per billion</a> (ppb) concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_Lei_Shi_et_al_2012_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_Lei_Shi_et_al_2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following nerve agent simulants have been identified with this multiwavelength LPAS:<sup id="cite_ref-Gurton_Felton_Tober_2012_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurton_Felton_Tober_2012-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimethyl_methyl_phosphonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimethyl methyl phosphonate (page does not exist)">dimethyl methyl phosphonate</a> (DMMP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethyl_methyl_phosphonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diethyl methyl phosphonate (page does not exist)">diethyl methyl phosphonate</a> (DEMP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diisopropyl_methyl_phosphonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diisopropyl methyl phosphonate (page does not exist)">diisopropyl methyl phosphonate</a> (DIMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylpolysiloxane" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethylpolysiloxane">dimethylpolysiloxane</a> (DIME), triethyl phosphate (TEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributyl_phosphate" title="Tributyl phosphate">tributyl phosphate</a> (TBP)</li> <li>two volatile organic compounds (VOCs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> (ACE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">isopropanol</a> (ISO), used to construct <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a></li></ul> <p>Other gases and air contaminants identified with LPAS include:<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_Lei_Shi_et_al_2012_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_Lei_Shi_et_al_2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>CO<sub>2</sub> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li>NOx <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">Nitrogen oxide</a></li> <li>SO<sub>2</sub> <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur oxide">Sulphur oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_Glycol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylene Glycol">Ethylene Glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TATP" class="mw-redirect" title="TATP">TATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-dispersive_infrared">Non-dispersive infrared</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Non-dispersive infrared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nondispersive_infrared_sensor" title="Nondispersive infrared sensor">Non-dispersive infrared</a> techniques have been reported to be used for gaseous nerve agent detection.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_Lei_Shi_et_al_2012_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_Lei_Shi_et_al_2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IR_absorption">IR absorption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: IR absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a> absorption has been reported to detect gaseous nerve agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_Lei_Shi_et_al_2012_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_Lei_Shi_et_al_2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy">Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy" title="Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy">Fourier transform infrared</a> (FTIR) spectroscopy has been reported to detect gaseous nerve agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_Lei_Shi_et_al_2012_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad_Lei_Shi_et_al_2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaszeta2020" class="citation book cs1">Kaszeta, Dan (2020). <i>Toxic: A History of Nerve Agents, from Nazi Germany to Putin's Russia</i>. C. Hurst. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-306-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-306-7"><bdi>978-1-78738-306-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxic%3A+A+History+of+Nerve+Agents%2C+from+Nazi+Germany+to+Putin%27s+Russia&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78738-306-7&rft.aulast=Kaszeta&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSDR-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDR_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDR_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=523&tid=93">"Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs): Nerve Agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)"</a>. <i>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)</i>. 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SPIE. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.919241">10.1117/12.919241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8194-9044-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8194-9044-5"><bdi>978-0-8194-9044-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laser+photoacoustic+sensor+for+air+toxicity+measurements&rft.btitle=Advanced+Environmental%2C+Chemical%2C+and+Biological+Sensing+Technologies+IX%3A+26-27+April+2012%2C+Baltimore%2C+Maryland%2C+United+States&rft.pub=SPIE&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.919241&rft.isbn=978-0-8194-9044-5&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Coorg+R.&rft.au=Lei%2C+Jie&rft.au=Shi%2C+Wenhui&rft.au=Li%2C+Guangkun&rft.au=Dunayevskiy%2C+Ilya&rft.au=Patel%2C+C.+Kumar+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayboy2012" class="citation news cs1">Brayboy, Joyce P. (5 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army.mil/article/86656/army_scientists_demonstrate_rapid_detection_of_nerve_agents">"Army scientists demonstrate rapid detection of nerve agents"</a>. <i>U.S. Army</i>. U.S. Army Research Laboratory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Army&rft.atitle=Army+scientists+demonstrate+rapid+detection+of+nerve+agents&rft.date=2012-09-05&rft.aulast=Brayboy&rft.aufirst=Joyce+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2Farticle%2F86656%2Farmy_scientists_demonstrate_rapid_detection_of_nerve_agents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmittMüllerHuberBusch2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitt, Katrin; Müller, Andreas; Huber, Jochen; Busch, Sebastian; Wöllenstein, Jürgen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2011.12.266">"Compact photoacoustic gas sensor based on broadband IR source"</a>. <i>Procedia Engineering</i>. <b>25</b>: 1081–1084. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2011.12.266">10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.266</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Engineering&rft.atitle=Compact+photoacoustic+gas+sensor+based+on+broadband+IR+source&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=1081-1084&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.proeng.2011.12.266&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Huber%2C+Jochen&rft.au=Busch%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=W%C3%B6llenstein%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.proeng.2011.12.266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjeePrasannaLaneGo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mukherjee, Anadi; Prasanna, Manu; Lane, Michael; Go, Rowel; Dunayevskiy, Ilya; Tsekoun, Alexei; Patel, C. Kumar N. (20 September 2008). "Optically multiplexed multi-gas detection using quantum cascade laser photoacoustic spectroscopy". <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>47</b> (27): 4884–4887. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApOpt..47.4884M">2008ApOpt..47.4884M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2Fao.47.004884">10.1364/ao.47.004884</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18806847">18806847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Optically+multiplexed+multi-gas+detection+using+quantum+cascade+laser+photoacoustic+spectroscopy&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=4884-4887&rft.date=2008-09-20&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18806847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2Fao.47.004884&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ApOpt..47.4884M&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Anadi&rft.au=Prasanna%2C+Manu&rft.au=Lane%2C+Michael&rft.au=Go%2C+Rowel&rft.au=Dunayevskiy%2C+Ilya&rft.au=Tsekoun%2C+Alexei&rft.au=Patel%2C+C.+Kumar+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMager1984" class="citation book cs1">Mager, Peter (1984). <i>Multidimensional Pharmacochemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-124-65020-6.X5001-5">10.1016/B978-0-124-65020-6.X5001-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-465020-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-465020-6"><bdi>978-0-12-465020-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multidimensional+Pharmacochemistry&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-124-65020-6.X5001-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-465020-6&rft.aulast=Mager&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve+agent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidell1997" class="citation book cs1">Sidell FR (1997). <i>Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare</i>. Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99973-2-091-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-99973-2-091-9"><bdi>978-99973-2-091-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+aspects+of+chemical+and+biological+warfare&rft.pub=Borden+Institute%2C+Walter+Reed+Army+Medical+Center&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-99973-2-091-9&rft.aulast=Sidell&rft.aufirst=Frederick+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve+agent" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=11&po=5">ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Including Pesticides and Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li>Nervegas: America's Fifteen-year Struggle for Modern Chemical Weapons <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060812104037/http://www.wood.army.mil/chmdsd/Army_Chemical_Review/pdfs/Jan-June%202006/Kirby-Nerve%20Gas.pdf">Army Chemical Review</a></li> <li>History Note: The CWS Effort to Obtain German Chemical Weapons for Retaliation Against Japan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080909231204/http://www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil/products/newsletter_pdfs/vol5_num1.pdf">CBIAC Newsletter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/AChE_inhibitors_and_substrates">AChE inhibitors and substrates</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2wfz">2wfz</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2wg0">2wg0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2wg1">2wg1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/1som">1som</a> in <a href="/wiki/Proteopedia" title="Proteopedia">Proteopedia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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title="2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin">2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactonitrile" title="Lactonitrile">Lactonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetone_cyanohydrin" title="Acetone cyanohydrin">Acetone cyanohydrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">Stibine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_cyanohydrin" title="Chloral cyanohydrin">Chloral cyanohydrin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister_agent" title="Blister agent">Blister agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsenical" title="Arsenical">Arsenicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldichloroarsine" title="Ethyldichloroarsine">Ethyldichloroarsine</a> (ED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldichloroarsine" title="Methyldichloroarsine">Methyldichloroarsine</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyldichloroarsine" title="Phenyldichloroarsine">Phenyldichloroarsine</a> (PD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">Lewisite</a> (L)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite_2" title="Lewisite 2">Lewisite 2</a> (L2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite_3" title="Lewisite 3">Lewisite 3</a> (L3)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">Sulfur mustards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">Levinstein mustard</a> (EA-229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="O-Mustard">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquimustard" title="Sesquimustard">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Chloroethyl_ethyl_sulfide" title="2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide">CEES</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_mustard" title="Nitrogen mustard">Nitrogen mustards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HN1_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN1 (nitrogen mustard)">HN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethine" title="Chlormethine">HN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN3_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN3 (nitrogen mustard)">HN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-301" title="TL-301">TL-301</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nettle_agent" title="Nettle agent">Nettle agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene_oxime" title="Phosgene oxime">Phosgene oxime</a> (CX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KB-16" title="KB-16">KB-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutylchloromethyltin_chloride" title="Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride">Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_oxychloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium oxychloride">Selenium oxychloride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nerve agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#G-Series">G-agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun</a> (GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin (GB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosarin" title="Chlorosarin">Chlorosarin</a> (ClGB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiosarin" title="Thiosarin">Thiosarin</a> (SGB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman</a> (GD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosoman" title="Chlorosoman">Chlorosoman</a> (ClGD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylsarin" title="Ethylsarin">Ethylsarin</a> (GE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GH_(nerve_agent)" title="GH (nerve agent)">GH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin</a> (GF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP_(nerve_agent)" title="GP (nerve agent)">GP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorotabun" title="Fluorotabun">Fluorotabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-1356" title="EA-1356">EA-1356</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4352" title="EA-4352">EA-4352</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotylsarin" title="Crotylsarin">Crotylsarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#V-Series">V-agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EA-2192" title="EA-2192">EA-2192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3148" title="EA-3148">EA-3148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VE_(nerve_agent)" title="VE (nerve agent)">VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl_3-pyridyl_methylphosphonate" title="3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 3-pyridyl methylphosphonate">VP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VS_(nerve_agent)" title="VS (nerve agent)">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-1763" title="EA-1763">EA-1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_VX" title="Chinese VX">Chinese VX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-sub_x" title="V-sub x">V-sub x (GD-7)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GV agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GV_(nerve_agent)" title="GV (nerve agent)">GV (EA-5365)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">A-208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-232" title="A-232">A-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-234_(nerve_agent)" title="A-234 (nerve agent)">A-234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-242" title="A-242">A-242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-262" title="A-262">A-262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A035" title="C01-A035">C01-A035</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A039" title="C01-A039">C01-A039</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A042" title="C01-A042">C01-A042</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcarbamoyl_fluoride" title="Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride">Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3887" title="EA-3887">EA-3887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3887A" class="mw-redirect" title="EA-3887A">EA-3887A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3966" title="EA-3966">EA-3966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3990" title="EA-3990">EA-3990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4056" title="EA-4056">EA-4056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1123" title="T-1123">T-1123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1152" title="T-1152">T-1152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1194" title="T-1194">T-1194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium_bromide)" title="Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)">Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-599" title="TL-599">TL-599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1238" title="TL-1238">TL-1238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1299" class="mw-redirect" title="TL-1299">TL-1299</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1317" class="mw-redirect" title="TL-1317">TL-1317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miotine" title="Miotine">Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3152_CT" title="3152 CT">3152 CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-686-293-01" title="4-686-293-01">4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Diisopropyl fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyclohexyl_phosphorofluoridate" title="Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate">Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2012" title="EA-2012">EA-2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2054" title="EA-2054">EA-2054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2098" title="EA-2098">EA-2098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2613" title="EA-2613">EA-2613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl_cyclohexyl_methylphosphonate" title="2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate">2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopentylene_fluorophosphate" title="Neopentylene fluorophosphate">Neopentylene fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenophos" title="Selenophos">Selenophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phospholine">Phospholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-16661" title="R-16661">R-16661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0422" title="Ro 3-0422">Ro 3-0422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanesulfonyl_fluoride" title="Methanesulfonyl fluoride">Methanesulfonyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimefox" title="Dimefox">Dimefox (TL-792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSPI_(nerve_agent)" title="MSPI (nerve agent)">MSPI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trichloride" title="Arsenic trichloride">AT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">ATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">AlP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnear%E2%80%93Perren_reaction" title="Kinnear–Perren reaction">A.P.C. complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosarin" title="Chlorosarin">Chlorosarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosoman" title="Chlorosoman">Chlorosoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanol" title="Cyclohexanol">Cyclohexanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,8-Dibromooctane" title="1,8-Dibromooctane">1,8-Dibromooctane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol" title="N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol">N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol</a> (KB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_methylphosphonate" title="Diisopropyl methylphosphonate">EA-1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropylphosphite" title="Diisopropylphosphite">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ZS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylphosphite" title="Diethylphosphite">DEHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_methylphosphonate" title="Dimethyl methylphosphonate">EA-1224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamidophosphoric_dichloride" title="Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride">Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamidophosphoric_dicyanide" title="Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide">Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylphosphite" title="Dimethylphosphite">DMHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphosphonoselenoic_dichloride" title="Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride">Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldoxime" title="Formaldoxime">Formaldoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Nital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxycoumarin" title="4-Hydroxycoumarin">4-Hydroxycoumarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">Isopropyl alcohol</a> (TB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldichlorophosphine" title="Methyldichlorophosphine">Methyldichlorophosphine</a> (SW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphosphonyl_difluoride" title="Methylphosphonyl difluoride">Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)</a> (DF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphosphonyl_dichloride" title="Methylphosphonyl dichloride">Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">Nitromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPA_mixture" title="OPA mixture">OPA mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoryl_chloride" title="Phosphoryl chloride">Phosphoryl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentachloride" title="Phosphorus pentachloride">Phosphorus pentachloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">Phosphorus trichloride</a> (TH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacolone" title="Pinacolone">Pinacolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacolyl_alcohol" title="Pinacolyl alcohol">Pinacolyl alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QL_(chemical)" title="QL (chemical)">QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4,5-Trichlorophenol" title="2,4,5-Trichlorophenol">2,4,5-Trichlorophenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol" title="3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol">3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethyl_phosphite" title="Triethyl phosphite">Triethyl phosphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyl_phosphite" title="Trimethyl phosphite">Trimethyl phosphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thionyl_chloride" title="Thionyl chloride">TC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiodiglycol" title="Thiodiglycol">TG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a> (TZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (BTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a> (TeNT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine" title="Ryanodine">Ryanodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a> (CTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanitoxin" title="Guanitoxin">Guanitoxin</a> (GTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophenylsilatrane" title="Chlorophenylsilatrane">Chlorophenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palytoxin" title="Palytoxin">Palytoxin</a> (PTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">Maitotoxin</a> (MTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a> (PbTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillatoxin" title="Antillatoxin">Antillatoxin</a> (ATX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Tetraethyllead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylmercury" title="Dimethylmercury">Dimethylmercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN1_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN1 (nitrogen mustard)">HN1 hydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN2" class="mw-redirect" title="HN2">HN2 hydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine">HN3 hydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDPN_(chemical)" title="IDPN (chemical)">A-8564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfuryl_fluoride" title="Sulfuryl fluoride">Sulfuryl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremorine" title="Tremorine">Tremorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxotremorine" title="Oxotremorine">Oxotremorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine" title="Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine">Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicyclic_phosphate" title="Bicyclic phosphate">Bicyclic phosphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPTBO" title="IPTBO">IPTBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPO" title="TBPO">TBPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPS" title="TBPS">TBPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloflubicyne" title="Cloflubicyne">Cloflubicyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylolpropane_phosphite" title="Trimethylolpropane phosphite">Trimethylolpropane phosphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_agent" title="Pulmonary agent">Pulmonary/<br />choking agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">Phosgene</a> (CG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluoroisobutene" title="Perfluoroisobutene">Perfluoroisobutene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">Chloropicrin</a> (PS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine" title="Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine">Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosgene" title="Diphosgene">Diphosgene</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_decafluoride" title="Disulfur decafluoride">Disulfur decafluoride</a> (Z)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_bromoacetate" title="Ethyl bromoacetate">Ethyl bromoacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchloromethyl_mercaptan" title="Perchloromethyl mercaptan">Perchloromethyl mercaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylcarbylamine_chloride" title="Phenylcarbylamine chloride">Phenylcarbylamine chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranitromethane" title="Tetranitromethane">Tetranitromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachlorodinitroethane" title="Tetrachlorodinitroethane">Tetrachlorodinitroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">Chlorine trifluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchloryl_fluoride" title="Perchloryl fluoride">Perchloryl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_chloride" title="Cadmium chloride">Cadmium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">Mercuric chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">Selenium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenoyl_fluoride" title="Selenoyl fluoride">Selenoyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoronitrosomethane" title="Trifluoronitrosomethane">Trifluoronitrosomethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloronitrosomethane" title="Trichloronitrosomethane">Trichloronitrosomethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">Phosphorus trichloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenone" title="Ethenone">Ethenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_vinyl_ketone" title="Methyl vinyl ketone">Methyl vinyl ketone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoroacetyl_chloride" title="Trifluoroacetyl chloride">Trifluoroacetyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salcomine" title="Salcomine">Salcomine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluomine" title="Fluomine">Fluomine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">Uranium hexafluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane" title="Diborane">Diborane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Cross_(chemical_warfare)" title="Green Cross (chemical warfare)">Green Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vomiting_agent" title="Vomiting agent">Vomiting agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamsite" title="Adamsite">Adamsite</a> (DM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">Chloropicrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litharge" title="Litharge">Litharge</a>-<a href="/wiki/Glycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerine">glycerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylchlorarsine" title="Diphenylchlorarsine">Diphenylchlorarsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylcyanoarsine" title="Diphenylcyanoarsine">Diphenylcyanoarsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodyl_cyanide" title="Cacodyl cyanide">Cacodyl cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Dianisidine" title="O-Dianisidine">o-Dianisidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent" title="Incapacitating agent">Incapacitating<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">BZ</a> (CS-4030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonitazene" title="Etonitazene">EA-4941</a> (CS-4640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benactyzine" title="Benactyzine">EA-2092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditran" title="Ditran">CS-4297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoxadrol" title="Etoxadrol">Etoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">Dimethylheptylpyran</a> (DMHP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">EA-2148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3167" title="EA-3167">EA-3167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3443" title="EA-3443">EA-3443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3580" title="EA-3580">EA-3580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3834" title="EA-3834">EA-3834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolokol-1" title="Kolokol-1">Kolokol-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent#Sleeping_gas" title="Incapacitating agent">Sleeping gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">JB-318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">JB-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS-27349" title="CS-27349">CS-27349</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-226,086" title="CAR-226,086">CAR-226,086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-301,060" title="CAR-301,060">CAR-301,060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,196" title="CAR-302,196">CAR-302,196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,282" title="CAR-302,282">CAR-302,282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,668" title="CAR-302,668">CAR-302,668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procarbazine" title="Procarbazine">Procarbazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Lachrymatory<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylyl_bromide" title="Xylyl bromide">Xylyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">Pepper spray</a> (OC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(spray)" title="Mace (spray)">Mace (spray)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNS_(chemical_weapon)" title="CNS (chemical weapon)">CNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_chloride" title="Benzyl chloride">Benzyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_bromide" title="Benzyl bromide">Benzyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_iodide" title="Benzyl iodide">Benzyl iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromobenzyl_cyanide" title="Bromobenzyl cyanide">Bromobenzyl cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiophosgene" title="Thiophosgene">Thiophosgene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroacetone" title="Chloroacetone">Chloroacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoacetone" title="Bromoacetone">Bromoacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromomethyl_ethyl_ketone" title="Bromomethyl ethyl ketone">Bromomethyl ethyl ketone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_bromide" title="Phenacyl bromide">Phenacyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroacetophenone_oxime" title="Chloroacetophenone oxime">Chloroacetophenone oxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_bromoacetate" title="Ethyl bromoacetate">Ethyl bromoacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_iodoacetate" title="Ethyl iodoacetate">Ethyl iodoacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodoacetone" title="Iodoacetone">Iodoacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethylene_diisocyanate" title="Hexamethylene diisocyanate">Hexamethylene diisocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotonaldehyde" title="Crotonaldehyde">Crotonaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DRC-5593" title="DRC-5593">DRC-5593</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malodorant" title="Malodorant">Malodorant</a> agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thioacetone" title="Thioacetone">Thioacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skatole" title="Skatole">Skatole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaverine" title="Cadaverine">Cadaverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">Putrescine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cornea-clouding agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">Lewisite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene_oxime" title="Phosgene oxime">CX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KB-16" title="KB-16">KB-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cyanoacrylate" title="Methyl cyanoacrylate">Methyl cyanoacrylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmorpholine" title="N-Methylmorpholine">N-Methylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_alcohol" title="Allyl alcohol">Allyl alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">Abrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopiazonic_acid" title="Cyclopiazonic acid">Cyclopiazonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionicotoxins" title="Histrionicotoxins">Histrionicotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Aflatoxins">Aflatoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin_type_B" title="Enterotoxin type B">Enterotoxin type B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">Grayanotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanitoxin" title="Guanitoxin">Guanitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">Maitotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeccin" title="Modeccin">Modeccin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palytoxin" title="Palytoxin">Palytoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiga_toxin" title="Shiga toxin">Shiga toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-2_mycotoxin" title="T-2 mycotoxin">T-2 mycotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkensin" title="Volkensin">Volkensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veratridine" title="Veratridine">Veratridine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_fluoroacetate" title="Methyl fluoroacetate">Methyl fluoroacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">Napalm</a> (variants and mixtures)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroethyl_fluoroacetate" title="Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate">Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a> <ul><li>post-combustion <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">uranium oxides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium_compounds" title="Plutonium compounds">its compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">White phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_warfare_agents" title="List of chemical warfare agents">List of chemical warfare agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CB_military_symbol" title="CB military symbol">CB military symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template talk:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_modulator" title="Enzyme modulator">modulators</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Choline_acetyltransferase" title="Choline acetyltransferase"><abbr title="Choline acetyltransferase">ChAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Choline acetyltransferase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium (page does not exist)">1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-(%CE%B1-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium (page does not exist)">2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Chloro-4-stillbazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Chloro-4-stillbazole (page does not exist)">3-Chloro-4-stillbazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine (page does not exist)">4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylseco_hemicholinium-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylseco hemicholinium-3 (page does not exist)">Acetylseco hemicholinium-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acryloylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acryloylcholine (page does not exist)">Acryloylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AF64A" class="mw-redirect" title="AF64A">AF64A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(E)-1-Methyl-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(E)-1-Methyl-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (page does not exist)">B115</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(2-Benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(2-Benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium (page does not exist)">BETA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylamino-2-ethoxyimino-2-adamantane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylamino-2-ethoxyimino-2-adamantane (page does not exist)">CM-54,903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate (page does not exist)">N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate (page does not exist)">N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase"><abbr title="Acetylcholinesterase">AChE</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acetylcholinesterase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">Inhibitors</a>:</b> <i>Reversible:</i> Carbamates: <a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminocarb" title="Aminocarb">Aminocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendiocarb" title="Bendiocarb">Bendiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bufencarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bufencarb (page does not exist)">Bufencarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbaryl" title="Carbaryl">Carbaryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbendazim" title="Carbendazim">Carbendazim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbetamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbetamide (page does not exist)">Carbetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbofuran" title="Carbofuran">Carbofuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbosulfan" title="Carbosulfan">Carbosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorbufam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorbufam (page does not exist)">Chlorbufam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloropropham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloropropham (page does not exist)">Chloropropham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetilan" title="Dimetilan">Dimetilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethienocarb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethienocarb">Ethienocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiofencarb" title="Ethiofencarb">Ethiofencarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenobucarb" title="Fenobucarb">Fenobucarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetanate" title="Formetanate">Formetanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formparanate" title="Formparanate">Formparanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methomyl" title="Methomyl">Methomyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metolcarb" title="Metolcarb">Metolcarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miotine" title="Miotine">Miotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxamyl" title="Oxamyl">Oxamyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenmedipham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenmedipham (page does not exist)">Phenmedipham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinmicarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinmicarb (page does not exist)">Pinmicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirimicarb" title="Pirimicarb">Pirimicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promecarb" title="Promecarb">Promecarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propamocarb" title="Propamocarb">Propamocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propham (page does not exist)">Propham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxur" title="Propoxur">Propoxur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiodicarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiodicarb (page does not exist)">Thiodicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiofanox" title="Thiofanox">Thiofanox</a>; Stigmines: <a href="/wiki/Distigmine" title="Distigmine">Distigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eptastigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eptastigmine (page does not exist)">Eptastigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganstigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganstigmine (page does not exist)">Ganstigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neostigmine" title="Neostigmine">Neostigmine</a> <a href="/wiki/Neostigmine/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Neostigmine/glycopyrronium bromide">+glycopyrronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenserine" title="Phenserine">Phenserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">Physostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyridostigmine" title="Pyridostigmine">Pyridostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilostigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quilostigmine (page does not exist)">Quilostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivastigmine" title="Rivastigmine">Rivastigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terestigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terestigmine (page does not exist)">Terestigmine</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Acotiamide" title="Acotiamide">Acotiamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambenonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambenonium">Ambenonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donepezil" title="Donepezil">Donepezil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3990" title="EA-3990">EA-3990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4056" title="EA-4056">EA-4056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edrophonium" title="Edrophonium">Edrophonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">Galantamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">Huperzine A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huprine_W&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huprine W (page does not exist)">Huprine W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huprine_X" title="Huprine X">Huprine X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huprine_Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huprine Y (page does not exist)">Huprine Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipidacrine" title="Ipidacrine">Ipidacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itopride" title="Itopride">Itopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladostigil" title="Ladostigil">Ladostigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaprine" title="Minaprine">Minaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium_bromide)" title="Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)">Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1123" title="T-1123">T-1123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1152" title="T-1152">T-1152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1194" title="T-1194">T-1194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-599" title="TL-599">TL-599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1238" title="TL-1238">TL-1238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrine" title="Tacrine">Tacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanapezil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanapezil (page does not exist)">Zanapezil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Irreversible:</i> Organophosphates: <a href="/wiki/2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl_cyclohexyl_methylphosphonate" title="2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate">2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acephate" title="Acephate">Acephate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armine_(chemical)" title="Armine (chemical)">Armine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azinphos-ethyl" title="Azinphos-ethyl">Azinphos-ethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azinphos-methyl" title="Azinphos-methyl">Azinphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAY-29952" title="BAY-29952">BAY-29952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensulide" title="Bensulide">Bensulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadusafos" title="Cadusafos">Cadusafos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbophenothion" title="Carbophenothion">Carbophenothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorethoxyfos" title="Chlorethoxyfos">Chlorethoxyfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorfenvinphos" title="Chlorfenvinphos">Chlorfenvinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorpyrifos-methyl">Chlorpyrifos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumaphos" title="Coumaphos">Coumaphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotylsarin" title="Crotylsarin">Crotylsarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanophos" title="Cyanophos">Cyanophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin (GF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demephion" title="Demephion">Demephion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeton" title="Demeton">Demeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeton-S-methyl" title="Demeton-S-methyl">Demeton-S-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialifor" title="Dialifor">Dialifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazinon" title="Diazinon">Diazinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorvos" title="Dichlorvos">Dichlorvos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicrotophos" title="Dicrotophos">Dicrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyclohexyl_phosphorofluoridate" title="Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate">Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropylphosphate" title="Diisopropylphosphate">Diisopropylphosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Diisopropyl fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimefox" title="Dimefox">Dimefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoate" title="Dimethoate">Dimethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_4-(methylthio)phenyl_phosphate" title="Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate">Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxathion" title="Dioxathion">Dioxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfoton" title="Disulfoton">Disulfoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2012" title="EA-2012">EA-2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2054" title="EA-2054">EA-2054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2098" title="EA-2098">EA-2098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2192" title="EA-2192">EA-2192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2613" title="EA-2613">EA-2613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3148" title="EA-3148">EA-3148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4352" title="EA-4352">EA-4352</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echothiophate" title="Echothiophate">Echothiophate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylsarin" title="Ethylsarin">Ethylsarin (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothion" title="Endothion">Endothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPN_(insecticide)" title="EPN (insecticide)">EPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethion" title="Ethion">Ethion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoprop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethoprop">Ethoprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamiphos" title="Fenamiphos">Fenamiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenitrothion" title="Fenitrothion">Fenitrothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenthion" title="Fenthion">Fenthion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorotabun" title="Fluorotabun">Fluorotabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonofos" title="Fonofos">Fonofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formothion" title="Formothion">Formothion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosthiazate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosthiazate (page does not exist)">Fosthiazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GD-42" title="GD-42">GD-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GH_(nerve_agent)" title="GH (nerve agent)">GH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GT-45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GT-45 (page does not exist)">GT-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GV_(nerve_agent)" title="GV (nerve agent)">GV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanitoxin" title="Guanitoxin">Guanitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaethyl_tetraphosphate" title="Hexaethyl tetraphosphate">Hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofluorophate" class="mw-redirect" title="Isofluorophate">Isofluorophate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxathion" title="Isoxathion">Isoxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptophos" title="Leptophos">Leptophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaoxon" title="Malaoxon">Malaoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazidox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazidox (page does not exist)">Mazidox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methidathion" title="Methidathion">Methidathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_phenkapton" title="Methyl phenkapton">Methyl phenkapton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylfluorophosphonylcholine" title="Methylfluorophosphonylcholine">Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrifonate" title="Metrifonate">Metrifonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevinphos" title="Mevinphos">Mevinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mipafox" title="Mipafox">Mipafox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrotophos" title="Monocrotophos">Monocrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSPI_(nerve_agent)" title="MSPI (nerve agent)">MSPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naled" title="Naled">Naled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omethoate" title="Omethoate">Omethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxydemeton-methyl" title="Oxydemeton-methyl">Oxydemeton-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">Paraoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion" title="Parathion">Parathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathion-methyl">Parathion-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorate" title="Phorate">Phorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosalone" title="Phosalone">Phosalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosfolan" title="Phosfolan">Phosfolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosmet" title="Phosmet">Phosmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphamidon" title="Phosphamidon">Phosphamidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoxim" title="Phoxim">Phoxim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirimiphos-methyl" title="Pirimiphos-methyl">Pirimiphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profenofos" title="Profenofos">Profenofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothoate" title="Prothoate">Prothoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-16661" title="R-16661">R-16661</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0340&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0340 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0340</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0346&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0346 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0346</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0347 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0347</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0351&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0351 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0351</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0352&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0352 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0352</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0397&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0397 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0397</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0411&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0411 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0412" title="Ro 3-0412">Ro 3-0412</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0417&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0417 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0417</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0419" title="Ro 3-0419">Ro 3-0419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0422" title="Ro 3-0422">Ro 3-0422</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0433&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0433 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0433</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronnel (page does not exist)">Ronnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin (GB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schradan" title="Schradan">Schradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman (GD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfotep" title="Sulfotep">Sulfotep (TEDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun (GA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebupirimfos" title="Tebupirimfos">Tebupirimfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temefos" title="Temefos">Temefos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbufos" title="Terbufos">Terbufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachlorvinphos" title="Tetrachlorvinphos">Tetrachlorvinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyl_pyrophosphate" title="Tetraethyl pyrophosphate">Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazofos" title="Triazofos">Triazofos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribufos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribufos (page does not exist)">Tribufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichlorfon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichlorfon">Trichlorfon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloronate" title="Trichloronate">Trichloronate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricresyl_phosphate" title="Tricresyl phosphate">Tricresyl phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VE_(nerve_agent)" title="VE (nerve agent)">VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP_(nerve_agent)" class="mw-redirect" title="VP (nerve agent)">VP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VS_(nerve_agent)" title="VS (nerve agent)">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Demecarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Demecarium">Demecarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciculin" title="Fasciculin">Fasciculins (green mamba toxins)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 1 (page does not exist)">1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 2 (page does not exist)">2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 3 (page does not exist)">3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 4 (page does not exist)">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchidal" title="Onchidal">Onchidal</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Onchidella_binneyi" title="Onchidella binneyi">Onchidella binneyi</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanesulfonyl_fluoride" title="Methanesulfonyl fluoride">Methanesulfonyl fluoride</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pinene" title="Α-Pinene">α-Pinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Viniferin" title="Α-Viniferin">α-Viniferin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinine" title="Affinine">Affinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinisine" title="Affinisine">Affinisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisugacin_A" title="Arisugacin A">Arisugacin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbocapnine" title="Bulbocapnine">Bulbocapnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conodurine" title="Conodurine">Conodurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corydaline" title="Corydaline">Corydaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynoline" title="Corynoline">Corynoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimidine" title="Crimidine">Crimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanoline" title="Cyclanoline">Cyclanoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymserine" title="Cymserine">Cymserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmaline" title="Harmaline">Harmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobophenol_A" title="Kobophenol A">Kobophenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactucopicrin" title="Lactucopicrin">Lactucopicrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycorine" title="Lycorine">Lycorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosacetim" title="Phosacetim">Phosacetim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid" title="Rosmarinic acid">Rosmarinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stercuronium_iodide" title="Stercuronium iodide">Stercuronium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taspine" title="Taspine">Taspine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungeremine" title="Ungeremine">Ungeremine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungiminorine" title="Ungiminorine">Ungiminorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcarbamoyl_fluoride" title="Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride">Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW284C51" title="BW284C51">BW284C51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMTFA" title="TMTFA">TMTFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3152_CT" title="3152 CT">3152 CT</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase_reactivator" title="Cholinesterase reactivator">Reactivators</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asoxime_chloride" title="Asoxime chloride">Asoxime chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methoxime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methoxime (page does not exist)">Methoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obidoxime" title="Obidoxime">Obidoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralidoxime" title="Pralidoxime">Pralidoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimedoxime_bromide" title="Trimedoxime bromide">Trimedoxime bromide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholinesterase" title="Butyrylcholinesterase"><abbr title="Butyrylcholinesterase">BChE</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Butyrylcholinesterase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Affinine" title="Affinine">Affinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinisine" title="Affinisine">Affinisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conodurine" title="Conodurine">Conodurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymserine" title="Cymserine">Cymserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladostigil" title="Ladostigil">Ladostigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profenamine" title="Profenamine">Profenamine (ethopropazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivastigmine" title="Rivastigmine">Rivastigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrine" title="Tacrine">Tacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZINC-12613047&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZINC-12613047 (page does not exist)">ZINC-12613047</a></li> <li>Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">Transporter</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Transporter_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Transporter modulator">modulators</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Choline_transporter" title="Choline transporter"><abbr title="Choline transporter">CHT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Choline transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hemicholinium-3" title="Hemicholinium-3">Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethylcholine" title="Triethylcholine">Triethylcholine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Enhancers:</b> <a href="/wiki/Coluracetam" title="Coluracetam">Coluracetam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_acetylcholine_transporter" title="Vesicular acetylcholine transporter"><abbr title="Vesicular acetylcholine transporter">VAChT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicular acetylcholine transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Vesamicol" title="Vesamicol">Vesamicol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter release">Release</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Release_modulator" title="Release modulator">modulators</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Release_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Release inhibitor">Inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Synaptosomal-associated_protein_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptosomal-associated protein 25"><abbr title="Synaptosomal-associated protein 25">SNAP-25</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Synaptosomal-associated protein 25</span> inactivators:</b> <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin E">E</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vesicle-associated_membrane_protein" title="Vesicle-associated membrane protein"><abbr title="Vesicle-associated membrane protein">VAMP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicle-associated membrane protein</span> inactivators:</b> <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_F" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin G">G</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta-Bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Bungarotoxin">β-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-bungarotoxin">γ-bungarotoxin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Release_enhancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Release enhancer">Enhancers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin" title="Latrophilin"><abbr title="Latrophilin">LPHN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Latrophilin</span> agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Latrotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Latrotoxin">α-Latrotoxin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> Atracotoxins (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">robustoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versutoxin" title="Versutoxin">versutoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotoxin" title="Crotoxin">Crotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&oldid=1244640411">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerve_agent&oldid=1244640411</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nerve_agents" title="Category:Nerve agents">Nerve agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitors" title="Category:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors">Acetylcholinesterase 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