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Moreover, the recognition of avians (birds) as the descendants of Mesozoic theropod dinosaurs has led us to further understanding of major evolutionary changes in the limb morphology and function during the entire","publication_date":"2020,9,24","publication_name":"Journal of Anatomy","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"108006190"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Homology and osteological correlates of pedal muscles among extant sauropsids","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [39916965]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="26164066" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26164066/Feet_of_the_fierce_and_not_so_fierce_pedal_proportions_in_large_theropods_other_non_avian_dinosaurs_and_large_ground_birds">Feet of the fierce (and not-so-fierce): pedal proportions in large theropods, other non-avian dinosaurs and large ground birds</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4351428" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RalphChapman">Ralph Chapman</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29423519" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamesFarlow">James Farlow</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feet of the fierce (and not-so-fierce): pedal proportions in large theropods, other non-avian dinosaurs and large ground birds","attachmentId":46492061,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26164066/Feet_of_the_fierce_and_not_so_fierce_pedal_proportions_in_large_theropods_other_non_avian_dinosaurs_and_large_ground_birds","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26164066/Feet_of_the_fierce_and_not_so_fierce_pedal_proportions_in_large_theropods_other_non_avian_dinosaurs_and_large_ground_birds"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="1477973" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1477973/Computational_modelling_of_locomotor_muscle_moment_arms_in_the_basal_dinosaur_Lesothosaurus_diagnosticus_assessing_convergence_between_birds_and_basal_ornithischians">Computational modelling of locomotor muscle moment arms in the basal dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus: assessing convergence between birds and basal ornithischians.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a 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href="https://lsuhsc.academia.edu/EmmaSchachner">Emma Schachner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Disparity and convergence in bipedal archosaur locomotion","attachmentId":7821307,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1277142/Disparity_and_convergence_in_bipedal_archosaur_locomotion","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1277142/Disparity_and_convergence_in_bipedal_archosaur_locomotion"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="465384" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/465384/Morphological_Changes_In_Pedal_Phalanges_Through_Ornithopod_Dinosaur_Evolution_a_Biomechanical_Approach">Morphological Changes In Pedal Phalanges Through Ornithopod Dinosaur Evolution: a Biomechanical Approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="352683" href="https://uach.academia.edu/KarenMoreno">Karen Moreno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Morphology, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The evolution of ornithopod dinosaurs provides a well-documented example of the transition from digitigrady to subunguligrady. During this transition, the ornithopod pes was drastically altered from the plesiomorphic dinosaurian morphology (four digits, claw-shaped unguals, strongly concavo-convex joints, phalanges longer than wide, excavated collateral ligament fossae, presence of sagittal ridge, and prominent processes for the attachment of tendons) to a more derived condition (tridactyly, modification of the unguals into hooves, phalanges wider and thinner than long, lack of collateral ligament fossae, loss of sagittal ridge and tendon attachment processes, relatively flattened articular surfaces). These changes are particularly noteworthy given the overall conservatism in pedal morphology seen across Dinosauria. But what are the functional consequences of these specific morphological transitions? To study them, we examine a wide range of pedal morphologies in four non-avian dinosaurs and two birds. Our analyses of the external morphology, two dimensional models (using Finite Element Analysis), and internal bone structure demonstrate that this evolutionary shift was accompanied by a loss of digit mobility and flexibility. In addition, pedal posture was modified to better align the pes with the main direction of the ground reaction force, thus becoming well suited to support high loads. These conclusions can be applied to other, parallel evolutionary changes (in both dinosaurs and mammals) that involved similar transitions to a subunguligrade posture.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Morphological Changes In Pedal Phalanges Through Ornithopod Dinosaur Evolution: a Biomechanical Approach","attachmentId":3445094,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/465384/Morphological_Changes_In_Pedal_Phalanges_Through_Ornithopod_Dinosaur_Evolution_a_Biomechanical_Approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/465384/Morphological_Changes_In_Pedal_Phalanges_Through_Ornithopod_Dinosaur_Evolution_a_Biomechanical_Approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="48184036" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48184036/Relating_neuromuscular_control_to_functional_anatomy_of_limb_muscles_in_extant_archosaurs">Relating neuromuscular control to functional anatomy of limb muscles in extant archosaurs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4740743" href="https://liverpool.academia.edu/AndrewCuff">Andrew Cuff</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Morphology</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Relating neuromuscular control to functional anatomy of limb muscles in extant archosaurs","attachmentId":66928640,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48184036/Relating_neuromuscular_control_to_functional_anatomy_of_limb_muscles_in_extant_archosaurs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48184036/Relating_neuromuscular_control_to_functional_anatomy_of_limb_muscles_in_extant_archosaurs"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="436901" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/436901/The_Evolutionary_Continuum_of_Limb_Function_From_Early_Theropods_to_Birds">The Evolutionary Continuum of Limb Function From Early Theropods to Birds</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15031" href="https://rvc.academia.edu/VivianAllen">Vivian Allen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Naturwissenschaften, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The bipedal stance and gait of theropod dinosaurs evolved gradually along the lineage leading to birds and at some point(s), flight evolved. How and when did these changes occur? We review the evidence from neontology and palaeontology, including pectoral and pelvic limb functional morphology, fossil footprints/trackways and biomechanical models and simulations. We emphasise that many false dichotomies or categories have been applied to theropod form and function, and sometimes, these impede research progress. For example, dichotomisation of locomotor function into ‘non-avian’ and ‘avian’ modes is only a conceptual crutch; the evidence supports a continuous transition. Simplification of pelvic limb function into cursorial/non-cursorial morphologies or flexed/columnar poses has outlived its utility. For the pectoral limbs, even the classic predatory strike vs. flight wing-stroke distinction and separation of theropods into non-flying and flying—or terrestrial and arboreal—categories may be missing important subtleties. Distinguishing locomotor function between taxa, even with quantitative approaches, will always be fraught with ambiguity, making it difficult to find real differences if that ambiguity is properly acknowledged. There must be an ‘interpretive asymptote’ for reconstructing dinosaur limb function that available methods and evidence cannot overcome. We may be close to that limit, but how far can it be stretched with improved methods and evidence, if at all? The way forward is a combination of techniques that emphasises integration of neontological and palaeontological evidence and quantitative assessment of limb function cautiously applied with validated techniques and sensitivity analysis of unknown variables.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Evolutionary Continuum of Limb Function From Early Theropods to Birds","attachmentId":3440417,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/436901/The_Evolutionary_Continuum_of_Limb_Function_From_Early_Theropods_to_Birds","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/436901/The_Evolutionary_Continuum_of_Limb_Function_From_Early_Theropods_to_Birds"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="6494844" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6494844/Pedal_Proportions_of_Poposaurus_gracilis_Convergence_and_Divergence_in_the_Feet_of_Archosaurs">Pedal Proportions of Poposaurus gracilis: Convergence and Divergence in the Feet of Archosaurs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="241474" href="https://utah.academia.edu/JohnSarrazin">John Sarrazin</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36604752" href="https://ualberta.academia.edu/PCurrie">Philip Currie</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33206356" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HendrikKlein">Hendrik Klein</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="124997" href="https://lsuhsc.academia.edu/EmmaSchachner">Emma Schachner</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pedal Proportions of Poposaurus gracilis: Convergence and Divergence in the Feet of Archosaurs","attachmentId":33275809,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6494844/Pedal_Proportions_of_Poposaurus_gracilis_Convergence_and_Divergence_in_the_Feet_of_Archosaurs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6494844/Pedal_Proportions_of_Poposaurus_gracilis_Convergence_and_Divergence_in_the_Feet_of_Archosaurs"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="82374351" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82374351/Forelimb_muscle_and_joint_actions_in_Archosauria_insights_from_Crocodylus_johnstoni_Pseudosuchia_and_Mussaurus_patagonicus_Sauropodomorpha_">Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27216431" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PolDiego">Diego Pol</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PeerJ, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Many of the major locomotor transitions during the evolution of Archosauria, the lineage including crocodiles and birds as well as extinct Dinosauria, were shifts from quadrupedalism to bipedalism (and vice versa). Those occurred within a continuum between more sprawling and erect modes of locomotion and involved drastic changes of limb anatomy and function in several lineages, including sauropodomorph dinosaurs. We present biomechanical computer models of two locomotor extremes within Archosauria in an analysis of joint ranges of motion and the moment arms of the major forelimb muscles in order to quantify biomechanical differences between more sprawling, pseudosuchian (represented the crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni) and more erect, dinosaurian (represented by the sauropodomorph Mussaurus patagonicus) modes of forelimb function. We compare these two locomotor extremes in terms of the reconstructed musculoskeletal anatomy, ranges of motion of the forelimb joints and the moment arm p...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha)","attachmentId":88104266,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82374351/Forelimb_muscle_and_joint_actions_in_Archosauria_insights_from_Crocodylus_johnstoni_Pseudosuchia_and_Mussaurus_patagonicus_Sauropodomorpha_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82374351/Forelimb_muscle_and_joint_actions_in_Archosauria_insights_from_Crocodylus_johnstoni_Pseudosuchia_and_Mussaurus_patagonicus_Sauropodomorpha_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="628684" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/628684/Cartilaginous_epiphyses_in_extant_archosaurs_and_their_implications_for_reconstructing_limb_function_in_dinosaurs">Cartilaginous epiphyses in extant archosaurs and their implications for reconstructing limb function in dinosaurs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="461698" href="https://missouri.academia.edu/CHolliday">Casey Holliday</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PloS one, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cartilaginous epiphyses in extant archosaurs and their implications for reconstructing limb function in dinosaurs","attachmentId":3392233,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/628684/Cartilaginous_epiphyses_in_extant_archosaurs_and_their_implications_for_reconstructing_limb_function_in_dinosaurs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/628684/Cartilaginous_epiphyses_in_extant_archosaurs_and_their_implications_for_reconstructing_limb_function_in_dinosaurs"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":108006190,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":108006190,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_108006190" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/646516/The_evolution_of_locomotion_in_archosaurs">The evolution of locomotion in archosaurs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14864" href="https://rvc.academia.edu/JohnHutchinson">John Hutchinson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">CR Palevol, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The evolution of locomotion in archosaurs","attachmentId":3549137,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/646516/The_evolution_of_locomotion_in_archosaurs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link 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