CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>The Establishment (Pakistan) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"dcfad159-b2fa-41d8-923a-4e45d941b5d0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"The_Establishment_(Pakistan)","wgTitle":"The Establishment (Pakistan)","wgCurRevisionId":1257453400,"wgRevisionId":1257453400,"wgArticleId":62069463,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2020","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles to be merged from November 2024","All articles to be merged","Wikipedia articles with style issues from January 2021","All articles with style issues","Use Pakistani English from March 2024","All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English", "Use dmy dates from November 2024","Articles containing Urdu-language text","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","War on terror","State-sponsored terrorism","Military science","Political science","Politics of Pakistan","Political terminology","Government of Pakistan","Military of Pakistan"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"The_Establishment_(Pakistan)","wgRelevantArticleId":62069463,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q85807099","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="The Establishment (Pakistan) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-The_Establishment_Pakistan rootpage-The_Establishment_Pakistan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=The+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=The+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Reinforcement_of_deep-state_dominance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinforcement_of_deep-state_dominance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Reinforcement of deep-state dominance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinforcement_of_deep-state_dominance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_and_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics and composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">The Establishment (Pakistan)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9" title="پاکستانی اسٹیبلشمنٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاکستانی اسٹیبلشمنٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9" title="پاکستانی اسٹیبلشمنٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاکستانی اسٹیبلشمنٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q85807099#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&oldid=1257453400" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=The_Establishment_%28Pakistan%29&id=1257453400&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Establishment_%28Pakistan%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Establishment_%28Pakistan%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=The_Establishment_%28Pakistan%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q85807099" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deep-state dominance of the military in Pakistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Division" title="Establishment Division">Establishment Division</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:The_Establishment_(Pakistan)#Proposed_merge_of_Criticism_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces_into_The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" title="Talk:The Establishment (Pakistan)">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since November 2024.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>The Establishment</b> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اسٹیبلشمنٹ</span></span>), also referred to as the <b>military establishment</b>, is a term commonly used in Pakistan to describe the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">intelligence agencies</a>, and associated <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">pro-military</a> entities within the country's governance structure. Since Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">independence in 1947</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsjpak1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjpak1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Establishment has periodically assumed <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">direct control</a> of the government through <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">military coups</a> and has frequently played a substantial role in influencing political and security policies during civilian administrations.<sup id="cite_ref-h986_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widely regarded as an influential force in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategic affairs</a>, particularly in areas concerning domestic policies, <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">foreign relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-d233_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d233-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes state policies introduced during various periods of military rule, including the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamization measures</a> implemented under General <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hazzani-131_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hazzani-131-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, the military establishment later reversed its support of <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">political Islam</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>, who pursued <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_moderation" title="Enlightened moderation">enlightened moderation</a>, leading Pakistan to join the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>-led <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> and subsequently becoming designated as a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in the 2010s, General <a href="/wiki/Raheel_Sharif" title="Raheel Sharif">Raheel Sharif</a> pursued a policy of hardline crackdowns on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamist militant</a> groups, continuing this reversal of Zia-ul-Haq's aggressive pro-<a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilian members of the military-dominated Establishment have included: <a href="/wiki/Sharifuddin_Pirzada" title="Sharifuddin Pirzada">Sharifuddin Pirzada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Azim_Khan" title="Tariq Azim Khan">Tariq Azim Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Sahabzada Yaqub Khan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200468–70_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200468–70-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/A._K._Brohi" title="A. K. Brohi">A. K. Brohi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200485_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200485-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004146_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004146-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Zafar Ahmed Ansari">Zafar Ahmed Ansari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani200525_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani200525-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The core principles and values of the Establishment are the policies of treating <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as an arch-rival and existential threat, the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamization of Pakistan</a>, maintaining <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> as the heartland of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the strategic use of non-state militants, and the formation of alliances with <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">other Muslim-majority nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reinforcement_of_deep-state_dominance">Reinforcement of deep-state dominance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reinforcement of deep-state dominance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Establishment is notable for its covert interventions and organisation of military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">civilian government</a>, and was reportedly behind the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Coup">1953–54 Constitutional Coup</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epak1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epak1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epak3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epak3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also organised the coups of <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">1958</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-epak3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epak3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fair Play">1977</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-epak4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epak4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epak5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epak5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">1999</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OPR_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> has been involved in enforcing <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">martial law</a> against civilian governments under the claim of restoring law and order in the country as is its role in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a>. It has dismissed the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">legislative branch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">parliament</a> a total of <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Pakistan" title="Political history of Pakistan">four times</a> since Pakistan's independence, and maintains wider <a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">commercial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">foreign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">political interests</a> in the country. Due to this imbalance of power, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistani military</a> has faced allegations of acting as a <a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">state within a state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers,_Javed_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers,_Javed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epak6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epak6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epak7_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epak7-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_composition">Characteristics and composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Siddiqa" title="Ayesha Siddiqa">Ayesha Siddiqa</a>, a Pakistani journalist and scholar, notes that the Establishment is overwhelmingly dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> (i.e. serving and retired officers, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Plans_Division_Force" title="Strategic Plans Division Force">SPDF</a> personnel, military-sponsored think-tanks etc.), with its core members also including civil bureaucrats, politicians, media houses and major economic players.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Siddique" title="Abubakar Siddique">Abubakar Siddique</a>, a Bangladeshi writer, observed that the civilians involved with the Establishment, such as politicians and judges, are also very "pro-military".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen" title="Stephen P. Cohen">Stephen P. Cohen</a> says in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Idea_of_Pakistan" title="The Idea of Pakistan">The Idea of Pakistan</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200468–70_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200468–70-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Of all of <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a>'s achievements, the most enduring was an informal political system that tied together the senior ranks of the military, the civil service, key members of the judiciary, and other elites. Subsequently dubbed the "Establishment," it resembles a classic <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>. Pakistani politician, <a href="/wiki/Mushahid_Hussain" title="Mushahid Hussain">Mushahid Hussain</a>, revealed that members of the Establishment included members of the business community; journalists, editors, and media experts; and a few academics and members of think tanks. At times, some foreign ambassadors with particularly close ties to the leadership were de facto members [...] Military officers and civilian bureaucrats above a certain level were potential members. As Hussain notes, the informality of the Establishment ensures that occupying a particular post does not confer membership. </p><p>Over time, the <a href="/wiki/Civil%E2%80%93military_relations" title="Civil–military relations">civil–military</a> power equation has undergone changes, such as increased power sharing between the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">civilian government</a> and the military as well as the convergence of interests in major aspects such as the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Pakistan Economic Corridor">China–Pakistan Economic Corridor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the tenure of <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a>, the Establishment's code and tenants included the following (as outlined in Cohen's book): <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was the main, <a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">existential threat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and accordingly the Pakistani military was a priority in all affairs of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200471-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Pakistan could not take on India alone, <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliances</a> were important and essential to the state's survival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200471-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, natural allies included other moderate <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic states</a>, which were seen as role models.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200471-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestically, the military was a role model for the Pakistani people. <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>-majority region that served as the core territorial conflict hotspot between India and Pakistan, was always an issue for the Establishment, to the extent that it became an integral reason for the existence of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200471-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quick reforms and revolutions were considered problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200471-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign aid from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Agreement" title="Sino-Pakistan Agreement">after 1963</a>) was a driver of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200472_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200472-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Establishment ensured control over information dissemination through the media and academia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200472_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200472-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Radical and/or violent Islamic groups</a> were slowly tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200472_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200472-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Establishment theoretically tolerated democratic rule and never seriously imposed <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">army</a> being less tolerant of Islamists. Just by surviving, Pakistan and its Establishment would be defeating India. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, a founding member of the Establishment,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> started looking for a <a href="/wiki/Identity_crisis" title="Identity crisis">new identity</a> for Pakistan, chiefly one that it did not share with neighbouring rival India. Accordingly, Pakistan started to <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">look towards the Middle East</a> for "aid, ideology, and strategic cooperation"; while at the same time turning its back away from its own shared history with India in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004170_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004170-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further building on Ayub Khan-era policies, Kashmir remained important for the Establishment for a variety of reasons; most notably due to its strategic importance to Pakistan. Furthermore, it was seen as a chance for Pakistan to fulfil its vision of its founding, the <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">two-nation theory</a>—that of being a "homeland for oppressed Indian Muslims".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200471-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Though very few, the number of those in the Establishment who want Pakistan to get out of the Kashmir conflict with India are growing.)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a>, India as a nation was perceived as an existential threat to Pakistan in every way,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004121_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004121-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani200515_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani200515-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 secession</a> of Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>), and the latter's belief that India did not pose an existential threat, effectively endangering the two-nation theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004282_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004282-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 April 2022, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> announced that in context of <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">no-confidence motion</a> against him in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a>, the "establishment" had given him three options to choose from viz: "resignation, no-confidence [vote] or elections".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Unofficial Structure of the Establishment of Pakistan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Institution </th> <th>Executive </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asim_Munir_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asim Munir (general)">Asim Munir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Headquarters_(Pakistan)" title="Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)">Joint Staff Headquarters</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sahir_Shamshad_Mirza" title="Sahir Shamshad Mirza">Sahir Shamshad Mirza</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naveed_Ashraf" title="Naveed Ashraf">Naveed Ashraf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence">DG ISI</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asim_Malik" title="Asim Malik">Asim Malik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice of Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Afridi" title="Yahya Afridi">Yahya Afridi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zaheer_Ahmad_Babar" title="Zaheer Ahmad Babar">Zaheer Ahmad Babar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">DG IB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Asadullah_Khan" title="Fuad Asadullah Khan">Fuad Asadullah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">DG MI</a> </td> <td>Wajid Aziz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">DG FIA</a> </td> <td>Mohsin Hassan Butt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Financial_Monitoring_Unit" title="Financial Monitoring Unit">DG FMU</a> </td> <td>Lubna Farooq Malik </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan"><b>Police Service of Pakistan</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab Police (Pakistan)">IG Punjab Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Police" title="Sindh Police">IG Sindh Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Police" title="Islamabad Police">IG Islamabad Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Police" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police">IG KP Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Police" title="Balochistan Police">IG Balochistan Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan_Police" title="Gilgit-Baltistan Police">IG Gilgit-Baltistan Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Police" title="Azad Kashmir Police">IG Azad Kashmir Police</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usman_Anwar" title="Usman Anwar">Usman Anwar</a></li> <li>Raja Riffat Mukhtar</li> <li>Akbar Nasir Khan</li> <li>Akhtar Hayat Khan Gandapur</li> <li>Abdul Khaliq Shaikh</li> <li>Afzal Mehmood Butt</li> <li>Amir Ahmed Sheikh</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Counter_Terrorism_Authority" title="National Counter Terrorism Authority">NACTA</a> </td> <td>Rai Muhammad Tahir </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">Chairman NAB</a> </td> <td>Lt Gen (R) <a href="/wiki/Nazir_Ahmed_Butt" title="Nazir Ahmed Butt">Nazir Ahmed Butt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority" title="Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority">Chairman PEMRA</a> </td> <td>Muhammad Saleem Baig </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_Board_of_Revenue" title="Federal Board of Revenue">Chairman FBR</a> </td> <td>Malik Amjed Zubair Tiwana </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan">Chief Election Commissioner</a> </td> <td>Sikander Sultan Raja </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Secretary" title="Establishment Secretary">Establishment Secretary of Pakistan</a> </td> <td>Inamullah Dharejo </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Interior_Secretary_of_Pakistan" title="Interior Secretary of Pakistan">Interior Secretary of Pakistan</a> </td> <td>Azam Suleman Khan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Defence Secretary (Pakistan)">Defence Secretary of Pakistan</a> </td> <td>Lt Gen (R) Hamood-uz-Zaman </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Foreign Secretary (Pakistan)">Foreign Secretary of Pakistan</a> </td> <td>Muhammad Syrus Sajjad Qazi </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Pro-establishment Media Houses</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARY_News" title="ARY News">ARY News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO_News" class="mw-redirect" title="GEO News">GEO News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Digital" title="24 Digital">24 Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOL_Network" title="BOL Network">BOL Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaa_TV" title="Samaa TV">Samaa TV</a></li> <li>Express News</li> <li>Dunya News</li> <li>DAWN</li> <li>PTV</li> <li>Suno TV</li> <li>92 News</li> <li>Capital TV</li> <li>City 41</li> <li>City 32</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Iqbal" title="Salman Iqbal">Salman Iqbal</a></li> <li>Shoaib Shaikh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleem_Khan" title="Aleem Khan">Aleem Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsin_Naqvi" title="Mohsin Naqvi">Mohsin Naqvi</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Business conglomerates:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Islamabad" title="Defence Housing Authority, Islamabad">DHA</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahria_Town" title="Bahria Town">Bahria Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_Group" title="Saif Group">Saif Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descon" title="Descon">Descon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AKD_Group" title="AKD Group">AKD Group</a></li> <li>JWD Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ittefaq_Group" title="Ittefaq Group">Ittefaq Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airblue" title="Airblue">Air Blue</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Riaz" title="Malik Riaz">Malik Riaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Saifullah_Khan" title="Anwar Saifullah Khan">Anwar Saifullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razak_Dawood" title="Abdul Razak Dawood">Abdul Razak Dawood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqeel_Karim_Dhedhi" title="Aqeel Karim Dhedhi">Aqeel Karim Dedhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Tareen" title="Jahangir Tareen">Jahangir Tareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Khaqan_Abbasi" title="Shahid Khaqan Abbasi">Shahid Khaqan Abbasi</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Pro-establishment Landlords: feudals and Chieftains</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a> (8000 acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Soomro" title="Muhammad Mian Soomro">Muhammad Mian Soomro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Tareen" title="Jahangir Tareen">Jehangir Tareen</a> (10000 acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Murtaza_Jatoi" title="Ghulam Murtaza Jatoi">Ghulam Murtaza Jatoi</a> (thousands of acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Junejo" title="Asad Junejo">Asad Khan Junejo</a> (thousands of acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bux_Khan_Mahar" title="Muhammad Bux Khan Mahar">Muhammad Bux Khan Mahar</a> (thousands of acres)</li> <li>Sultan dewan <a href="/wiki/Bhatti" title="Bhatti">bhatti</a> (thousand of acres )</li></ul> <p><b>Feudals:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Mahmood_Qureshi" title="Shah Mahmood Qureshi">Makhdooms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Raza_Gilani" title="Yusuf Raza Gilani">Gillanis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Khattak" title="Pervez Khattak">Khattaks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Peshawar" title="Valley of Peshawar">Peshawar Valley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Faheem" title="Ameen Faheem">Makhdooms</a> (Halani Sindh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Muhammad_Mazari" title="Dost Muhammad Mazari">Mazari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan" title="Rahim Yar Khan">Rahimyar Khan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Hussain_Magsi" title="Khalid Hussain Magsi">Khalid Magsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatti" title="Bhatti">dewan Bhatti</a> (lalian)</li></ul> <p><b>Chieftains:</b> </p><p><b>Clergy:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VIII" title="Pir of Pagaro VIII">Pir Pagaro</a> (Leader of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(F)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (F)">PML-F</a> and Pir of <a href="/wiki/Hurs" title="Hurs">Hurs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Mahmood_Qureshi" title="Shah Mahmood Qureshi">Shah Mehmood Qureshi</a> (Makhdoom Pir of Multan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Mehmood_Ashrafi" title="Tahir Mehmood Ashrafi">Tahir Ashrafi</a> (Chairman of <a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Ulema_Council" title="All Pakistan Ulema Council">All Pakistan Ulema Council</a>)</li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement_Bannu_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement_Bannu_2018.jpg/220px-Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement_Bannu_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement_Bannu_2018.jpg/330px-Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement_Bannu_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement_Bannu_2018.jpg/440px-Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement_Bannu_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Anti-establishment powershow in <a href="/wiki/Bannu" title="Bannu">Bannu</a> attended by thousands of people.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Pakistan, many voices have been taken and there have been several protests against the Establishment but these are not shown by Pakistani media channels since they are not allowed by the Establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pakistan, especially in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, there is a famous slogan "<i>ye jo dehshatgardi hai, iske peeche wardi hai",</i> <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">یہ جو دہشت گردی ہے، اس کے پیچھے وردی ہے</span></span> “ (Those in uniform are behind terrorism).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the popularity of the slogan, <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a> (PTM) adopted it.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from political movements, many journalists have also taken voice against the Establishment. <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Mir" title="Hamid Mir">Hamid Mir</a>, Pakistan's most well-known journalist, spoke against the Establishment many times. Assassination attempts have been made on many journalists who spoke against the Establishment including Mir,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asad_Ali_Toor" title="Asad Ali Toor">Asad Ali Toor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. Prominent journalist <a href="/wiki/Matiullah_Jan" title="Matiullah Jan">Matiullah Jan</a> was also abducted and Jan accused the Establishment of abducting him. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another well-known journalist, <a href="/wiki/Imran_Riaz_Khan" title="Imran Riaz Khan">Imran Riaz Khan</a>, known for his outspoken views, was reported abducted on 11 May 2023, allegedly due to his criticism of the government and military establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His abduction, amidst a backdrop of enforced disappearances in Pakistan, raised concerns about his safety and well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imran Riaz Khan, a prominent figure with over 4.6 million subscribers on YouTube<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alone, was later recovered in September 2023 after over four months of disappearance. However, he was rearrested on 23 February 2024 in connection with a corruption case.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Democratic_Movement" title="Pakistan Democratic Movement">Pakistan Democratic Movement</a> was formed with the main objective to remove the Establishment's association with the politics of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a> openly criticises the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and accuses the Pakistani state of violating the basic human rights of Pashtuns.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023 when <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> was arrested after his <a href="/wiki/No-confidence_motion_against_Imran_Khan" title="No-confidence motion against Imran Khan">removal</a> from government in April 2022 and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Pakistan_political_unrest" title="2022–2023 Pakistan political unrest">political crisis</a> in the country, there were <a href="/wiki/May_9_riots" title="May 9 riots">large-scale protests</a> against the Establishment's strongholds by Khan's party, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf</a> which led to a crackdown against it.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Division" title="Establishment Division">Establishment Division</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment#Pakistan" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">Deep state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_Pakistan" title="Separatist movements of Pakistan">Separatist movements of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Pakistan">Criticism of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism in Pakistan</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2015" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&q=%22civil-military+establishment%22++pakistan&pg=PA11"><i>The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023518-5"><bdi>978-0-19-023518-5</bdi></a>. <q>The civil-military establishment ruled Supreme for 60 years - from 1947 to 2007 - by crushing or betraying social movements and preventing the development of society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pakistan+Paradox%3A+Instability+and+Resilience&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023518-5&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5GMCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522civil-military%2Bestablishment%2522%2B%2Bpakistan%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsjpak1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsjpak1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/pakistan-extends-powerful-army-chiefs-term-11566239708">Pakistan Extends Powerful Army Chief’s Term</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019114057/https://www.wsj.com/articles/pakistan-extends-powerful-army-chiefs-term-11566239708">Archived</a> 19 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wall Street Journal, 19 August 2019. "... critics of the military say it helped Mr. Khan win the 2018 election, as a new force in Pakistani politics and it is accused of being behind a campaign against the country's two established political parties."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h986-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h986_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2024" class="citation web cs1">Hussain, Abid (30 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/30/can-pakistans-politicians-break-the-militarys-stranglehold">"Can Pakistan's politicians break the military's stranglehold?"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Can+Pakistan%27s+politicians+break+the+military%27s+stranglehold%3F&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Abid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F1%2F30%2Fcan-pakistans-politicians-break-the-militarys-stranglehold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d233-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d233_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2023" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, Aqil (16 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/pakistan/pakistans-military-still-runs-show-imran-khan">"Pakistan's Military Still Runs the Show"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+Military+Still+Runs+the+Show&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Aqil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Fpakistan%2Fpakistans-military-still-runs-show-imran-khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hazzani-131-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hazzani-131_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤaqqānī2005" class="citation book cs1">Ḥaqqānī, Husain (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=zia+ul-haq+most+noted&pg=PA132"><i>Pakistan: between mosque and military</i></a>. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1"><bdi>978-0-87003-214-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>Zia ul-Haq is often identified as the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam. Undoubtedly, Zia went farthest in defining Pakistan as an Islamic state, and he nurtured the jihadist ideology ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+between+mosque+and+military&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-214-1&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%A4aqq%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYppZ_dEjdIC%26q%3Dzia%2Bul-haq%2Bmost%2Bnoted%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5081-2004May31.html">"A Plea for Enlightened Moderation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225114011/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5081-2004May31.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Pervez Musharraf, 1 June 2004, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoone2014" class="citation news cs1">Boone, Jon (15 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/15/pakistan-offensive-militants-north-waziristan">"Pakistan begins long-awaited offensive to root out militants from border region"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805230301/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/15/pakistan-offensive-militants-north-waziristan">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pakistan+begins+long-awaited+offensive+to+root+out+militants+from+border+region&rft.date=2014-06-15&rft.aulast=Boone&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fjun%2F15%2Fpakistan-offensive-militants-north-waziristan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200468–70-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200468–70_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200468–70_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, pp. 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200485-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200485_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004146-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004146_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani200525-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani200525_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2005">Haqqani 2005</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaloch2006" class="citation journal cs1">Baloch, Qadar Bakhsh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.globethics.net/handle/20.500.12424/187745">"[Book Review] The Idea of Pakistan"</a>. <i>The Dialogue</i>: 136–137. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1819-6470">1819-6470</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205093046/https://repository.globethics.net/handle/20.500.12424/187745">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dialogue&rft.atitle=%5BBook+Review%5D+The+Idea+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=136-137&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1819-6470&rft.aulast=Baloch&rft.aufirst=Qadar+Bakhsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.globethics.net%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12424%2F187745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epak1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epak1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9772.html">Pakistan Constitutional Beginnings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111051439/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9772.html">Archived</a> 11 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PAKISTAN – A Country Study</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epak3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epak3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epak3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041217215440/http://icdc.com/~paulwolf/pakistan/pakintrigue.htm#1953coup">declassified US Intelligence</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epak4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epak4_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymanGhayurKaushik1989" class="citation book cs1">Hyman, Anthony; Ghayur, Muhammed; Kaushik, Naresh (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjPgESaC-7sC&pg=PA30"><i>Pakistan, Zia and After--</i></a>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-253-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-253-5"><bdi>81-7017-253-5</bdi></a>. <q>Operation Fair Play went ahead … as the clock struck midnight [on 4 July 1977] ... [Later,] General Zia [told Bhutto] that Bhutto along with other political leaders of both the ruling and opposition parties would be taken into what he called 'protective custody'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+Zia+and+After--&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=81-7017-253-5&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Ghayur%2C+Muhammed&rft.au=Kaushik%2C+Naresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjPgESaC-7sC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epak5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epak5_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDossaniRowen2005" class="citation book cs1">Dossani, Rafiq; Rowen, Henry S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwO9zmj6aQ0C&pg=PA42"><i>Prospects for Peace in South Asia</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5085-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-5085-1</bdi></a>. <q>Zia-ul-Haq, however, chose not to abrogate the 1973 Constitution. Rather, Zia's government suspended the operation of the Constitution and governed directly, through the promulgation of martial law regulations … Between 1977 and 1981 Pakistan did not have legislative institutions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospects+for+Peace+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5085-1&rft.aulast=Dossani&rft.aufirst=Rafiq&rft.au=Rowen%2C+Henry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwO9zmj6aQ0C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPR-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OPR_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan_Abbas2005" class="citation book cs1">Hassan Abbas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass/page/16"><i>Pakistan's drift into extremism: Allah, the army, and America's war on terror</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass/page/16">16–40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1496-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1496-4"><bdi>978-0-7656-1496-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+drift+into+extremism%3A+Allah%2C+the+army%2C+and+America%27s+war+on+terror&rft.pages=16-40&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1496-4&rft.au=Hassan+Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistansdriftin00hass%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers,_Javed-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers,_Javed_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavid2014" class="citation news cs1">Javid, Hassan (23 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1146181">"COVER STORY: The Army & Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. Dawn Newspapers. Dawn Newspapers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816152146/https://www.dawn.com/news/1146181">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=COVER+STORY%3A+The+Army+%26+Democracy%3A+Military+Politics+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2014-11-23&rft.aulast=Javid&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1146181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epak6-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epak6_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAqil1973" class="citation book cs1">Aqil, Shah (1973). <i>The army and democracy : military politics in Pakistan</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674728936" title="Special:BookSources/9780674728936"><bdi>9780674728936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+army+and+democracy+%3A+military+politics+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780674728936&rft.aulast=Aqil&rft.aufirst=Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2005">Haqqani 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziz2007" class="citation book cs1">Aziz, Mazhar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQl9AgAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+army+a%5Dnd+politics"><i>Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134074099" title="Special:BookSources/9781134074099"><bdi>9781134074099</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Control+in+Pakistan%3A+The+Parallel+State&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781134074099&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Mazhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQl9AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpakistan%2Barmy%2Ba%255Dnd%2Bpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epak7-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epak7_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengappa2004" class="citation book cs1">Chengappa, Bidanda M. (2004). <i>Pakistan, Islamisation, Army and Foreign Policy</i>. APH Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176485487" title="Special:BookSources/9788176485487"><bdi>9788176485487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+Islamisation%2C+Army+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788176485487&rft.aulast=Chengappa&rft.aufirst=Bidanda+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105180200/https://lubpak.net/archives/4648">"Mapping the establishment – by Ayesha Siddiqa"</a>. <i>LUBP</i>. 15 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lubpak.net/archives/4648">the original</a> on 5 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LUBP&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+establishment+%E2%80%93+by+Ayesha+Siddiqa&rft.date=2010-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flubpak.net%2Farchives%2F4648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadRafiq2016" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Ishtiaq; Rafiq, Adnan (3 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STRuDQAAQBAJ&q=ayesha+siddiqa+mapping+%22The+Establishment%22&pg=PT53">"Mapping the 'Establishment' - Ayesha Siddiqa"</a>. <i>Pakistan's Democratic Transition: Change and Persistence</i>. Routledge. pp. Chapter 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23594-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23594-1"><bdi>978-1-317-23594-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+%27Establishment%27+-+Ayesha+Siddiqa&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Democratic+Transition%3A+Change+and+Persistence&rft.pages=Chapter+3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-23594-1&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Ishtiaq&rft.au=Rafiq%2C+Adnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSTRuDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dayesha%2Bsiddiqa%2Bmapping%2B%2522The%2BEstablishment%2522%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddique2014" class="citation book cs1">Siddique, Abubakar (15 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s0deBAAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Establishment%22+++Pakistan&pg=PT130">"The Military's Pashtun Wars"</a>. <i>The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan</i>. Hurst. pp. Chapter 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-499-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-499-8"><bdi>978-1-84904-499-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Military%27s+Pashtun+Wars&rft.btitle=The+Pashtun+Question%3A+The+Unresolved+Key+to+the+Future+of+Pakistan+and+Afghanistan&rft.pages=Chapter+6&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2014-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-499-8&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Abubakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds0deBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BEstablishment%2522%2B%2B%2BPakistan%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2016" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Ishtiaq (3 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzMlDwAAQBAJ&q=Beyond+the+civil-military+divide+Pakistan%27s+Democratic+Transition%3A+Change+and+Persistence+edited+by+Ishtiaq+Ahmad%2C+Adnan+Rafiq&pg=PA31">"Pakistan's third democratic transition"</a>. In Ahmad, Ishtiaq; Rafiq, Adnan (eds.). <i>Pakistan's Democratic Transition: Change and Persistence</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23595-8"><bdi>978-1-317-23595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+third+democratic+transition&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Democratic+Transition%3A+Change+and+Persistence&rft.pages=31-33&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-23595-8&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Ishtiaq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzMlDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBeyond%2Bthe%2Bcivil-military%2Bdivide%2BPakistan%2527s%2BDemocratic%2BTransition%253A%2BChange%2Band%2BPersistence%2Bedited%2Bby%2BIshtiaq%2BAhmad%252C%2BAdnan%2BRafiq%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200471-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200471_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200472-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200472_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200472_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200472_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, p. 73: "In this Ayub had been egged on by his activist foreign minister, the young Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who was ambitious, ruthless, and a charter member of the Establishment."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004170-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004170_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurthy2008" class="citation book cs1">Murthy, Gautam (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QdFBjCro_sC&q=%22The+Establishment%22+++Pakistan&pg=PA71"><i>International Economic Relations</i></a>. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-615-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-615-0"><bdi>978-81-7835-615-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Economic+Relations&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-615-0&rft.aulast=Murthy&rft.aufirst=Gautam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QdFBjCro_sC%26q%3D%2522The%2BEstablishment%2522%2B%2B%2BPakistan%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFair2014" class="citation book cs1">Fair, C. Christine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjaTAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Establishment%22+++Pakistan"><i>Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989270-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989270-9"><bdi>978-0-19-989270-9</bdi></a>. <q>[...] conviction of Pakistan's defense establishment that India is fundamentally opposed to Pakistan's existence, rejects the two nation theory, and seeks every opportunity to undo history [...] the two states are thus locked in an existential conflict with no obvious resolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+to+the+End%3A+The+Pakistan+Army%27s+Way+of+War&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989270-9&rft.aulast=Fair&rft.aufirst=C.+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjaTAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Establishment%2522%2B%2B%2BPakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004121-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004121_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaqqani200515-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaqqani200515_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaqqani2005">Haqqani 2005</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2004282-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2004282_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen 2004</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1682900">"PM Imran says 'establishment' gave him three options: resignation, no-confidence vote or elections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. 1 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410055945/https://www.dawn.com/news/1682900">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=PM+Imran+says+%27establishment%27+gave+him+three+options%3A+resignation%2C+no-confidence+vote+or+elections&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1682900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaley2019" class="citation web cs1">Paley, Sofia (22 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2019/08/pakistans-media-forced-into-self-censorship/">"Pakistan's media forced into self-censorship"</a>. <i>Index on Censorship</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627003704/https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2019/08/pakistans-media-forced-into-self-censorship/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Index+on+Censorship&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+media+forced+into+self-censorship&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft.aulast=Paley&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexoncensorship.org%2F2019%2F08%2Fpakistans-media-forced-into-self-censorship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thequint.com/news/world/pakistan-protests-after-balochistan-quetta-blast">"Hunger Strike, Protests in Pak's Balochistan After Quetta Blast"</a>. <i>TheQuint</i>. 14 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627003701/https://www.thequint.com/news/world/pakistan-protests-after-balochistan-quetta-blast">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheQuint&rft.atitle=Hunger+Strike%2C+Protests+in+Pak%27s+Balochistan+After+Quetta+Blast&rft.date=2019-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thequint.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpakistan-protests-after-balochistan-quetta-blast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdeed2018" class="citation web cs1">Adeed, Farah (24 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalvillagespace.com/the-rise-of-a-pashtun-spring-an-open-letter-to-pashtuns/">"The rise of a 'Pashtun Spring': An open letter to Pashtuns"</a>. <i>Global Village Space</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627005426/https://www.globalvillagespace.com/the-rise-of-a-pashtun-spring-an-open-letter-to-pashtuns/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Village+Space&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+a+%27Pashtun+Spring%27%3A+An+open+letter+to+Pashtuns&rft.date=2018-12-24&rft.aulast=Adeed&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalvillagespace.com%2Fthe-rise-of-a-pashtun-spring-an-open-letter-to-pashtuns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2019" class="citation news cs1">Siddiqui, Taha (13 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/1/13/the-ptm-in-pakistan-another-bangladesh-in-the-making">"The PTM in Pakistan: Another Bangladesh in the making?"</a>. <i>aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327162900/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/1/13/the-ptm-in-pakistan-another-bangladesh-in-the-making">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=The+PTM+in+Pakistan%3A+Another+Bangladesh+in+the+making%3F&rft.date=2019-01-13&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Taha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2019%2F1%2F13%2Fthe-ptm-in-pakistan-another-bangladesh-in-the-making&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/2014/05/am-i-a-traitor/">"Am I a traitor?"</a>. <i>Committee to Protect Journalists</i>. 8 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627150043/https://cpj.org/2014/05/am-i-a-traitor/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Committee+to+Protect+Journalists&rft.atitle=Am+I+a+traitor%3F&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F2014%2F05%2Fam-i-a-traitor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-journalist-critical-of-military-attacked-at-home/a-57665723">"Pakistan: Journalist critical of military attacked at home"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. 26 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621020950/https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-journalist-critical-of-military-attacked-at-home/a-57665723">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Journalist+critical+of+military+attacked+at+home&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fpakistan-journalist-critical-of-military-attacked-at-home%2Fa-57665723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugelman2021" class="citation web cs1">Kugelman, Michael (3 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/03/pakistan-press-freedom-journalism-media/">"Pakistan's Press Enters a Dark Era"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627175736/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/03/pakistan-press-freedom-journalism-media/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+Press+Enters+a+Dark+Era&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft.aulast=Kugelman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2021%2F06%2F03%2Fpakistan-press-freedom-journalism-media%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilal2023" class="citation web cs1">Bilal, Rana (26 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1755976">"LHC directs 'all agencies' to work together to find anchorperson Imran Riaz"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=LHC+directs+%27all+agencies%27+to+work+together+to+find+anchorperson+Imran+Riaz&rft.date=2023-05-26&rft.aulast=Bilal&rft.aufirst=Rana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1755976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1816493/anchorperson-imran-riaz-sent-to-jail-in-corruption-case-following-late-night-arrest">"Amidst growing concerns over enforced disappearances, journalist Imran Riaz Khan reported abducted in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 11 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Amidst+growing+concerns+over+enforced+disappearances%2C+journalist+Imran+Riaz+Khan+reported+abducted+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1816493%2Fanchorperson-imran-riaz-sent-to-jail-in-corruption-case-following-late-night-arrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaszgR2TH3qNw_CxLHAd2SQ">"Imran Riaz Khan - YouTube"</a>. <i>www.youtube.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=Imran+Riaz+Khan+-+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fchannel%2FUCaszgR2TH3qNw_CxLHAd2SQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1816493/anchorperson-imran-riaz-sent-to-jail-in-corruption-case-following-late-night-arrest">"Anchorperson Imran Riaz sent to jail in corruption case following late-night arrest"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 23 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Anchorperson+Imran+Riaz+sent+to+jail+in+corruption+case+following+late-night+arrest&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1816493%2Fanchorperson-imran-riaz-sent-to-jail-in-corruption-case-following-late-night-arrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZafar2020" class="citation news cs1">Zafar, Imad (26 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/sharif-checkmates-pakistani-establishment/">"Sharif checkmates Pakistani establishment"</a>. <i>Asia Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029015002/https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/sharif-checkmates-pakistani-establishment/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Sharif+checkmates+Pakistani+establishment&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.aulast=Zafar&rft.aufirst=Imad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2F2020%2F10%2Fsharif-checkmates-pakistani-establishment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaha_Siddiqui2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taha_Siddiqui" title="Taha Siddiqui">Taha Siddiqui</a> (13 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/ptm-pakistan-bangladesh-making-190111140428304.html">"The PTM in Pakistan: Another Bangladesh in the making?"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190113091659/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/ptm-pakistan-bangladesh-making-190111140428304.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=The+PTM+in+Pakistan%3A+Another+Bangladesh+in+the+making%3F&rft.date=2018-01-13&rft.au=Taha+Siddiqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2Fptm-pakistan-bangladesh-making-190111140428304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2023" class="citation news cs1">Hussain, Abid (12 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/12/why-are-imran-khans-supporters-angry-with-pakistans-military">"Why are Imran Khan's supporters angry with Pakistan's military?"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Why+are+Imran+Khan%27s+supporters+angry+with+Pakistan%27s+military%3F&rft.date=2023-05-12&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Abid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F5%2F12%2Fwhy-are-imran-khans-supporters-angry-with-pakistans-military&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhuhro2023" class="citation news cs1">Khuhro, Zarrar (11 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/5/11/imran-khans-arrest-has-exploded-pakistans-reservoir-of-rage">"Imran Khan's arrest has exploded Pakistan's reservoir of rage"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Imran+Khan%27s+arrest+has+exploded+Pakistan%27s+reservoir+of+rage&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft.aulast=Khuhro&rft.aufirst=Zarrar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2023%2F5%2F11%2Fimran-khans-arrest-has-exploded-pakistans-reservoir-of-rage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2004" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Stephen F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YfttAAAAMAAJ"><i>The idea of Pakistan</i></a>. University of Michigan: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815715023" title="Special:BookSources/9780815715023"><bdi>9780815715023</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105012626/https://books.google.com/books?id=YfttAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+idea+of+Pakistan&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780815715023&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYfttAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaqqani2005" class="citation book cs1">Haqqani, Husain (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq"><i>Pakistan: Between mosque and military</i></a></span> (1. print. ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870032141" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870032141"><bdi>978-0870032141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Between+mosque+and+military&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=1.+print.&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0870032141&rft.aulast=Haqqani&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistanbetweenm00haqq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2018" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Reham (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/RehamKhanRehamKhan/Reham-Khan-Reham-Khan_djvu.txt"><i>Reham Khan (memoir)</i></a>. Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789353023225" title="Special:BookSources/9789353023225"><bdi>9789353023225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reham+Khan+%28memoir%29&rft.place=Pakistan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789353023225&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Reham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FRehamKhanRehamKhan%2FReham-Khan-Reham-Khan_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Establishment+%28Pakistan%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/terrorists-immigration-status-nationality-risk-analysis-1975-2017">Terrorists immigration status nationality risk analysis</a></li> <li>Daniel L. Byman. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/05_terrorism_byman.pdf">The Changing Nature of State Sponsorship of Terrorism</a>" (PDF). <i>Brookings.edu</i>. Retrieved 5 October 2018.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Pakistani_Intelligence_Community" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistani_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:Pakistani intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistani_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:Pakistani intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani_intelligence_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Pakistani_Intelligence_Community" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence Community</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan National Security Council">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security">C<sup>2</sup>NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JS_HQ_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="JS HQ (Pakistan)">JS HQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordination_Committee_(Pakistan)" title="National Intelligence Coordination Committee (Pakistan)">National Intelligence Coordination Committee</a> (NICC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_security" title="Internal security">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">Intelligence Bureau</a> (IB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">Federal Investigation Agency</a> (FIA)</li> <li>Police <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department</a> (CTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Pakistan)" title="Special Branch (Pakistan)">Special Branch</a> (SB)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counter_Terrorism_Authority" title="National Counter Terrorism Authority">National Counter Terrorism Authority</a> (NACTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Narcotics_Force#ANF_Setup" title="Anti-Narcotics Force">ANF Intelligence Branch</a> (ANF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">Military Intelligence</a> (MI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)">Naval Intelligence</a> (NI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">Air Intelligence</a> (AI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a><br />Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Corps#Organisation" title="Frontier Corps">Frontier Corps Field Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Pakistan Rangers Intelligence Wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%88%92Baltistan_Scouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit−Baltistan Scouts">GB Scouts Intelligence Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Coast_Guards#The_Organization" title="Pakistan Coast Guards">Pakistan Coast Guards Field Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Constabulary" title="Frontier Constabulary">Frontier Constabulary Intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">National Accountability Bureau</a> (NAB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Intelligence_and_Investigation" title="Directorate General of Intelligence and Investigation">DG Intelligence and Investigation</a> (DGII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Monitoring_Unit" title="Financial Monitoring Unit">Financial Monitoring Unit</a> (FMU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence measurement">Intelligence measurement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threat_Matrix_(database)" title="Threat Matrix (database)">Threat Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Strategic depth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ordinance VIII (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report">HRC Report</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%E2%80%93ur%E2%80%93Rehman_Commission_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi–ur–Rehman Commission Report">SuRC Report</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_Commission_Report" title="Abbottabad Commission Report">AC Report</a> (2013)</li> <li>Protection of Pakistan Ordinance (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/20px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/30px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/40px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Military history of Pakistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chief Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Senate Committee on Defence</a></li> <li>National Assembly Committee on Defence</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">Cabinet Committee on National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)"> National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Defence Secretary (Pakistan)">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Production_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)">Defence Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inter-Services" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Public_Relations" title="Inter-Services Public Relations">Public Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_Services_Selection_Board_(Pakistan)" title="Inter Services Selection Board (Pakistan)">Selection Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">National Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Nursing_Service" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service">Nursing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Band" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Band">Armed Forces Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Pakistan)" title="National Guard (Pakistan)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Plans_Division_Force" title="Strategic Plans Division Force">Strategic Plans Division Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ranks_and_insignia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Army ranks and insignia">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Navy ranks and insignia">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines#Commissioned_officers_and_Enlisted_rank" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Air Force ranks and insignia">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Business interests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Pakistani Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority" title="Defence Housing Authority">Defence Housing Authority</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Foundations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Fauji (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Welfare_Trust" title="Army Welfare Trust">Askari (Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahria_Foundation" title="Bahria Foundation">Bahria (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheen_Foundation" title="Shaheen Foundation">Shaheen (Air Force)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Military of Pakistan">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Army" title="Category:Pakistan Army">Army</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Category:Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Navy" title="Category:Pakistan Navy">Navy</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&oldid=1257453400">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&oldid=1257453400</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">War on terror</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:State-sponsored_terrorism" title="Category:State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_science" title="Category:Military science">Military science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_science" title="Category:Political science">Political science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Politics of Pakistan">Politics of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology" title="Category:Political terminology">Political terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Military of Pakistan">Military of Pakistan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2020">Articles with dead external links from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_merged_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles to be merged from November 2024">Articles to be merged from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_merged" title="Category:All articles to be merged">All articles to be merged</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_January_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from January 2021">Wikipedia articles with style issues from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Pakistani_English_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use Pakistani English from March 2024">Use Pakistani English from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Pakistani_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English">All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2024">Use dmy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Urdu-language text">Articles containing Urdu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 23:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Establishment_(Pakistan)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-trxbb","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.094","walltime":"1.346","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4599,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":141183,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4669,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":166533,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1213.097 1 -total"," 37.22% 451.507 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.29% 246.111 16 Template:Cite_book"," 14.53% 176.245 2 Template:Langx"," 11.38% 137.992 5 Template:Navbox"," 11.03% 133.863 1 Template:Pakistani_intelligence_agencies"," 8.13% 98.618 19 Template:Sfn"," 7.58% 91.924 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.10% 61.914 12 Template:Cite_news"," 4.81% 58.378 1 Template:Merge_from"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.733","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23739757,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdeed2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmadRafiq2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAqil1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAziz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaloch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilal2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoone2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChengappa2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDossaniRowen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFair2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaqqani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan_Abbas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHymanGhayurKaushik1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJavid2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhuhro2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKugelman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurthy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddique2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqui2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaha_Siddiqui2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZafar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFḤaqqānī2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Bulletedlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Col div end\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Establishment (Pakistan), The\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Merge from\"] = 1,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 2,\n [\"Pakistan Armed Forces\"] = 1,\n [\"Pakistani intelligence agencies\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Pakistani English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.canary-77b4fd9bbf-zh9jj","timestamp":"20241124161533","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"The Establishment (Pakistan)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q85807099","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q85807099","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-10-15T15:50:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T23:39:40Z","headline":"deep-state dominance of the military in Pakistan"}</script> </body> </html>