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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relief_of_General_Jehangir_and_Kargil_debacle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Relief of General Jehangir and Kargil debacle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relief_of_General_Jehangir_and_Kargil_debacle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_of_the_Admiral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_of_the_Admiral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Revolt of the Admiral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_of_the_Admiral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_military_takeover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_military_takeover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 The military takeover </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_military_takeover-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The military takeover subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_military_takeover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text_of_Proclamation_of_Emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_of_Proclamation_of_Emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Text of Proclamation of Emergency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_of_Proclamation_of_Emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_of_Provisional_Constitutional_Order_1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_of_Provisional_Constitutional_Order_1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_of_Provisional_Constitutional_Order_1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legality_and_legitimacy_of_the_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality_and_legitimacy_of_the_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Legality and legitimacy of the coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality_and_legitimacy_of_the_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisional_Constitutional_Order_judges_oath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisional_Constitutional_Order_judges_oath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Provisional Constitutional Order judges oath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisional_Constitutional_Order_judges_oath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pardon_of_Sharif_and_2002_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pardon_of_Sharif_and_2002_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pardon of Sharif and 2002 referendum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pardon_of_Sharif_and_2002_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_illegitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_illegitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Allegations of illegitimacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_illegitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreknowledge_about_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreknowledge_about_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreknowledge about coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreknowledge_about_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_opposition_and_dissents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_opposition_and_dissents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Political opposition and dissents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_opposition_and_dissents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_dissent_within_the_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_dissent_within_the_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Opposition and dissent within the military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_dissent_within_the_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_sentence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_sentence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Trial and sentence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_sentence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1999 Pakistani coup d'état</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_1999" title="الانقلاب الباكستاني عام 1999 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الانقلاب الباكستاني عام 1999" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistandak%C4%B1_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_%C3%A7evrili%C5%9Fi_(1999)" title="Pakistandakı dövlət çevrilişi (1999) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pakistandakı dövlət çevrilişi (1999)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rputsch_in_Pakistan_1999" title="Militärputsch in Pakistan 1999 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Militärputsch in Pakistan 1999" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_en_Pakist%C3%A1n_de_1999" title="Golpe de Estado en Pakistán de 1999 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Golpe de Estado en Pakistán de 1999" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B9%DB%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کودتای ۱۹۹۹ پاکستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودتای ۱۹۹۹ پاکستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat_du_12_octobre_1999_au_Pakistan" title="Coup d'État du 12 octobre 1999 au Pakistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coup d'État du 12 octobre 1999 au Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudeta_Pakistan_1999" title="Kudeta Pakistan 1999 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kudeta Pakistan 1999" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampasan_kuasa_tentera_Pakistan_1999" title="Rampasan kuasa tentera Pakistan 1999 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rampasan kuasa tentera Pakistan 1999" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%91%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="1999年パキスタン軍事クーデター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1999年パキスタン軍事クーデター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B9%DB%B9" title="پاکستان وچ فوجی بغاوت ۱۹۹۹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاکستان وچ فوجی بغاوت ۱۹۹۹" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_no_Paquist%C3%A3o_em_1999" title="Golpe de Estado no Paquistão em 1999 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Golpe de Estado no Paquistão em 1999" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_(1999)" title="Военный переворот в Пакистане (1999) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военный переворот в Пакистане (1999)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pakistan_asker%C3%AE_darbesi" title="1999 Pakistan askerî darbesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1999 Pakistan askerî darbesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA_1999%D8%A1" title="پاکستان میں فوجی بغاوت 1999ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاکستان میں فوجی بغاوت 1999ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_ch%C3%ADnh_Pakistan_n%C4%83m_1999" title="Đảo chính Pakistan năm 1999 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảo chính Pakistan năm 1999" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1999 military takeover of government in Pakistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1999 Pakistani coup d'état</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Military coups in Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_051015-N-8796S-072_Pakistani_President_Gen._Pervez_Musharraf_speaks_during_a_press_conference_at_the_Pakistan_Air_Force_base_in_Chaklala_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/US_Navy_051015-N-8796S-072_Pakistani_President_Gen._Pervez_Musharraf_speaks_during_a_press_conference_at_the_Pakistan_Air_Force_base_in_Chaklala_Pakistan.jpg/260px-US_Navy_051015-N-8796S-072_Pakistani_President_Gen._Pervez_Musharraf_speaks_during_a_press_conference_at_the_Pakistan_Air_Force_base_in_Chaklala_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/US_Navy_051015-N-8796S-072_Pakistani_President_Gen._Pervez_Musharraf_speaks_during_a_press_conference_at_the_Pakistan_Air_Force_base_in_Chaklala_Pakistan.jpg/390px-US_Navy_051015-N-8796S-072_Pakistani_President_Gen._Pervez_Musharraf_speaks_during_a_press_conference_at_the_Pakistan_Air_Force_base_in_Chaklala_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/US_Navy_051015-N-8796S-072_Pakistani_President_Gen._Pervez_Musharraf_speaks_during_a_press_conference_at_the_Pakistan_Air_Force_base_in_Chaklala_Pakistan.jpg/520px-US_Navy_051015-N-8796S-072_Pakistani_President_Gen._Pervez_Musharraf_speaks_during_a_press_conference_at_the_Pakistan_Air_Force_base_in_Chaklala_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> in army uniform</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>12 October 1999 (1999-10-12)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Prime Minister's Secretariat, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law in Pakistan">Military takeover</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">federal government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> in a bloodless coup.</li> <li>Mass nationwide arrest of <a href="/wiki/PML(N)" class="mw-redirect" title="PML(N)">PML(N)</a> workers and detainment of PML(N)'s leadership due to the corruption and bad governance of PML(N).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahbaz Sharif">Shahbaz Sharif</a> arrested and later exiled, as a result of an agreement, on 10/11 December 2000.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li>General Musharraf became <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive of Pakistan">Chief Executive</a> and reformed <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> to run the state affairs of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Wire_Service,_Haque-2">[2]</a></li> <li>The writ of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">provisionally suspended</a>.</li> <li>Suspension of Pakistan from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeeduzzaman_Siddiqui" title="Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui">Chief Justice of Pakistan</a>, including nine Senior justices <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order#Provisional_Constitutional_Order,_1999" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">refused to take an oath and resigned</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_blackout" title="Media blackout">Media blackout</a> of Sharif-aligned conservative <a href="/wiki/Geo_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo TV">mass media</a>. No censorship imposed on liberal/libertarian <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">mass media</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_Tarar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafiq Tarar">Rafiq Tarar</a> forced to resign from office.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 2002">Pakistani general election, 2002</a></li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> in Pakistan</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">Federal Investigation Agency</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/13px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/20px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/26px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /> <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">Intelligence Bureau</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/23px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/35px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/45px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="528" /> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Government of Punjab, Pakistan">Government of Punjab</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png/23px-Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png/35px-Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png/46px-Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="684" /> <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab Police (Pakistan)">Punjab Police</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> Mushtaq Ahmed <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Butt" title="Ziauddin Butt">Ziauddin Butt</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/13px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/20px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/26px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /> Iqbal Niazi <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pervaiz_Mehdi_Qureshi" title="Pervaiz Mehdi Qureshi">Pervaiz Mehdi Qureshi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/23px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/35px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/45px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="528" /> <a href="/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Shehbaz Sharif">Shehbaz Sharif</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png/23px-Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png/35px-Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png/46px-Flag_of_Punjab_Police.png 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="684" /> Jehan Zaib Burki</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Fasih_Bokhari" title="Fasih Bokhari">Fasih Bokhari</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_ul_Haq" title="Ehsan ul Haq">Ehsan ul Haq</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Khan_(general)" title="Aziz Khan (general)">Aziz Khan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Ahmed" title="Mahmud Ahmed">Mahmud Ahmed</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Aziz" title="Shahid Aziz">Shahid Aziz</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~170,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~617,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> None</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> None</td></tr></tbody></table> 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#808000;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pervez_Musharraf_2004_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="829" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#808000;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf#Early_life" title="Pervez Musharraf">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf#Initial_military_career" title="Pervez Musharraf">Military career</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1999 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf#Presidency" title="Pervez Musharraf">Political career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musharraf_high_treason_case" title="Musharraf high treason case">High treason case</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Political views</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_moderation" title="Enlightened moderation">Enlightened moderation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Elections</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_referendum" title="2002 Pakistani referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Pakistani_confidence_vote" title="2004 Pakistani confidence vote">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="2007 Pakistani presidential election">2007</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Parties</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Q)">PML (Q)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="All Pakistan Muslim League">All Pakistan Muslim League</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">President of Pakistan</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Seventeenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">Women's Protection Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_Iftikhar_Muhammad_Chaudhry" title="Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry">Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyers%27_Movement" title="Lawyers' Movement">Lawyers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lal_Masjid" title="Siege of Lal Masjid">Siege of Lal Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconciliation_Ordinance" title="National Reconciliation Ordinance">National Reconciliation Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Pakistani_state_of_emergency" title="2007 Pakistani state of emergency">2007 state of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effort_to_impeach_Pervez_Musharraf" title="Effort to impeach Pervez Musharraf">Impeachment movement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Bibliography</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Fire:_A_Memoir" title="In the Line of Fire: A Memoir">In the Line of Fire: A Memoir</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/60px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/80px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pervez_Musharraf" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> at Wikimedia Commons</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pervez_Musharraf_sidebar" title="Template:Pervez Musharraf sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pervez_Musharraf_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pervez Musharraf sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pervez_Musharraf_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pervez Musharraf sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The 1999 military takeover in Pakistan<a href="#cite_note-Dawn_wire_service,_Abbasi-3">[3]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">bloodless</a> <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">military staff</a> at the <a href="/wiki/JS_HQ_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="JS HQ (Pakistan)">Joint Staff HQ</a> working under the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>. The instigators <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law in Pakistan">seized control</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">civilian government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election" title="1997 Pakistani general election">popularly elected</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> on 12 October 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Waycross-4">[4]</a> On 14 October, General Musharraf, <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">acting as the</a> country's <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator#Pakistan" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Executive</a>, issued a controversial <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">provisional order</a> that suspended the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law in Pakistan">Martial law</a> was declared due to the breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Civil-military_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil-military relations">civil-military relations</a>. Tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sharif_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sharif ministry">Sharif administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)">joint chiefs chairman</a> General Musharraf reached a breaking point. In an attempt to maintain <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Military">military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Butt" title="Ziauddin Butt">Ziauddin Butt</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_the_Inter-Services_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence">Director of the ISI</a>, was hastily approved for the appointment of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Chief_of_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)">army chief</a>, but the decision was opposed by senior members of the <a href="/wiki/JS_HQ_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="JS HQ (Pakistan)">Joint Staff HQ</a>, who refused to follow the new <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of Command">chain of command</a>, deciding instead to direct the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police">Military Police</a> to detain General Butt and prevent his taking control of the military.<a href="#cite_note-Partridge_Publishing,_Bhattacharya-5">[5]</a> The pace of the coup startled political observers; within 17 hours of Sharif's attempt to relieve General Musharraf, army commanders took control of all key government institutions throughout the country and placed Sharif and his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">administration</a>, which included his <a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahbaz Sharif">brother</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Home_confinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Home confinement">house arrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Pakistan_Bureau,_Special_Report-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police">Military police</a> took control of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">state broadcaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Radio">radio</a> and the entire critical communications infrastructure, and announced that Sharif had been dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Pakistan_Bureau,_Special_Report-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a> Irshad Hassan Khan validated the martial law under a "<a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_necessity" title="Doctrine of necessity">doctrine of necessity</a>" but limited its legality to three years.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_University_Press,_Hirschl-7">[7]</a>: 118  Meanwhile, Sharif was tried by the <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_Branch_(Pakistan)" title="Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)">Judge Advocate General</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Military court">Court</a> and convicted of endangering the lives of all passengers aboard the aircraft carrying Musharraf,<a href="#cite_note-Lexington_Books,_Baxter-8">[8]</a>: 56–57  with the <a href="/wiki/Military_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Military court">military court</a> upholding the decision.<a href="#cite_note-Lexington_Books,_Baxter-8">[8]</a> When the decision was announced, it sparked fury in the conservative <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> but was welcomed by many of its political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-Lexington_Books,_Baxter-8">[8]</a> In 2000, the Supreme Court accepted arguments that the coup was a "violation of the constitution". However, acting Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Irshad_Hasan_Khan" title="Irshad Hasan Khan">Ershad Hasan</a> later argued of the constitutionality of the coup.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_University_Press,_Hirschl-7">[7]</a>: 119–120 <a href="#cite_note-Pragmatic_Publishing,_Jan-9">[9]</a>: 112–115  On 10 December 2000, Musharraf unexpectedly issued a <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> to Nawaz Sharif to be flown to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krishna_Prakashan_Media,_Joshi-10">[10]</a>: 167–168 <a href="#cite_note-University_of_California_Press,_Wolpert-11">[11]</a>: 73–74  In 2016, Musharraf later confessed in an interview given to <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Shahid" title="Kamran Shahid">Kamran Shahid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dunya_News" title="Dunya News">Dunya</a> that "he pardoned Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">King Abdullah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafic Hariri</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Dunya_News,_Shahid-12">[12]</a> In 2001, Musharraf issued the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">executive decree</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/Forced_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced resignation">forced</a> President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafiq_Tarar" title="Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">Rafiq Tarar</a> to resign in order for Musharraf to assume the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_Pakistan_Bureau,_2002-13">[13]</a> In light of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a>'s verdict, the <a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_referendum" title="2002 Pakistani referendum">national referendum</a> was held on 30 April 2002, allowing himself to continue his rule,<a href="#cite_note-Vries-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc2002-15">[15]</a> but was alleged by many (including the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Human Rights Commission of Pakistan">Human Rights Commission of Pakistan</a>) to be fraudulent.<a href="#cite_note-Vries-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc2002-15">[15]</a> In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">general elections</a> restored <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Pakistan" title="Democracy in Pakistan">democracy</a> when the Musharraf-backed <a href="/wiki/PML(Q)" class="mw-redirect" title="PML(Q)">PML(Q)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarians</a>, were able to form a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> who would later nominate Musharraf for the <a href="/wiki/2004_Pakistani_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Pakistani presidential election">2004 presidential elections</a>. In 2007, President Musharraf eventually imposed another <a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_Iftikhar_Muhammad_Chaudhry" title="Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry">martial law by having suspended</a> the populist Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Muhammad_Chaudhry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry">IM Chaudhry</a>, leveling charges of corruption and misconduct. Unlike the earlier martial law, Musharraf was widely disapproved, inviting <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Long_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Long March">mass demonstrations</a> led by Nawaz Sharif, Musharraf eventually resigned in an attempt to avoid <a href="/wiki/Movement_to_impeach_Pervez_Musharraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf">impeachment</a> in the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Pakistan,_2008-16">[16]</a> Sharif was acquitted in 2009 from the 1999 hijacking case<a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers,_Iqbal-17">[17]</a> and in 2014 acquitted of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">money laundering</a> and corruption cases from an accountability court.<a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers,_Bhatti-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_leading_towards_the_martial_law">Events leading towards the martial law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events leading towards the martial law">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relief_of_General_Jehangir_and_Kargil_debacle">Relief of General Jehangir and Kargil debacle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relief of General Jehangir and Kargil debacle">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_Nawaz_Sharif%27s_relief_of_General_Jehangir_Karamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat">Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></div> In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> and his conservative <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League-N" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Muslim League-N">Pakistan Muslim League-N</a> won a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election" title="1997 Pakistani general election">general elections</a>, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Two-thirds_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-thirds majority">two-thirds</a> majority in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a>– the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_1997-19">[19]</a> His second tenure was marked with a serious legal confrontation with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> courted by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sajjad_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Sajjad Ali Shah">Sajjad Ali Shah</a> over the legality and technicality of <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Thirteenth Amendment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">Ehtesab Act, 1997</a> (lit. Accountability Act, 1997).<a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_1997-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sajjad_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Sajjad Ali Shah">Chief Justice Shah</a> had been battling in the Supreme Court for his legitimacy due to many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan">senior justices</a> had seen his appointment as "inappropriate and political", having been appointed by former <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Jaffrelot-20">[20]</a> On 29 October 1997, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sajjad_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Sajjad Ali Shah">Chief Justice Shah</a> and his bench decided to hear the petition filed by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyers</a> and suspended the implementation of bills.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press,_Dossani&Rowen-21">[21]</a>: 45–46  Prime Minister Sharif reacted angrily to the Court's actions, by issuing an intemperate public diatribe particularly against <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sajjad_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Sajjad Ali Shah">Chief Justice Shah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press,_Dossani&Rowen-21">[21]</a>: 45–46  On 2 November 1997, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sajjad_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Sajjad Ali Shah">Chief Justice Shah</a> summoned Prime Minister Sharif for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> but this order was viewed "null and voided" when two <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan">senior justices</a> at the Supreme Court issued a counter-order.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press,_Dossani&Rowen-21">[21]</a>: 45–46  On 30 November 1997, Prime Minister Sharif appeared before the Supreme Court but his <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan (political)">partisans</a> stormed the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan_Building" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan Building">Supreme Court Building</a> forcing Chief Justice Shah to remove the finding of contempt against Sharif.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Publishing_Group,_Malik-22">[22]</a>: 190  While the <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Police" title="Islamabad Police">police</a> gained control of the situation to restore <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and order in Pakistan">law and order</a>, the whole nation witnessed traumatising and terrifying scenes on their television screens broadcast by the <a href="/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="News channels in Pakistan">news media</a> all over the country.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Publishing_Group,_Malik-22">[22]</a>: 190  Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Judicial Council</a> took up a case against the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sajjad_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Sajjad Ali Shah">Chief Justice Shah</a> on 23 December and declared Chief Justice Shah's appointment "illegal and unconstitutional" that eventually forced him to resign from his office on 2 December 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press,_Dossani&Rowen-21">[21]</a>: 46  <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Farooq Leghari</a> who supported the cause of <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sajjad_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Sajjad Ali Shah">Chief Justice Shah</a> also had to resign when <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">army chief</a> General <a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Karamat" title="Jehangir Karamat">Jehangir Karamat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman joint chiefs</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Feroze_Khan" title="Farooq Feroze Khan">Feroze Khan</a> intervened to resolve the crises.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>: 175–176  Prime Minister Sharif eventually appointed his Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Saeeduzzaman_Siddiqui" title="Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui">Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui</a> based on merit qualification and offered presidency to former supreme court justice <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_Tarar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafiq Tarar">Rafiq Tarar</a> who was elected in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_1997-19">[19]</a> In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_Nawaz_Sharif%27s_relief_of_General_Jehangir_Karamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat">effectively relieved</a> Chairman joint chief General <a href="/wiki/Jehangir_Karamat" title="Jehangir Karamat">Jehangir Karamat</a> from the command of the military when General Karamat delivered a college lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Naval_War_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Naval War College">Naval War College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lexington_Books,_Jr-24">[24]</a>: 107–108  At this lecture, General Karamat called for establishing the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> (NSC) which would be backed by a "team of civil-military experts" for devising policies to seek resolution ongoing problems relating the civil-military issues; also recommended a "neutral but competent <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of Pakistan">bureaucracy</a> and administration of at federal level and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local governments</a> in <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Pakistan">four provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press-25">[25]</a>: 66–68  Relieving of General Karamat plummeted Sharif's own public approvals and his relations with the military, as even his senior Cabinet ministers were in disagreement of Sharif's decision.<a href="#cite_note-OUP-26">[26]</a> Many political observers were taken in complete surprise since the dismissal of four-star rank general had never happened before in country's <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">short history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Public_Affairs,_Kathy-27">[27]</a>: 145–146  Eventually, Sharif chose then-<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> over two senior army generals for the appointment to post of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">army chief</a> and acting Chairman joint chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-ReadHowYouWant.com-28">[28]</a>: 64–67  A year later, the civil military relations took a sharp turn in the opposition of Sharif when he invited and received <a href="/wiki/Indian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Prime Minister">Indian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/AB_Vajpayee" class="mw-redirect" title="AB Vajpayee">Atal Vajpayee</a> in Lahore for peace talks, much to agitation of General Musharraf who did not welcome outcomes of <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Summit">Lahore Summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press,_Cohen-29">[29]</a>: 150–151  In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> soldiers secretly crossed the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> (LoC) and infiltrated in <a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a> on the direct orders issues by General Musharraf, bringing the <a href="/wiki/India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="India and Pakistan">two nations</a> at the brink of war.<a href="#cite_note-NUS_Press,_Kapur-30">[30]</a>: 118–121  The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> reacted with launching of full-fledged military coordinated military operations while Indian government effectively put diplomatic pressure of Sharif's government to withdraw the soldiers from the Kargil sector.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Both Sharif and General Musharraf held each other responsible for the actions in the Kargil sector, charging each other of lying and hiding details of the hostilities to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> At the public circle, Sharif assigned blame for the political/diplomatic disaster on General Musharraf, and Musharraf placing the blame of disaster on Prime Minister Sharif.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In September 1999, General Musharraf forcefully retired Lieutenant-General Tariq Pervez who was known to be close to Sharif and cousin of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Nadir_Pervez" title="Raja Nadir Pervez">Raja Nadir Pervez</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Communications (Pakistan)">Communication Minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press,_Jones-34">[34]</a>: 39  Upon meeting with Sharif, General Tariq Pervez had ultimately warned Sharif of "making any move against General Musharraf or the army would strike."<a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press,_Jones-34">[34]</a>: 39  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_of_the_Admiral">Revolt of the Admiral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolt of the Admiral">edit</a>]</div> The revolt of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fasih_Bokhari" title="Fasih Bokhari">Fasih Bokhari</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a>, over Sharif's public decision of extending General Musharraf's tenure as Chairman Joint Chiefs until 2001 was another issue that saw the breaking down of civil-military relations. About the Kargil war, Admiral Bokhari was not of the view of supporting the Pakistan Army's engagement with the Indian Army as appropriate and subsequently lodged a powerful protest against General Musharraf's <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a> while recommending the constitution of a Commission to completely probe the Kargil issue.<a href="#cite_note-The_News_International,_2011-35">[35]</a> At the country's <a href="/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="News channels in Pakistan">news media</a>, Admiral Bokhari publicly questioned the effectiveness of the <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a> behind the Kargil infiltration and was very critical of General Musharraf's unilateral decisions involving the national security, as chairman joint chiefs, without considering the opinions of chiefs of staff of air force and the navy.<a href="#cite_note-Efficient_Offset_Printers-36">[36]</a> In 1999, Sharif quarrelled with Admiral Bokhari and his <a href="/wiki/NHQ_(Pakistan_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="NHQ (Pakistan Navy)">Navy NHQ</a> staff over the merit-based appointment of General Musharraf to the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs</a> that was only meant to be temporary and it was hoped that Admiral Bokhari would be appointed to the post.<a href="#cite_note-Skyhorse_Publishing,_Inc.Cloughley-37">[37]</a>: contents <a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Wire_Service,_1998-38">[38]</a> In August 1999, there were rising tensions between Admiral Bokhari and Prime Minister Sharif over issue of <a href="/wiki/Atlantique_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantique incident">incident took place in</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Creek" title="Sir Creek">Sir Creek</a>, although both had kept the working relations on good terms.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In September 1999, General Musharraf had sent a message to Prime Minister Sharif that "anyone in the Navy and Air Force can become the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs</a> as I did not care."<a href="#cite_note-Simon_and_Schuster,_Musharraf-40">[40]</a>: 111  General Musharraf reportedly backed Admiral Bokhari's bid for the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs</a> but he was overshadowed by the Prime Minister who confirmed and extended General Musharraf's term until 2001.<a href="#cite_note-DAWN_newspaper_1999,_Haque-41">[41]</a> Civil-military relations were further damaged when Admiral Bokhari lodged a strong protest against this decision in the news media and reportedly revolted against Prime Minister Sharif's appointment for the Chairman Joint Chiefs in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Times_Pakistan_2002-42">[42]</a> Admiral Bokhari abruptly tendered his resignation to the Prime Minister Sharif and noted to Sharif that since General Musharraf was his junior and often referred to him as "Sir".<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Times_Pakistan_2002-42">[42]</a>: 1265 <a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> On 5 October 1999, Admiral Bokhari resigned from the command of the Navy as the <a href="/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="News channels in Pakistan">news media</a> construed Admiral Bokhari's resignation merely as unhappiness over not being appointed as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Times_Pakistan_2002-42">[42]</a> Admiral Bokhari's revolt saw the meltdown of the <a href="/wiki/Civil-military_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil-military relations">civil-military</a> relations between the elected civilian government and the military leaders that eventually led to the military overtaking the civilian government by dismissing Prime Minister Sharif on 12 October 1999.<a href="#cite_note-SAGE_Publications_India,_Singh-44">[44]</a>: 63  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_military_takeover">The military takeover</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The military takeover">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG/250px-Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG/375px-Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG/500px-Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International Airport</a>, where Chairman Joint Chiefs Gen. Musharraf landed in Karachi, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>] <a href="/wiki/2006_in_Pakistan" title="2006 in Pakistan">2006</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantique_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantique incident">Atlantique incident</a>, there were widespread rumors and media speculations in the television news media about the either possible military takeover or resignation of General Musharraf in September 1999.<a href="#cite_note-DAWN_WIRE_SERVICE_:_1999-45">[45]</a> In October 1999, General Musharraf paid an official visit to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> on an invitation of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Army">Sri Lankan Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Army_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)">Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Srilal_Weerasooriya" title="Srilal Weerasooriya">Srilal Weerasooriya</a>. Ultimately, Prime Minister Sharif dismissed General Musharraf from the command of the military and nominated Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Butt" title="Ziauddin Butt">Ziauddin Butt</a>, the DG <a href="/wiki/ISI_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISI (Pakistan)">ISI</a>, over several army officers on 12 October 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Dugger-46">[46]</a> Developments came when General Musharraf, along with <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Major-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Majid" title="Tariq Majid">Tariq Majid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Nadeem_Taj" title="Nadeem Taj">Nadeem Taj</a>, returned to Pakistan on a <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">PIA</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 777-200">777-200</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plot-47">[47]</a> According to the sources, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Civil_Aviation_Authority" title="Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority">Civil Aviation Authority</a> (CAA) was ordered by Sharif to divert the plane to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> but then it was rerouted to <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazirabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Benazirabad">Shaheed Benazirabad</a>, then known as <a href="/wiki/Nawabshah_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabshah Airport">Nawabshah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plot-47">[47]</a> When this was failed to comprehend by the pilot, the CAA was ordered to close the runways by turning off the <a href="/wiki/Runway_edge_lights" title="Runway edge lights">edge lights</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Terminal">Jinnah International Airport</a> in an attempt to refuse the landing.<a href="#cite_note-Plot-47">[47]</a> The units of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police">military police</a> led by Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar" title="Iftikhar">Iftikhar</a> sealed the civilian airport and seized the control of the <a href="/wiki/Control_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Control tower">control tower</a>, allowing the plane to land on a runway. From the control tower, then Karachi Corps Commander General <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Hussain_Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffar Hussain Usmani">Muzaffar Hussain Usmani</a> contacted General Musharraf, in his flight and assured him that landing the plane was safe since the army now controlled Jinnah Terminal. The military police seized the control of the state-run <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">media television</a> headquarters and encircled the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)">Prime Minister Secretariat</a> building while gaining control of the international airports and cutting off the international phone lines.<a href="#cite_note-Weiner-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> There were four army generals who were central in staging the coup against Sharif's government that included General Musharraf <a href="/wiki/General_Ehsan_ul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="General Ehsan ul Haq">General Ehsan ul Haq</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Aziz_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="General Aziz Khan">Aziz Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Mahmood_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="General Mahmood Ahmed">Mahmood Ahmad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Aziz" title="Shahid Aziz">Shahid Aziz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">They played</a> a crucial role in installing General Musharraf as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive of Pakistan">Chief Executive</a> while they detained Sharif in a local prison.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Institute_of_Peace,_Gutman-50">[50]</a>: 185–185  On 14 October 1999, Musharraf appeared on television to declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> and issued a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">Provisional Constitutional Order</a> that ultimately suspended the writ of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> of Pakistan and dissolved the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">four provincial assemblies</a>, although they left <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafiq_Tarar" title="Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">Muhammad Rafiq Tarar</a> in office as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DoS-51">[51]</a> However, General Musharraf strongly objected the wordage use of "martial law" or "coup d'état", instead insisting that: "This is not martial law, only another path towards democracy."<a href="#cite_note-Committee_to_Protect_Journalists-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Public_Relations" title="Inter-Services Public Relations">ISPR</a> also confirmed that "There is no martial law in the country."<a href="#cite_note-Dawn_wire_service,_Abbasi-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_of_Proclamation_of_Emergency">Text of Proclamation of Emergency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Text of Proclamation of Emergency">edit</a>]</div> Soon after taking over the country, an emergency was declared in the country. Following is the text of the Proclamation of Emergency declared by Musharraf:<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In pursuance of deliberations and decisions of chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces and corps commanders of Pakistan Army, I General Pervez Musharraf, chairman joint chiefs of staff committee and chief of army staff, proclaim emergency throughout Pakistan and assume the office of the chief executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. I hereby order and proclaim as follows: (a) The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan shall remain in abeyance (b) The President of Pakistan shall continue in office (c) The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a>, the Provincial Assemblies and <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate</a> shall stand suspended (d) The chairman and deputy chairman of the Senate, the speaker and deputy speaker of the National Assembly and the provincial assemblies shall stand suspended (e) The prime minister, the federal ministers, ministers of state, advisers to the prime minister, parliamentary secretaries, the provincial governors, the provincial chief ministers, the provincial ministers and the advisers to the chief ministers shall cease to hold office (f) The whole of Pakistan will come under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Armed Forces">Armed Forces of Pakistan</a>. This proclamation shall come into force at once and be deemed to have taken effect on the 12th day of October, 1999.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_of_Provisional_Constitutional_Order_1999">Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999">edit</a>]</div> Following is the text of Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) promulgated by Musharraf. After its proclamation, the order was modified on multiple occasions:<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In pursuance of Proclamation of the 14th day of October, 1999, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff and Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan under the Proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October 1999 (hereinafter referred to as the Chief Executive) is pleased to make and promulgate the following Order: 1. <dl><dd>(1) This Order may be called Provisional Constitution Order No.1 of 1999;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(3) It shall come into force at once.</dd></dl> 2. <dl><dd>(1) Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, Pakistan shall, subject to this Order and any other Orders made by the Chief Executive, be governed, as nearly as may be, in accordance with the Constitution.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(2) Subject as aforesaid, all courts in existence immediately before the commencement of this Order, shall continue to function and to exercise their respective powers and jurisdiction provided that the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> or High Courts and any other court shall not have the powers to make any order against the Chief Executive or any person exercising powers or jurisdiction under his authority;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(3) The Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II of the Constitution, not in conflict with the Proclamation of Emergency or any Order made thereunder from time to time, shall continue to be in force.</dd></dl> 3. <dl><dd>(1) The President shall act on, and in accordance with the advice of the Chief Executive;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(2) The Governor of the Province shall act on, and in accordance with the instructions of the Chief Executive.</dd></dl> 4. <dl><dd>(1) No Court, Tribunal or other authority shall call or permit to be called in question the proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October, 1999 or any Order made in pursuance thereof.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(2) No judgment, decree, writ, order or process whatsoever shall be made or issued by any court or tribunal against the Chief Executive or any authority designated by the Chief Executive.</dd></dl> 5. Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution, but subject to the Orders of the Chief Executive, all laws other than the Constitution shall continue in force until altered, amended or repealed by the Chief Executive or any authority designated by him. 6. The Proclamation of Emergency issued on 28th day of May 1998, shall continue but subject to the provisions of Proclamation of Emergency dated 14th day of October 1999 and this Provisional Constitution Order and any other Order made thereunder. 7. All persons who, immediately before the commencement of this Order, were in the service of Pakistan as defined in Article 260 of the Constitution and those persons who immediately before such commencement were in office as Judge of the Supreme Court, the Federal Shariat Court or a High Court or Auditor-General or Ombudsman and Chief Ehtesab Commissioner, shall continue in the said service on the same terms and conditions and shall enjoy the same privileges, if any.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> Upon hearing the news of Sharif's arrest, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a> partisans and the party leadership led by <a href="/wiki/Javed_Hashmi" title="Javed Hashmi">Javed Hashmi</a>, a conservative politician in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain" title="Mamnoon Hussain">Mamnoon Hussain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> called out and led massive street demonstrations and protests in the streets of Lahore, Karachi, and other cities.<a href="#cite_note-DIANE_Publishing,_Bergner-55">[55]</a>: 2432  The conservative supporters of Nawaz Sharif did not welcome this coup and saw this event as a conspiracy but many of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">Sharif's rivals</a> welcome this coup, eventually holding celebration parties around different parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Jaffrelot-20">[20]</a> Although there were reports of unconfirmed <a href="/wiki/Media_blackout" title="Media blackout">media blackout</a> of Sharif-aligned conservative media, no restrictions were imposed on the liberal/libertarian news media.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Jaffrelot-20">[20]</a>: 416–418  There were reports of repression and human rights abuse taken place by the authorities under General Musharraf, as the pro-democracy demonstrations were forcefully and effectively crushed by Musharraf's regime.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Jaffrelot-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legality_and_legitimacy_of_the_coup">Legality and legitimacy of the coup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legality and legitimacy of the coup">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan,_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/200px-Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/300px-Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/400px-Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan%2C_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> in <a href="/wiki/2004_in_Pakistan" title="2004 in Pakistan">c. 2004</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> courted by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Saeeduzzaman_Siddiqui" title="Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui">Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui</a> partially provided the legality of the martial law in a view of "<a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_necessity" title="Doctrine of necessity">doctrine of necessity</a>" after Musharraf's lawyer <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sharifuddin_Pirzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada">Sharifuddin Pirzada</a> argued for the martial law on technicality, but its legality was only limited to three years.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_University_Press,_Hirschl-7">[7]</a>: 25 <a href="#cite_note-Nova_Publishers,_Mayor-56">[56]</a>: 118  Meanwhile, Sharif was tried by the military <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_Branch_(Pakistan)" title="Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)">judge advocate general</a> where allegations of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan" title="Corruption in Pakistan">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">terrorism</a>, and money laundering were leveled against him.<a href="#cite_note-Lexington_Books,_Baxter-8">[8]</a>: 56–57  Eventually, the military court's inconclusive rulings found him to be guilty and convicted him for risking the life of all the passengers on board including the sitting Chairman joint chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-Lexington_Books,_Baxter-8">[8]</a>: 57  On 15 November 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> decided to hear the petitions filed by <a href="/wiki/PML-N" class="mw-redirect" title="PML-N">PML-N</a>'s lawyer <a href="/wiki/Syed_Zafar_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Zafar Ali Shah">Zafar Ali Shah</a> on behalf of Sharif and <a href="/wiki/Aitzaz_Ahsan" title="Aitzaz Ahsan">Aitzaz Ahsan</a> requesting a supreme court's intervention to declare the military takeover "illegal and unconstitutional", and order the restoration of Sharif's government and reinstatement of the National Assembly and four provincial assemblies that were suspended.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The PML(N)'s lawyers began their court battle with the Musharraf's lawyers when additional petitions were filed by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a>, Muslim Welfare Movement, and Wahabul Khairi, an advocate challenging the legality of the coup.<a href="#cite_note-Dawn-58">[58]</a> On 1 December 1999, a five-member bench of the Supreme Court was constituted to hear these appeals and as lawyers of each side to present cases of their clients. The bench headed by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Saeeduzzaman_Siddiqui" title="Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui">Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui</a> and head Justice <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Jehangiri" title="Bashir Jehangiri">Bashir Jahangiri</a>, Justice <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Aslam_Zahid" title="Nasir Aslam Zahid">Nasir Aslam Zahid</a>, Justice Abdur Rehman Khan and Justice <a href="/wiki/Wajihuddin_Ahmed" title="Wajihuddin Ahmed">Wajihuddin Ahmed</a> as other members.<a href="#cite_note-Dawn-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisional_Constitutional_Order_judges_oath">Provisional Constitutional Order judges oath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Provisional Constitutional Order judges oath">edit</a>]</div> As the hearing progressed at the Supreme Court, the legality and legitimacy of the coup became an important issue while Sharif's lawyers successfully argued for reinstating the writ of the constitution. <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Saeeduzzaman_Siddiqui" title="Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui">Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui</a> along with other chief justices were in clear view of this coup as a "violation of the constitution" as Sharif's lawyers made a ground base for finding Musharraf of treason.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_University_Press,_Hirschl-7">[7]</a>: 119–120 <a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Wire_Service,_Ali-59">[59]</a> On 26 January 2000, Chief Executive Musharraf, acting on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sharifuddin_Pirzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada">Sharifuddin Pirzada</a>, quickly promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">Provisional Constitutional Order</a> and asked <a href="/wiki/Saeeduzzaman_Siddiqui" title="Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui">Chief Justice Siddiqui</a> alongside other justices to take a new oath under this provision.<a href="#cite_note-BRILL,_Cotran-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Saeeduzzaman_Siddiqui" title="Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui">Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui</a> and other nine judges of the thirteen Supreme Court justices refused to take the oath which became an issue identified as the "biggest challenge" to the new government.<a href="#cite_note-Pragmatic_Publishing,_Jan-9">[9]</a>: 112–115  Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Saeeduzzaman_Siddiqui" title="Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui">Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui</a> and other nine judges resigned from their respected appointments, followed by a number of other High Court justices also refused to take the oath.<a href="#cite_note-BRILL,_Cotran-60">[60]</a>: 24  The Provisional Constitutional Order disallowed challenging any actions made by the military-led by General Musharraf, and many judges who refused to take the oath cited infringements upon the judiciary system such as this as their reasoning for refusing.<a href="#cite_note-Pragmatic_Publishing,_Jan-9">[9]</a>: 115  The Provisional Constitutional Order provided Musharraf legal protection of his actions in regards to the military taker over and bared any court in the country for taking any legal actions against Musharraf or those who were responsible for the military coup.<a href="#cite_note-Waycross-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asma_Jahangir" title="Asma Jahangir">Asma Jahangir</a>, a Pakistani lawyer and human rights advocate, reportedly stated: "The military rulers are doing their best to erode the independence of the judiciary. I salute those judges who have refused to take the oath."<a href="#cite_note-Waycross-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pardon_of_Sharif_and_2002_referendum">Pardon of Sharif and 2002 referendum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pardon of Sharif and 2002 referendum">edit</a>]</div> On 9–10 December 2000, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive Officer (Pakistan)">Chief Executive</a> Pervez Musharraf unexpectedly issued a <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> of Nawaz Sharif and allowed the immediate members of former <a href="/wiki/Category:Sharif_family" title="Category:Sharif family">first family</a> to travel to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> on a private jet provided by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Royal Family">Saudi Royal Family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krishna_Prakashan_Media,_Joshi-10">[10]</a>: 167–168 <a href="#cite_note-University_of_California_Press,_Wolpert-11">[11]</a>: 73–74  Details emerged in successive years of this pardon that resulted in a forced signing of an agreement that put him in exile for a decade.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press,_Feeley-61">[61]</a>: 366 <a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Wire_Service,_Hashmi_and_Malik-62">[62]</a> However, this agreement was voided in successive years when Musharraf himself went to court to bar Sharif from returning to Pakistan in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press,_Feeley-61">[61]</a>: 366  In 2016, Musharraf later confessed in an interview given to <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Shahid" title="Kamran Shahid">Kamran Shahid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dunya_News" title="Dunya News">Dunya</a> that "he pardoned Nawaz Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">King Abdullah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafic Hariri</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Dunya_News,_Shahid-12">[12]</a> On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court of Pakistan courted by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Irshad_Hasan_Khan" title="Irshad Hasan Khan">Irshad Hasan</a> finally legalized the coup but ordered to hold a nationwide election to restore the writ of the government.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 2001, General Musharraf issued the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">executive decree</a>, of which, President Tarar was of the view that such decree was unconstitutional and illegal. Eventually, Musharraf forcefully removed President from his office when the latter forced President Tarar to <a href="/wiki/Forced_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced resignation">forcefully resigned</a> as president.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_Pakistan_Bureau,_2002-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Wire_Service,_correspondents-64">[64]</a> In the light of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a>'s verdict, the <a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_referendum" title="2002 Pakistani referendum">national referendum</a> was held on 30 April 2002, allowing himself to continue his rule.<a href="#cite_note-Vries-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc2002-15">[15]</a> The referendum, which Musharraf won with almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Human Rights Commission of Pakistan">Human Rights Commission of Pakistan</a>, to be fraudulent.<a href="#cite_note-Vries-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc2002-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_illegitimacy">Allegations of illegitimacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Allegations of illegitimacy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights groups</a> such as Amnesty International Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Human Rights Commission of Pakistan">Human Rights Commission</a> and others had denounced the <a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_referendum" title="2002 Pakistani referendum">referendum</a> as extremely <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">fraudulent</a> in 2002. The <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> journalists claimed to see <a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">ballot stuffing</a> and pressure to vote being placed on <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">governmental</a> employees.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2002-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abdur_Rehman" title="Ibn Abdur Rehman">Ibn Abdur Rehman</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Human Rights Commission of Pakistan">Human Rights Commission</a>, dismissed the referendum as "farcical", also claiming that votes were stuffed.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2002-15">[15]</a> The Amnesty International Pakistan and the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan stated that the voting irregularities "exceeded its worst fears".<a href="#cite_note-bbc2002-15">[15]</a> The PML(N), backed by the Human Rights Commission, challenged the results of the referendum but Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Irshad_Hasan_Khan" title="Irshad Hasan Khan">Irshad Hasan Khan</a> dismissed the petitions while rejecting the challenge and upholding the results.<a href="#cite_note-Vries-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Pakistan)">Information Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nisar_Memon" title="Nisar Memon">Nisar Memon</a> dismissed allegations of fraud as propaganda created by the opposition and stated that "Those who opposed the referendum preferred to stay at home and didn't create any problem."<a href="#cite_note-Vries-14">[14]</a> The credibility of the claims of illegitimacy is added when American Pattan Development Organization conducted a Gallup survey that founded that the "people are likely to elect either Benazir Bhutto or Nawaz Sharif as the next prime minister" in preference to President General Pervez Musharraf.<a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Wire_Service,_2001-65">[65]</a> According to the survey, Musharraf had only 9% public approval as opposed to Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif.<a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Wire_Service,_2001-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreknowledge_about_coup">Foreknowledge about coup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreknowledge about coup">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, Lt. Gen <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Pervez" title="Tariq Pervez">Tariq Pervez</a>, Commander, <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Pakistan)" title="XII Corps (Pakistan)">XII Corps</a>, had ultimately warned Nawaz Sharif of a military take over if Musharraf were dismissed from the command of the military.<a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press,_Jones-34">[34]</a>: 39  In the <a href="/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="News channels in Pakistan">television news media</a> and the political pundits had long speculating of a military takeover in the country as soon as General Karamat was dismissed by Prime Minister Sharif, and General Musharraf himself had sent a secret message of serious repercussion if he was to be removed.<a href="#cite_note-Simon_and_Schuster,_Musharraf-40">[40]</a>: 111  It is claimed by authors that Prime Minister Sharif had well political intelligence on Musharraf's intention and had sought <a href="/wiki/United_States_President" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s help against the military intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Sage_Publications_India,_Kukreja-66">[66]</a>: 63–64  In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> held all blames on Nawaz Sharif for the military takeover and criticized him stating "the man is violating every rule of law and, there is no-one to stop him."<a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Wire_Service,_Skynews-67">[67]</a> In 2002, Admiral Bokhari quoted that: he knew about General Musharraf's plans to topple [Prime Minister] Nawaz Sharif and did not want to be part of these "Dirty Games".<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Times,_2002-68">[68]</a> Admiral Bokhari also noted that a power struggle between an elected Prime Minister and appointed-<a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman joint chiefs</a> ensued and relations were severely damaged after the Kargil war.<a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press,_Jones-34">[34]</a>: 37–38  Admiral Bokhari testified in media that: "The two men could not work together, both were preparing to take active actions against each other. I could see that there now two centres of power on a collision course".<a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press,_Jones-34">[34]</a>: 37  At an informal meeting held at the <a href="/wiki/NHQ_(Pakistan_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="NHQ (Pakistan Navy)">Navy NHQ</a> in September 1999, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs</a> General Musharraf indicated his displeasure with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's handling of the country describing Prime Minister Sharif as "incompetent and incapable of running the country."<a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press,_Jones-34">[34]</a>: 38  Admiral Bokhari firmly got the impression whether General Musharraf was sounding out to rely on the support from the Navy in events of the coup and Admiral Bokhara discouraged the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman joint chiefs</a> from doing so.<a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press,_Jones-34">[34]</a>: 38  In 2003, Musharraf squarely blamed Nawaz Sharif for the military take over and held responsible for the martial law against his government while accused him of being an autocrat and weakening the might of the military.<a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Defence_Studies_and_Analyses-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_opposition_and_dissents">Political opposition and dissents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political opposition and dissents">edit</a>]</div> In a views of historian, Mazhar Aziz, the military coup d'état is seen as an "striking example in the <a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">case study</a> of <a href="/wiki/Civil_military_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil military relations">civil military relations</a>" in a <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Aziz-70">[70]</a>: 76  In 1999 and in 2004, Sharif extended his apologies to various journalists and reporters for any wrongdoings and worked towards mending better relations with influential conservative news media after his exile.<a href="#cite_note-OUP-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Committee_to_Protect_Journalists-52">[52]</a> In 2001, the PML(N) and its rival PPP reached a compromised when the formed <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Restoration_of_Democracy" title="Alliance for Restoration of Democracy">democracy restoration</a> alliance in a view to oust President Musharraf.<a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-71">[71]</a>: 58  Major agitations took place in 2005 against President Musharraf's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%27s_role_in_the_War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan's role in the War on Terror">anti-terrorism policy</a> and controversial amendments made in the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-71">[71]</a>: 58  In 2006, Sharif joins hand with Benazir Bhutto in opposition to Musharraf when both signed an <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Democracy" title="Charter of Democracy">agreement</a> to restore parliamentary democracy in the country.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 2006, the PML(N) issued a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> concerning the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Kargil war">Kargil events</a> and Nawaz Sharif personally apologized to former Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sajjad_Ali_Shah" title="Syed Sajjad Ali Shah">Sajad Ali Shah</a> and the former president <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Farooq Leghari</a> for his role and his party's actions.<a href="#cite_note-Paktribune_2006-73">[73]</a> Sharif also extended his apology to General Karamat and Admiral Fasih Bokhari for overlooking him for the appointment of the Chairman joint chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-Paktribune_2006-73">[73]</a> In 2007, Nawaz Sharif with his family, accompanied by his <a href="/wiki/Maryam_Nawaz" title="Maryam Nawaz">daughter</a>, returned to Pakistan with thousands of his supporters receiving Sharif family.<a href="#cite_note-NYTreturn-74">[74]</a> In 2008, Sharif spearheaded the <a href="/wiki/Lawyers%27_Movement" title="Lawyers' Movement">judicial activism</a> in order to protest the suspension of Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Muhammad_Chaudhry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry">I.M. Chaudhry</a> by Musharraf. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_and_dissent_within_the_military">Opposition and dissent within the military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opposition and dissent within the military">edit</a>]</div> In 2001–03, the principal <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">four army generals</a>, General Ehsan ul Haq, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Khan_(general)" title="Aziz Khan (general)">Aziz Khan</a>, Lt-Gen. <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Ahmed" title="Mahmud Ahmed">Mahmud Ahmed</a>, and Lt-Gen. <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Aziz" title="Shahid Aziz">Shahid Aziz</a> later regretted their role in bringing Gen. Musharraf in power when all four generals were forced out from their service due to opposition showed to President Musharraf's policies. General Aziz Khan was retired as a four-star general from the position of CJCSC in 2005 and was succeeded by General Ehsan ul Haq, who was retired as a four-star general from the position of CJCSC in 2007 (the longest service by any of Gen. Musharaff's closest generals). General Mahmud Ahmed was retired on 8 October 2001 as DG-ISI (The Day United States started its war in Afghanistan). General Shahid Aziz was retired in 2004 as Lt-Gen.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>: 184 <a href="#cite_note-Lancer_Publishers,_Kera_2009-76">[76]</a>: 156  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_and_sentence">Trial and sentence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trial and sentence">edit</a>]</div> On 17 December 2019, Musharraf was handed the <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death sentence">death sentence</a> for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> by a three-member bench of a special court in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Death_Sentence-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control_(management)" title="Command and control (management)">Social command and control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Soldier_and_the_State" title="The Soldier and the State">The Soldier and the State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="History of the Supreme Court of Pakistan">History of the Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Pakistani_state_of_emergency" title="2007 Pakistani state of emergency">2007 Pakistani state of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">2002 Pakistani general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">Provisional Constitutional Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCO_Judges_case" title="PCO Judges case">PCO Judges case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Conservatism in Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Military coups in Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarding2000" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Luke (11 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/11/pakistan.saudiarabia">"Pakistan frees Sharif to exile in Saudi Arabia"</a>. 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Dawn Wire Service, Haque. Dawn Newspapers. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\story_9-8-2009_pg3_5">the original</a> on 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Dreams+and+Realities%3A+Some+Milestones+in+Pakistan%27s+History&rft.place=Karachi%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547718-4&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Sartaj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2009%5Cstory_9-8-2009_pg3_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Public_Affairs,_Kathy-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Public_Affairs,_Kathy_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, Kathy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h64BZjkwN68C&q=Dismissal+of+General+Jehangir+Karamat&pg=PA145">I is for Infidel: From Holy War to Holy Terror in Afghanistan</a> (1st ed.). New York: Public Affairs, Kathy. pp. 145–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-312-8"><bdi>978-1-58648-312-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+is+for+Infidel%3A+From+Holy+War+to+Holy+Terror+in+Afghanistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Public+Affairs%2C+Kathy&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-312-8&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh64BZjkwN68C%26q%3DDismissal%2Bof%2BGeneral%2BJehangir%2BKaramat%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReadHowYouWant.com-28"><a href="#cite_ref-ReadHowYouWant.com_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmon2008" class="citation book cs1">Harmon, Daniel E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jisbSz2h9zYC&pg=PA65">"Chief of the Army Staff"</a>. Pervez Musharraf: President of Pakistan: Easyread Super Large 24pt Edition (24 ed.). ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781427092083" title="Special:BookSources/9781427092083"><bdi>9781427092083</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chief+of+the+Army+Staff&rft.btitle=Pervez+Musharraf%3A+President+of+Pakistan%3A+Easyread+Super+Large+24pt+Edition&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=24&rft.pub=ReadHowYouWant.com&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781427092083&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjisbSz2h9zYC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press,_Cohen-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_Institution_Press,_Cohen_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2004" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC&q=nawaz+sharif+karamat&pg=PA150">"Political Pakistan"</a>. The idea of Pakistan (1st pbk. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815797613" title="Special:BookSources/0815797613"><bdi>0815797613</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+Pakistan&rft.btitle=The+idea+of+Pakistan&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0815797613&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-78yjVybQfkC%26q%3Dnawaz%2Bsharif%2Bkaramat%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUS_Press,_Kapur-30"><a href="#cite_ref-NUS_Press,_Kapur_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2009" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, S. Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&q=Sharif+kargil&pg=PA119">"The Overt Nuclear Period"</a>. Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia. Singapore: NUS Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971694432" title="Special:BookSources/9789971694432"><bdi>9789971694432</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Overt+Nuclear+Period&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Deterrent%3A+Nuclear+Weapons+Proliferation+and+Conflict+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789971694432&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=S.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbt3WMTNX5QoC%26q%3DSharif%2Bkargil%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Weaver, Mary Anne. "General on Tightrope". Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003. pp. 25–31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374528861" title="Special:BookSources/0374528861">0374528861</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011135734/http://weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66">"Musharraf Vs. Sharif: Who's Lying?"</a>. The Weekly Voice. 2 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66">the original</a> on 11 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Voice&rft.atitle=Musharraf+Vs.+Sharif%3A+Who%27s+Lying%3F&rft.date=2006-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklyvoice.com%2Fsite%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1443%26Itemid%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid1999" class="citation news cs1">Rashid, Ahmed (13 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/world-news/seeds-of-conflict-lie-in-summers-kashmir-crisis-393647.html">"Seeds of conflict lie in summer's Kashmir crisis"</a>. Independent.ie. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent.ie&rft.atitle=Seeds+of+conflict+lie+in+summer%27s+Kashmir+crisis&rft.date=1999-10-13&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fworld-news%2Fseeds-of-conflict-lie-in-summers-kashmir-crisis-393647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale_University_Press,_Jones-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press,_Jones_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press,_Jones_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press,_Jones_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press,_Jones_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press,_Jones_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press,_Jones_34-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press,_Jones_34-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&q=Tariq+Pervez&pg=PA39">"The 1999 Coup"</a>. Pakistan: Eye of the Storm (2nd ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300101473" title="Special:BookSources/0300101473"><bdi>0300101473</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1999+Coup&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Eye+of+the+Storm&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0300101473&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8iYEgPYG_EC%26q%3DTariq%2BPervez%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_News_International,_2011-35"><a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International,_2011_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131200856/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/617244-why-admiral-bokhari-is-a-favourite--of-zardari,-rejected-by-nawaz">"Why Admiral Bokhari is a favourite of Zardari, rejected by Nawaz"</a>. The News International. No. 1/2. 11 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/617244-why-admiral-bokhari-is-a-favourite--of-zardari,-rejected-by-nawaz">the original</a> on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=Why+Admiral+Bokhari+is+a+favourite+of+Zardari%2C+rejected+by+Nawaz&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Farchive%2Fprint%2F617244-why-admiral-bokhari-is-a-favourite--of-zardari%2C-rejected-by-nawaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Efficient_Offset_Printers-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Efficient_Offset_Printers_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanj_Dutt2000" class="citation book cs1">Sanj Dutt (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlHplc3pr1IC&pg=PA453">War in Peace in Kargil Sector</a>. New Delhi, India: Efficient Offset Printers. p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7648-151-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7648-151-3"><bdi>81-7648-151-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 May 2012 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Peace+in+Kargil+Sector&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=Efficient+Offset+Printers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-7648-151-3&rft.au=Sanj+Dutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlHplc3pr1IC%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skyhorse_Publishing,_Inc.Cloughley-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Skyhorse_Publishing,_Inc.Cloughley_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloughley2012" class="citation book cs1">Cloughley, Brian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&q=Bokhari+resigned&pg=PT419">A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections</a>. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. Cloughley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781631440397" title="Special:BookSources/9781631440397"><bdi>9781631440397</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Pakistan+Army%3A+Wars+and+Insurrections&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing%2C+Inc.+Cloughley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781631440397&rft.aulast=Cloughley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJE1kCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBokhari%2Bresigned%26pg%3DPT419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_Wire_Service,_1998-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_Wire_Service,_1998_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaque1998" class="citation news cs1">Haque, Ihtasham ul (10 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1998/10Oct98.html#kara">"Karamat retired, Musharraf takes over as COAS"</a>. Dawn Wire Service, Area studies. No. 4/40. Islamabad, Pakistan: Dawn Wire Service, 1998. Dawn Newspapers. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+Wire+Service%2C+Area+studies&rft.atitle=Karamat+retired%2C+Musharraf+takes+over+as+COAS&rft.issue=4%2F40&rft.date=1998-10-10&rft.aulast=Haque&rft.aufirst=Ihtasham+ul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianstudies.github.io%2Farea-studies%2FSouthAsia%2FSAserials%2FDawn%2F1998%2F10Oct98.html%23kara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dc0jy_x0sQ">"Pakistan: Pakistan/india Conflict: Situation Update"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 21 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/0dc0jy_x0sQ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Pakistan%2Findia+Conflict%3A+Situation+Update&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0dc0jy_x0sQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon_and_Schuster,_Musharraf-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_and_Schuster,_Musharraf_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_and_Schuster,_Musharraf_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusharraf2006" class="citation book cs1">Musharraf, Pervez (26 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7igVvi3aO-8C&q=Bukhari&pg=PA34">In the Line of Fire: A Memoir</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743298438" title="Special:BookSources/9780743298438"><bdi>9780743298438</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Line+of+Fire%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft.isbn=9780743298438&rft.aulast=Musharraf&rft.aufirst=Pervez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7igVvi3aO-8C%26q%3DBukhari%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAWN_newspaper_1999,_Haque-41"><a href="#cite_ref-DAWN_newspaper_1999,_Haque_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaque1999" class="citation news cs1">Haque, Ihtasham ul (2 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/02oct99.html#mush">"DAWN WIRE SERVICE"</a>. DAWN WIRE SERVICE Area Studies. No. 5/40. DAWN newspaper 1999, Haque. DAWN newspaper. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN+WIRE+SERVICE+Area+Studies&rft.atitle=DAWN+WIRE+SERVICE&rft.issue=5%2F40&rft.date=1999-10-02&rft.aulast=Haque&rft.aufirst=Ihtasham+ul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianstudies.github.io%2Farea-studies%2FSouthAsia%2FSAserials%2FDawn%2F1999%2F02oct99.html%23mush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_Times_Pakistan_2002-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Times_Pakistan_2002_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Times_Pakistan_2002_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Times_Pakistan_2002_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2002" class="citation news cs1">Staff writer, correspondents (9 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315013903/http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm">"Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12"</a>. Daily Times Pakistan. Daily Times Pakistan 2002. Daily Times Pakistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm">the original</a> on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Musharraf+planned+coup+much+before+Oct+12&rft.date=2002-10-09&rft.aulast=Staff+writer&rft.aufirst=correspondents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antisystemic.org%2Fsatribune%2Fwww.satribune.com%2Farchives%2Foct7_13_02%2FDTimes_fasihoct9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|first1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarpan1999" class="citation book cs1">Darpan, Pratiyogita (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gDAAAAMBAJ&q=admiral+bukhari+nuclear+tests&pg=PA1265">Competition Science Vision</a>. Pratiyogita Darpan. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competition+Science+Vision&rft.pub=Pratiyogita+Darpan&rft.date=1999-12&rft.aulast=Darpan&rft.aufirst=Pratiyogita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-gDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dadmiral%2Bbukhari%2Bnuclear%2Btests%26pg%3DPA1265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAGE_Publications_India,_Singh-44"><a href="#cite_ref-SAGE_Publications_India,_Singh_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKukrejaSingh2005" class="citation book cs1">Kukreja, Veena; Singh, M. P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bI6HAwAAQBAJ&q=admiral+bukhari+nawaz+sharif&pg=PA63">"Pakistan since 1999 coup"</a>. Pakistan: Democracy, Development and Security Issues. London: SAGE Publications India, Singh. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132102663" title="Special:BookSources/9788132102663"><bdi>9788132102663</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 January 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan+since+1999+coup&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Democracy%2C+Development+and+Security+Issues&rft.place=London&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India%2C+Singh&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788132102663&rft.aulast=Kukreja&rft.aufirst=Veena&rft.au=Singh%2C+M.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbI6HAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dadmiral%2Bbukhari%2Bnawaz%2Bsharif%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAWN_WIRE_SERVICE_:_1999-45"><a href="#cite_ref-DAWN_WIRE_SERVICE_:_1999_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/25sep99.html#coas">"COAS denies differences with govt"</a>. asianstudies.github.io. No. 5/39. Dawn Wire Service. 25 September 1999. Retrieved 3 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=asianstudies.github.io&rft.atitle=COAS+denies+differences+with+govt&rft.issue=5%2F39&rft.date=1999-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianstudies.github.io%2Farea-studies%2FSouthAsia%2FSAserials%2FDawn%2F1999%2F25sep99.html%23coas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dugger-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Dugger_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugger1999" class="citation news cs1">Dugger, Celia W. (14 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/world/pakistan-calm-after-coup-leading-general-gives-no-clue-about-how-he-will-rule.html">"Pakistan Calm After Coup; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Calm+After+Coup%3B+Leading+General+Gives+No+Clue+About+How+He+Will+Rule&rft.date=1999-10-14&rft.aulast=Dugger&rft.aufirst=Celia+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F10%2F14%2Fworld%2Fpakistan-calm-after-coup-leading-general-gives-no-clue-about-how-he-will-rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plot-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plot_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plot_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plot_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475112.stm">"'Plot to kill' coup leader"</a>. BBC News. 14 October 1999. Retrieved 6 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Plot+to+kill%27+coup+leader&rft.date=1999-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F475112.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiner-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1999" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Tim (17 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html">"Countdown to Pakistan's Coup: A Duel of Nerves in the Air"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Countdown+to+Pakistan%27s+Coup%3A+A+Duel+of+Nerves+in+the+Air&rft.date=1999-10-17&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F10%2F17%2Fworld%2Fcountdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Aqil Shah, The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan |(Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 181-182 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674728936">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674728936" title="Special:BookSources/9780674728936">9780674728936</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_Institute_of_Peace,_Gutman-50"><a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Institute_of_Peace,_Gutman_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman2008" class="citation book cs1">Gutman, Roy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9eqvc-Ru3cC&q=musharraf+arrest+nawaz&pg=PA185">"Hijacking a Regime"</a>. How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781601270245" title="Special:BookSources/9781601270245"><bdi>9781601270245</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hijacking+a+Regime&rft.btitle=How+We+Missed+the+Story%3A+Osama+Bin+Laden%2C+the+Taliban%2C+and+the+Hijacking+of+Afghanistan&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781601270245&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9eqvc-Ru3cC%26q%3Dmusharraf%2Barrest%2Bnawaz%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoS-51"><a href="#cite_ref-DoS_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm">"Pakistan"</a>. Background Notes. U.S. Department of State. 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Retrieved 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cpj.org&rft.atitle=Attacks+on+the+Press+1999%3A+Pakistan+-+Committee+to+Protect+Journalists&rft.date=2000-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F2000%2F03%2Fattacks-on-the-press-1999-pakistan.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475415.stm">"Text of Musharraf's declaration"</a>. BBC News. 14 October 1999. 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Retrieved 7 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provisional+Constitution+Order+No.+1+of+1999&rft.pub=Pakistani.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistani.org%2Fpakistan%2Fconstitution%2Fpost_12oct99%2Fpco1_1999.orig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DIANE_Publishing,_Bergner-55"><a href="#cite_ref-DIANE_Publishing,_Bergner_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergner2008" class="citation book cs1">Bergner, Jeffrey T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqIkQz68_fgC&q=PML%28N%29+arrested+1999&pg=PA2432">"Human Rights in Pakistan"</a>. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008: Vols. I and II: Joint Committee Print, U. S. House of Representatives and U. S. Senate. Diane Publishing. p. 3000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437905229" title="Special:BookSources/9781437905229"><bdi>9781437905229</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+in+Pakistan&rft.btitle=Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices+for+2008%3A+Vols.+I+and+II%3A+Joint+Committee+Print%2C+U.+S.+House+of+Representatives+and+U.+S.+Senate&rft.pages=3000&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781437905229&rft.aulast=Bergner&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqIkQz68_fgC%26q%3DPML%2528N%2529%2Barrested%2B1999%26pg%3DPA2432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nova_Publishers,_Mayor-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Nova_Publishers,_Mayor_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor2003" class="citation book cs1">Mayor, John N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KWU0bBpsbQC&q=pakistan+supreme+court+and+1999+coup&pg=PA25">"1999 Pakistani Coup"</a>. India: Issues, Historical Background, and Bibliography (1 ed.). New York: Nova Publishers. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590332993" title="Special:BookSources/9781590332993"><bdi>9781590332993</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1999+Pakistani+Coup&rft.btitle=India%3A+Issues%2C+Historical+Background%2C+and+Bibliography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781590332993&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-KWU0bBpsbQC%26q%3Dpakistan%2Bsupreme%2Bcourt%2Band%2B1999%2Bcoup%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov16/world.htm#1">"Court moved on Pak take-over"</a>. The Tribune India. 15 November 1999. 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Dawn Wire Service. 2 December 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613224615/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2011. 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Retrieved 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paktribune&rft.atitle=PML-N+apologizes+the+nation+on+attack+at+the+SCP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaktribune.com%2Fnews%2FPML-N-apologizes-the-nation-on-attack-at-the-SCP-161516.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTreturn-74"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTreturn_74-0">^</a> Gall, Carlotta (25 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/world/asia/25iht-25pakistan.4.8472959.html">Former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif Returns to Pakistan</a>. The New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2008" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, P. C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3zfAAAAMAAJ&q=+anti+american">Main Intelligence Outfits of Pakistan</a>. Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126135509" title="Special:BookSources/9788126135509"><bdi>9788126135509</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Intelligence+Outfits+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+Pvt.+Limited&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788126135509&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3zfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2Banti%2Bamerican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancer_Publishers,_Kera_2009-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Lancer_Publishers,_Kera_2009_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhera2009" class="citation book cs1">Khera, Col. P.N. (2009). Verma, Bharat (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vVsBY8UEwoC&q=aziz+khan+America+is+the+number+one+enemy+of+the+Muslim&pg=PA156">Indian Defence Review</a> (1st ed.). New Delhi: Lancer Publishers. p. 100. Retrieved 25 February 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Defence+Review&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=100&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Khera&rft.aufirst=Col.+P.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vVsBY8UEwoC%26q%3Daziz%2Bkhan%2BAmerica%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bnumber%2Bone%2Benemy%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMuslim%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death_Sentence-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Death_Sentence_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1522780">"'Groundbreaking in many ways': Reactions pour in on momentous verdict in Musharraf treason case"</a>. Dawn Newspaper. 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn+Newspaper&rft.atitle=%27Groundbreaking+in+many+ways%27%3A+Reactions+pour+in+on+momentous+verdict+in+Musharraf+treason+case&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1522780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1999+Pakistani+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/472968.stm">Pakistan after the coup: Special report</a>, BBC News report</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratmag.com/issue2July-1/page06.htm">Strategic Affairs Analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212307/http://www.stratmag.com/issue2July-1/page06.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194712/http://www.saag.org/papers12/paper1138.html">SAAG</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm">1999 Kargil Conflict</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Military history of Pakistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chief Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Senate Committee on Defence</a></li> <li>National Assembly Committee on Defence</li></ul></li> <li><a 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inter-Services14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Public_Relations" title="Inter-Services Public Relations">Public Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_Services_Selection_Board_(Pakistan)" title="Inter Services Selection Board (Pakistan)">Selection Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">National Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Nursing_Service" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service">Nursing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Band" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Band">Armed Forces Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Pakistan)" title="National Guard (Pakistan)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Plans_Division_Force" title="Strategic Plans Division Force">Strategic Plans Division Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ranks_and_insignia18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nawaz_Sharif" title="Template:Nawaz Sharif"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nawaz_Sharif" title="Template talk:Nawaz Sharif"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nawaz_Sharif" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nawaz Sharif"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nawaz_Sharif310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Pakistan" 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href="/wiki/Third_Sharif_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Sharif ministry">Third Sharif ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_of_Pakistan" title="Motorways of Pakistan">Motorways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantique_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantique incident">Atlantique incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil-military_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil-military relations">Civil-military relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of the Admiral">Revolt of the Admiral Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Jehangir_Karamat" title="Resignation of Jehangir Karamat">Relief of General Jehangir Karamat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Declaration" title="Lahore Declaration">Lahore Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_Pakistan" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan">Nuclear tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">Chagai-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagai-II" title="Chagai-II">Chagai-II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Thirteenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Lahore_Bus" title="Delhi–Lahore Bus">Delhi–Lahore Bus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1999 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Youth_Programme" title="Prime Minister's Youth Programme">Prime Minister's Youth Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_security" title="Internal security">Internal policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Clean-up" title="Operation Clean-up">Blue Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zarb-e-Azb" title="Operation Zarb-e-Azb">Zarb-e-Azb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Takbir" title="Youm-e-Takbir">Youm-e-Takbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Solidarity_Day" title="Kashmir Solidarity Day">Kashmir Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency">Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:PrimeMinisterNawazSharif.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nawaz Sharif"><img alt="Nawaz Sharif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PrimeMinisterNawazSharif.jpg/90px-PrimeMinisterNawazSharif.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PrimeMinisterNawazSharif.jpg/135px-PrimeMinisterNawazSharif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PrimeMinisterNawazSharif.jpg/180px-PrimeMinisterNawazSharif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="720" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan#1990s–2000s:_The_New_Right_and_conservative_democracy" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Conservative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Ascent nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Democracy" title="Charter of Democracy">Charter of Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Electoral politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Azadi_March" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Azadi March">Azadi March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lahore_clash" title="2014 Lahore clash">Model Town incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhurban_Accord" title="Bhurban Accord">Bhurban Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_to_impeach_Pervez_Musharraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf">Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabiyat" title="Punjabiyat">Punjabiyat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiriyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistaniaat" title="Pakistaniaat">Pakistaniat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers_case_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Papers case (Pakistan)">Panama Papers case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #006600, inset -1px -1px 0 #006600;;width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_election" title="1988 Pakistani general election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election" title="1990 Pakistani general election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_election" title="1993 Pakistani general election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election" title="1997 Pakistani general election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election" title="2013 Pakistani general election">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sharif_family" title="Sharif family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Sharif">Muhammad Sharif</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalsoom_Nawaz_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif">Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Nawaz" title="Maryam Nawaz">Maryam Nawaz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Nawaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussain Nawaz">Hussain Nawaz</a> (elder son)</li> <li>Hassan Nawaz (younger son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Shehbaz Sharif">Shehbaz Sharif</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Sharif" title="Abbas Sharif">Abbas Sharif</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shahbaz_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza Shahbaz Sharif">Hamza Shahbaz Sharif</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Sugar_Mills" title="Ramzan Sugar Mills">Ramzan Sugar Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ittefaq_Group" title="Ittefaq Group">Ittefaq Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_Group" title="Sharif Group">Sharif Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiwind_Palace" title="Raiwind Palace">Raiwind Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pervez_Musharraf647" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pervez_Musharraf" title="Template:Pervez Musharraf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pervez_Musharraf" title="Template talk:Pervez Musharraf"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pervez_Musharraf" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pervez Musharraf"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pervez_Musharraf647" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Pakistan">10th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> (2001–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> (1999–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military takeover of federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif#Coup,_trial_and_exile" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif vs. Federation of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Agra summit">Agra summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="All Pakistan Muslim League">Formation of political entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_India_Pakistan_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 India Pakistan standoff">2001 Kashmir standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Seventeenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Aziz#Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Shaukat Aziz">Aziz ministry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Q)">PML(Q)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">MQM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconciliation_Ordinance" title="National Reconciliation Ordinance">Concession and re-development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_state_of_emergency,_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani state of emergency, 2007">2007 state of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lal_Masjid" title="Siege of Lal Masjid">Siege of Lal Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_Iftikhar_Muhammad_Chaudhry" title="Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry">Suspension of Supreme Court justicses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_in_the_War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan in the War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_Pakistan_2006%E2%80%932009" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence in Pakistan 2006–2009">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JF-17_Thunder" class="mw-redirect" title="JF-17 Thunder">JF-17 Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="N-deterrence">Credible minimum deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Economic liberalisation in Pakistan">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Growth of Housing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">Women's protection legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake" title="2005 Kashmir earthquake">2005 Kashmir earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_trade_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran–Pakistan trade relations">Trade negotiations with Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-Pakistan_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Pakistan Relations">Thaw with India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Education Commission of Pakistan">Policies on higher education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_to_impeach_Pervez_Musharraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf">Protests and agitation</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pervez_Musharraf_2004_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pervez Musharraf"><img alt="Pervez Musharraf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Pervez_Musharraf_2004_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="829" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_Nawaz_Sharif%27s_relief_of_General_Jehangir_Karamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat">Relief of General Jehangir Karamat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">Far-right insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Election campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_referendum" title="2002 Pakistani referendum">2002 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">2002 primary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Pakistani_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Pakistani presidential election">2004 presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="2007 Pakistani presidential election">2007 presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">2008 primary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election#Pervez_Musharraf" title="2013 Pakistani general election">Disqualification from 2013 elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology and Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_moderation" title="Enlightened moderation">Enlightened moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Fire:_A_Memoir" title="In the Line of Fire: A Memoir">In the Line of Fire: A Memoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Third way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secular Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel and staffers (Incl. advisers)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Afgan_Niazi" title="Sher Afgan Niazi">Sher Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Rashid_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Rashid Ahmad">Rashid Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun_Akhtar_Khan" title="Humayun Akhtar Khan">Humayun Akhtar</a></li> <li>Tariq Aziz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Azim_Khan" title="Tariq Azim Khan">Tariq Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilofar_Bakhtiar" title="Nilofar Bakhtiar">Nilofar Bakhtiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawad_Chaudhry" title="Fawad Chaudhry">Fawad Chaudhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Nasir_Chattha" title="Hamid Nasir Chattha">Nasir Chattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Ali_Durrani" title="Mahmud Ali Durrani">Mahmud Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ijaz-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq">Ijaz-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushahid_Hussain_Syed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushahid Hussain Syed">Mushahid Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Shujaat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain">Shujaat Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishrat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishrat Hussain">Ishrat Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Saleh_Hayat" title="Faisal Saleh Hayat">Faisal Hyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Pervaiz_Elahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi">Pervez Illahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Jatoi" title="Liaquat Ali Jatoi">Liaquat Jatoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubaida_Jalal_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubaida Jalal Khan">Zubaida Jalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khursheed_Kasuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Khursheed Kasuri">Khurshid Kasuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hina_Rabbani_Khar" title="Hina Rabbani Khar">Hina Khar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisar_Memon" title="Nisar Memon">Nisar Memon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvi_Memon" title="Marvi Memon">Marvi Memon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehba_Musharraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Sehba Musharraf">Sehba Musharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_Mirza" title="Abdul Aziz Mirza">Abdul Aziz Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushaf_Ali_Mir" title="Mushaf Ali Mir">Mushaf Ali Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Nawaz_Khan" title="Hamid Nawaz Khan">Hamid Nawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiqa_Odho" title="Atiqa Odho">Atiqa Odho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pace" title="Peter Pace">Peter Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Qureshi" title="Rashid Qureshi">Rashid Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifuddin_Pirzada" title="Sharifuddin Pirzada">Sharifuddin Pirzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Ranjha" title="Khalid Ranjha">Khalid Ranjha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atta-ur-Rahman_(chemist)" title="Atta-ur-Rahman (chemist)">Atta-ur-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Saifullah_Khan" title="Salim Saifullah Khan">Saleem Saifullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ahmad_Sherpao" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftab Ahmad Sherpao">Aftab Sherpao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Sikandar_Iqbal" title="Rao Sikandar Iqbal">Rao Sikandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmala_Tariq" title="Kashmala Tariq">Kashmala Tariq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasi_Zafar" title="Wasi Zafar">Wasi Zafar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Conservative opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal">MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Left-wing opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">ANP</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitutional opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawyers%27_Movement" title="Lawyers' Movement">Lawyers' Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Assassination of Benazir Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Bugti" title="Akbar Bugti">Assassination of Akbar Bugti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_persons_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing persons (Pakistan)">Missing persons cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Proliferation scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lal_Masjid" title="Siege of Lal Masjid">Court inquiries on Red Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Ghazi" title="Abdul Rashid Ghazi">Abdul Rashid Ghazi death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Karachi_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Karachi riots">2007 Karachi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukht%C4%81r_M%C4%81%27%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhtār Mā'ī">Mukhtār Mai case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NRO_beneficiaries" title="List of NRO beneficiaries">NRO case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Pakistan" title="CIA activities in Pakistan">Allowance of CIA in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazia_Khalid" title="Shazia Khalid">Shazia Khalid case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_support_system_in_Pakistan_for_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden">Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">TTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_affair" title="Karachi affair">Karachi affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Karachi_bus_bombing" title="2002 Karachi bus bombing">2002 Karachi bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pearl" title="Daniel Pearl">Daniel Pearl case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_Pakistan_2006%E2%80%9309" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence in Pakistan 2006–09">Spread of violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_safe_houses,_Karachi" title="Al-Qaeda safe houses, Karachi">Safe houses in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz_airlift" title="Kunduz airlift">Kunduz airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMD_conjecture_in_the_aftermath_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="WMD conjecture in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Iraq's WMDs conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cannonball" title="Operation Cannonball">U.S.–Pakistan secret directives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Pakistan)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Pakistan)">WikiLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musharraf_high_treason_case" title="Musharraf high treason case">Musharraf v. Federation of Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pervez_Musharraf" title="Category:Pervez Musharraf">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_since_1991632" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_since_1991632" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coups</a>, and attempted coups since 1991</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts" title="List of coups and coup attempts">List of coups and coup attempts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_since_2010" title="List of coups and coup attempts since 2010">since 2010</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Malian coup d'état">Mali (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Soviet Union (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état">Georgia (1991–1992)</a>c</li> <li>Venezuela (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">April</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_attempt" title="1992 Peruvian coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1992)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">Algeria (1992)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1992 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Guatemalan_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis">Guatemala (1993)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">Azerbaijan (1993)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russia (1993)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1993 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_the_Volunteers" title="Coup of the Volunteers">Lithuania (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1993)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana (1994)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Gambian coup d'état">Gambia (1994)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1994)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1994 Liberian coup attempt">Liberia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1994 Cambodian coup d'état attempt">Cambodia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_attempt" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup attempt">Azerbaijan (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Qatari_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1995 Qatari coup d'état">Qatar (1995)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Guinean_coup_attempt" title="1996 Guinean coup attempt">Guinea (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="1996 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Iraqi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Iraqi coup attempt">Iraq (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1996)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1996)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Qatari_coup_attempt" title="1996 Qatari coup attempt">Qatar (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">Cambodia (1997)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">Turkey (1997)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Zambian_coup_attempt" title="1997 Zambian coup attempt">Zambia (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1999)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Pakistani military coup">Pakistan (1999)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ivorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Ivorian coup d'état">Côte d'Ivoire (1999)</a>c</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">Ecuador (2000)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="2000 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2000)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Solomon_Islands_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Solomon Islands coup d'état">Solomon Islands (2000)</a> c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2001 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Venezuela (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2002 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2003 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Central African Republic coup d'état">Central African Republic (2003)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Mauritanian_coup_attempt" title="2003 Mauritanian coup attempt">Mauritania (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Philippines (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2003)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2004 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2004 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (2004)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_attempt" title="2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt">Equatorial Guinea (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2004 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andahuaylas_uprising" title="Andahuaylas uprising">Peru (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">Nepal (2005)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (2005)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2005)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2006 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2006)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Malagasy_coup_attempt" title="2006 Malagasy coup attempt">Madagascar (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2006)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Peninsula_siege" title="Manila Peninsula siege">Philippines (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Omdurman_attack" title="2008 Omdurman attack">Sudan (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2008)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2008)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis" title="2009 Malagasy political crisis">Madagascar (2009)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (2009)</a>c</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2010 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2010)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Madagascar_coup_attempt" title="2010 Madagascar coup attempt">Madagascar (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2011 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="2011 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (2011)</a></li> <li>Mali (2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">March</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_counter-coup_attempt" title="2012 Malian counter-coup attempt">April</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2012)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2012 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Eritrean_Army_mutiny" title="2013 Eritrean Army mutiny">Eritrea (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2013)" title="Battle of Bangui (2013)">Central African Republic (2013)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2013 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Egypt (2013)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="2013 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_coup_attempts" title="2014 Libyan coup attempts">Libya (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2014)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2014 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Yemen (2014–15)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">Turkey (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2016 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_clashes_(2016%E2%80%932018)" title="Western Libya clashes (2016–2018)">Libya (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Zimbabwe (2017)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aden_(2018)" title="Battle of Aden (2018)">Yemen (2018)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gabonese_coup_attempt" title="2019 Gabonese coup attempt">Gabon (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (2019)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region_coup_attempt" title="Amhara Region coup attempt">Ethiopia (2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2020)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2021)" title="Battle of Bangui (2021)">Central African Republic (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">Myanmar (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2021 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup" title="2021 Tunisian self-coup">Tunisia (2021)</a>‡c</li> <li>Sudan (2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2021_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">October</a>c</li></ul></li> <li>Burkina Faso (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">January</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">September</a>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_self-coup_attempt" title="2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt">Peru (2022)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2022 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudan (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2023)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Gabonese coup d'état">Gabon (2023)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sierra_Leone_coup_attempt" title="2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt">Sierra Leone (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State_coup_attempt" title="Oyo State coup attempt">Oyo State, Nigeria (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bolivian_coup_attempt" title="2024 Bolivian coup attempt">Bolivia (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_South_Korean_martial_law_crisis" title="2024 South Korean martial law crisis">South Korea (2024)</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>‡ <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">Self-coup</a> or its attempt</li> <li>[no symbol] <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup</a> attempt</li> <li>c Successful <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a> See also: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Plots_and_conspiracies" title="Template:Plots and conspiracies">Plots and conspiracies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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