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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Industrial use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aluminium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aluminium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aluminium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aluminium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rough_world_market_price_($/kg)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rough_world_market_price_($/kg)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rough world market price ($/kg)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rough_world_market_price_($/kg)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Precious metal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="فلز نفيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلز نفيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9i_kim-sio%CC%8Dk" title="Kùi kim-sio̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kùi kim-sio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall_preci%C3%B3s" title="Metall preciós – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metall preciós" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drah%C3%A9_kovy" title="Drahé kovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drahé kovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4rismetallid" title="Väärismetallid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väärismetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Πολύτιμα μέταλλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολύτιμα μέταλλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_precioso" title="Metal precioso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metal precioso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valormetalo" title="Valormetalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valormetalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_preziatu" title="Metal preziatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metal preziatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7" title="فلز گران‌بها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلز گران‌بها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_pr%C3%A9cieux" title="Métal précieux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métal précieux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%80%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="귀금속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="귀금속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թանկագին մետաղներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թանկագին մետաղներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="बहुमूल्य धातु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुमूल्य धातु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragocjeni_metali" title="Dragocjeni metali – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dragocjeni metali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precoza_metalo" title="Precoza metalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Precoza metalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_berharga" title="Logam berharga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam berharga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3%C3%B0m%C3%A1lmur" title="Góðmálmur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Góðmálmur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo_prezioso" title="Metallo prezioso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metallo prezioso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מתכת יקרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתכת יקרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesf%C3%A9m_(gazdas%C3%A1g)" title="Nemesfém (gazdaság) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemesfém (gazdaság)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Скапоцен метал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скапоцен метал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaly_sarobidy" title="Metaly sarobidy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Metaly sarobidy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_berharga" title="Logam berharga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Logam berharga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="貴金属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貴金属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_preci%C3%B3s" title="Metal preciós – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metal preciós" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_precioso" title="Metal precioso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metal precioso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_pre%C8%9Bios" title="Metal prețios – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metal prețios" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Precious metal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drah%C3%BD_kov" title="Drahý kov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drahý kov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அரிய உலோகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரிய உலோகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="โลหะมีค่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลหะมีค่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Ferli_metal" title="Değerli metal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Değerli metal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дорогоцінний метал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дорогоцінний метал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_qu%C3%BD" title="Kim loại quý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim loại quý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貴金屬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="貴金屬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="贵金属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贵金属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貴金屬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貴金屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貴金屬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貴金屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q271449#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic and cultural value</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about valuable rare metals. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Precious metal (disambiguation)">precious metal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rare metal" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rare_metals_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rare metals (disambiguation)">Rare metals (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoldNuggetUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GoldNuggetUSGOV.jpg/220px-GoldNuggetUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GoldNuggetUSGOV.jpg/330px-GoldNuggetUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/GoldNuggetUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gold_nugget" title="Gold nugget">Gold nugget</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edelmetalle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Edelmetalle.jpg/220px-Edelmetalle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Edelmetalle.jpg/330px-Edelmetalle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Edelmetalle.jpg/440px-Edelmetalle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A selection of precious metal elements; <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. They are labeled and arranged by their location on the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Precious metals</b> are rare, naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> of high <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">economic value</a>. Precious metals, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Noble_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble metals">noble metals</a>, are more <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> resistant and less <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">chemically reactive</a> than most elements. They are usually <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> and have a high <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustre</a>. Historically, precious metals were important as <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> but they are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> each have an <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> currency code. </p><p>The best known precious metals are the precious <a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">coinage metals</a>, which are gold and silver. Although both have industrial uses, they are better known for their uses in <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewelry</a>, and coinage. Other precious metals include the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> metals: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, of which platinum is the most widely traded.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand for precious metals is driven not only by their practical use but also by their role as <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investments</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">store of value</a>. Historically, precious metals have commanded much higher prices than common industrial metals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bullion">Bullion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bullion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">Bullion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.top.jpg/220px-1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.top.jpg/330px-1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.top.jpg/440px-1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>1,000 oz silver bar</figcaption></figure> <p>A metal is deemed to be <i>precious</i> if it is rare. The discovery of new sources of ore or improvements in mining or refining processes may cause the value of a precious metal to diminish. The status of a "precious" metal can also be determined by high <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Market_value" title="Market value">market value</a>. Precious metals in bulk form are known as <i>bullion</i> and are traded on <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">commodity markets</a>. Bullion metals may be cast into <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a> or minted into <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a>. The defining attribute of bullion is that it is valued by its mass and purity rather than by a <a href="/wiki/Face_value" title="Face value">face value</a> as <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purity_and_mass">Purity and mass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purity and mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg/220px-Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg/330px-Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg/440px-Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>500 g silver bullion bar produced by <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The level of purity varies from issue to issue. "Three nines" (99.9%) purity is common. The purest mass-produced bullion coins are in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gold_Maple_Leaf" title="Canadian Gold Maple Leaf">Canadian Gold Maple Leaf</a> series, which go up to 99.999% purity. A 100% pure bullion is nearly impossible: as the percentage of impurities diminishes, it becomes progressively more difficult to purify the metal further. Historically, coins had a certain amount of weight of <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a>, with the purity a local standard. The <a href="/wiki/Krugerrand" title="Krugerrand">Krugerrand</a> is the first modern example of measuring in "pure gold": it should contain at least <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">12</span>⁄<span class="den">11</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">ounces</a> of at least <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">12</span></span> pure gold. Other bullion coins (for example the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_(British_coin)" title="Sovereign (British coin)">British Sovereign</a>) show neither the purity nor the fine-gold weight on the coin but are recognized and consistent in their composition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many coins historically showed a <a href="/wiki/Denomination_(currency)" title="Denomination (currency)">denomination</a> in currency (example: American <a href="/wiki/Double_eagle" title="Double eagle">double eagle</a>: $20). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage">Coinage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philharmoniker_99_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Philharmoniker_99_front.jpg/220px-Philharmoniker_99_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Philharmoniker_99_front.jpg/330px-Philharmoniker_99_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Philharmoniker_99_front.jpg/440px-Philharmoniker_99_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>1 oz <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic_(coin)" title="Vienna Philharmonic (coin)">Vienna Philharmonic gold coin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many nations mint <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">bullion coins</a>. Although nominally issued as <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a>, these coins' face value as currency is far below their value as bullion. For instance, Canada mints a <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold bullion coin</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gold_Maple_Leaf" title="Canadian Gold Maple Leaf">Gold Maple Leaf</a>) at a face value of $50 containing one troy ounce (31.1035 g) of gold, as of January 2022. The USD to CAD exchange rate averaged 1.129 in July 2009 according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates">OANDA Historical Exchange Rates</a>. Although the exact moment that the $1,075 figure<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was determined is unknown, it may be considered a reasonable value for the time. Bullion coins' minting by national governments gives them some <a href="/wiki/Numismatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Numismatism">numismatic</a> value in addition to their bullion value, as well as certifying their purity. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005_AEPlat_Proof_Obv.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2005_AEPlat_Proof_Obv.png/200px-2005_AEPlat_Proof_Obv.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2005_AEPlat_Proof_Obv.png/300px-2005_AEPlat_Proof_Obv.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2005_AEPlat_Proof_Obv.png/400px-2005_AEPlat_Proof_Obv.png 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_Platinum_Eagle" title="American Platinum Eagle">American Platinum Eagle</a> bullion coin</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the largest bullion coins in the world was the 10,000-dollar <a href="/wiki/Australian_Gold_Nugget" title="Australian Gold Nugget">Australian Gold Nugget</a> coin minted in Australia, which consists of a full kilogram of 99.9% pure gold. In 2012, the Perth Mint produced a 1-tonne coin of 99.99% pure gold with a face value of <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">$</a>1 million AUD, making it the largest minted coin in the world with a gold value of around <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">$</a>50 million AUD.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has produced coins in very limited quantities (less than 20 pieces minted) that exceed 8 kilograms (260 ozt) of gold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Austria has minted a coin containing 31 kg of gold (the <a href="/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins_(Austria)#Vienna_Philharmonic_Coin" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)">Vienna Philharmonic Coin</a> minted in 2004 with a face value of 100,000 euro). As a stunt to publicise the 99.999% pure one-ounce Canadian Gold Maple Leaf series, in 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint" title="Royal Canadian Mint">Royal Canadian Mint</a> made a 100 kg 99.999% gold coin, with a face value of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">$</a>1 million, and now manufactures them to order, but at a substantial premium over the market value of the gold.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Zimbabwe" title="Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe">Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe</a> mints the gold <a href="/wiki/Mosi-oa-Tunya_(coin)" title="Mosi-oa-Tunya (coin)">Mosi-oa-Tunya (coin)</a> which is recognized as <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> at the market value for its gold content.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_use">Economic use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment" title="Gold as an investment">Gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_as_an_investment" title="Silver as an investment">silver</a>, and sometimes other precious metals, are often seen as defensive assets against both <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and economic downturn. <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coins</a> have become popular with collectors due to their relative affordability, and, unlike most gold and platinum issues which are valued based upon the markets, silver issues are more often valued as collectibles, at far higher than their bullion value.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_use">Industrial use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrial use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> are key catalysts in <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> reactions and emission-reducing catalytic converters,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while gold is used in oxidation reactions and nanotechnology due to its stability.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum group metals(PGMs)</a> have been used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> nanoparticles are used in <a href="/wiki/Biosensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosensors">biosensors</a> and solar cells, underscoring their value in sustainable technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aluminium">Aluminium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aluminium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> is now commonplace but was considered to be a precious metal until the late 1800s. Although aluminium is the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">third most abundant element</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">most abundant metal</a> in the Earth's crust, it was at first found to be exceedingly difficult to extract the metal from its various non-metallic <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>. The great expense of refining the metal made the small available quantity of pure aluminium more valuable than gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Geller_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geller-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bars of aluminium were exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">Exposition Universelle of 1855</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III</a>'s most important guests were given aluminium cutlery, while those less worthy dined with mere silver.<sup id="cite_ref-Geller_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geller-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, the pyramidal capstone of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> was cast of 100 ounces of pure aluminium. By that time, aluminium was as expensive as silver.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue of <a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a> atop the <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Memorial_Fountain" title="Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain">Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain</a> (1885–1893) in London's <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a> is also of cast aluminium. Over time, however, the price of the metal has dropped. The dawn of commercial electric generation in 1882 and the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a> in 1886 caused the price of aluminium to drop substantially over a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rough_world_market_price_($/kg)"><span id="Rough_world_market_price_.28.24.2Fkg.29"></span>Rough world market price ($/kg)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rough world market price ($/kg)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodium_daily_Price_1992-2022.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhodium_daily_Price_1992-2022.webp/300px-Rhodium_daily_Price_1992-2022.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhodium_daily_Price_1992-2022.webp/450px-Rhodium_daily_Price_1992-2022.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhodium_daily_Price_1992-2022.webp/600px-Rhodium_daily_Price_1992-2022.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5439" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption>Rhodium daily price 1992-2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Price_of_gold.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Price_of_gold.webp/300px-Price_of_gold.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Price_of_gold.webp/450px-Price_of_gold.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Price_of_gold.webp/600px-Price_of_gold.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Price of gold 1915-2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palladium_Prices.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palladium_Prices.webp/300px-Palladium_Prices.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palladium_Prices.webp/450px-Palladium_Prices.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palladium_Prices.webp/600px-Palladium_Prices.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5335" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Palladium prices 1977-2022</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Precious_metal" title="Special:EditPage/Precious metal">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Metal </th> <th rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Mass<br />abundance<br />(ppb)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="6">Metal price (US$/kg) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>10 Apr 2009<br /><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>22 Jul 2009<br /><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>7 Jan 2010<br /><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th>31 Dec 2014<br /><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>16 Jul 2018<br /><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th>2 Mar 2023<br /><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></td> <td>Rh</td> <td>1</td> <td>39,680</td> <td>46,200</td> <td>88,415</td> <td>39,641</td> <td>77,804<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>302,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></td> <td>Pt</td> <td>5</td> <td>42,681</td> <td>37,650</td> <td>87,741</td> <td>38,902</td> <td>28,960</td> <td>31,010 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></td> <td>Au</td> <td>4</td> <td>31,100</td> <td>30,590</td> <td>24,317</td> <td>38,130</td> <td>43,764</td> <td>59,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></td> <td>Pd</td> <td>15</td> <td>8,430</td> <td>8,140</td> <td>13,632</td> <td>25,559</td> <td>32,205</td> <td>46,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a></td> <td>Ir</td> <td>1</td> <td>14,100</td> <td>12,960</td> <td>13,117</td> <td>15,432</td> <td>46,940<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>147,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a></td> <td>Os</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>13,400</td> <td>12,200</td> <td>12,217</td> <td>12,217</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a></td> <td>Re</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>7,400</td> <td>7,000</td> <td>6,250</td> <td>2,425</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a></td> <td>Ru</td> <td>1</td> <td>2,290</td> <td>2,730</td> <td>5,562</td> <td>1,865</td> <td>8,423<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>14,950 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a></td> <td>Ge</td> <td>1,500</td> <td></td> <td>1,050<sup id="cite_ref-minormetals_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minormetals-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1,038</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a></td> <td>Be</td> <td>2,800</td> <td></td> <td>850</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></td> <td>Ag</td> <td>75</td> <td>437</td> <td>439</td> <td>588</td> <td>441</td> <td>556</td> <td>670 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a></td> <td>In</td> <td>50<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>325<sup id="cite_ref-minormetals_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minormetals-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>520</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a></td> <td>Ga</td> <td>19,000</td> <td>580</td> <td>425<sup id="cite_ref-minormetals_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minormetals-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>413</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a></td> <td>Te</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>158.70</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a></td> <td>Bi</td> <td>8.5</td> <td></td> <td>15.40</td> <td>18.19</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a></td> <td>Hg</td> <td>85</td> <td></td> <td>18.90</td> <td>15.95</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment" title="Gold as an investment">Gold as an investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallmark" title="Hallmark">Hallmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bullion_dealers" title="List of bullion dealers">List of bullion dealers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_facing_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements facing shortage">List of elements facing shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_as_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal as money">Metal as money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_assay" title="Metallurgical assay">Metallurgical assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_as_an_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium as an investment">Palladium as an investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_as_an_investment" title="Platinum as an investment">Platinum as an investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_as_an_investment" title="Silver as an investment">Silver as an investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_of_precious_metals" title="Synthesis of precious metals">Synthesis of precious metals</a> (precious metal transformation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_of_precious_metals" title="Taxation of precious metals">Taxation of precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy weight</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinumguild.com/output/Page3219.asp">Platinum Guild: Applications Beyond Expectation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503062546/http://www.platinumguild.com/output/Page3219.asp">Archived</a> 2009-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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(1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4MtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49">"Fernerer Beitrag zur Geschichte des Aluminiums"</a>. <i>Polytechnisches Journal</i>. <b>171</b> (1): 49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822095942/https://books.google.com/books?id=v4MtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polytechnisches+Journal&rft.atitle=Fernerer+Beitrag+zur+Geschichte+des+Aluminiums&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Karmarsch&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4MtAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrecious+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_J._Binczewski1995" class="citation journal cs1">George J. Binczewski (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9511/Binczewski-9511.html">"The Point of a Monument: A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument"</a>. <i>JOM</i>. <b>47</b> (11): 20–25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JOM....47k..20B">1995JOM....47k..20B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03221302">10.1007/bf03221302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111724924">111724924</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124070602/http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9511/Binczewski-9511.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOM&rft.atitle=The+Point+of+a+Monument%3A+A+History+of+the+Aluminum+Cap+of+the+Washington+Monument&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=20-25&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111724924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf03221302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JOM....47k..20B&rft.au=George+J.+Binczewski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tms.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2FJOM%2F9511%2FBinczewski-9511.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrecious+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/aluminumprocess.html">"Production of Aluminum: The Hall-Héroult Process"</a>. <i>American Chemical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Nov 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Production+of+Aluminum%3A+The+Hall-H%C3%A9roult+Process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Flandmarks%2Faluminumprocess.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrecious+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The abundance of the element, a measure for its rarity, is given in mass fraction as kg in the earth's crust (CRC Handbook). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Lide2005" class="citation book cs1">David R. Lide, ed. (2005). "Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea". <i><a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (85 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+14%2C+Geophysics%2C+Astronomy%2C+and+Acoustics%3B+Abundance+of+Elements+in+the+Earth%27s+Crust+and+in+the+Sea&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.edition=85&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrecious+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mostly taken from <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange#Markets" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thebulliondesk.com/">http://www.thebulliondesk.com/</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914211849/http://thebulliondesk.com/">Archived</a> 2012-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thebulliondesk.com">http://www.thebulliondesk.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914211849/http://thebulliondesk.com/">Archived</a> 2012-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk">http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421230816/http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk/">Archived</a> 2021-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (mid price quoted)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bullionexchanges.com">http://www.bullionexchanges.com</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.min">https://www.min</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220822133755/http://www.min/">Archived</a> 2022-08-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>ing.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/rhodium/1-year/">http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/rhodium/1-year/</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/iridium/1-year/">http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/iridium/1-year/</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/ruthenium/">http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/ruthenium/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517131403/http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/ruthenium/">Archived</a> 2016-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>1-year/</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minormetals-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minormetals_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minormetals_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minormetals_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The metal Price ($/kg)s of gallium, germanium, and indium are taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minormetals.com/">MinorMetals.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515180506/http://www.minormetals.com/">Archived</a> 2008-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> as examples of <i>modern</i> precious metals used for investment / speculation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolcin A. (2012) U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cftc.gov/ConsumerProtection/FraudAwarenessPrevention/CFTCFraudAdvisories/fraudadv_preciousmetals">Precious Metals Fraud</a> US Commodity Futures Trading Commission Precious Metals Fraud Advisory</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> 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