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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interlude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interlude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interlude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interlude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Thursday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Thursday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operation Thursday</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Final operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kohima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kohima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Kohima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kohima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disbanded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disbanded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disbanded</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disbanded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>London memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Military legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Чиндити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чиндити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chindits" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="چیندیت‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چیندیت‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chindits" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindit" title="Chindit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chindit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chindits" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צ'ינדיטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ינדיטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csinditek" title="Csinditek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csinditek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="चिंदित ब्रिगेड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिंदित ब्रिगेड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ချင်းဒစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချင်းဒစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="チンディット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チンディット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chindits" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czindici" title="Czindici – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czindici" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chindits" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cinditi" title="Činditi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Činditi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinditit" title="Chinditit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chinditit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chindits" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81%E8%BB%8D%E7%89%B9%E7%A8%AE%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="緬甸遠征軍特種部隊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="緬甸遠征軍特種部隊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81%E8%BB%8D%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="緬甸遠征軍特別部隊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="緬甸遠征軍特別部隊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q873549#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chindits" title="Special:EditPage/Chindits">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chindits%22">"Chindits"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chindits%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chindits%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chindits%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chindits%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chindits%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Chindits (Long Range Penetration Groups)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chindit_column,_Operation_Longcloth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chindit_column%2C_Operation_Longcloth.jpg/300px-Chindit_column%2C_Operation_Longcloth.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chindit_column%2C_Operation_Longcloth.jpg/450px-Chindit_column%2C_Operation_Longcloth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chindit_column%2C_Operation_Longcloth.jpg/600px-Chindit_column%2C_Operation_Longcloth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Chindit column crosses a river in Burma; men suffering from <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> often went <a href="/wiki/Naked" class="mw-redirect" title="Naked">naked</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj"><img alt="British Raj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of India">Army of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Direct_action_(military)" title="Direct action (military)">Direct action</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle warfare</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Long-range_penetration" title="Long-range penetration">Long-range penetration</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raiding</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special operations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">9,000 to 12,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Garrison/HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansi</a>, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">9 Gorkha ho ki hoina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> of World War II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Decorations</th><td class="infobox-data">Four members awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Orde Wingate</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Walter_David_Alexander_Lentaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter David Alexander Lentaigne">"Joe" Lentaigne</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Formation sign of the Chindits (also known as the 3rd Indian Infantry Division)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Div_Ind_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Div_Ind_3.jpg/200px-Div_Ind_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Div_Ind_3.jpg/300px-Div_Ind_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Div_Ind_3.jpg/400px-Div_Ind_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2277" data-file-height="2370" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Burma_Campaign" title="Template:Campaignbox Burma Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Burma_Campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Burma Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Burma_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Burma Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Burma_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma (1941–1942)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bilin_River" title="Battle of Bilin River">Bilin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sittang_Bridge" title="Battle of Sittang Bridge">Sittang Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pegu" title="Battle of Pegu">Pegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taukkyan_Roadblock" title="Taukkyan Roadblock">Taukkyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yunnan%E2%80%93Burma_Road" title="Battle of the Yunnan–Burma Road">Yunnan-Burma Road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tachiao" title="Battle of Tachiao">Tachiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oktwin" title="Battle of Oktwin">Oktwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toungoo" title="Battle of Toungoo">Toungoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army#Battle_of_Shwedaung" title="Burma Independence Army">Shwedaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prome_(1942)" title="Battle of Prome (1942)">Prome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenangyaung" title="Battle of Yenangyaung">Yenangyaung</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma campaign (1942–1943)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Arakan campaign (1942–1943)">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hump" title="The Hump">The Hump</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chindits</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma campaign (1943–1944)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Interlude">Chindits (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Admin_Box" title="Battle of the Admin Box">Admin Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U Go</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shangshak" title="Battle of Shangshak">Shangshak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tennis_Court" title="Battle of the Tennis Court">Tennis Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Myitkyina" title="Siege of Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogaung" title="Battle of Mogaung">Mogaung</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (1943–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Song" title="Battle of Mount Song">Mount Song</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma campaign (1944–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meiktila_and_Mandalay" title="Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay">Meiktila and Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pokoku_and_Irrawaddy_River_operations" title="Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations">Pakokku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_170" title="Battle of Hill 170">Hill 170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramree_Island" title="Battle of Ramree Island">Ramree Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanlwe_Chaung" title="Battle of Tanlwe Chaung">Tanlwe Chaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dracula" title="Operation Dracula"><i>Dracula</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elephant_Point" title="Battle of Elephant Point">Elephant Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sittang_Bend" title="Battle of the Sittang Bend">Sittang Bend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South-East_Asian_Theater" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_South-East_Asian_Theatre" title="Template:Campaignbox South-East Asian Theatre"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_South-East_Asian_Theatre" title="Template talk:Campaignbox South-East Asian Theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_South-East_Asian_Theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox South-East Asian Theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South-East_Asian_Theater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II"><span class="wrap">South-East Asian Theater</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko_Chang" title="Battle of Ko Chang">Ko Chang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Coup de main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Air raids</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya and Singapore</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">1st Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Jitra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Krohcol" title="Operation Krohcol"><i>Krohcol</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurun" title="Battle of Gurun">Gurun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar" title="Battle of Kampar">Kampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slim_River" title="Battle of Slim River">Slim River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gemas" title="Battle of Gemas">Gemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Muar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parit_Sulong_Massacre" title="Parit Sulong Massacre">Parit Sulong Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Endau" title="Battle off Endau">Endau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">2nd Singapore</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">1st Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manado" title="Battle of Manado">Manado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1942)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1942)">Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1942)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1942)">Balikpapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makassar_Strait" title="Battle of Makassar Strait">Makassar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sumatra" title="Invasion of Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang" title="Battle of Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badung_Strait" title="Battle of Badung Strait">Badung Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)#Seaplane_tender" title="USS Langley (CV-1)">USS <i>Langley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">1st Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sunda_Strait" title="Battle of Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Second Battle of the Java Sea">2nd Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_June_1945" title="Action of 8 June 1945">8 June 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">2nd Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">Balikpapan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_27_February_1941" title="Action of 27 February 1941">27 February 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_May_1941" title="Action of 8 May 1941">8 May 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMAS_Sydney" title="Sinking of HMAS Sydney"><i>Sydney</i> vs <i>Kormoran</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese raiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Easter Sunday Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_November_1943" title="Action of 13 November 1943">13 November 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_January_1944" title="Action of 11 January 1944">11 January 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_February_1944" title="Action of 14 February 1944">14 February 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1944" title="Action of 17 July 1944">17 July 1944</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma, India and China</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bilin_River" title="Battle of Bilin River">Bilin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sittang_Bridge" title="Battle of Sittang Bridge">Sittang Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pegu" title="Battle of Pegu">Pegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taukkyan_Roadblock" title="Taukkyan Roadblock">Taukkyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yunnan%E2%80%93Burma_Road" title="Battle of the Yunnan–Burma Road">Yunnan-Burma Road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tachiao" title="Battle of Tachiao">Tachiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oktwin" title="Battle of Oktwin">Oktwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toungoo" title="Battle of Toungoo">Toungoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army#Battle_of_Shwedaung" title="Burma Independence Army">Shwedaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prome_(1942)" title="Battle of Prome (1942)">Prome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenangyaung" title="Battle of Yenangyaung">Yenangyaung</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma campaign (1942–1943)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Campaign 1942–43">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hump" title="The Hump">The Hump</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chindits</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma campaign (1944)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Interlude">Chindits (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Admin_Box" title="Battle of the Admin Box">Admin Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U Go</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sangshak" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sangshak">Sangshak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tennis_Court" title="Battle of the Tennis Court">Tennis Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Myitkyina" title="Siege of Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogaung" title="Battle of Mogaung">Mogaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Song" title="Battle of Mount Song">Mount Song</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma campaign (1944–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meiktila_and_Mandalay" title="Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay">Meiktila & Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pokoku_and_Irrawaddy_River_operations" title="Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations">Pakokku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_170" title="Battle of Hill 170">Hill 170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramree_Island" title="Battle of Ramree Island">Ramree Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanlwe_Chaung" title="Battle of Tanlwe Chaung">Tanlwe Chaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dracula" title="Operation Dracula"><i>Dracula</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elephant_Point" title="Battle of Elephant Point">Elephant Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sittang_Bend" title="Battle of the Sittang Bend">Sittang Bend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Central Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids" title="Marshalls–Gilberts raids">Marshalls–Gilberts raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K"><i>K</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilberts and Marshalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inmate" title="Operation Inmate">Truk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Island_massacre" title="Ocean Island massacre">Ocean Island</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean (1941–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese merchant raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jurist" title="Operation Jurist"><i>Jurist</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace"><i>Tiderace</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper"><i>Zipper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_South-East_Asia_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of South-East Asia (1944–45)">Strategic bombing (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma and India (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY"><i>RY</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo (1945)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PX" title="Operation PX"><i>PX</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Yokosuka" title="Attack on Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation"><i>Starvation</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagami_Bay" title="Battle of Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall"><i>Downfall</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Chongjin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></b> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_campaigns_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_campaigns_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Military campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><span class="wrap">Empire of Japan</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island_incident" title="Ganghwa Island incident">Ganghwa (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryukyu (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Liaodong Peninsula (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">China (1899–1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Korea (1910)</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō period">Taishō period</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_German_colonial_possessions" title="Japanese occupation of German colonial possessions">German Pacific possesions (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberia (1918–1922)</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa (1926–1989)">Shōwa period</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China (1937–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">French Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_World_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">1944–1945</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">Alps 1940</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia-Pacific</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">pre-war border conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Attacks on Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Libya-Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Morocco-Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic campaign of World War II">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Southern France</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other campaigns</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuador–Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Coups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Nazi_coup_and_invasion_of_Uruguay" title="Planned Nazi coup and invasion of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Norwegian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 Norwegian coup d'état">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Romania 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_Coup" title="Palm Sunday Coup">Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorkovi%C4%87%E2%80%93Voki%C4%87_plot" title="Lorković–Vokić plot">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">Romania 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_incident" title="Matsue incident">Matsue</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Chindits</b>, officially known as <b>Long Range Penetration Groups</b>, were <a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">special operations</a> units of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian</a> armies which saw action in 1943–1944 during the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Orde Wingate</a> formed them for <a href="/wiki/Long-range_penetration" title="Long-range penetration">long-range penetration</a> operations against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, especially attacking <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Lines of communication">lines of communication</a> deep behind Japanese lines. </p><p>The name Chindits is a corrupted form of <i><a href="/wiki/Chinthe" title="Chinthe">Chinthe</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">ခြင်္သေ့</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burmese word for "<a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their operations featured long marches through extremely difficult terrain, undertaken by underfed troops often weakened by diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>. Controversy persists over the extremely high casualty-rate and the debatable military value of the achievements of the Chindits. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_formation">Background and formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> of 1940–41, Wingate – under General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Percival_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a>, Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Middle East Command</a> – had begun to explore guerilla tactics, when he created and commanded a unit known as <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Force" title="Gideon Force">Gideon Force</a>, composed of regular troops from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, as well as Ethiopean partisans. Gideon Force disrupted <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> supply lines and collected intelligence. </p><p>In 1942, after the disbandment of Gideon Force, Wavell – who had since been appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a> in New Delhi – requested the services of Wingate in Burma. It was intended that he would raise irregular forces to operate behind the Japanese lines, in a manner similar to Gideon Force.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2008,_p._374_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_2008,_p._374-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wingate arrived in Burma in March 1942 and for two months, as Japanese forces advanced rapidly, toured the country developing his theories of long-range penetration, during the two months preceding the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_conquest_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese conquest of Burma">Japanese conquest of Burma</a>. After returning to Delhi, he presented his proposals to Wavell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisation_and_training">Organisation and training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organisation and training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Chindit unit, the <a href="/wiki/77th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="77th Indian Infantry Brigade">77th Indian Infantry Brigade</a>, was gradually formed in the area around <a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansi</a> in the summer of 1942. Wingate took charge of the training of the troops in the jungles of <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">central India</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon of Indian subcontinent">rainy season</a>. Half of the Chindits were British: the 13th Battalion, the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Liverpool_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Liverpool Regiment">King's Liverpool Regiment</a> (nominally a second-line battalion, which contained a large number of older men)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and men from the former Bush Warfare School in Burma, who were formed into 142 <a href="/wiki/British_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commando">Commando</a> Company. The other portion of the force consisted of the 3rd Battalion, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_King_Edward_VII%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles_(The_Sirmoor_Rifles)" title="2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)">2nd Gurkha Rifles</a> (a battalion that had only just been raised) and the 2nd Battalion, the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Rifles" title="Burma Rifles">Burma Rifles</a> (a composite unit formed from several depleted battalions of Burmese troops that had retreated into India in 1942). </p><p>Wingate trained this force as long-range penetration units that were to be supplied by stores parachuted or dropped from transport aircraft and were to use close air support as a substitute for heavy artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would penetrate the jungle on foot, essentially relying on surprise through mobility to target enemy lines of communication (a tactic that the Japanese had previously used in 1942 to great effect against British forces in Malaya and Burma).<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley18_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard brigade and battalion structures were abandoned. The force was instead formed into eight columns, each of which was organised as: an infantry rifle company (with nine <a href="/wiki/Bren_light_machine_gun" title="Bren light machine gun">Bren light machine guns</a> and three <a href="/wiki/2-inch_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="2-inch mortar">2-inch mortars</a>); a support group with the heavy weapons (four <a href="/wiki/Boys_anti-tank_rifle" title="Boys anti-tank rifle">Boys anti-tank rifles</a>, two medium <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers machine guns</a> and two light anti-aircraft guns); a reconnaissance platoon from the Burma Rifles; and a sabotage group from 142 Commando Company. Small detachments from the Royal Air Force (equipped with radios to call in air support), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Corps of Signals">Royal Corps of Signals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Army Medical Corps">Royal Army Medical Corps</a> were attached to the column headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinnery_2010,_p._24_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinnery_2010,_p._24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heavy weapons, radios, reserve ammunition, and rations and other stores were carried on mules, which would also provide an emergency source of food once their loads had been depleted.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley18_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 57 mule handlers, each British column numbered 306 men (the Gurkha columns were slightly stronger, with 369 men).<sup id="cite_ref-Chinnery_2010,_p._24_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinnery_2010,_p._24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each man carried more than 72 pounds (33 kg) of equipment, which was proportionally more than the mules carrying the support weapons and other stores. This included a personal weapon, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lee-Enfield#Rifle_No._4" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee-Enfield">SMLE rifle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sten_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sten Gun">Sten Gun</a>, ammunition, <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a>, a machete or Gurkha <a href="/wiki/Kukri" title="Kukri">kukri</a> knife, seven days' rations, groundsheet, change of uniform and other assorted items. Much of this load was carried in an Everest carrier, which was essentially a metal rucksack frame without a pack.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before the first operation, one column was broken up to bring the remaining seven up to full strength. Two or more columns were commanded by a group headquarters, which in turn was commanded by the brigade headquarters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_Longcloth">Operation Longcloth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operation Longcloth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordecharleswingate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ordecharleswingate.jpg/200px-Ordecharleswingate.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ordecharleswingate.jpg/300px-Ordecharleswingate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ordecharleswingate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier Orde Wingate</figcaption></figure> <p>The original intent had been to use the Chindits as a part of a larger offensive. When this offensive was cancelled, Wingate convinced General Wavell to send the Chindits into Burma anyway. Accordingly, on 8 February 1943, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Longcloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Longcloth">Operation Longcloth</a> commenced and 3,000 Chindits, Wingate with them, began their march into Burma. </p><p>The Chindits crossed the <a href="/wiki/Chindwin_River" title="Chindwin River">Chindwin River</a> on 13 February and faced the first Japanese troops two days later. Two columns marched to the south and received their air supply drops in broad daylight to create an impression that they were the main attack. They even had a man impersonating a British general along with them. The RAF mounted air attacks on Japanese targets to support the deception. These columns were to swing east at the beginning of March and attack the main north-south railway in areas south of the main force. One column successfully carried out demolitions along the railway, but the other column was ambushed. Half of the ambushed column returned to India. </p><p>Five other columns proceeded eastward. Two, those of <a href="/wiki/Mike_Calvert" title="Mike Calvert">Michael Calvert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fergusson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Fergusson">Bernard Fergusson</a>, proceeded towards the main north-south railway in Burma. On 4 March, Calvert's column reached the valley and demolished the railway in 70 places. Fergusson arrived two days later to do the same. Despite these successes, however, the railway was only temporarily disabled, and resumed operation shortly afterwards. </p><p>On many occasions, the Chindits could not take their wounded with them; some were left behind in villages. Wingate had, in fact, issued specific orders to leave behind all wounded, but these orders were not strictly followed. Since there were often no established paths in the jungle along their routes, many times they had to clear their own with <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machetes</a> and kukris (and on one occasion, a commandeered elephant). Supply was delivered by air using three <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson" title="Lockheed Hudson">Hudsons</a> and three <a href="/wiki/DC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-3">Dakotas</a> of <a href="/wiki/No._31_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 31 Squadron RAF">31 Squadron</a> operating from <a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a> in eastern Bengal. </p><p>Once in Burma, Wingate repeatedly changed his plans, sometimes without informing all the column commanders. The majority of two of the columns marched back to India after being ambushed by the Japanese in separate actions. After the railway attacks, Wingate decided to cross his force over the <a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayeyarwady River">Irrawaddy River</a>. However, the area on the other side of the river turned out to be inhospitable to operations. Water was difficult to obtain and the combination of rivers with a good system of roads in the area allowed the Japanese to force the Chindits into a progressively smaller "box". </p><p>In late March, Wingate made the decision to withdraw the majority of the force, but sent orders to one of the columns to continue eastward. The operations had reached the range limit of air supply and prospects for new successful operations were low, given the Japanese pressure. The columns were generally left to make their own way back to India. On the journey back, the most difficult actions involved crossing back over the Irrawaddy River. The Japanese had observers and patrols all along the river bank and could quickly concentrate once an attempt at a crossing was detected. Gradually, all the columns broke up into small groups. Wingate's headquarters returned to India on its own ahead of most of the columns. Through the spring and even into the autumn of 1943, individual groups of men from the Chindits made their way back to India. The army did what they could for the men. In one case, an aeroplane was landed in an open area and wounded men were evacuated by air. Part of one column made it to China. Another body of men escaped into the far north of Burma. Others were captured or died. </p><p>By the end of April, after a three-month mission, the majority of the surviving Chindits had crossed the Chindwin river, having marched between 750–1,000 miles.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley19_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 3,000 men that had begun the operation, a third (818 men) had been killed, taken prisoner or died of disease, and of the 2,182 men who returned, about 600 were too debilitated from their wounds or disease to return to active service.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley19_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2008,_p._374_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_2008,_p._374-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the remaining men, Wingate practically hand picked those few he would retain, while the rest were put back under the normal army command structure as part of their original battalions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interlude">Interlude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interlude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although British Army officers in India criticised the effectiveness of the Chindits (Japanese railway communications had been out of commission for less than a week), their effect on the morale of the Allied troops in India was refreshing, and they were given plenty of publicity. </p><p>Wingate wrote an operations report on returning to India, which was controversial for many reasons, including attacks on officers under his command. The report had a tendency to excuse any mistakes made by its author (Wingate), while making vicious attacks on other officers, often based on limited information. Eventually, through his political allies in London, a copy of the report was given to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, who was impressed and took Wingate with him to the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Conference, 1943">Quebec Conference</a>. His concepts for long-range penetration operations behind Japanese lines received official backing at high level, and he obtained substantial US support for his force. The <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> also began its own plans for the group that later became <a href="/wiki/Merrill%27s_Marauders" title="Merrill's Marauders">Merrill's Marauders</a>. </p><p>As the members of the first expedition were making their way back to India, a second long range penetration unit, <a href="/wiki/111th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="111th Indian Infantry Brigade">111th Indian Infantry Brigade</a> was being formed.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters135_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popularly known as <i>The Leopards</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Masters135_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the brigade was raised by General Wavell without the knowledge of Wingate, who was still in Burma and who was known to have a strong dislike for the Indian Army, its diverse troop formations, and its British officers in particular. Wavell personally selected the commander of 111th Brigade, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Walter_David_Alexander_Lentaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter David Alexander Lentaigne">Joe Lentaigne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters135_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wavell intended to use two Chindit brigades alternately during 1944. While one brigade was operating behind Japanese lines for two to three months at a time, the other would be resting in India, while training for and planning the next operation. However, Wingate returned from Quebec with authority to implement far more ambitious plans for the second expedition, which required that the force be greatly expanded to a strength of six brigades. Wingate refused to use Indian Army units in this force, because he maintained that their training in long-range penetration techniques would take longer and their maintenance by air would be difficult due to the varied dietary requirements of different Gurkha and Indian <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a> and religions,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he had little choice but to accept 111th Brigade, and two Gurkha battalions in 77th brigade. Since large numbers of trained British infantry were required, three brigades (the <a href="/wiki/British_14th_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="British 14th Infantry Brigade">14th</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_16th_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="British 16th Infantry Brigade">16th</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_23rd_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="British 23rd Infantry Brigade">23rd</a>) were added to the Chindits by breaking up the experienced <a href="/wiki/British_70th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="British 70th Infantry Division">British 70th Infantry Division</a>, much against the wishes of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">William Slim</a> and other commanders, who wished to use the division in a conventional role.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sixth brigade was added to the force by taking a brigade (the 3rd (West African) Infantry Brigade) from the <a href="/wiki/British_81st_(West_Africa)_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="British 81st (West Africa) Division">British 81st (West Africa) Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Quebec, Wingate had also succeeded in obtaining a "private" air force for the Chindits, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Commando_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Air Commando Group">1st Air Commando Group</a>, mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> aircraft. The Chindits were greatly encouraged by having aircraft on which they could call immediately for supply drops, casualty evacuation and air support. Other welcome American aid was the <a href="/wiki/K-ration" title="K-ration">"K" Ration</a> pack which, although it provided insufficient calories for prolonged active operations, was far better than the equivalent British or Indian ration pack.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forces for the second Chindit operation were called <i>Special Force</i>, officially <b>3rd Indian Infantry Division</b>, or <i>Long Range Penetration Groups</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the nickname, the Chindits, had already stuck. </p><p>The new Chindit force commenced training in <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>. Men were trained in crossing rivers, <a href="/wiki/Demolitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Demolitions">demolitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bivouacking" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivouacking">bivouacking</a>. Calvert and Fergusson, both newly promoted to Brigadier, took command of two of the brigades, and were responsible for much of the training program and the development of tactical planning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Wingate himself was absent for much of the training period, first being out of the country to attend the Quebec Conference and then struck ill with typhoid from drinking bad water in North Africa on his return.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plans">Plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plans for the second Chindit operation went through many revisions. </p><p>The methods of the new Long Range Penetration force in 1944 differed from those of 1943. Wingate had decided on a strategy of creating fortified bases behind the Japanese lines, which would then send out raiding columns over short distances. This change was in part forced on him by strengthened Japanese patrols along the Burmese frontier, making a repeat of the successful infiltration in 1943 unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an imaginative move prompted by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Philip_Cochran" title="Philip Cochran">Philip Cochran</a>'s assurance that he could transport both troops and supplies by glider,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wingate arranged for the bulk of the force to enter Burma by air, greatly accelerating the force's ability to reach its target objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advance units would land in gliders in preselected open fields in Burma, and prepare them for large-scale landings by transport aircraft. The lavish air support provided by Colonels Cochran and <a href="/wiki/John_R._Alison" title="John R. Alison">Alison</a> of the 1st Air Commando Group proved critical to the success of the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wingate also had plans for a general uprising of the <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Kachin</a> population of Northern Burma. He fought over these plans with the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Force_136" title="Force 136">Force 136</a> (an organisation set up to liaise with resistance forces in Japanese-occupied countries), which was concerned that a premature uprising of the Kachins without a permanent British military presence would lead to their slaughter by the Japanese at the end of operations. Force 136 also had their own plans for a rising to be coordinated with the arrival of the regular army in Burma. Wingate was eventually convinced to scale back his original plans.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further complicating relations between the organisations were orders issued by Wingate to the commander of Dah Force (a British-led force of Kachin irregulars attached to the Chindits) not to coordinate operations with Force 136 for security reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaptain_Herring1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaptain_Herring1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the last months of 1943, planning was conducted to carry out the strategy for India as originally determined at the Quebec Conference. In November, the overall plan for the dry season campaign of 1944 determined by <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a> focused on the use of the Chindits in the reconquest of northern Burma. These plans were approved by the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Combined Chiefs of Staff">Combined Chiefs of Staff</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Conference (1943)">Cairo Conference</a> and although other offensives in Burma were scaled back or cancelled, Stilwell's Northern Front offensive with the Chindits' participation survived the cuts.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uncertainty of the plans nevertheless meant that the plans and contingency plans for the use of the Chindits repeatedly changed up to the very start of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-plans_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plans-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chindits were assigned the task of helping the forces of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">Joseph Stilwell</a> push the <a href="/wiki/Ledo_Road" title="Ledo Road">Ledo Road</a> through northern Burma to link up with the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Road" title="Burma Road">Burma Road</a> and re-establish an overland supply route to China, by mounting a long range penetration operation behind the Japanese opposing his forces on the Northern Front. It had originally been intended that the IV Corps would attack on the Central Front and cross the Chindwin to tie up Japanese forces which could otherwise be used to aid the Northern Front. As the Japanese launched their own attack on the Central Front this advance did not take place, but it still meant that most Japanese forces were engaged on the Central Front and were not available to reinforce the Japanese 18th Division on the Northern Front. The Japanese offensive on the Central Front resulted in further proposals and refinements of the plans for the Chindits.<sup id="cite_ref-plans_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plans-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 February 1944, Lieutenant General Slim, commander of the <a href="/wiki/British_Fourteenth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Fourteenth Army">British Fourteenth Army</a>, and USAAF General <a href="/wiki/George_E._Stratemeyer" title="George E. Stratemeyer">George E. Stratemeyer</a>, commander of Eastern Air Command, issued a joint directive to General Wingate and Cols. Cochran and Alison of the 1st Air Commando Group, to march and fly into <a href="/wiki/Indaw" title="Indaw">Indaw</a> and from there under the command of the Fourteenth Army carry out the objectives of: </p> <blockquote><p>(i) Helping the advance of Stilwell's Ledo force on <a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a> by cutting the communications of the Japanese 18th Division, harassing its rear, and preventing its reinforcement.<br />(ii) Creating a favourable situation for the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> Chinese forces to cross the <a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Salween</a> and enter Burma.<br />(iii) Inflicting the greatest possible damage and confusion on the enemy in North Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_Thursday">Operation Thursday</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operation Thursday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_African_Chindits,_Operation_Thursday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/West_African_Chindits%2C_Operation_Thursday.jpg/220px-West_African_Chindits%2C_Operation_Thursday.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/West_African_Chindits%2C_Operation_Thursday.jpg/330px-West_African_Chindits%2C_Operation_Thursday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/West_African_Chindits%2C_Operation_Thursday.jpg/440px-West_African_Chindits%2C_Operation_Thursday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Regiment" title="Nigeria Regiment">Nigeria Regiment</a>, 3rd West African Brigade (Thunder), board an RAF <a href="/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47 Skytrain">Dakota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 February 1944, Fergusson's 16th Brigade left <a href="/wiki/Ledo,_Assam" title="Ledo, Assam">Ledo</a> for Burma. They avoided Japanese forces by traversing exceptionally difficult terrain. The rest of the Brigades were brought in by air to create fortified bases with airstrips. </p><p>Three landing zones, codenamed <i>Piccadilly</i>, <i>Broadway</i> and <i>Chowringhee</i>, were selected. Calvert's 77th Brigade prepared to fly by <a href="/wiki/Waco_CG-4" title="Waco CG-4">Hadrian</a> glider into <i>Piccadilly</i> on the night of 5 March. A last-minute aerial reconnaissance revealed <i>Piccadilly</i> to be covered with logs, making landing impossible. In some accounts of the incident, Wingate insisted that the operation had been betrayed and that the other landing zones would be ambushed. To proceed would be "murder". Slim accepted the responsibility of ordering a willing Calvert to proceed with the operation, using <i>Broadway</i> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i>Piccadilly</i> had already been used to evacuate casualties during the first Chindit operation in 1943, <i>Broadway</i> had to be selected from the results of aerial reconnaissance. It turned out to be a poor landing ground and there were many casualties in crash landings, but Calvert's men were just able to make the strip fit to take transport aircraft the next day. Chindit gliders also landed on <i>Chowringhee</i> the next day, without opposition. </p><p>It was later revealed that the logs on <i>Piccadilly</i> had been placed there to dry by Burmese teak loggers. The real problem was the failure to maintain continuous observation of the landing zones (e.g. by high-flying <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a> photo-reconnaissance aircraft) before the forces were deployed. </p><p>Over the next week, 600 sorties by <a href="/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47 Skytrain">Dakota</a> transport aircraft transferred 9,000 men to the landing zones. <i>Chowringhee</i> was abandoned once the fly-in was completed, but <i>Broadway</i> was held with a garrison which included field artillery, anti-aircraft guns and even a detachment of six Mk.VIII Spitfires of No.81 Squadron RAF from 12 March to 17 March. On 17 March they were attacked during take-off by Japanese Ki-43 'Oscars'. S/L William 'Babe' Whitamore and F/O <a href="/wiki/Alan_Peart" title="Alan Peart">Alan M Peart</a> managed to get airborne, with both shooting down one 'Oscar' each. Whitamore was shot down and killed but Peart survived for over half an hour, holding off over 20 enemy fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0b_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining Spitfires were destroyed on the ground for the loss of another pilot, F/Lt Coulter. Peart flew back to Kangla the same day in his damaged Spitfire (FL-E JF818) and reported the action.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The detachment was duly ended by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Vincent" title="Stanley Vincent">AVM Stanley Vincent</a>, the CO of No. 221 Group.<sup id="cite_ref-:0b_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fergusson's brigade set up another base named <i>Aberdeen</i> north of Indaw, into which <a href="/wiki/British_14th_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="British 14th Infantry Brigade">14th Brigade</a> was flown. Calvert's brigade established yet another, named <i>White City</i> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mawlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mawlu (page does not exist)">Mawlu</a>, astride the main railway and road leading to the Japanese northern front. 111 Brigade set up ambushes and roadblocks south of Indaw (although part of the brigade which landed at <i>Chowringhee</i> was delayed in crossing the Irrawaddy River), before moving west to <a href="/wiki/Pinlebu" title="Pinlebu">Pinlebu</a>. </p><p>Ferocious jungle fighting ensued around <i>Broadway</i> and <i>White City</i>. At times, British and Japanese troops were in close combat, <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a> and kukris against <a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">katanas</a>. On 27 March, after days of aircraft attack, the Japanese attacked <i>Broadway</i> for several nights before the attack was repulsed with flown-in artillery and the aid of locally recruited Kachin irregulars. </p><p>However, a setback occurred when Fergusson's brigade tried to capture Indaw on 24 March. The original intention had been to seize the town and its airfields on 15 March but Fergusson had to report that this was impossible. Wingate appeared ready to change the brigade's mission but on 20 March, he reinstated Indaw as the target.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brigade was already exhausted from its long march, and there was no time to properly reconnoitre the objective. The units were dismayed to find that the Japanese controlled the only water sources. Fergusson expected that 14th Brigade would cooperate in the attack, but they moved west instead. Japanese reinforcements had also moved into Indaw, which was a major road and rail centre. Fergusson's battalions, attacking separately, were each repulsed. Calvert later commented "They had attacked as clutching fingers from all sides, and not as a fist".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, most of the tired 16th Brigade were flown out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_of_command">Change of command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Change of command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 24 March, Wingate flew to <a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a> to confer with air force commanders. On the return journey, the USAAF <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25</a> bomber in which he was flying is believed to have flown into a thunderstorm and crashed in the jungle-covered mountains. All aboard were killed. </p><p>Slim, the commander of the Fourteenth Army which had loose operational control over Special Force, selected Brigadier Lentaigne to be Wingate's replacement after conferring with Brigadier Derek Tulloch, Wingate's Chief of Staff. Lentaigne was judged to be the most balanced and experienced commander in the force; he had been an instructor at the Staff College at <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, had led a Gurkha battalion with distinction during the gruelling retreat from Burma in 1942 and had commanded a Chindit brigade in the field (albeit for only a few weeks, but none of the other brigade commanders had more experience). As an officer of Gurkha troops, he had a similar outlook and background to Slim. The other Chindit brigade commanders were unknown quantities, mostly without staff qualifications, some of whom had never even commanded a battalion-sized unit in combat before 1944, and Wingate's staff officers lacked the necessary combat experience.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The force's second-in-command, Major General <a href="/wiki/George_William_Symes" title="George William Symes">George William Symes</a>, was bypassed by Slim and formally protested and asked to be relieved.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In selecting Lentaigne, Slim did not take into account the tensions between those Chindit commanders and staff who were closely associated with Wingate, and Lentaigne, who had a classical "line" officer's background and had been critical of Wingate's methods and techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_move_north">The move north</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The move north"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several major changes were made at the highest level. Much of the air support was diverted to the critical battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a>, where troops were cut off and could only be resupplied by air. 23rd Brigade, yet to fly in, was also despatched to <a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a>. Those Chindits already operating in Burma were formally subordinated to General Joseph Stilwell, who ordered the Chindits to abandon their dispersed operations around Indaw, and concentrate on interdicting the supply lines to the Japanese forces opposing his <a href="/wiki/Northern_Combat_Area_Command" title="Northern Combat Area Command">Northern Combat Area Command</a>. </p><p>In April, Lentaigne ordered the main body of 111 Brigade west of the Irrawaddy, now commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_Masters" title="John Masters">John Masters</a>, to move north and build a new stronghold, codenamed <i>Blackpool</i>, which would block the railway and main road at <a href="/wiki/Hopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopin">Hopin</a>, 30 miles (48 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Mogaung" title="Mogaung">Mogaung</a>. Calvert was ordered to abandon <i>White City</i> and <i>Broadway</i> and move north to support Masters. Calvert was opposed to this, as his brigade had successfully held these two strongholds for months. Stilwell also feared that abandoning <i>White City</i> would allow Japanese reinforcements to move north. However, Lentaigne insisted that the Chindit brigades were too far apart to support each other, and that the airstrips at <i>White City</i> and <i>Broadway</i> would be unusable during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Masters's force established <i>Blackpool</i> on 8 May and was almost immediately engaged in fierce fighting. Whereas <i>White City</i> had been deep in the Japanese rear, its defenders had had plenty of time to prepare their defences and its attackers had been a mixed bag of detachments from several formations, <i>Blackpool</i> was close to the Japanese northern front, and was immediately attacked by Japanese troops with heavy artillery support. As Calvert and Stilwell had feared, abandoning <i>White City</i> had allowed the <a href="/wiki/53rd_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="53rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">Japanese 53rd Division</a> to move north from Indaw. A heavy attack against <i>Blackpool</i> was repulsed on 17 May, but a second attack on 24 May captured vital positions inside the defences.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the monsoon had broken and heavy rain made movement in the jungle very difficult, neither Calvert nor Brodie's 14th Brigade could help Masters. Finally, Masters had to abandon <i>Blackpool</i> on 25 May, because the men were exhausted after 17 days of continual combat. Nineteen Allied soldiers, who were so badly injured as to be beyond hope of recovery and could not be moved, were shot by the medical orderlies and hidden in heavy stands of bamboo.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_operations">Final operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Final operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogaung" title="Battle of Mogaung">Battle of Mogaung</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chindits_MH7287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Chindits_MH7287.jpg/220px-The_Chindits_MH7287.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Chindits_MH7287.jpg/330px-The_Chindits_MH7287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Chindits_MH7287.jpg/440px-The_Chindits_MH7287.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mike_Calvert" title="Mike Calvert">Brigadier "Mad" Mike Calvert</a> giving orders after the capture of Mogaung</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 May, Slim had formally handed control of the Chindits to Stilwell. Stilwell insisted that the Chindits capture several well-defended Japanese positions. The Chindits had no support from tanks or artillery and this led to heavier casualties than before. According to David Rooney, the Chindits were misused under Stillwell's command and suffered heavy casualties undertaking roles for which they were neither trained nor equipped.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the period 6 June to 27 June, Calvert's 77th Brigade took Mogaung and suffered 800 casualties – 50 per cent of the brigade's men involved in the operation. Fearing that they would then be ordered to join the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Myitkyina" title="Siege of Myitkyina">siege of Myitkyina</a>, Calvert handed Mogaung over to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Army_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Army in India">Force X</a>, shut down his radios and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Kamaing" title="Kamaing">Kamaing</a>, where Stilwell had his headquarters. A court-martial was likely until Stilwell and Calvert met in person, and Stilwell finally appreciated the conditions under which the Chindits had been operating.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>111 Brigade, after resting, was ordered to capture a hill south west of Mogaung, known as Point 2171. It did so but was now utterly exhausted. Most of the men were suffering from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>. On 8 July, at the insistence of the Supreme Commander, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Louis Mountbatten</a>, doctors examined the brigade. Of the 2,200 men present from four and a half battalions, only 119 were declared fit. The brigade was evacuated, although Masters sarcastically kept the fit men, "111 Company", in the field until 1 August. </p><p>The portion of 111 Brigade east of the Irrawaddy were known as <i>Morris Force</i>, after its commander, Lieutenant-Colonel J. R. "Jumbo" Morris. They had spent several months harassing Japanese traffic from <a href="/wiki/Bhamo" title="Bhamo">Bhamo</a> to Myitkyina. They had then attempted to complete the encirclement of Myitkyina. Stilwell was angered that they were unable to do so but Slim pointed out that Stilwell's Chinese troops (numbering 5,500) had also failed. By 14 July, Morris Force was down to three platoons.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later, they only had 25 men fit for duty. Morris Force was evacuated about the same time as the 77th Brigade. </p><p>The 14th Brigade and the 3rd West African Brigade remained in action, assisting the newly arrived <a href="/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">36th Infantry Division</a> in its advance down the "Railway Valley" south of Mogaung. Finally, they were relieved and withdrawn, starting on 17 August. The last Chindit left Burma on 27 August 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kohima">Kohima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kohima"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></div> <p>23rd Brigade, which had been diverted from the main Chindit campaign, nevertheless acted as a long range penetration unit behind the Japanese fighting at Kohima. From April to June 1944, they marched long distances through the Naga hills, mostly in monsoon weather which made movement very difficult. They contributed in large measure to the starvation of the Japanese at Kohima, the decisive factor in that battle. Although not engaged in major battles, they accounted for large numbers of Japanese stragglers and foragers, suffering 158 battle casualties themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disbanded">Disbanded</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Disbanded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chindits had suffered heavy casualties: 1,396 killed and 2,434 wounded. Over half had to be confined to hospital and prescribed a special nutritional diet whilst hospitalised. As bad as the casualty figures may seem, those suffered by the force in 1943 were proportionally much higher. </p><p>The healthy men were sent to training camps to await new operations. However, when the army command evaluated the men and equipment required to return the Chindits to operational status, it was decided to transform the force into an Airborne Division in India. Beyond direct replacements, it was known that the British element of the Chindits would be decimated in 1945 by the need to repatriate personnel who had served more than four years overseas. </p><p>During the early months of 1945, several of the brigade headquarters and many of the veterans of the Chindit operations were reformed into the 14th and 77th Infantry Brigades and merged into the <a href="/wiki/44th_Airborne_Division_(India)" title="44th Airborne Division (India)">44th Airborne Division (India)</a>, while the force headquarters and signals units formed the core of the <a href="/wiki/XXXIV_Corps_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="XXXIV Corps (India)">Indian XXXIV Corps</a>. The Chindits were finally disbanded in February 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="London_memorial">London memorial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: London memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chindit_memorial_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chindit_memorial_London.jpg/220px-Chindit_memorial_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chindit_memorial_London.jpg/330px-Chindit_memorial_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chindit_memorial_London.jpg/440px-Chindit_memorial_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Badge of the Chindits on their memorial outside the Ministry of Defence building in London</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a memorial to Orde Wingate and the Chindits on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Embankment" title="Victoria Embankment">Victoria Embankment</a> next to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The memorial was unveiled on 16 October 1990 by the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The front of the monument is in memory of the Chindits and also mentions the four men of the Chindits awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>: Major <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gerald_Blaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Gerald Blaker">Frank Gerald Blaker</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Michael_Allmand" title="Michael Allmand">Michael Allmand</a> and Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Cairns" title="George Albert Cairns">George Albert Cairns</a> and Rifleman <a href="/wiki/Tulbahadur_Pun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulbahadur Pun">Tulbahadur Pun</a>. The battalions that took part are listed on the sides of the monument. Non-infantry units are mentioned by their parent formations only. No distinction is made between those units that took part in 1943 versus those of 1944. The rear of the monument is exclusively dedicated to Orde Wingate and also mentions his contributions to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memorial is a 4 metre (13 ft) high <a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a> pillar mounted on three steps, on which is a statue by Frank Forster of the chinthe, after which the Chindits are named. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_legacy">Military legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military historians disagree on the Chindits' military significance. The debate is part of the ongoing one of whether the deployment of special forces are a net asset to a campaign or whether the investment in time, material and men that such operations demand outweigh the advantages gained. For example, it is questioned whether the interdiction of Japanese supply lines during Operation Thursday by the Chindits contributed more to Stilwell's advance than if the resources committed to the operation had been used to provide Stilwell with another regular division to fight alongside his <a href="/wiki/X_Force_(Chinese_Expeditionary_Force)" title="X Force (Chinese Expeditionary Force)">X Force</a>. However, the Japanese subsequently admitted that the Chindits had disrupted their plans for the first half of 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese commander, <a href="/wiki/Mutaguchi_Renya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutaguchi Renya">Mutaguchi Renya</a>, later stated that Operation Thursday had a significant effect on the campaign, saying "The Chindit invasion ... had a decisive effect on these operations ... they drew off the whole of 53 Division and parts of 15 Division, one regiment of which would have turned the scales at Kohima."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The views of the majority of the post-war British military establishment were made succinctly by Slim (commander of the Fourteenth Army), when he wrote </p><blockquote><p>"... the Chindits, gave a splendid example of courage and hardihood. Yet I came firmly to the conclusion that such formations, trained, equipped and mentally adjusted for one kind of operation were wasteful. They did not give, militarily, a worth-while return for the resources in men, materiel and time that they absorbed. ... [Special forces] were usually formed by attracting the best men ... The result of these methods was undoubtedly to lower the quality of the rest of the Army".<sup id="cite_ref-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549._46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549.-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>He makes several other arguments against special forces, about the danger of ordinary battalions thinking that some tasks could only be performed by special forces, and that special forces can only stay in the field for relatively short periods compared to regular battalions. He sums up that "Anything, whatever the short cuts to victory it may promise, which thus weakens the Army spirit is dangerous".<sup id="cite_ref-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549._46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549.-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To underline his point he suggests that "This cult of special forces is as sensible as to form a Royal Corps of Tree Climbers and say that no soldier, who does not wear its green hat with a bunch of oak leaves stuck in it should be expected to climb a tree".<sup id="cite_ref-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549._46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549.-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He does acknowledge the need for small units to stir up trouble in the enemy's rear area but does not make it clear if he is talking about <a href="/wiki/V_Force" title="V Force">V Force</a> or the actions of Force 136.<sup id="cite_ref-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549._46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549.-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others, like Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grainger_Ker_Thompson" title="Robert Grainger Ker Thompson">Robert Thompson</a>, an ex-Chindit, have asserted that the idea behind the Chindits was a sound one but that they were just badly handled and used in operations for which they were not properly equipped or trained, for example in static defence.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third view is that, despite the relatively insignificant losses that the Chindits were able to inflict, their <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> value in 1943, at a time when the Army was on the defensive, was a morale boost to the people of India and Britain, and helping to dispel the image of Japanese invincibility.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been hard to reach a consensus on any of these issues due to the partisan nature of the discussions surrounding Wingate. </p><p>It has also been argued that the Chindits contributed to the overall success of the Allied armies in Burma through the innovations in air supply techniques and organisation that their operations required.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley20_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley20-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allied air forces were later to use these tactics to supply increasingly large forces that were cut off by the enemy, or were operating independently of road or rail lines of communication. Conversely, it has been argued that the apparent success of the Chindits led some Japanese commanders to believe that they could employ their own incursion tactics on a much larger scale, and that when they came to implement such tactics during the Chindwin offensive of early 1944, lacking the necessary air support that had enabled the Allies to be successful, the result was disastrous and ultimately led to defeat at both Kohima and Imphal, and later on the plains of Burma in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley20_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley20-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three of the Brigade commanders on <i>Operation Thursday</i> (two of whom had also served in the first Chindit expedition) subsequently wrote autobiographies, which contained their comments on the Chindits' concept and practice of operations. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fergusson,_Baron_Ballantrae" title="Bernard Fergusson, Baron Ballantrae">Bernard Fergusson</a>, originally an enthusiastic supporter of Wingate, later came to feel that Wingate lacked both consistency and flexibility in his plans, which contributed to Fergusson's long, pointless march from Ledo and his defeat at Indaw. John Masters, who was a friend of Lentaigne, felt that the Chindits' mobility was sacrificed in holding fixed defensive positions or attacking strong Japanese positions, without the necessary support. In criticism of the whole Chindit concept, he pointed out that the Chindit force had the infantry strength of two and a half line divisions but without supporting arms, had the fighting strength of less than one.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Calvert, who was closest to Wingate, remained a defender of Wingate and his methods. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/77th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="77th Brigade (United Kingdom)">77th Brigade</a>, raised in 2015 to engage in propaganda for the army, was named in tribute to the Chindits.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardJan15_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardJan15-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Edward_Arnold" title="Denis Edward Arnold">Denis Edward Arnold</a> MC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Degg" title="Roland Degg">Roland Degg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Battle_of_the_Chindits" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Battle of the Chindits">Order of Battle of the Chindits</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See British National Archives HS1/2 – Most Secret & personal from head of SOE India to 'P' Division SEAC & GHQ India March 10, 1944 – Military Operations in the Dilwyn Area B/B.100 to head of SOE India March 11, 1944. For the Chindit side see the Operational Report of Dah Force (Imperial War Museum)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Conference (1943)">Cairo Conference</a> changed some of the original plans, but did not affect the plans to use the Chindits to interdict the Japanese 18th Division's supply lines (Slim 1956, p. 214).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelford Bidwell speculated that Wingate had revived at short notice a plan codenamed <b>Operation Tarzan</b>, by which the <a href="/wiki/Indian_26th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian 26th Infantry Division">Indian 26th Infantry Division</a> would fly into the captured airfields, even though this division was already heavily engaged in the Arakan (Bidwell 1979, p. 138).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brayley18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley18_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley18_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley18_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayley 2002, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinditslongcloth1943.com/history-and-overview.html">"History and Overview"</a>. <i>Chindit Chasing, Operation Longcloth 1943</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chindit+Chasing%2C+Operation+Longcloth+1943&rft.atitle=History+and+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinditslongcloth1943.com%2Fhistory-and-overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Myanmar–English Official Dictionary</i>. Yangon, Burma: Department of the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Language_Commission" title="Myanmar Language Commission">Myanmar Language Commission</a>. 1993. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myanmar%E2%80%93English+Official+Dictionary&rft.place=Yangon%2C+Burma&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Myanmar+Language+Commission&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States1945" class="citation book cs1">United States, Congress (1945). <i>Hearings</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearings&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=United+States&rft.aufirst=Congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson_2008,_p._374-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2008,_p._374_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2008,_p._374_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson 2008, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen (1984), p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson 1989, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chinnery_2010,_p._24-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chinnery_2010,_p._24_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chinnery_2010,_p._24_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinnery 2010, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayley 2002, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brayley19-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley19_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley19_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayley 2002, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masters135-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masters135_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters135_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters135_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters 2002, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callahan 1978, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chindits.wordpress.com/2011/04/16/the-chindits-1944/">"In 1944 – The Second & Last Expedition"</a>. Hermes' wings. 16 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+1944+%E2%80%93+The+Second+%26+Last+Expedition&rft.pub=Hermes%27+wings&rft.date=2011-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchindits.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F04%2F16%2Fthe-chindits-1944%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rooney 1992, pp. 112 & 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters (1961), p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rooney 1992, pp. 110 & 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rooney 1992, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slim 1956, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Cochran" class="citation web cs1">Phil Cochran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specialoperations.net/ColCochran.htm">"The Air Commando Association"</a>. <i>www.specialoperations.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.specialoperations.net&rft.atitle=The+Air+Commando+Association&rft.au=Phil+Cochran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.specialoperations.net%2FColCochran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters 2002, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters 2002, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaptain_Herring1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaptain_Herring1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaptain_Herring">Captain Herring</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plans-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plans_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plans_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Planning of Operation Thursday <ul><li>Prasad, Bhargava & Khera 1958, pp. 318–320.(?)</li> <li>Slim 1956, p. 204.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slim 1956, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slim 1956, pp. 257–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0b-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0b_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0b_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks1985" class="citation book cs1">Franks, Norman (1985). <i>Air Battle over Imphal</i>. London: William Kimber & Co. pp. 28–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718305529" title="Special:BookSources/978-0718305529"><bdi>978-0718305529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Battle+over+Imphal&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28-35&rft.pub=William+Kimber+%26+Co&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0718305529&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2010" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Laird (2010). <i>Classic Warbirds Volume 12</i>. Wellington, New Zealand: Ventura Publishing. pp. 45, 54–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0986465307" title="Special:BookSources/978-0986465307"><bdi>978-0986465307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Warbirds+Volume+12&rft.place=Wellington%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pages=45%2C+54-56&rft.pub=Ventura+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0986465307&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Laird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert1971" class="citation book cs1">Calvert, Michael (1971). <i>Prisoners of Hope</i>. Cooper. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850520644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850520644"><bdi>978-0850520644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+Hope&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Cooper&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0850520644&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1984, pp. 348–351; summary from <a href="#CITEREFTulloch1972">Tulloch 1972</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1984, pp. 350–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1984, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1984, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1984, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters (1961), pp. 258–259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rooney 1992, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1984, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1984, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayley 2002, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chindits.info/Memorial/Main.html">"Chindit Memorial (www.chindits.info)"</a>. <i>www.chindits.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chindits.info&rft.atitle=Chindit+Memorial+%28www.chindits.info%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chindits.info%2FMemorial%2FMain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney2000" class="citation book cs1">Rooney, D. D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43501347"><i>Wingate and the Chindits : redressing the balance</i></a>. London: Cassell. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/030435452X" title="Special:BookSources/030435452X"><bdi>030435452X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43501347">43501347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wingate+and+the+Chindits+%3A+redressing+the+balance&rft.place=London&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43501347&rft.isbn=030435452X&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=D.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43501347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anglim, Simon (2009). "Major General Orde Wingate's Chindit Operations in World War II". Historical Case Study for the Operating Without a Net Project.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549.-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549._46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549._46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549._46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slim_1956,_pp._546–549._46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Slim 1956, pp. 546–549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2022" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Robert (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1296662496"><i>Make For The Hills</i></a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473816114" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473816114"><bdi>978-1473816114</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1296662496">1296662496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+For+The+Hills&rft.pages=76&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1296662496&rft.isbn=978-1473816114&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1296662496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayley 2002, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brayley20-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley20_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley20_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayley 2002, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters (1961), p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardJan15-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuardJan15_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwan_MacAskill2015" class="citation news cs1">Ewan MacAskill (31 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/31/british-army-facebook-warriors-77th-brigade">"British army creates team of Facebook warriors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=British+army+creates+team+of+Facebook+warriors&rft.date=2015-01-31&rft.au=Ewan+MacAskill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2015%2Fjan%2F31%2Fbritish-army-facebook-warriors-77th-brigade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1984" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Louis (1984). <i>Burma: The longest War 1941-45</i>. J.M. Dent & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-02474-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-02474-4"><bdi>0-460-02474-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma%3A+The+longest+War+1941-45&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-460-02474-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidwell1979" class="citation book cs1">Bidwell, Shelford (1979). <i>The Chindit war : the campaigns in Burma, 1944</i>. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/221110416">221110416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chindit+war+%3A+the+campaigns+in+Burma%2C+1944&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F221110416&rft.aulast=Bidwell&rft.aufirst=Shelford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayley2002" class="citation book cs1">Brayley, Martin (2002). <i>The British Army 1939-45 (3): The Far East</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-238-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-238-5"><bdi>1-84176-238-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Army+1939-45+%283%29%3A+The+Far+East&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84176-238-5&rft.aulast=Brayley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallahan1978" class="citation book cs1">Callahan, R. (1978). <i>Wingate in Burma 1942-1945</i>. London: Davis-Poynter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wingate+in+Burma+1942-1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Davis-Poynter&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Callahan&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinnery2010" class="citation book cs1">Chinnery, Philip (2010). <i>Wingate's lost Brigade</i>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-054-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-054-6"><bdi>978-1-84884-054-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wingate%27s+lost+Brigade&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-054-6&rft.aulast=Chinnery&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloonan1999" class="citation web cs1">Cloonan, Colonel (US MC) Cliff (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operationalmed/MilitaryMedicine/SOMALIA7May1999.doc">"The Dark Side of Command"</a>. <i>Special Operations Combat Medical Course: SOF Medicine Module: Mogadishu Raid Exercise</i>. www.brooksidepress.org. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Operations+Combat+Medical+Course%3A+SOF+Medicine+Module%3A+Mogadishu+Raid+Exercise&rft.atitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Command&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1999-05&rft.aulast=Cloonan&rft.aufirst=Colonel+%28US+MC%29+Cliff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooksidepress.org%2FProducts%2FOperationalMedicine%2FDATA%2Foperationalmed%2FMilitaryMedicine%2FSOMALIA7May1999.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1973" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Howard (1973). <i>Formation Badges of World War 2. Britain, Commonwealth and Empire</i>. London: Arms and Armour Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formation+Badges+of+World+War+2.+Britain%2C+Commonwealth+and+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Masters" title="John Masters">Masters, John</a> (2002) [1961]. <i>The Road Past Mandalay</i>. London: Cassel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36157-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36157-7"><bdi>0-304-36157-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+Past+Mandalay&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassel&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-304-36157-7&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaptain_Herring" class="citation book cs1">Captain Herring. <i>Operational Report of Dah Force</i>. Imperial War Museum. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operational+Report+of+Dah+Force&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Imperial+War+Museum&rft.au=Captain+Herring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasadBhargavaKhera1958" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, S. N.; Bhargava, K.D.; Khera, P.N. (1958). Prasad, Bisheshwar (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/Burma1/"><i>The Reconquest of Burma, volume 1: June 1942-June 1944</i></a>. Official History of Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War. Calcutta: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255287142">255287142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconquest+of+Burma%2C+volume+1%3A+June+1942-June+1944&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.series=Official+History+of+Indian+Armed+Forces+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Combined+Inter-Services+Historical+Section+%28India+%26+Pakistan%29&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255287142&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft.au=Bhargava%2C+K.D.&rft.au=Khera%2C+P.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FIndia%2FBurma1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney1992" class="citation book cs1">Rooney, David (1992). <i>Burma Victory: Imphal and Kohima, March 1944 to May 1945</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35457-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35457-0"><bdi>0-304-35457-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma+Victory%3A+Imphal+and+Kohima%2C+March+1944+to+May+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-304-35457-0&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlim1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Slim" class="mw-redirect" title="William Slim">Slim, William</a> (1956). <i>Defeat Into Victory</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1296031">1296031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+Into+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1296031&rft.aulast=Slim&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2008" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Peter (2008). <i>Pacific Fury</i>. North Sydney: Heineman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-708-0"><bdi>978-1-74166-708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Fury&rft.place=North+Sydney&rft.pub=Heineman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74166-708-0&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grainger_Ker_Thompson" title="Robert Grainger Ker Thompson">Thompson, Robert</a> (1989). <i>Make for the hills : memories of Far Eastern wars</i>. London: Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-761-9"><bdi>0-85052-761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+for+the+hills+%3A+memories+of+Far+Eastern+wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-85052-761-9&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulloch1972" class="citation book cs1">Tulloch, Derek (1972). <i>Wingate in Peace and War</i>. London: Macdonald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-03877-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-03877-7"><bdi>0-356-03877-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wingate+in+Peace+and+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macdonald&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-356-03877-7&rft.aulast=Tulloch&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span> Autobiography by Wingate's Chief of Staff</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatimer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Latimer" title="Jon Latimer">Latimer, Jon</a> (2004). <i>Burma: The Forgotten War</i>. John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-6576-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-6576-6"><bdi>0-7195-6576-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma%3A+The+Forgotten+War&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7195-6576-6&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes-James1980" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes-James, Richard (1980). <i>Chindit</i>. J Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-3746-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-3746-0"><bdi>0-7195-3746-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chindit&rft.pub=J+Murray&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7195-3746-0&rft.aulast=Rhodes-James&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChindits" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chindits&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordewingate.net/burma.html">Material on Wingate's Burma Campaign (histories, personal accounts, biographies)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503114041/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm#chindits">Royal Engineers Museum</a> Engineers with the Chindits (archived 3 May 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chindits.info/index.html">The Chindits</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/bookfour.htm">Office of the US Surgeon General: Office of Medical History: Book 4, With Wingate's Chindits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204163349/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/bookfour.htm">Archived</a> 2010-12-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041015212334/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/frameindex.html">index</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glanmore.org/gvf/jri1.html">G. V. Faulkner, MD, MC. Medical Report on Operations, 77th Indian Infantry Brigade</a></li> <li>Chindit Special Force Burma 1944 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chindit.net/">index</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chindit-Special-Force-Burma-1944-ebook/dp/B079KHP6VG/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1571043073&sr=8-12">Chindit: Special Force, Burma 1944</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Divisions_of_the_Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Divisions_in_World_War_II" title="Template:Indian Divisions in World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Divisions_in_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Indian Divisions in World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Divisions_in_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Divisions in World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Divisions_of_the_Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">Indian Army during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airborne</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/44th_Airborne_Division_(India)" title="44th Airborne Division (India)">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Airborne_Division_(India)" title="44th Airborne Division (India)">44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armoured</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/31st_Indian_Armoured_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="31st Indian Armoured Division">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Indian_Armoured_Division" title="32nd Indian Armoured Division">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_Armoured_Division_(India)" title="43rd Armoured Division (India)">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Armoured_Division_(India)" title="44th Armoured Division (India)">44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infantry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="4th Infantry Division (India)">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="5th Infantry Division (India)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="6th Infantry Division (India)">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="7th Indian Infantry Division">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="8th Infantry Division (India)">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="9th Infantry Division (India)">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Indian Infantry Division">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Indian Infantry Division">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="14th Indian Infantry Division">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="17th Infantry Division (India)">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Indian Infantry Division">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="20th Indian Infantry Division">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Indian Infantry Division">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Indian Infantry Division">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="26th Indian Infantry Division">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="34th Infantry Division (India)">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="39th Infantry Division (India)">1st Burma Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long-range Penetration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3 (Chindits)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="14th Indian Infantry Division">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="39th Infantry Division (India)">39</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception / LoC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="2nd Infantry Division (India)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="12th Infantry Division (India)">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="21st Infantry Division (India)">21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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