CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Italian invasion of France - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"df012e46-b744-478f-98bd-bd8277a0b4fb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Italian_invasion_of_France","wgTitle":"Italian invasion of France","wgCurRevisionId":1260112218,"wgRevisionId":1260112218,"wgArticleId":15769483,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2020","Articles containing Italian-language text","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: postscript","CS1: long volume value","1940 in France","1940 in Italy","Conflicts in 1940","Battle of France","Military history of France during World War II","Military history of Italy during World War II", "Battles involving Italy","France–Italy military relations","World War II invasions","Invasions of France","Invasions by Italy","June 1940 events in Europe","Umberto II of Italy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Italian_invasion_of_France","wgRelevantArticleId":15769483,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true, "wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q698178","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"} ;RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg/1200px-Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="789"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg/800px-Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="526"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg/640px-Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="421"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Italian invasion of France - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Italian_invasion_of_France rootpage-Italian_invasion_of_France skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Italian+invasion+of+France" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Italian+invasion+of+France" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Italian+invasion+of+France" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Italian+invasion+of+France" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_imperial_ambitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_imperial_ambitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Italian imperial ambitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_imperial_ambitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Battle of France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_declaration_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_declaration_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Italian declaration of war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_declaration_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 French response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Forces </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Forces subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Order of battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Fortifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Italian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Order_of_battle_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_battle_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Order of battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_battle_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Air campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Initial fighting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_naval_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_naval_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 French naval offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_naval_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_offensive_(21–24_June)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_offensive_(21–24_June)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Italian offensive (21–24 June) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_offensive_(21–24_June)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-4th_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4th_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 4th Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4th_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alpine_Army_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpine_Army_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1.1 Alpine Army Corps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpine_Army_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_Army_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_Army_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1.2 I Army Corps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_Army_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 1st Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armistice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armistice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Armistice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armistice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Italian invasion of France</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="الغزو الإيطالي لفرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزو الإيطالي لفرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0taliyan%C4%B1n_Fransaya_h%C9%99rbi_m%C3%BCdaxil%C9%99si" title="İtaliyanın Fransaya hərbi müdaxiləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtaliyanın Fransaya hərbi müdaxiləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Битка за Алпите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка за Алпите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiens_invasion_af_Frankrig" title="Italiens invasion af Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Italiens invasion af Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_in_den_Westalpen" title="Schlacht in den Westalpen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht in den Westalpen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_los_Alpes" title="Batalla de los Alpes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de los Alpes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_des_Alpes" title="Bataille des Alpes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille des Alpes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Prancis_oleh_Italia" title="Invasi Prancis oleh Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Prancis oleh Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_delle_Alpi_Occidentali" title="Battaglia delle Alpi Occidentali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia delle Alpi Occidentali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaanse_invasie_van_Frankrijk" title="Italiaanse invasie van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Italiaanse invasie van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_deis_Aups" title="Batalha deis Aups – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha deis Aups" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="په فرانسې باندې د ایټالیا برید – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په فرانسې باندې د ایټالیا برید" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82oska_inwazja_na_Francj%C4%99_1940" title="Włoska inwazja na Francję 1940 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włoska inwazja na Francję 1940" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_dos_Alpes" title="Batalha dos Alpes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha dos Alpes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_Alpilor_Occidentali" title="Bătălia Alpilor Occidentali – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia Alpilor Occidentali" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E" title="Итальянское вторжение во Францию – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Итальянское вторжение во Францию" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijanska_invazija_na_Francijo" title="Italijanska invazija na Francijo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italijanska invazija na Francijo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ys_Ranskaan" title="Italian hyökkäys Ranskaan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italian hyökkäys Ranskaan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இத்தாலியின் பிரான்சு படையெடுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இத்தாலியின் பிரான்சு படையெடுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%83_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Італійське вторгнення у Францію – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Італійське вторгнення у Францію" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="義大利入侵法國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="義大利入侵法國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q698178#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Italian_invasion_of_France" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Italian_invasion_of_France" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&oldid=1260112218" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Italian_invasion_of_France&id=1260112218&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FItalian_invasion_of_France">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FItalian_invasion_of_France">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Italian_invasion_of_France" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q698178" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian engagement of World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Battle of the Alps" redirects here. For the fighting later in World War II, see <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Second Battle of the Alps</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Italian Invasion of France</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg/300px-Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg/450px-Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg/600px-Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1820" /></a> The Val Dora battalion of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Alpini_Regiment" title="5th Alpini Regiment">5th Alpini Regiment</a> in action in the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Pelouse" title="Col de Pelouse">Col de Pelouse</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10 – 25 June 1940</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Franco-Italian border</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Incisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Villa Incisa">Armistice of Villa Incisa</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Creation of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">Italian occupied zone</a> in southern France</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> Air support: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Henri_Olry" class="mw-redirect" title="René-Henri Olry">René-Henri Olry</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Umberto_di_Savoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Umberto di Savoia">Prince Umberto</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Guzzoni" title="Alfredo Guzzoni">Alfredo Guzzoni</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Pintor" title="Pietro Pintor">Pietro Pintor</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~180,000 total (85,000 at the front)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 300,000 total</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total: ~340–460<div><ul><li>~40 killed</li><li>~50–120 wounded</li><li>~150 prisoners</li><li>~100–150 missing</li></ul></div>1 destroyer damaged 1 sloop damaged</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Total: ~6,038<div><ul><li>~640 killed</li><li>2,631 wounded</li><li>2,151 frostbite victims</li><li>616 missing</li></ul></div>1 submarine sunk 1 torpedo boat damaged</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battle_of_France" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_France" title="Template:Campaignbox Battle of France"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battle_of_France" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Battle of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Battle of France"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Royal_Marine" title="Operation Royal Marine">Royal Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France#Central_front" title="Battle of France">Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line#German_invasion_in_World_War_II" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France#Weygand_Plan" title="Battle of France">Weygand Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boulogne" title="Battle of Boulogne">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940)" title="Siege of Calais (1940)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhoudt_massacre" title="Wormhoudt massacre">Wormhoudt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1940)" title="Siege of Lille (1940)">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paula" title="Operation Paula">Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_Rot" title="Fall Rot">Fall Rot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haddock_Force" title="Haddock Force">Haddock Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cycle" title="Operation Cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lagarde_(1940)" title="Battle of Lagarde (1940)">Lagarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saumur_(1940)" title="Battle of Saumur (1940)">Saumur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aerial" title="Operation Aerial">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_Braun#1940" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Braun">Fall Braun</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maastricht" title="Battle of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mill" title="Battle of Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_The_Hague" title="Battle for The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rotterdam" title="Battle of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland" title="Battle of Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Grebbeberg" title="Battle of the Grebbeberg">The Grebbeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Afsluitdijk" title="Battle of the Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam Blitz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Eben-Emael" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Eben-Emael">Fort Eben-Emael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-W_Line" title="K-W Line">K-W Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_war_planning_1920%E2%80%931940" title="French war planning 1920–1940">Dyle Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_David" title="Operation David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut" title="Battle of Hannut">Hannut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1940)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1940)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1940)" title="Battle of the Lys (1940)">Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ypres%E2%80%93Comines_Canal" title="Battle of the Ypres–Comines Canal">Ypres–Comines Canal</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuster_Line" title="Schuster Line">Schuster Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front of World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Forth" title="Battle of the River Forth">River Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">Saar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">The Heligoland Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wikinger" title="Operation Wikinger">Wikinger</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuster_Line" title="Schuster Line">Schuster Line</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maastricht" title="Battle of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mill" title="Battle of Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_The_Hague" title="Battle for The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rotterdam" title="Battle of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland" title="Battle of Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Grebbeberg" title="Battle of the Grebbeberg">The Grebbeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Afsluitdijk" title="Battle of the Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam Blitz</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Eben-Emael" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Eben-Emael">Fort Eben-Emael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut" title="Battle of Hannut">Hannut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_David" title="Operation David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1940)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1940)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1940)" title="Battle of the Lys (1940)">La Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ypres%E2%80%93Comines_Canal" title="Battle of the Ypres–Comines Canal">Ypres–Comines Canal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saumur_(1940)" title="Battle of Saumur (1940)">Saumur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boulogne" title="Battle of Boulogne">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940)" title="Siege of Calais (1940)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dynamo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1940)" title="Siege of Lille (1940)">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paula" title="Operation Paula">Paula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Alps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haddock_Force" title="Haddock Force">Haddock Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanalkampf" title="Kanalkampf">Kanalkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlertag" title="Adlertag">Adlertag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hardest_Day" title="The Hardest Day">The Hardest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Day" title="Battle of Britain Day">Battle of Britain Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Sea Lion</a></li></ul> 1941–1943 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerkeil" title="Operation Donnerkeil">Donnerkeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Commando Raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1944–1945 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Baby Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#The_final_year" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">2nd Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic Pockets</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Blackcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Veritable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenade" title="Operation Grenade">Grenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blockbuster" title="Operation Blockbuster">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lumberjack" title="Operation Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remagen" title="Battle of Remagen">Remagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cologne_(1945)" title="Battle of Cologne (1945)">Cologne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela">Gisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undertone" title="Operation Undertone">Undertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Plunder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paderborn_(1945)" title="Battle of Paderborn (1945)">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Pocket">Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Baum" title="Task Force Baum">TF Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt" title="Battle of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_(1945)" title="Battle of Würzburg (1945)">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kassel_(1945)" title="Battle of Kassel (1945)">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilbronn_(1945)" title="Battle of Heilbronn (1945)">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Nuremberg (1945)">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Hamburg" title="Capture of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> Strategic campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic Bombing Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Raids on the Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of Atlantic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Italian invasion of France (10–25 June 1940), also called the Battle of the Alps,<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> was the first major <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italian</a> engagement of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the last major engagement of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>. The Italian entry into the war widened its scope considerably in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. The goal of the Italian leader, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, was the elimination of Anglo-French domination in the Mediterranean, the reclamation of historically Italian territory (<a href="/wiki/Italia_irredenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia irredenta">Italia irredenta</a>) and the expansion of Italian influence over the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and in Africa. <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> tried during the 1930s to draw Mussolini away from an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> but the rapid German successes from 1938 to 1940 made Italian intervention on the German side inevitable by May 1940. Italy declared war on France and Britain on the evening of 10 June, to take effect just after midnight. The two sides exchanged air raids on the first day of the war, but little transpired on the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> front since France and Italy had defensive strategies. There was some skirmishing between patrols and the French forts of the <a href="/wiki/Ligne_Alpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligne Alpine">Ligne Alpine</a> exchanged fire with their Italian counterparts of the <a href="/wiki/Vallo_Alpino" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallo Alpino">Vallo Alpino</a>. On 17 June, France announced that it would seek an armistice with Germany. On 21 June, with a Franco-German armistice about to be signed, the Italians launched a general offensive along the Alpine front, the main attack coming in the northern sector and a secondary advance along the coast. The Italian offensive penetrated a few kilometres into French territory against strong resistance but stalled before its primary objectives could be attained, the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Menton" title="Menton">Menton</a>, situated directly on the Italian border, being the most significant conquest. On the evening of 24 June, an <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_Armistice" title="Franco-Italian Armistice">armistice was signed at Rome</a>. It came into effect just after midnight on 25 June, at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Armistice at Compiègne">armistice with Germany</a> (signed 22 June). Italy was allowed to occupy the territory it had captured in the brief fighting, a demilitarised zone was created on the French side of the border, Italian economic control was extended into south-east France up to the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> and Italy obtained certain rights and concessions in certain French <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colonies</a>. An armistice control commission, the <a href="/wiki/Commissione_Italiana_d%27Armistizio_con_la_Francia" title="Commissione Italiana d'Armistizio con la Francia">Commissione Italiana d'Armistizio con la Francia</a> (CIAF), was set up in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> to oversee French compliance. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_imperial_ambitions">Italian imperial ambitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Italian imperial ambitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Italian imperialism under Fascism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/220px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/330px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/440px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. Legend:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client states</a>;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Claimed territories to be annexed;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Territories to be transformed into client states.</div> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed.</figcaption></figure> During the late 1920s, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> spoke with increasing urgency about imperial expansion, arguing that Italy needed <a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">an outlet</a> for its "<a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">surplus population</a>" and that it would therefore be in the best interests of other countries to aid in this expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170-3">[1]</a> The immediate aspiration of the regime was political "hegemony in the Mediterranean–Danubian–Balkan region", more grandiosely Mussolini imagined the conquest "of an empire stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel1999184,_198-4">[2]</a> Balkan and Mediterranean hegemony was predicated by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Roman</a> dominance in the same regions. There were designs for a protectorate over <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–39)">Albania</a> and for the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, as well as economic and military control of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>. The regime also sought to establish <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">protective patron–client relationships</a> with <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, which all lay on the outside edges of its European sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries1998467-5">[3]</a> Although it was not among his publicly proclaimed aims, Mussolini wished to challenge the supremacy of Britain and France in the Mediterranean Sea, which was considered strategically vital, since the Mediterranean was Italy's only conduit to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Oceans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170-3">[1]</a> In 1935, Italy initiated the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, "a nineteenth-century colonial campaign waged out of due time". The campaign gave rise to optimistic talk on raising a native Ethiopian army "to help conquer" <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a>. The war also marked a shift towards a more aggressive Italian foreign policy and also "exposed [the] vulnerabilities" of the British and French. This in turn created the opportunity Mussolini needed to begin to realize his imperial goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199770–71-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel1999198-7">[5]</a> In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> broke out. From the beginning, Italy played an important role in the conflict. Their military contribution was so vast, that it played a decisive role in the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist</a> forces led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199621–22-8">[6]</a> Mussolini had engaged in "a full-scale external war" due to the insinuation of future Spanish subservience to the Italian Empire, and as a way of placing the country on a war footing and creating "a warrior culture".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199622,_50–51-9">[7]</a> The aftermath of the war in Ethiopia saw a reconciliation of German-Italian relations following years of a previously strained relationship, resulting in the signing of a treaty of mutual interest in October 1936. Mussolini referred to this treaty as the creation of a Berlin-Rome Axis, which Europe would revolve around. The treaty was the result of increasing dependence on German coal following <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> sanctions, similar policies between the two countries over the conflict in Spain, and German sympathy towards Italy following European backlash to the Ethiopian War. The aftermath of the treaty saw the increasing ties between Italy and Germany, and Mussolini falling under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s influence from which "he never escaped".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199773–74,_154-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenvilleWasserstein2001211-11">[9]</a> In October 1938, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, Italy demanded concessions from France. These included a <a href="/wiki/List_of_free_ports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of free ports">free port</a> at <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a>, control of the <a href="/wiki/Ethio-Djibouti_Railways" title="Ethio-Djibouti Railways">Addis Ababa–Djibouti railway</a>, Italian participation in the management of <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">Suez Canal Company</a>, some form of French-Italian <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a> over <a href="/wiki/French_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Tunisia">French Tunisia</a>, and the preservation of Italian culture on <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> with no French assimilation of the people. The French refused the demands, believing the true Italian intention was the territorial acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, Corsica, Tunisia, and Djibouti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–83-12">[10]</a> On 30 November 1938, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a> addressed the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> on the "natural aspirations of the Italian people" and was met with shouts of "Nice! Corsica! Savoy! Tunisia! Djibouti! Malta!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2005243-13">[11]</a> Later that day, Mussolini addressed the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Grand_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Grand Council">Fascist Grand Council</a> "on the subject of what he called the immediate goals of 'Fascist dynamism'." These were Albania; Tunisia; Corsica, an integral part of France; the <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, a canton of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>; and all "French territory east of the River Var", including Nice, but not <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199772-14">[12]</a> Beginning in 1939 Mussolini often voiced his contention that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105–06-15">[13]</a> On 4 February 1939, Mussolini addressed the Grand Council in a closed session. He delivered a long speech on international affairs and the goals of his foreign policy, "which bears comparison with Hitler's notorious disposition, <a href="/wiki/Hossbach_Memorandum" title="Hossbach Memorandum">minuted by Colonel Hossbach</a>". He began by claiming that the freedom of a country is proportional to the strength of its navy. This was followed by "the familiar lament that Italy was a prisoner in the Mediterranean".<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> He called Corsica, Tunisia, <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown colony of Malta">Malta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus_(1914%E2%80%931960)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cyprus (1914–1960)">Cyprus</a> "the bars of this prison", and described <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and Suez as the prison guards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel199967-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2005244-19">[16]</a> To break British control, her bases on Cyprus, Gibraltar, Malta, and in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a> (controlling the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>) would have to be neutralized. On 31 March, Mussolini stated that "Italy will not truly be an independent nation so long as she has Corsica, <a href="/wiki/Bizerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizerta">Bizerta</a>, Malta as the bars of her Mediterranean prison and Gibraltar and Suez as the walls." Fascist foreign policy took for granted that the democracies—Britain and France—would someday need to be faced down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105–06-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199772–73-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200996-21">[18]</a> Through armed conquest <a href="/wiki/Italian_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian North Africa">Italian North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>—separated by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan—would be linked,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett20039-22">[19]</a> and the Mediterranean prison destroyed. Then, Italy would be able to march "either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia, or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199772-14">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg/220px-Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg/330px-Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg/440px-Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>German coal entering Italy through the <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Pass" title="Brenner Pass">Brenner Pass</a>. The issue of Italian coal was prominent in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940.</figcaption></figure> As early as September 1938, the Italian military had drawn up plans to invade Albania. On 7 April 1939, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian forces landed in the country</a> and within three days had occupied the majority of the country. Albania represented a territory Italy could acquire for "'living space' to ease its overpopulation" as well as the foothold needed to launch other expansionist conflicts in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki19991353-23">[20]</a> On 22 May 1939, Italy and Germany signed the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> joining both countries in a military alliance. The pact was the culmination of German-Italian relations from 1936 and was not defensive in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199773,_291-24">[21]</a> Rather, the pact was designed for a "joint war against France and Britain", although the Italian hierarchy held the understanding that such a war would not take place for several years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199473-25">[22]</a> However, despite the Italian impression, the pact made no reference to such a period of peace and the Germans proceeded with their plans to <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">invade Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1997291-26">[23]</a> In September 1939, Britain imposed a selective blockade of Italy. Coal from Germany, which was shipped out of <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, was declared contraband. The Germans promised to keep up shipments by train, over the Alps, and Britain offered to supply all of Italy's needs in exchange for Italian armaments. The Italians could not agree to the latter terms without shattering their alliance with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178–80-27">[24]</a> On 2 February 1940, however, Mussolini approved a draft contract with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> to provide 400 <a href="/wiki/Caproni" title="Caproni">Caproni</a> aircraft; yet he scrapped the deal on 8 February. The British intelligence officer, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rodd" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Rodd">Francis Rodd</a>, believed that Mussolini was persuaded to reverse policy by German pressure in the week of 2–8 February, a view shared by the British ambassador in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Loraine" title="Percy Loraine">Percy Loraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158-28">[25]</a> On 1 March, the British announced that they would block all coal exports from Rotterdam to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178–80-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158-28">[25]</a> Italian coal was one of the most discussed issues in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940. In April Britain began strengthening their <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a> to enforce the blockade. Despite French misgivings, Britain rejected concessions to Italy so as not to "create an impression of weakness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich198930-29">[26]</a> Germany supplied Italy with about one million tons of coal a month beginning in the spring of 1940, an amount that even exceeded Mussolini's demand of August 1939 that Italy receive six million tons of coal for its first twelve months of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1968550-30">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_France">Battle of France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21May-4June1940-Fall_Gelb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of northern France depicting the Anglo-French and German lines." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/21May-4June1940-Fall_Gelb.jpg/220px-21May-4June1940-Fall_Gelb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/21May-4June1940-Fall_Gelb.jpg/330px-21May-4June1940-Fall_Gelb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/21May-4June1940-Fall_Gelb.jpg/440px-21May-4June1940-Fall_Gelb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>The situation on 4 June. Belgian, British, and French forces have been encircled near Dunkirk, while the remaining French armies take up positions to defend Paris.</figcaption></figure> On 1 September 1939, <a href="/wiki/Germany_invaded_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany invaded Poland">Germany invaded Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20081–2-31">[28]</a> Following a month of war, Poland was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHempel200524-32">[29]</a> A period of inaction, called the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>, then followed between the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200345-33">[30]</a> On 10 May 1940, this inactivity ended as Germany began <a href="/wiki/Fall_Gelb" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Gelb">Fall Gelb</a> (Case Yellow) against France and the neutral nations of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008122–23-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200359-35">[32]</a> On 13 May, the Germans fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Battle of Sedan</a> and crossed the Meuse. The Germans rapidly encircled the northern Allied armies. On 27 May, Anglo-French forces trapped in the north began the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a>, abandoning their heavy equipment in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003xvi-36">[33]</a> Following the Dunkirk evacuation, the Germans continued their offensive towards Paris with <a href="/wiki/Fall_Rot" title="Fall Rot">Fall Rot</a> (Case Red). With over 60 divisions, compared to the remaining 40 French divisions in the north, the Germans were able to breach the French defensive line along the river <a href="/wiki/Somme_(river)" title="Somme (river)">Somme</a> by 6 June. Two days later, Parisians could hear distant gunfire. On 9 June, the Germans entered <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Upper Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003101-37">[34]</a> The following day, the French Government abandoned Paris, declaring it an <a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open city</a>, and fled to <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003xvi_and_135–136-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_declaration_of_war">Italian declaration of war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Italian declaration of war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Military history of Italy during World War II</a></div> On 23 January 1940, Mussolini remarked that "even today we could undertake and sustain a ... parallel war", having in mind a war with Yugoslavia, since on that day Ciano had met with the dissident Croat <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a>. A war with Yugoslavia was considered likely by the end of April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox199954-39">[36]</a> On 26 May, Mussolini informed <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshals</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a>, chief of the Supreme General Staff, and <a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Italo Balbo</a> that he intended to join the German war against Britain and France, so to be able to sit at the peace table "when the world is to be apportioned" following an Axis victory. The two marshals unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Mussolini that this was not a wise course of action, arguing that the Italian military was unprepared, divisions were not up to strength, troops lacked equipment, the empire was equally unprepared, and the merchant fleet was scattered across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008340-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[d]</a> On 5 June, Mussolini told Badoglio, "I only need a few thousand dead so that I can sit at the peace conference as a man who has fought".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadoglio194637-44">[40]</a> According to the post-war memoires of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Paillole" title="Paul Paillole">Paul Paillole</a>, in 1940 a captain in the French military intelligence, the <a href="/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_Bureau" title="Deuxième Bureau">Deuxième Bureau</a>, he was forewarned about the Italian declaration of war on 6 June, when he met Major Navale, an Italian intelligence officer, on the Pont Saint-Louis to negotiate an exchange of captured spies. When Paillole refused Navale's proposal, the major warned him that they only had four days to work something out before war would be declared, although nothing much would happen near <a href="/wiki/Menton" title="Menton">Menton</a> before 19/20 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9-45">[41]</a> By mid-1940 Germany had revised its earlier preference for Italy as a war ally. The pending collapse of France might have been affected by any diversion of German military resources to support a new Alpine front. From a political and economic perspective, Italy was useful as a sympathetic neutral and her entry into the war might complicate any peace negotiations with Britain and France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1976215–16-46">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussolini_DOW_10_June_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mussolini_DOW_10_June_1940.jpg/220px-Mussolini_DOW_10_June_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mussolini_DOW_10_June_1940.jpg/330px-Mussolini_DOW_10_June_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mussolini_DOW_10_June_1940.jpg/440px-Mussolini_DOW_10_June_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Mussolini delivering his declaration of war speech, from the balcony of the Palazzo Venezia in Rome</figcaption></figure> On 10 June, Ciano informed his ambassadors in London and Paris that a declaration of war would be handed to the British and French ambassadors in Rome at 1630 hours, local time. When Ciano presented the declaration, the French ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="André François-Poncet">André François-Poncet</a>, was alarmed, while his British counterpart <a href="/wiki/Percy_Loraine" title="Percy Loraine">Percy Loraine</a>, who received it at 1645 hours,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954109-47">[43]</a> "did not bat an eyelid", as Ciano recorded in his diary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1995107-48">[44]</a> The declaration of war took effect at midnight (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a>) on 10/11 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200427-49">[45]</a> Italy's other embassies were informed of the declaration shortly before midnight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1995107-48">[44]</a> Commenting on the declaration of war, François-Poncet called it "a dagger blow to man who has already fallen", and this occasioned <a href="/wiki/United_States_President" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>'s famous remark that "the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back of its neighbor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn201226-50">[46]</a> François-Poncet and the French military attaché in Rome, General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Parisot" title="Henri Parisot">Henri Parisot</a>, declared that France would not fight a "rushed war" (guerre brusquée), meaning that no offensive against Italy was being contemplated with France's dwindling military resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn201226-50">[46]</a> Late in the day, Mussolini addressed a crowd from the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Venezia" title="Palazzo Venezia">Palazzo Venezia</a>, in Rome. He declared that he had taken the country to war to rectify maritime frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999125-51">[47]</a> Mussolini's exact reason for entering the war has been much debated, although the consensus of historians is that it was opportunistic and imperialistic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett1998186-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_response">French response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French response">edit</a>]</div> On 26 May General <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Olry" title="René Olry">René Olry</a> had informed the prefect of the town of Menton, the largest on the Franco-Italian border, that the town would be evacuated at night on his order. He gave the order on 3 June and the following two nights the town was evacuated under the code name "Exécutez Mandrin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19815-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica201622-60">[55]</a> On the evening of 10/11 June, after the declaration of war, the French were ordered from their <a href="/wiki/Casern" title="Casern">casernes</a> to their defensive positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007175-61">[56]</a> French engineers destroyed the transportation and communication links across the border with Italy using fifty-three tons of explosives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19816-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica201622-60">[55]</a> For the remainder of the short war with Italy, the French took no offensive action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._22-63">[58]</a> As early as 14 May, the French <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Interior (France)">Ministry of the Interior</a> had given orders to arrest Italian citizens known or suspected of being anti-French in the event of war. Immediately after the declaration of war, the French authorities put up posters in all the towns near the Italian border ordering all Italian citizens to report to the local police by 15 June. Those who reported were asked to sign a declaration of loyalty that entailed possible future military service. The response was impressive: a majority of Italians reported, and almost all willingly signed the declaration. In Nice, over 5,000 Italians reported within three days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica201619-64">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces">Forces</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forces">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history of France during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Olry_mus%C3%A9e_de_tradition_des_troupes_de_montagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photo of a man, looking to the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Olry_mus%C3%A9e_de_tradition_des_troupes_de_montagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>General René Olry, commander of the Army of the Alps</figcaption></figure> In June 1940, only five Alpine passes between France and Italy were practicable for motor vehicles: the <a href="/wiki/Little_Saint_Bernard_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Saint Bernard Pass">Little Saint Bernard Pass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Cenis" title="Mont Cenis">Mont Cenis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Montgen%C3%A8vre" title="Col de Montgenèvre">Col de Montgenèvre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maddalena_Pass" title="Maddalena Pass">Maddalena Pass</a> (Col de Larche) and the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Tende" title="Col de Tende">Col de Tende</a>. The only other routes were the coast road and mule trails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._2-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid2008para._3-66">[61]</a> Prior to September 1939, the Alpine front was defended by the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Army (France)">Sixth Army</a> (General <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Marie-Beno%C3%AEt_Besson" title="Antoine-Marie-Benoît Besson">Antoine Besson</a>) with eleven divisions and 550,000 men; ample to defend a well-fortified frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._10-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2008paras._23–24-68">[63]</a> In October the Sixth Army was reduced to the level of an army detachment (détachement d'armée), renamed the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Alps" title="Army of the Alps">Army of the Alps</a> (Armée des Alpes) and placed under the command of General René Olry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2008paras._23–24-68">[63]</a> A plan for a "general offensive on the Alpine front" (offensive d'ensemble sur le front des Alpes), in the event of war with Italy, had been worked out in August 1938 at the insistence of Generals <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Billotte" title="Gaston Billotte">Gaston Billotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gamelin" title="Maurice Gamelin">Maurice Gamelin</a>; the army was deployed for offensive operations in September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._10-67">[62]</a> Olry was ordered not to engage Italian military forces unless fired upon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177-69">[64]</a> By December 1939, all mobile troops had been stripped from the Armée des Alpes, moved north to the main front against Germany, and his general staff much reduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2008paras._23–24-68">[63]</a> Olry was left with three Alpine divisions, some Alpine battalions, the Alpine fortress <a href="/wiki/Demi-brigade" title="Demi-brigade">demibrigades</a>, and two Alpine <a href="/wiki/Chasseur" title="Chasseur">chasseurs</a> demibrigades with 175,000–185,000 men. Only 85,000 men were based on the frontier: 81,000 in 46 battalions faced Italy, supported by 65 groups of artillery and 4,500 faced Switzerland, supported by three groups of artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._10-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2008paras._23–24-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanLefèvre198226-70">[65]</a> Olry also had series-B reserve divisions: second-line troops, typically comprising <a href="/wiki/Reservist" title="Reservist">reservists</a> in their forties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGUF1967737–74-71">[66]</a> Series-B divisions were a low priority for new equipment and the quality of training was mediocre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200335-72">[67]</a> The Armée des Alpes had 86 sections d'éclaireurs-skieurs (SES), <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoons</a> of 35 to 40 men. These were elite troops trained and equipped for <a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">mountain warfare</a>, skiing and mountain climbing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._10-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner199845-73">[68]</a> On 31 May, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Supreme_War_Council" title="Anglo-French Supreme War Council">Anglo-French Supreme War Council</a> came to the decision that, if Italy joined the war, aerial attacks should commence against industrial and oil-related targets in northern Italy. The RAF was promised the use of two airfields, north of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> as advanced bases for bombers flying from the United Kingdom. The headquarters of <a href="/w/index.php?title=No._71_Wing_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 71 Wing RAF (page does not exist)">No. 71 Wing</a> arrived at Marseille on 3 June as <a href="/wiki/Haddock_Force" title="Haddock Force">Haddock Force</a>. It comprised <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Whitley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellington</a> bombers from <a href="/wiki/No._10_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 10 Squadron RAF">No. 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._51_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 51 Squadron RAF">51</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._58_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 58 Squadron RAF">58</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._77_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 77 Squadron RAF">77</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._102_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 102 Squadron RAF">102</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._149_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 149 Squadron RAF">149 Squadrons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1954293-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1953145–47-75">[70]</a> The French held back part of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air_(1909%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Armée de l'Air (1909–42)">Armée de l'Air</a> in case Italy entered the war, as Aerial Operations Zone of the Alps (Zone d'Opérations Aériennes des Alpes, ZOAA), with its headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Valence-Chabeuil_Airport" title="Valence-Chabeuil Airport">Valence-Chabeuil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990451-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeulliot1999a-77">[72]</a> Italian army intelligence, the <a href="/wiki/Servizio_Informazioni_Militari" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio Informazioni Militari">Servizio Informazioni Militari</a> (SIM), overestimated the number of aircraft still available in the Alpine and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean theatres</a> by 10 June, when many had been withdrawn to face the German invasion; ZOAA had 70 fighters, 40 bombers and 20 reconnaissance craft, with a further 28 bombers, 38 torpedo bombers and 14 fighters with <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9ronavale" class="mw-redirect" title="Aéronavale">Aéronavale</a> (naval aviation) and three fighters and 30 other aircraft on Corsica.<a href="#cite_note-78">[f]</a> Italian air reconnaissance had put the number of French aircraft at over 2,000 and that of the British at over 620, in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber199584-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[g]</a> SIM also estimated the strength of the Armée des Alpes at twelve divisions, although at most it had six by June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox199999-81">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Order of battle">edit</a>]</div> Armée des Alpes, 10 May:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger199269–73-82">[75]</a> <dl><dd>Fortified Sector under the Army: General René Magnien <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Defensive_Sector_of_the_Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Defensive Sector of the Rhône">Defensive Sector of the Rhône</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>14th Corps: General <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_Paul_Beynet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne Paul Beynet (page does not exist)">Étienne Beynet</a> <dl><dd>Corps troops</dd> <dd>64th Mountain Infantry Division</dd> <dd>66th Mountain Infantry Division</dd> <dd>Fortified Sector of Savoy</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fortified_Sector_of_the_Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné">Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>15th Corps: General <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Montagne" title="Alfred Montagne">Alfred Montagne</a> <dl><dd>Corps troops</dd> <dd>2nd Colonial Infantry Division</dd> <dd>65th Mountain Infantry Division</dd> <dd>Fortified Sector of Alpes-Maritimes</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fortifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpine_Line_10_June_1940.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alpine_Line_10_June_1940.svg/220px-Alpine_Line_10_June_1940.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alpine_Line_10_June_1940.svg/330px-Alpine_Line_10_June_1940.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alpine_Line_10_June_1940.svg/440px-Alpine_Line_10_June_1940.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>The Little Maginot Line 1–6: Fortified Sector of Savoy 7–12: Fortified Sector of Dauphiné 14–27: Fortified Sector of the Maritime Alps For a full list and details on the various strong points, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alpine_Line_ouvrages" title="List of Alpine Line ouvrages">List of Alpine Line ouvrages</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the 1930s, the French had constructed a series of fortifications—the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a>—along their border with Germany. This line had been designed to deter a German invasion across the Franco-German border and funnel an attack into Belgium, which could then be met by the best divisions of the French Army. Thus, any future war would take place outside of French territory <a href="/wiki/Zone_rouge" title="Zone rouge">avoiding a repeat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200333-83">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth20106-84">[77]</a> In addition to this force, the French had constructed a series of fortifications known as <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Line" title="Alpine Line">Alpine Line</a>, or the Little Maginot Line. In contrast to the Maginot Line facing the German border, the fortifications in the Alps were not a continuous chain of forts. In the <a href="/wiki/Fortified_Sector_of_the_Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné">Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">passes</a> allowed access through the Alps between Italy and France. To defend these passes, the French had constructed nine artillery and ten infantry <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[h]</a> In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortified_Sector_of_the_Maritime_Alps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortified Sector of the Maritime Alps (page does not exist)">Fortified Sector of the Maritime Alps</a>, the terrain was less rugged and presented the best possible invasion route for the Italians. In this area, 56 kilometres (35 mi) long between the coast and the more impenetrable mountains, the French constructed 13 artillery bunkers and 12 infantry forts. Along the border, in front of the above main fortifications, numerous <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a> had been constructed. However, by the outbreak of the war some of the Little Maginot Line's positions had yet to be completed and overall the fortifications were smaller and weaker than those in the main Maginot Line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterling2009207-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannJankovič-PotočnikLang201182–83-88">[80]</a> Italy had a series of fortifications along its entire land border: the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Wall" title="Alpine Wall">Alpine Wall</a> (Vallo Alpino). By 1939 the section facing France, the Occidental Front, had 460 complete opere (works, like French ouvrages) with 133 artillery pieces. As Mussolini prepared to enter the war, construction work continued round the clock on the entire wall, including the section fronting Germany. The Alpine Wall was garrisoned by the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_alla_Frontiera" title="Guardia alla Frontiera">Guardia alla Frontiera</a> (GAF), and the Occidental Front was divided into ten sectors and one autonomous subsector. When Italy entered the war, sectors I and V were placed under the command of XV Army Corps, sectors II, III and IV under II Army Corps and sectors VI, VII, VIII, IX and X under I Army Corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannJurga2002199-89">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torri_dello_Chaberton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A row of round brick turrets can be seen in the foreground. A mountain range occupies the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Torri_dello_Chaberton.JPG/170px-Torri_dello_Chaberton.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Torri_dello_Chaberton.JPG/255px-Torri_dello_Chaberton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Torri_dello_Chaberton.JPG/340px-Torri_dello_Chaberton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Several of the destroyed Italian artillery turrets of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Chaberton" title="Mont Chaberton">Fort Chaberton</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the interwar years and 1939, the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian military">Italian military</a> had dramatically fluctuated due to waves of mobilization and demobilization. By the time Italy entered the war, over 1.5 million men had been mobilized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._7-90">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20003-91">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Royal Italian Army during World War II">Royal Italian Army</a> had formed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_divisions_in_World_War_II" title="List of Italian divisions in World War II">73 divisions</a> out of this influx of men. However, only 19 of these divisions were complete and fully combat-ready. A further 32 were in various stages of being formed and could be used for combat if needed, while the rest were not ready for battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._8-92">[84]</a> Italy was prepared, in the event of war, for a defensive stance on both the Italian and Yugoslav fronts, for defence against French aggression and for an offensive against Yugoslavia while France remained neutral. There was no planning for an offensive against France beyond mobilisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._5-93">[85]</a> On the French border, 300,000 men—in 18 infantry and four alpine divisions—were massed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5-94">[86]</a> These were deployed defensively, mainly at the entrance to the valleys and with their artillery arranged to hit targets inside the border in the event of an invasion. They were not prepared to assault French fortifications, and their deployment did not change prior to June 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._9-95">[87]</a> These troops formed the <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(Italy)" title="1st Army (Italy)">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Italy)" title="4th Army (Italy)">4th</a> armies, which were under the command of the Italian Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto of Savoy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_West_(Italy)" title="Army Group West (Italy)">Army Group West</a> (Gruppo Armate Ovest). The chief of staff of Army Group West was General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Battisti" title="Emilio Battisti">Emilio Battisti</a>. The <a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Italy)" title="7th Army (Italy)">7th Army</a> was held in reserve at Turin, and a further ten mobile divisions, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Po" title="Army of the Po">Army of the Po</a> (later Sixth Army), were made available.<a href="#cite_note-98">[i]</a> However, most of these latter divisions were still in the process of mobilizing and not yet ready for battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5-94">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._9-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanLefèvre198232-99">[90]</a> Supporting Army Group West was 3,000 pieces of artillery and two independent armoured regiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._8-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5-94">[86]</a> After the campaign opened, further tank support was provided by the <a href="/wiki/133rd_Armoured_Division_Littorio" class="mw-redirect" title="133rd Armoured Division Littorio">133rd Armoured Division Littorio</a> bringing the total number of tanks deployed to around 200.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweet2007154_and_169-100">[91]</a> The Littorio had received seventy of the new type <a href="/wiki/M11/39" class="mw-redirect" title="M11/39">M11/39</a> medium tanks shortly before the declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber199575-101">[92]</a> Despite the numerical superiority, the Italian military was plagued by numerous issues. During the 1930s, the army had developed an operational <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">doctrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">rapid mobile advances</a> backed by heavy artillery support. Starting in 1938, General <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Pariani" title="Alberto Pariani">Alberto Pariani</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[j]</a> initiated a series of reforms that radically altered the army. By 1940, all Italian divisions had been converted from <a href="/wiki/Triangular_division" title="Triangular division">triangular divisions</a> into binary divisions. Rather than having three infantry regiments, the divisions were composed of two, bringing their total strength to around 7,000 men and therefore smaller than their French counterparts. The number of artillery guns of the divisional artillery regiment had also been reduced. Pariani's reforms also promoted <a href="/wiki/Frontal_assault" title="Frontal assault">frontal assaults</a> to the exclusion of other doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5-94">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillettMurray2010159-103">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008170-104">[94]</a> Further, army front commanders were forbidden to communicate directly with their aeronautical and naval counterparts, rendering inter-service cooperation almost impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012372-105">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-201-1561-20,_Balkan,_italienische_Panzer,_Krad_mit_Beiwagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small tank, with a motorbike and rider to the right, move towards the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-201-1561-20%2C_Balkan%2C_italienische_Panzer%2C_Krad_mit_Beiwagen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-201-1561-20%2C_Balkan%2C_italienische_Panzer%2C_Krad_mit_Beiwagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-201-1561-20%2C_Balkan%2C_italienische_Panzer%2C_Krad_mit_Beiwagen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-201-1561-20%2C_Balkan%2C_italienische_Panzer%2C_Krad_mit_Beiwagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-201-1561-20%2C_Balkan%2C_italienische_Panzer%2C_Krad_mit_Beiwagen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-201-1561-20%2C_Balkan%2C_italienische_Panzer%2C_Krad_mit_Beiwagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>An Italian L3/35, as used during the invasion of France. This photo depicts an Italian tank and German motorbike rider during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a> (1941).</figcaption></figure> Marshal <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</a> had complained that due to the lack of motor vehicles, the Italian army would be unable to undertake mobile warfare as had been envisaged let alone on the levels the German military <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">was demonstrating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008169-106">[96]</a> The issues also extended to the equipment used. Overall, the Italian troops were poorly equipped and such equipment was inferior to that in use by the French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177-69">[64]</a> After the invasion had begun, a circular advised that troops were to be billeted in private homes where possible because of a shortage of tent flies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012369_n._68-107">[97]</a> The vast majority of Italy's tanks were <a href="/wiki/L3/35" title="L3/35">L3/35</a> <a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">tankettes</a>, mounting only a machine gun and protected by light armour unable to prevent machine gun rounds from penetrating. They were obsolete by 1940, and have been described by Italian historians as "useless".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5-94">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008169-106">[96]</a> According to one study, 70% of engine failure was due to inadequate driver training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012374-108">[98]</a> The same issue extended to the artillery arm. Only 246 pieces, out of the army's entire arsenal of 7,970 guns, were modern. The rest were up to forty years old and included many taken as reparations, in 1918, from the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5-94">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a> (Italian Air Force) had the third largest fleet of bombers in the world when it entered the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200996-21">[18]</a> A potent symbol of Fascist modernisation, it was the most prestigious of Italy's service branches, as well as the most recently battle-hardened, having participated in the Spanish Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38-109">[99]</a> The 1a Squadra Aerea in northern Italy, the most powerful and well-equipped of Italy's squadre aeree,<a href="#cite_note-111">[k]</a> was responsible for supporting operations on the Alpine front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200997-112">[101]</a> Italian aerial defences were weak. As early as August 1939 Italy had requested from Germany 150 batteries of <a href="/wiki/8.8_cm_Flak_18/36/37/41" title="8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41">88-mm anti-aircraft (AA) guns</a>. The request was renewed in March 1940, but declined on 8 June. On 13 June, Mussolini offered to send one Italian armoured division to serve on the German front in France in exchange for 50 AA batteries. The offer was refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1995107-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38-109">[99]</a> On 29 May, Mussolini convinced King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a>, who was constitutionally the supreme commander of the Italian armed forces, to delegate his authority to Mussolini and on 4 June Badoglio was already referring to him as supreme commander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth195140-113">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber199593–94-114">[103]</a> On 11 June the king issued a proclamation to all troops, naming Mussolini "supreme commander of the armed forces operating on all fronts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth195140-113">[102]</a> This was a mere proclamation and not a royal decree and lacked legal force. Technically, it also restricted Mussolini's command to forces in combat but this distinction was unworkable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999105-115">[104]</a> On 4 June, Mussolini issued a charter sketching out a new responsibility for the Supreme General Staff (Stato Maggiore Generale, or Stamage for short): to transform his strategic directives into actual orders for the service chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox200069-116">[105]</a> On 7 June Superesercito (the Italian army supreme command) ordered Army Group West to maintain "absolute defensive behaviour both on land and [in the] air", casting in doubt Mussolini's comment to Badoglio about a few thousand dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012369-117">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._11-118">[107]</a> Two days later, the army general staff (Stato Maggiore del Regio Esercito) ordered the army group to strengthen its anti-tank defences. No attack was planned or ordered for the following day when the declaration of war would be issued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012369-117">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Order_of_battle_2">Order of battle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Order of battle">edit</a>]</div> Army Group West:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5-94">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger19971–10-119">[108]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(Italy)" title="1st Army (Italy)">1st Army</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Pintor" title="Pietro Pintor">Pietro Pintor</a> (Chief of Staff: General Fernando Gelich) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/II_Army_Corps_(Royal_Italian_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Army Corps (Royal Italian Army)">II Army Corps</a>, General Francesco Bettini <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Alpine_Division_%22Cuneense%22" title="4th Alpine Division "Cuneense"">4th Alpine Division "Cuneense"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_%22Livorno%22" title="4th Infantry Division "Livorno"">4th Infantry Division "Livorno"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_Infantry_Division_%22Acqui%22" title="33rd Infantry Division "Acqui"">33rd Infantry Division "Acqui"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_%22Forl%C3%AC%22" title="36th Infantry Division "Forlì"">36th Infantry Division "Forlì"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Army Corps (Italy)">III Army Corps</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Mario_Arisio" title="Mario Arisio">Mario Arisio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%22Ravenna%22" title="3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"">3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_%22Cuneo%22" title="6th Infantry Division "Cuneo"">6th Infantry Division "Cuneo"</a></li> <li>1st Alpine Group (three <a href="/wiki/Alpini" title="Alpini">Alpini</a> battalions and two mountain artillery groups)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XV_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="XV Army Corps (Italy)">XV Army Corps</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Gastone_Gambara" title="Gastone Gambara">Gastone Gambara</a> (recalled from his ambassadorial post in Madrid on 10 May)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999100-120">[109]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%22Cosseria%22" title="5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"">5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_Infantry_Division_%22Modena%22" title="37th Infantry Division "Modena"">37th Infantry Division "Modena"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_%22Cremona%22" title="44th Infantry Division "Cremona"">44th Infantry Division "Cremona"</a></li> <li>2nd Alpine Group (four Alpini battalions, one <a href="/wiki/Blackshirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackshirt">Blackshirt</a> battalion, two mountain artillery groups)</li></ul></li> <li>Army Reserve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_%22Lupi_di_Toscana%22" title="7th Infantry Division "Lupi di Toscana"">7th Infantry Division "Lupi di Toscana"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Infantry_Division_%22Pistoia%22" title="16th Infantry Division "Pistoia"">16th Infantry Division "Pistoia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Infantry_Division_%22Cacciatori_delle_Alpi%22" title="22nd Infantry Division "Cacciatori delle Alpi"">22nd Infantry Division "Cacciatori delle Alpi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Alpine_Division_%22Pusteria%22" title="5th Alpine Division "Pusteria"">5th Alpine Division "Pusteria"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Bersaglieri_Regiment" title="1st Bersaglieri Regiment">1st Bersaglieri Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Tank_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Tank Infantry Regiment">3rd Tank Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li>Regiment "Cavalleggeri di Monferrato"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Italy)" title="4th Army (Italy)">4th Army</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Guzzoni" title="Alfredo Guzzoni">Alfredo Guzzoni</a> (Chief of Staff: General <a href="/wiki/Mario_Soldarelli" title="Mario Soldarelli">Mario Soldarelli</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="I Army Corps (Italy)">I Army Corps</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Vecchiarelli" title="Carlo Vecchiarelli">Carlo Vecchiarelli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_%22Superga%22" title="1st Infantry Division "Superga"">1st Infantry Division "Superga"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Infantry_Division_%22Pinerolo%22" title="24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo"">24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59th_Infantry_Division_%22Cagliari%22" title="59th Infantry Division "Cagliari"">59th Infantry Division "Cagliari"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IV_Army_Corps_(Royal_Italian_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="IV Army Corps (Royal Italian Army)">IV Army Corps</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Mercalli" title="Camillo Mercalli">Camillo Mercalli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_%22Sforzesca%22" title="2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca"">2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_%22Assietta%22" title="26th Infantry Division "Assietta"">26th Infantry Division "Assietta"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Army_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Army Corps">Alpine Army Corps</a>, General Luigi Negri <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Alpine_Division_%22Taurinense%22" title="1st Alpine Division "Taurinense"">1st Alpine Division "Taurinense"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Alpini_Regiment" title="3rd Alpini Regiment">3rd Alpini Regiment</a></li> <li>Autonomous Group "Levanna" (three Alpini battalions, and one mountain artillery group)</li></ul></li> <li>Army Reserve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Alpine_Division_%22Tridentina%22" title="2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina"">2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Infantry_Division_%22Brennero%22" title="11th Infantry Division "Brennero"">11th Infantry Division "Brennero"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/58th_Infantry_Division_%22Legnano%22" title="58th Infantry Division "Legnano"">58th Infantry Division "Legnano"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Tank_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Tank Infantry Regiment">1st Tank Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiment_%22Nizza_Cavalleria%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Regiment "Nizza Cavalleria"">Regiment "Nizza Cavalleria"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Bersaglieri_Regiment" title="4th Bersaglieri Regiment">4th Bersaglieri Regiment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_Graziani_1940_(Retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marshal_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg/210px-Marshal_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marshal_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg/315px-Marshal_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marshal_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg/419px-Marshal_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption>Marshal Graziani, chief of staff of the Regio Esercito and de facto front commander in the Alps</figcaption></figure> Marshal Graziani, as army chief of staff, went to the front to take over the general direction of the war after 10 June. He was joined by the under-secretary of war, General <a href="/wiki/Ubaldo_Soddu" title="Ubaldo Soddu">Ubaldo Soddu</a>, who had no operational command, but who served as Mussolini's connection to the front and was appointed deputy chief of the Supreme General Staff on 13 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber199593–94-114">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[l]</a> Graziani's adjutant, General <a href="/wiki/Mario_Roatta" title="Mario Roatta">Mario Roatta</a>, remained in Rome to transmit the orders of Mussolini—restrained somewhat by Marshal Badoglio—to the front. Many of Roatta's orders, like "be on the heels of the enemy; audacious; daring; rushing after", were quickly contradicted by Graziani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._12-121">[110]</a> Graziani kept all the minutes of his staff meeting during June 1940, in order to absolve himself and condemn both subordinates and superiors should the offensive fail, as he expected it would.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000118-123">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_campaign">Air campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Air campaign">edit</a>]</div> In the first air raids of Italy's war, <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.79">Savoia-Marchetti SM.79s</a> from the 2a Squadra Aerea (Sicily and Pantelleria) under fighter escort twice struck Malta on 11 June, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">siege of Malta</a> that lasted until November 1942. The first strike that morning involved 55 bombers, but Malta's anti-aircraft defences reported an attack of between five and twenty aircraft, suggesting that most bombers failed to find their target. The afternoon strike involved 38 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShores197619-124">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200999-125">[113]</a> On 12 June some SM.79s from Sardinia attacked French targets in northern Tunisia and, on 13 June 33 SM.79s of the 2a Squadra Aerea bombed the Tunisian aerodromes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShores197619-124">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200999-125">[113]</a> That day <a href="/wiki/Fiat_BR.20" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat BR.20">Fiat BR.20s</a> and <a href="/wiki/CR.42" class="mw-redirect" title="CR.42">CR.42s</a> of the 1a Squadra Aerea in northern Italy made the first attacks on metropolitan France, bombing the airfields of the ZOAA, while the 3a Squadra Aerea in central Italy targeted shipping of France's Mediterranean coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShores197619-124">[112]</a> Immediately after the declaration of war, Haddock Force began to prepare for a bombing run. The French, in order to prevent retaliatory Italian raids, blocked the runways and prevented the Wellingtons from taking off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38-109">[99]</a> This did not deter the British. On the night of 11 June, 36 RAF Whitleys took off from bases in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> in order to bomb targets in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, the industrial heart of Italy. The bombers refuelled in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, before proceeding. Most were forced to divert over the Alps because of <a href="/wiki/Icing_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Icing conditions">icing conditions</a> and turbulence. During the early hours of 12 June, ten bombers reached Turin, and a further two bombed <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. The Italians failed to detect the raid until it was over. The <a href="/wiki/Turin_Airport" title="Turin Airport">aerodrome at Caselle</a> misidentified the bombers as their own aircraft from <a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a> and lit up the landing strip for them. At Turin, the air raid alarm was not raised until the unmolested Whitleys had left. The results of the action were unimpressive: fifteen civilians killed and no industrial targets damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38-109">[99]</a> On 15 June, the French finally permitted Haddock Force to operate. During the evening, eight Wellingtons took off to attack industrial targets in Genoa. Due to thunderstorms and problems locating their target, only one aircraft attacked the city during the early hours of the next day while the remainder returned to base. On the night of 16/17 June, Haddock Force made their final sorties. Nine Wellington bombers took off to bomb targets in Italy, although only five managed to find their objectives. Following which, due to the deteriorating situation in France, the 950 men of Haddock Force were withdrawn by ship from Marseille; their equipment and stores were abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1953145–47-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38-109">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013208-126">[114]</a> British bombers reportedly dropped leaflets over Rome saying: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> "France has nothing against you. Drop your arms and France will do the same." "Women of Italy! Your sons and husbands and sweethearts have not left you to defend their country. They suffer death to satisfy the pride of one man." "Victorious or defeated you will have hunger, misery and slavery."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackard19409-127">[115]</a> </blockquote> From bases in <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a>, the Armée de l'Air bombed <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a> (22 June) and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> (23 June).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990451-76">[71]</a> Twenty civilians were killed at Trapani and 25 at Palermo; these were the most severe French bombings of Italian soil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38-109">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200997-112">[101]</a> These sites were strategically irrelevant and many of the bombers had recently been withdrawn from France in the face of the German advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990451-76">[71]</a> Over 600 aircraft had been assembled in French North Africa by 22 June, when General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nogu%C3%A8s" title="Charles Noguès">Charles Noguès</a>, commander of French forces in that theatre, requested permission to undertake offensive operations against Italy or Libya and was initially refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1993494-128">[116]</a> On 15 June, the 3a Squadra Aerea sent some SM.79s and <a href="/wiki/Fiat_G.50" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat G.50">G.50s</a> to bomb Corsica and, on 16 June, some <a href="/wiki/Breda_Ba.88" class="mw-redirect" title="Breda Ba.88">Breda Ba.88s</a> to strafe the airfields there. The most intense air-to-air combat of the campaign took place over southern France on 15 June, when Italian BR.20s and CR.42 engaged French <a href="/wiki/D.520" class="mw-redirect" title="D.520">D.520s</a> and <a href="/wiki/MB.151" class="mw-redirect" title="MB.151">MB.151s</a>. A BR.20 and several CR.42s were lost, and some French aircraft were downed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShores197619-124">[112]</a> On 17 June, the Italians bombed the centre of Marseille, killing 143 and wounding 136. On 21 June they bombed the port in a daylight raid and a subsequent night raid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorentin200854-129">[117]</a> Aerial combats also occurred over Tunisia, with each side claiming kills. On 17 June, some <a href="/wiki/CANT_Z.506B" class="mw-redirect" title="CANT Z.506B">CANT Z.506B</a> floatplanes of the 4a Zona Aerea in southeastern Italy joined some SM.79s in bombing <a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a> in Tunisia. The last Italian aerial operations against France were undertaken on 19 June by aircraft of the 2a and 3a Squadre Aeree and Sardinia against targets in Corsica and Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShores197619-124">[112]</a> On 21 June, nine Italian bombers attacked the French destroyer <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Le_Malin" title="French destroyer Le Malin">Le Malin</a>, but scored no hits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> On the night of 22/23 June, twelve <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.81">Savoia-Marchetti SM.81s</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Rhodes</a> made the first bombing run against the British naval base in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. One bomber ran out of fuel and was forced to ditch on the return leg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200998-131">[119]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Italian aircraft roundels</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Roundel_of_Italy.svg/100px-Roundel_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Roundel_of_Italy.svg/150px-Roundel_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Roundel_of_Italy.svg/200px-Roundel_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tricolour roundel (to 1936)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Italy_(1940%E2%80%931943).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg/100px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg/150px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg/200px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fascist wing roundel (from 1936)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931940).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg/100px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg/150px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg/200px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="670" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fascist fuselage roundel (from 1926)</div></div></div></div></div> During the general offensive of 21–24 June, the Regia Aeronautica bombed the French fortifications of the Alpine Line to little effect. According to General <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Santoro_(general)" title="Giuseppe Santoro (general)">Giuseppe Santoro</a>, this strategy was incoherent: the fortifications were designed to withstand heavy shelling and were partially buried in the mountainsides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._24-132">[120]</a> He notes further that poor maps, fog and snow made target identification difficult, and the aircrews had not been prepared for such operations, nor were their pre-war studies on them. Only 115 out of 285 Italian bomber sorties during 21–24 June located their targets, dropping only 80 tonnes of bombs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012372-105">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._25-133">[121]</a> On the morning of 23 June, Italian pilots looking for the French artillery at Cap Martin, which was engaging Italian troops in Menton, accidentally bombed their own artillery on <a href="/wiki/Capo_Mortola" class="mw-redirect" title="Capo Mortola">Capo Mortola</a>, 10 km (6.2 mi) distant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012372_n._86-134">[122]</a> The Armée de l'Air in southern France took no part in the defence of the Alpine Line, preferring to concentrate on defending its aerodromes from Italian attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._25-133">[121]</a> Stories of Italian aircraft strafing columns of refugees on the road from Paris to Bordeaux, however, have no basis in fact. The Regia Aeronautica never ventured beyond Provence in June 1940 and only targeted military sites. Eyewitness reports of aircraft bearing red, white and green roundels are false since the Italian air force had replaced the tricolour roundel with a Fascist one by 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._26-135">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_fighting">Initial fighting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Initial fighting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_de_l%27olive.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mountain. Walls can be seen along several flat sections." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fort_de_l%27olive.JPG/220px-Fort_de_l%27olive.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fort_de_l%27olive.JPG/330px-Fort_de_l%27olive.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fort_de_l%27olive.JPG/440px-Fort_de_l%27olive.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Fort de l'Olive, from the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9vache" title="Névache">Aiguille Rouge</a></figcaption></figure> During the day on 12 June, French SES groups (scout troops on skis) crossed the border and skirmished with Italian units in the Maddalena Pass. An Italian outpost was surprised, resulting in the death of an Italian NCO and a further two soldiers being wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1953145–47-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012369-117">[106]</a> The Italian defensive attitude changed with the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a>'s government, in France, on 15 June. Since Reynaud's successor, General Pétain, was known to favour an understanding with Germany, Mussolini believed it was imperative that the Italians make gains before an armistice could be signed. The same day he ordered Army Group West to prepare to begin an offensive in three days: an unrealistically aggressive timeline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012370-136">[124]</a> Badoglio insisted that converting the troops from a defensive to an offensive disposition alone would take 25 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn201227-137">[125]</a> The Supreme General Staff thus turned Mussolini's order into two directives: the first permitted Italian incursions into French territory, while the second abrogated the staging plan then in force<a href="#cite_note-140">[m]</a> and ordered the army group to prepare to take advantage of the possible collapse of the Armée des Alpes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012370-136">[124]</a> On 16 June, Marshal Graziani gave the order for offensive operations to begin within ten days. Three actions were planned: Operation B through the Little Saint Bernard Pass, Operation M through the Maddalena Pass and Operation R along the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">Riviera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefani1985108–09-141">[128]</a> That day, elements of the Italian 4th Army attacked in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Brian%C3%A7on" title="Briançon">Briançon</a>. As the Italians advanced, the French at <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_l%27Olive" title="Fort de l'Olive">Fort de l'Olive</a> began bombarding the Italian Fort Bardonecchia. In retaliation, the <a href="/wiki/Cannone_da_149/35_A" title="Cannone da 149/35 A">149-mm guns</a> of the Italian fort on <a href="/wiki/Mont_Chaberton" title="Mont Chaberton">Mont Chaberton</a>—"an imposing structure lost in the clouds at an altitude of 3,130 meters"—were trained on Fort de l'Olive. The Italian bombardment silenced the French fort the following day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177-69">[64]</a> On 17 June, Pétain announced, "It is with a heavy heart that I tell you today that we must stop fighting."<a href="#cite_note-143">[n]</a> This stoked the belief among the Italians that the French Army of the Alps was on the point of dissolving, if not already in the process of collapse. The Supreme General Staff also falsely believed that the German advance in the Rhône Valley would force the French to begin evacuating their Alpine forts. In orders to his troops on 18 June, General Paolo Micheletti of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Alpine_Division_%22Taurinense%22" title="1st Alpine Division "Taurinense"">1st Alpine Division "Taurinense"</a> advised that "a strong resistance cannot be anticipated, owing to the shaken [French] morale."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012371-144">[130]</a> Micheletti, indeed, was more concerned about bands of armed fuoriusciti (Italian political exiles) rumoured to be in the area than about the French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012371_n._80-145">[131]</a> On 18 June, the guns of Fort Chaberton, which dominated the Col de Montgenèvre, fired upon the small French <a href="/wiki/Ouvrage_Gondran" title="Ouvrage Gondran">Ouvrage Gondran</a>, near Briançon, in aid of the Italian ground advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177-69">[64]</a> The shots did little damage to the French fort, but had a strong moral effect on the French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._22-63">[58]</a> During the day, Army Group West received two seemingly contradictory orders: "the hostilities against France had to be immediately suspended" and "the preparation for the previously announced [...] operations should continue at the same pace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012370-136">[124]</a> The purpose of these orders is still not clear, but as word spread through the Italian ranks many began to celebrate the end of the war and even to fraternize with the French. The commanders at the front were ordered to explain the situation correctly to their troops: hostilities would eventually resume.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012370-136">[124]</a> That day Mussolini met Hitler in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and was informed that Italian claims on Nice, Corsica and Tunisia were interfering with Germany's armistice negotiations. The implication was clear: Italian claims had to be backed up by military feats if they wanted German support for their claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012371-144">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_naval_offensive">French naval offensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French naval offensive">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the Italian declaration of war, the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Marine Nationale</a> (the French National Navy) had planned to sortie into the Mediterranean and provoke the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a> (the Italian Royal Navy) into battle: the British by sending the Mediterranean Fleet towards Malta (in a move that also sought to test the effectiveness of the Italian air and submarine forces)<a href="#cite_note-147">[o]</a> and the French by attacking shore targets in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Genoa" title="Gulf of Genoa">Gulf of Genoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, along southern Italy, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>. The Allied fleets held a 12:1 advantage, in the Mediterranean, in <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a> over the Italians.<a href="#cite_note-149">[p]</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Cavagnari" title="Domenico Cavagnari">Domenico Cavagnari</a>, chief of staff of the Italian navy, held an opposing view to a decisive battle between the opposing fleets. Cavagnari preferred to utilize his surface force to mine the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Channel">Sicilian Channel</a> while deploying his submarines en masse to seek out and engage Allied ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foch-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Foch-1.jpg/220px-Foch-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Foch-1.jpg/330px-Foch-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Foch-1.jpg/440px-Foch-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Foch, a <a href="/wiki/Suffren-class_cruiser" title="Suffren-class cruiser">Suffren-class cruiser</a> (as were Colbert and Dupleix)</figcaption></figure> With France in the process of being overrun by Germany, the naval offensive envisioned by the allies was not undertaken. Rather, four French cruisers supported by three destroyers conducted a patrol of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> during the opening days of the war with Italy while much of the French submarine fleet put to sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> The Royal Navy, instead of sortieing towards Malta, confined themselves to the coast of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> On 12 June, elements of the French fleet sortied in response to a report of German warships entering the Mediterranean. The report turned out to be incorrect, the French entered the sights of the <a href="/wiki/Marcello-class_submarine#Dandolo" title="Marcello-class submarine">Italian submarine Dandolo</a> which fired torpedoes, without success, on the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Jean_de_Vienne" title="French cruiser Jean de Vienne">Jean de Vienne</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_La_Galissonni%C3%A8re" title="French cruiser La Galissonnière">La Galissonnière</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Marseillaise_(1935)" title="French cruiser Marseillaise (1935)">Marseillaise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> That same day, the Italian submarine <a href="/wiki/Liuzzi-class_submarine#Alpino_Bagnolini" title="Liuzzi-class submarine">Alpino Bagnolini</a> sank the British cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Calypso_(D61)" title="HMS Calypso (D61)">HMS Calypso</a> south of Crete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrescia201246-150">[134]</a> On 13 June, the Marine Nationale launched Operation Vado. The French 3rd Squadron comprised four <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a> and 11 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> left <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> and sailed for Italy.<a href="#cite_note-151">[q]</a> At 0426 hours on 14 June, the French heavy cruisers opened fire on shore targets. Firing from 15,000 metres (16,000 yards), the <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Alg%C3%A9rie" title="French cruiser Algérie">Algérie</a> struck oil storage tanks in <a href="/wiki/Vado_Ligure" title="Vado Ligure">Vado Ligure</a>, but found subsequent shooting difficult due to "the smoke pouring from the burning tanks", while the <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Foch" title="French cruiser Foch">Foch</a> fired upon a <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a>. The <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Colbert_(1928)" title="French cruiser Colbert (1928)">Colbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Dupleix_(1930)" title="French cruiser Dupleix (1930)">Dupleix</a>, firing from 13,000 metres (14,000 yards), attacked a <a href="/wiki/Gasworks" title="Gasworks">gasworks</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sestri_Ponente" title="Sestri Ponente">Sestri Ponente</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[r]</a> In response, Italian <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">shore batteries</a> to the west of Genoa and at Savona and an <a href="/wiki/Armoured_train" title="Armoured train">armoured train</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[s]</a> opened fire on the attacking French ships. A 152-millimetre (6-inch) shell from the Batteria Mameli at <a href="/wiki/Pegli" title="Pegli">Pegli</a> penetrated the boiler room of the French destroyer <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Albatros" title="French destroyer Albatros">Albatros</a>, causing serious damage and killing 12 sailors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrescia201236-154">[136]</a> The crew of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boat</a> <a href="/wiki/Curtatone-class_destroyer" title="Curtatone-class destroyer">Calatafimi</a>, which was in the area of Genoa escorting a minelayer, were taken by surprise by the French attack. Due to misty conditions, the ship's commanding officer, Lieutenant Giuseppe Brignole, believed that he would be able to launch a torpedo strike upon the assaulting French. As the Calatafimi moved into position, it was spotted by French destroyers and engaged. A near miss caused damage to the Italian ship's hull, but it managed to fire four torpedoes at the French force although none struck any targets. A third attempt, aiming for the cruisers Colbert and Dupleix, failed and the ship withdrew towards Genoa. Under pressure from the Italian coastal artillery, the Colbert and Dupleix withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> As the capital ships pulled out of range of the Italian guns, their escorting destroyers opened fire and silenced a shore battery at Cape Vardo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanMoulin2013183-156">[137]</a> To the southeast of Savona, the Italian 13th <a href="/wiki/MAS_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS (boat)">MAS</a> squadron had been patrolling and moved rapidly towards the French force, near Genoa and Savona, once they opened fire. MAS539 was able to get within 1,800 metres (2,000 yards) of the Algérie and Foch before firing its torpedoes although without success. As the French withdrew, MAS534 and MAS538 each fired two torpedoes at the French cruisers, although all missed. MAS535 was struck during the squadron's attack, resulting in light damage to the boat and the crew suffering three casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> The entire force withdrew as planned and arrived back in port before midday on 14 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanMoulin2013183-156">[137]</a> In total, the French ships fired 1,500 shells and the Italian shore guns fired around 300. The French reported "that they had subjected their targets to a sustained and effective bombardment", although later noted that "the results of the fire against the shore ... were nearly null, causing damage of no importance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> The crew of the Calatafimi believed "the flash of the shell hitting Albatross marked the detonation of their torpedoes." This claim was used for propaganda purposes and "lent an exaggerated aura of efficiency to the Italian coastal forces."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> As the French squadron had ended the bombardment shortly after Calatafimi's attack, on the Italian side it was claimed that this ship's counterattack, together with the reaction by the coastal batteries, had induced the enemy squadron to withdraw. Lieutenant Brignole was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Gold Medal of Military Valor">Gold Medal of Military Valor</a> for his resolved attack against a much larger enemy force.<a href="#cite_note-157">[138]</a> In coordination with the Marine Nationale, eight <a href="/wiki/Lior%C3%A9_et_Olivier_LeO_45" title="Lioré et Olivier LeO 45">Lioré et Olivier LeO 45s</a> of the Armée de l'Air bombed Italian aerodromes, and nine <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish" title="Fairey Swordfish">Fairey Swordfishes</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=No._767_Fleet_Air_Arm_Squadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 767 Fleet Air Arm Squadron (page does not exist)">No. 767 Squadron</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8res" title="Hyères">Hyères</a>, attacked Genoa; these attacks, however, inflicted little damage and casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38-109">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954110-158">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGioanniniMassobrio200796-159">[140]</a> The French naval action precipitated Mussolini's order to the air force to begin strikes on metropolitan France, although reconnaissance operations had already been undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn201227-137">[125]</a> On 17 June, the <a href="/wiki/Marcello-class_submarine#Provana" title="Marcello-class submarine">Italian submarine Provana</a> attacked a French convoy off <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> but was depth charged by the <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop</a> <a href="/wiki/Elan-class_minesweeping_sloop#Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Elan-class minesweeping sloop">La Curieuse</a>, forced to surface and then sunk by ramming. La Curieuse also sustained heavy damage. This was the only Italian submarine to be sunk by the French Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekałkiewicz198782-160">[141]</a> Further sorties by French cruisers and destroyers on 18 and 19 June did not result in any action. On 21 June, the French <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Lorraine" title="French battleship Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, accompanied by the British cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Orion_(85)" title="HMS Orion (85)">HMS Orion</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Neptune_(20)" title="HMS Neptune (20)">HMS Neptune</a>, the Australian cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(D48)" title="HMAS Sydney (D48)">HMAS Sydney</a>, and a further four British destroyers, opened fire on the port of <a href="/wiki/Bardia" title="Bardia">Bardia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> This bombardment, however, caused only minimal damage; this was the last combined British and French naval operation before the French surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohwer200529-161">[142]</a> French naval aircraft also attacked <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> in mainland Italy during some of the last actions of the French against the Italians; a <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Beach_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach resort">beach resort</a> were destroyed, but otherwise, little damage was caused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekałkiewicz198783-162">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGioanniniMassobrio200797-163">[144]</a> On 18 June, the staff of the Regia Marina conducted a study which showed that a landing on Malta was not feasible, despite the island's paucity of defences. This was accepted by Badoglio at the first meeting of the several chiefs of staff during the war, on 25 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox200089-164">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_offensive_(21–24_June)">Italian offensive (21–24 June)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Italian offensive (21–24 June)">edit</a>]</div> On 19 June, General Roatta wrote to Army Group West that "it might be that there are French troops in the fortifications, but it is probable that the mobile troops, situated in the rear, are already in retreat."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._17-165">[146]</a> These false beliefs about retreat did not trickle down to the front commanders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012371-144">[130]</a> but belief in low French morale did. Some Italian officers jokingly lectured their troops on how to behave with the French girls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._17-165">[146]</a> Thus, when the main offensive began, the Italians, led by overconfident officers, advanced in orderly columns into the range of the French forts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012371-144">[130]</a> On 19 June, Mussolini ordered his generals to seek contact with the enemy, and at 2050 hours Roatta sent a directive to "undertake small offensive operations immediately" and "make contact with the enemy everywhere, to decisively harass enemy forces as harshly as possible."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001123-166">[147]</a> The main offensive was to begin "as soon as possible [and] no later than 23 June" (al più presto possibile ... non oltre il 23 corrente).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._14-167">[148]</a> On the morning of 20 June, Mussolini told Badoglio to start the offensive immediately by the next morning, stating "I do not want to suffer the shame of the Germans occupying Nice and remitting it to us."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._14-167">[148]</a> Badoglio ordered Graziani: "Tomorrow, the 21st, at the commencement of action at 0300 hours, the First and Fourth Armies will whole-heartedly attack along the entire front. Goal: penetrate as deeply as possible into French territory."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._14-167">[148]</a> At 1745 hours that day, Graziani ordered Army Group West: <blockquote> The Germans have occupied Lyon, it must be categorically avoided that they arrive first at the sea. By three-o'-clock tonight [i.e., 3:00 a.m.], you must attack along the whole front from the Little Saint Bernard to the sea (per questa notte alle 3 dovete attaccare su tutta la fronte dal San Bernardo al mare). The air force will contribute by mass bombardment of the fortifications and cities. The Germans, during the day tomorrow and the day after, will send armoured columns originating from Lyon in the direction of Chambéry, Saint-Pierre de Chartreuse and Grenoble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._14-167">[148]</a> </blockquote> Graziani then modified his directive of 16 June: now, the main goal of the offensive was Marseille. This final edition of the offensive plan had only two main actions, Operation M through the Little Saint Bernard and Operation R along the Riviera, the action in the Maddalena Pass being reduced to a diversionary advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefani1985108–09-141">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007178-168">[149]</a> The immediate objective of Operation M was <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertville</a>, while that of R was the town of Menton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a> At 2000 hours on 20 June, Mussolini countermanded the attack order, but before it could go out to the troops, he received confirmation that Germany was continuing its push down the Rhône valley despite the impending armistice. He then revoked his countermand, only shifting the emphasis to the northern sector of the front, as his generals had urged all along.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129-170">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_occupation_of_Menton_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Italian_occupation_of_Menton_1940.jpg/220px-Italian_occupation_of_Menton_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Italian_occupation_of_Menton_1940.jpg/330px-Italian_occupation_of_Menton_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Italian_occupation_of_Menton_1940.jpg/440px-Italian_occupation_of_Menton_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption>Italian troops in Menton in June 1940</figcaption></figure> On 20 June, the guns of the Italian fort atop Mont Chaberton—nicknamed "battleship in the clouds" (cuirassé des nuages) by the French<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._63-171">[152]</a>—switched targets to the French fort <a href="/wiki/Ouvrage_Janus" title="Ouvrage Janus">Ouvrage Janus</a>. This French position was unable to train its battery of six guns on the Italian position and return fire. Due to the supporting fire of the fort, the Italian troops were able to advance and capture the village of <a href="/wiki/Montgen%C3%A8vre" title="Montgenèvre">Montgenèvre</a>. However, no further gains were made in the Briançon sector as the French were able to hold the line. On 21 June, the French had been able to manoeuvre a battery of <a href="/wiki/Mortier_de_280_mod%C3%A8le_1914_Schneider" title="Mortier de 280 modèle 1914 Schneider">280-mm mortars</a> of the 154th Artillery Regiment into a position at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_l%27Infernet" title="Fort de l'Infernet">Fort de l'Infernet</a> to fire on Fort Chaberton. Over a three-day period, with firing delayed and interrupted by adverse weather, the French were able to silence six of the eight armoured turrets of the Italian fort in only 57 shots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._22-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._64-172">[153]</a> Obscured by fog, the remaining two turrets continued to fire until the armistice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._22-63">[58]</a> On 21 June, the main Italian offensive began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._15-173">[154]</a> Early that morning, Italian troops crossed the French border at points all along the front. Initially, the Italian offensive enjoyed some level of success. The French defensive lines were weakened due to the French high command shuffling forces north to fight the Germans. The Italian forces attacking through the Riviera—about 80,000 strong including reserves—advanced about 8 km (5 mi) on 21 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekałkiewicz198783-162">[143]</a> Near the coast the French had the greatest concentration of forces, about 38,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012373-174">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="4th_Army">4th Army</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 4th Army">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alpine_Army_Corps">Alpine Army Corps</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alpine Army Corps">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_offensive_Bourg_Saint-Maurice-1940.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Italian_offensive_Bourg_Saint-Maurice-1940.svg/220px-Italian_offensive_Bourg_Saint-Maurice-1940.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Italian_offensive_Bourg_Saint-Maurice-1940.svg/330px-Italian_offensive_Bourg_Saint-Maurice-1940.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Italian_offensive_Bourg_Saint-Maurice-1940.svg/440px-Italian_offensive_Bourg_Saint-Maurice-1940.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Italian offensive through the Little Saint Bernard towards Bourg-Saint-Maurice</figcaption></figure> The main Italian attack was by the 4th Army under General <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Guzzoni" title="Alfredo Guzzoni">Alfredo Guzzoni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129-170">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Army_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Army Corps">Alpine Army Corps</a> reinforced by the corps artillery of the IV Army Corps on its left flank opened up its offensive on a front stretching 34–40 km (21–25 mi) from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col_de_la_Seigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Col de la Seigne (page does not exist)">Col de la Seigne</a> to the Col du Mont.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a> Its main thrust was through the Little Saint Bernard Pass, which would have been the easiest route, had the French not destroyed the bridges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._21-175">[156]</a> This route was covered by the <a href="/wiki/Redoute_Ruin%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Redoute Ruinée">Redoute Ruinée</a>, the ruins of an old fort, which the French garrisoned with seventy men plus machine guns,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._21-175">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[t]</a> and by the avant-poste (advance post) at Seloge (Séloges).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a> The total strength of the French in the barrage of Bourg-Saint-Maurice, part of the sub-sector (sous-secteur) of Tarentaise, was 3,000 men, 350 machine guns and 150 other guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[u]</a> These forces were backed by 18 battalions with 60 guns. The primary objectives of the Alpine Army Corps were capturing Bourg-Saint-Maurice, <a href="/wiki/Les_Chapieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Chapieux">Les Chapieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ez,_Savoie" title="Séez, Savoie">Séez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tignes" title="Tignes">Tignes</a>. After that, they were to advance on to <a href="/wiki/Beaufort,_Savoie" title="Beaufort, Savoie">Beaufort</a> and Albertville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a> On 21 June, the right column of the Alpine Army Corps took the Seigne Pass and advanced several kilometres across a glacier, but were met with heavy fire from Seloge. They quickly outflanked it and on 24 June charged up the <a href="/wiki/Cormet_de_Roselend" title="Cormet de Roselend">Cormet de Roselend</a>, but they were still in the process of completing their encirclement when the armistice was signed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a> The central column passed through the Little Saint Bernard only to be stopped by fire from the Redoute Ruinée. The <a href="/wiki/101st_Motorised_Division_%22Trieste%22" class="mw-redirect" title="101st Motorised Division "Trieste"">101st Motorised Division "Trieste"</a> of the Army of the Po was brought up from <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> to reinforce the attack. At 1100 hours the Trieste's motorcycle battalion broke through the pass and began a rapid advance for 2 km (1.2 mi). They then forded a river under heavy machine gun fire, while Italian engineers repaired the demolished bridge, suffering heavy losses in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a> On 22 June, the Trieste's tank battalion passed the motorcycles and was stopped at a minefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a> Two L3s became entrapped in barbed wire and of those following, one struck a landmine trying to go around the leading two, another fell into a ditch doing the same and the remaining two suffered engine failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012374-108">[98]</a> That same day, a battalion of the 65th Motorised Infantry Regiment of the Trieste Division was met by French infantry and field fortifications while trying to attack the Redoute from the rear. A machine gun unit relieved them and they abandoned the assault, continuing instead to Séez. The left column of the Alpine Corp met only weak resistance and attained the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re_(river)" title="Isère (river)">Isère</a> on 22 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a> By the armistice the central column had occupied Séez, but the Italians never brought up the artillery required to reduce the Redoute Ruinée, reinforced in the meantime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a> Although they did manage to damage the fort, its guns continued to hamper passage of the Little Saint Bernard until the armistice. The Alpine Army Corps did not take its ultimate objective, Bourg-Saint-Maurice. At the armistice they let the Redoute's garrison march out with honours of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._21-175">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="I_Army_Corps">I Army Corps</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: I Army Corps">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_offensive_Mont_Cenis-1940.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italian_offensive_Mont_Cenis-1940.svg/220px-Italian_offensive_Mont_Cenis-1940.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italian_offensive_Mont_Cenis-1940.svg/330px-Italian_offensive_Mont_Cenis-1940.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italian_offensive_Mont_Cenis-1940.svg/440px-Italian_offensive_Mont_Cenis-1940.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Italian offensive around Mont Cenis. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">Treaty of Peace with Italy of 1947</a>, the pass of Mont Cenis was ceded to France.</figcaption></figure> To the south of the Alpine Army Corps, the I Army Corps advanced along a front of 40 km (25 mi) from Mont Cenis to the <a href="/wiki/Col_d%27%C3%89tache" title="Col d'Étache">Col d'Étache</a>. Their subsidiary objective called for them to break through the French forts at <a href="/wiki/Bessans" title="Bessans">Bessans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanslebourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanslebourg">Lanslebourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solli%C3%A8res-Sardi%C3%A8res" title="Sollières-Sardières">Sollières-Sardières</a> and the collection of ouvrages (<a href="/wiki/Ouvrage_Saint-Gobain" title="Ouvrage Saint-Gobain">Saint-Gobain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouvrage_Saint-Antoine" title="Ouvrage Saint-Antoine">Saint-Antoine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouvrage_Sapey" title="Ouvrage Sapey">Sapey</a>) overlooking <a href="/wiki/Modane" title="Modane">Modane</a> and then turn north in the direction of Albertville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159-178">[157]</a> The Battalions Val Cenischia and Susa (under Major Costantino Boccalatte)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaldella197719-179">[158]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Alpini_Regiment" title="3rd Alpini Regiment">3rd Alpini Regiment</a> of the Division Taurinense were attached to the Division Cagliari. The main attack of the I Army Corps was a three-pronged drive by the Division Cagliari, involving the capture of Bessans and Bramans, followed by a concerted advance along the river <a href="/wiki/Arc_(Savoie)" title="Arc (Savoie)">Arc</a> toward Modane. The central column consisted of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 64th Infantry Regiment and the 3rd Battalion of the 62nd Regiment. They advanced through the Col des Lacs Giaset and advanced down the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Ambin_group" title="Ambin group">Ambin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159-178">[157]</a> The 2nd Battalion of the 63rd Infantry Regiment crossed the Little Mont Cenis towards the village of Le Planay, where it joined the central column, while the 1st Battalion crossed the Pas de Bellecombe and augmented the central column at the village of La Villette. The Val Cenischia unit formed the left column that passed through the Col d'Étache. It was supposed to synchronise its attack on the flank of Modane with the arrival of the central column. The Susa under Major Boccalatte formed the right column and crossed the Pas du Chapeau and the <a href="/wiki/Novalesa" title="Novalesa">Novalesa</a> pass and followed the river Ribon towards Bessans. It was then to follow the Arc to Lanslebourg, meeting up with Colonel Cobianchi's 3rd Battalion of the 64th Infantry Regiment of the Division Cagliari, advancing across the Col de Mont Cenis. The French garrisons these forces faced were 4,500 strong, backed by two divisions with sixty tanks behind them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159-178">[157]</a> The French also had an advanced post at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcellins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcellins (page does not exist)">Arcellins</a>, consisting of three blockhouses, which were submerged in fog much of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._62-180">[159]</a> The Italian reserve comprised the Division Brennero around <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Mont_Cenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Mont Cenis (page does not exist)">Lake Mont Cenis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159-178">[157]</a> The central column began its descent through the Col des Lacs Giaset shortly after noon on 21 June. As it approached the river Ambin it met strong resistance. The 2nd Battalion coming down the Little Mont Cenis had overcome weak resistance and met the central column. Some small groups were left behind for mopping up operations while the bulk of the column continued its advance towards Bramans. All the Cagliari battalions coalesced around a chapel outside Bramans, and, after eliminating the French field fortifications with artillery fire, they took the city by the end of the first day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159-178">[157]</a> One battalion diverted to <a href="/wiki/Termignon" title="Termignon">Termignon</a> to meet up with the Battalion Susa, while the rest proceeded towards Modane. The Battalion Val Cenischia met no resistance as it crossed the Col d'Étache and the Col de Bramanette and emerged in the rear of the Fort de la Balme. The fortifications were taken on 23 June by the Division Cagliari, but the forts in front of Modane—Saint-Gobain at <a href="/wiki/Villarodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Villarodin">Villarodin</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barri%C3%A8re_de_l%27Esseillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barrière de l'Esseillon (page does not exist)">Barrière de l'Esseillon</a>—were much stronger. The Italians attempted to flank them from the south, and their artillery engaged the forts' guns. The forts were not reduced by the time the armistice came into effect, although the advance units of the Cagliari were within five kilometres (three miles) of Modane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160-181">[160]</a> While the Susa had occupied Lanslebourg and moved on to Termignon, the 3rd Battalion of the 64th Infantry had been held up. Its route was heavily mined and strewn with anti-infantry and anti-tank obstacles. A battalion of the 231st Avellino Infantry Regiment and a tank battalion from the Division Brennero were sent up to assist it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160-181">[160]</a> Two L3 tankettes hit landmines on the narrow cliffside road, halting the entire column and allowing the French artillery to eliminate the tanks following.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012374-108">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160-181">[160]</a> The Italian infantry could only advance very slowly into heavy fire and in certain cases, having passed well-concealed French machine gun nests, found themselves taking fire in their rear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160-181">[160]</a> The Italians managed to surround the powerful <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_de_la_Turra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort de la Turra (page does not exist)">Fort de la Turra</a>, but at the armistice, it and the advanced post at Arcellins were still firing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._62-180">[159]</a> The Italian column had not reached Lanslebourg, which had been occupied days earlier by Major Boccalatte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160-181">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1st_Army">1st Army</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1st Army">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Menton_(1940).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Battle_of_Menton_%281940%29.svg/220px-Battle_of_Menton_%281940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Battle_of_Menton_%281940%29.svg/330px-Battle_of_Menton_%281940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Battle_of_Menton_%281940%29.svg/440px-Battle_of_Menton_%281940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>Invasion routes of the 1st Army</figcaption></figure> The 1st Army had been spared responsibility for the main attack—which fell to the 4th Army in the north—because of the appeals of its commander, General <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Pintor" title="Pietro Pintor">Pietro Pintor</a>, on 20 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129-170">[151]</a> The southern front of the 1st Army, from <a href="/wiki/Monte_Grammondo" title="Monte Grammondo">Monte Grammondo</a> to the coast, was held by the <a href="/wiki/37th_Infantry_Division_%22Modena%22" title="37th Infantry Division "Modena"">37th Infantry Division "Modena"</a> and the <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_%22Cosseria%22" title="5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"">5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9-45">[41]</a> It had the <a href="/wiki/52nd_Infantry_Division_%22Torino%22" title="52nd Infantry Division "Torino"">52nd Infantry Division "Torino"</a> of the Army of the Po in reserve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger199715–16-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012373-174">[155]</a> It opened its offensive along the whole front on 20 June and in most places was easily repulsed by French artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9-45">[41]</a> On 21 June, the units advancing through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Roia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Roia (page does not exist)">Val Roia</a> successfully occupied <a href="/wiki/Fontan_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fontan (village)">Fontan</a>. The Cosseria Division, coming down the coast towards Nice, were supposed to be met by some Alpini coming down the valley of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9subie" title="Vésubie">Vésubie</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marco Regiment">San Marco Regiment</a> making an amphibious landing behind the French <a href="/wiki/Ouvrage_Cap_Martin" title="Ouvrage Cap Martin">Ouvrage Cap Martin</a>. The amphibious assault had to be called off for logistical reasons—engine failures, overloaded boats, and rough seas. Lacking sufficient landing craft, the Regia Marina had commandeered fishing boats and pleasure boats. The Italian navy attempted some landings, but after several craft grounded the whole operation was called off. The Cosseria Division was met by a barrage of shellfire from Cap Martin and the <a href="/wiki/Ouvrage_Mont_Agel" title="Ouvrage Mont Agel">Ouvrage Mont Agel</a>, which destroyed an armoured train.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012373-174">[155]</a> Nonetheless, assisted by thunderstorms and fog, they occupied the Les Granges-Saint-Paul on 22 June. Mussolini then gave the order that the Cosseria were to advance at all costs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9-45">[41]</a> On the night of 22/23 June, still under the cover of fog, the Cosseria Division bypassed Cap Martin and then entered the Garavan quarter of Menton. The bypassed French troops continued to fight, firing the fort's armament at Italian coastal shipping, until the armistice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2002302-182">[161]</a> The fighting in the streets of Menton was fierce. The Italians pushed through the Baousset quarter and took the hilltop Capuchin monastery of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre-Dame_de_l%27Annonciade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notre-Dame de l'Annonciade (page does not exist)">Notre-Dame de l'Annonciade</a> on 23 June. A planned naval landing at Garavan by the <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, MVSN) on 24 June had to be called off because of high waves and a full moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9-45">[41]</a> The French—except for the garrison of the advanced <a href="/wiki/Ouvrage_Cap_Martin#Casemate_du_Pont_Saint_Louis" title="Ouvrage Cap Martin">fort of Pont Saint-Louis</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[v]</a>—gradually withdrew from Menton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012373-174">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crew_of_the_casemate_of_Pont_Saint-Louis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crew_of_the_casemate_of_Pont_Saint-Louis.jpg/220px-Crew_of_the_casemate_of_Pont_Saint-Louis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crew_of_the_casemate_of_Pont_Saint-Louis.jpg/330px-Crew_of_the_casemate_of_Pont_Saint-Louis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crew_of_the_casemate_of_Pont_Saint-Louis.jpg/440px-Crew_of_the_casemate_of_Pont_Saint-Louis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>The defenders of Pont Saint-Louis</figcaption></figure> On 24 June, the Italian infantry reached the plain of Carnolès and were repulsed by the French artillery—not by the <a href="/wiki/Tirailleurs_s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galais" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirailleurs sénégalais">Tirailleurs sénégalais</a> as sometimes stated. Italian aircraft then bombed the French barracks there. That day the fort of Pont Saint-Louis engaged in its last artillery duel with the Italians. No vehicles managed to cross the bridge before the armistice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9-45">[41]</a> The capture of "the pearl of France", Menton, a famous tourist destination, was "an undeniable success (despite its cost)" (un succès incontestable [même s'il a coûté cher]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9-45">[41]</a> Mussolini visited the scene of the battle on 1 July and claimed, in a subsequent radio broadcast from Rome, that "our infantry were supported by an artillery train which came through the tunnel under La Mortola and shelled the strongly held town [Menton] in which the enemy was maintaining an obstinate resistance".<a href="#cite_note-185">[w]</a> Along the northern front of the 1st Army, the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Infantry_Division_%22Acqui%22" title="33rd Infantry Division "Acqui"">33rd Infantry Division "Acqui"</a>, based at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Valle_Stura_di_Demonte" title="Valle Stura di Demonte">Valle Stura di Demonte</a>, comprised six battalions and one legion of the MVSN<a href="#cite_note-186">[x]</a> and possessed thirty <a href="/wiki/Mortaio_da_81/14_Modello_35" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortaio da 81/14 Modello 35">81-mm mortars</a>, twenty-four <a href="/wiki/Skoda_75_mm_Model_15" title="Skoda 75 mm Model 15">75/13 mountain guns</a> and twelve <a href="/wiki/10_cm_M._14_Feldhaubitze" title="10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze">100/17 model 16 howitzers</a>. It also had 3,500 mules (on which its artillery was carried) and horses, 68 motor vehicles, 71 motorcycles and 153 bicycles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._20-187">[163]</a> The initial disposition of the troops was defensive, and some studies had even predicted a French <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a> attack. On 20 June its orders were to advance up the valley 60 km (37 mi) into French territory on the only road through the valley. Its radios did not function in the rainy weather, and it soon left its food supply far in the rear, but on 23 June it reached the Maddalena Pass—with only one 100/17 howitzer in tow—and began descending the <a href="/wiki/Ubaye_Valley" title="Ubaye Valley">Ubaye Valley</a> into France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._20-187">[163]</a> Heavy snow and fog slowed their advance, but also prevented the French gunners from adjusting their aim. The Acqui Division did not reach the French fortification until late on the 24th, by which time the armistice had been signed. They lost 32 dead and counted 90 wounded, 198 frostbitten and 15 missing. Because of a lack of artillery in the Ubaye Valley, they had not fired upon the French forts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._20-187">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armistice">Armistice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Armistice">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_Armistice" title="Franco-Italian Armistice">Franco-Italian Armistice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vichy_France_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vichy_France_Map.jpg/290px-Vichy_France_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vichy_France_Map.jpg/435px-Vichy_France_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vichy_France_Map.jpg/580px-Vichy_France_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="2589" /></a><figcaption>France during the war. The initial <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">Italian occupation</a> occurred in June 1940, and it was then expanded in November 1942 (dark green).</figcaption></figure> On 17 June, the day after he transmitted a formal request for an armistice to the German government, French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baudoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Baudoin">Paul Baudoin</a> handed to the Papal nuncio Valerio Valeri a note that said: "The French government, headed by Marshal Pétain, requests that the Holy See transmit to the Italian government as quickly as possible the note it has also transmitted through the Spanish ambassador to the German government. It also requests that he convey to the Italian government its desire to find together the basis of a lasting peace between the two countries." That same morning, Mussolini received word from Hitler that France had asked Germany for an armistice, and he went to meet Hitler at Munich, charging General Roatta, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_de_Courten" title="Raffaele de Courten">Raffaele de Courten</a> and Air Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Egisto_Perino" title="Egisto Perino">Egisto Perino</a> with drafting Italy's demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001116-188">[164]</a> The final list of demands actually presented to the French were mild,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001118-189">[165]</a> and Italy dropped its claims to the Rhône valley, Corsica, Tunisia,<a href="#cite_note-191">[y]</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a>. According to Roatta, it was Mussolini's signorilità (sportsmanship) that compelled him not to demand more than he had conquered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000131-192">[167]</a> On the evening of 21 June, Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Dino Alfieri</a> in Berlin transmitted the German armistice terms to Rome. According to Ciano, "under these [mild] conditions, Mussolini is not prepared to make territorial demands ... and [will] wait for the peace conference to make all our formal demands." He added that Mussolini wished to delay the meeting with the French in the hopes that General Gambara would take Nice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001124-193">[168]</a> At 1500 hours on 23 June, the French delegation, headed by General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Huntziger" title="Charles Huntziger">Charles Huntziger</a>, who had signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_France_(Second_Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)">German armistice</a> the previous day, landed in Rome aboard three German aircraft. The French negotiators were the same who had met with the Germans. The first meeting of the two delegations took place at 1930 hours at the Villa Incisa all'Olgiata on the Via Cassia. It lasted only twenty-five minutes, during which Roatta read out loud Italy's proposed terms, Huntziger requested a recess to confer with his government and Ciano adjourned the meeting until the next day. During the adjournment, Hitler informed Mussolini that he thought the Italian demands were too light, and he proposed linking up the German and Italian occupation zones. Roatta ultimately convinced Mussolini that it was too late to change the demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001125–26-194">[169]</a> At 1915 hours on 24 June, at the Villa Incisa, after receiving his government's permission, General Huntziger signed the armistice on behalf of the French, and Marshal Badoglio did so for the Italians. Both armistices came into effect at thirty-five minutes past midnight (0035 hours)<a href="#cite_note-197">[z]</a> on 25 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuphanMordal1959112-196">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20005-198">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817-199">[173]</a> Just minutes before the signing, Huntziger had asked Badoglio to strike the clause calling for the repatriation to Italy of political refugees (like the socialist <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a>). Badoglio consulted Mussolini, who agreed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001125–26-194">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_Armistice" title="Franco-Italian Armistice">Franco-Italian Armistice</a> established a modest <a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">demilitarized zone</a> 50 km (31 mi) deep on the French side of the border, thus eliminating the Alpine Line. The actual <a href="/wiki/Italian-occupied_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-occupied France">Italian occupation zone</a> was no more than what had been occupied up to the armistice. It contained 832 km2 and 28,500 inhabitants, which included the city of Menton and its 21,700 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._27-200">[174]</a> Italy retained the right to interfere in French territory as far as the Rhône, but it did not occupy this area until after the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Allied invasion of French North Africa</a> in November 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._29-201">[175]</a> In addition, demilitarized zones were established in the French colonies in Africa. Italy was granted the right to use the port of Djibouti in Somaliland with all its equipment, along with the French section of the Addis Ababa–Djibouti railway. More importantly, the naval bases of Toulon, Bizerte, Ajaccio and Oran were also to be demilitarized within fifteen days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmistice1940-202">[176]</a> Despite the terms of the armistice, the Battle of the Alps is often regarded as a French defensive victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008345-203">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier201022-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1994140-204">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007175-61">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> Reported French army casualties vary: 32, 37 or 40 killed; 42, 62 or 121 wounded; and 145 or 155 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-206">[aa]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat20108-205">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorch200443-207">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19-208">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._67-209">[182]</a> The Army of the Alps suffered 20 killed, 84 wounded and 154 taken prisoner in the fighting with the German forces advancing from Lyon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19-208">[181]</a> Italian casualties amounted to 631 or 642 men killed, 2,631 wounded and 616 reported missing. A further 2,151 men suffered from frostbite during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012374-108">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat20108-205">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorch200443-207">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19-208">[181]</a> The official Italian numbers were compiled for a report on 18 July 1940, when many of the fallen still lay under snow. It is probable that most of the Italian missing were dead. Units operating in more difficult terrain had higher ratios of missing to killed, but probably most of the missing had died. The 44th Regiment of the Infantry Division Forlì reported 21 dead, 46 wounded, 4 frostbitten and at least 296 missing, almost all of whom were captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19-208">[181]</a> The official number of French POWs was 155.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19-208">[181]</a> All Italian prisoners of war—there is no record of how many there were, perhaps 1,141<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._67-209">[182]</a>—were released immediately, but the armistice negotiators seem to have forgotten the French prisoners, who were sent to the camp at Fonte d'Amore near <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmona</a>, later joined by 200 British and 600 Greeks. Although treated in accordance with the laws of war by the Italians, they probably fell into German hands after <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Italy's surrender</a> in September 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._28-210">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg/220px-13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg/330px-13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg/440px-13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Battle for France. Note Italian invasion in the south.</figcaption></figure> The limited demands of the Italian government at the armistice led to speculation in contemporary Italian sources. General Roatta believed that Mussolini curbed his intentions because the military had failed to break the French front line and Mussolini was thus "demonstrating his sportsmanship". Dino Alfieri advanced the popular but controversial argument that Mussolini weakened his armistice demands to "maintain some semblance of a continental balance of power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999130-211">[184]</a> MacGregor Knox wrote that the claims of Ciano and Alfieri are fanciful but "Mussolini's humiliation over the results of the first day's attack in the Alps ... did contribute to his decision to reduce his demands". Knox wrote that Ciano's diary and Mussolini's comments to Hitler "quite adequately explain" the Italian position given the "strategic situation". The army had failed to break through the Alps and the French were willing to fight on—as Huntziger had made clear to the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129–32-212">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001121-213">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Mitcham" title="Samuel W. Mitcham">Samuel W. Mitcham</a> wrote that Mussolini was forced to abandon most of what he wanted at the behest of Hitler, who did not wish to see the arrival of the Italians to be greatly rewarded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008347-214">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> wrote that "the singularly inglorious record of the Italians in what little fighting they had done ... facilitated German policy" and forced Mussolini to review his armistice demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1994140-204">[178]</a> Italian war aims remained geographically expansive and a programme published on 26 June set out the acquisition of Nice, Corsica, Tunisia, Malta, southern Switzerland and Cyprus as war aims, as well as replacing Britain and France in Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a>, Somaliland, the Persian Gulf and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Arabia">southern Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox200078-215">[188]</a> The historians' consensus is that the Italian military fared poorly during the invasion. On 21 June 1940, Ciano recorded in his diary that Mussolini felt humiliated by the invasion of France as "our troops have not made a step forward. Even today, they were unable to pass, and stopped in front of the first French strong point that resisted."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129–32-212">[185]</a> Mussolini lambasted the spirit of the Italian people for the failure of the first day of the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008347-214">[187]</a> Following the armistice, highlighting his unhappiness, he remarked that it was "more a political than a military armistice after only fifteen days of war—but it gives us a good document in hand".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999133-195">[170]</a> Knox called the Italian attacks into the Alps a "fiasco", which had moral implications for the Italian generals and noted that the campaign was a humiliation for Mussolini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129–32-212">[185]</a> Paul Collier called the Italian attacks "hapless" and the Italian contribution to victory over France "ignominious".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier201022-41">[38]</a> Giorgio Rochat wrote that "the end result of the great Italian offensive was quite miserable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._23-216">[189]</a> Italian divisions were binary formations (<a href="/wiki/Divisione_binaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisione binaria">divisione binaria</a>); consisting of two regiments instead of the usual three. The Italian military requested aid from the Germans to outflank the French positions. The initial German attack was checked and the "French soldiers of the Alps ... did not have to face military defeat as their government had finally succeeded in negotiating an armistice with Italy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2002302-182">[161]</a> To explain the Italian deficiency, they wrote that the Italian superiority in numbers was betrayed by poor equipment, inferior to that of their French counterparts and that "the stormy Alpine weather was probably the best ally the French had".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012372-105">[95]</a> A German officer who visited the Alpine battle sites after the armistice remarked that the Blitzkrieg tactics that had served Germany well in northern France would have been difficult in the Alpine terrain, which has been called "perhaps the most unsuitable of all conceivable theatres of operation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012378-217">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1995246-218">[191]</a> The attack through the Little Saint Bernard Pass in the Alps also stalled on the first day due to a massive snowstorm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekałkiewicz198783-162">[143]</a> Italian troops stuck in the snow were easy targets for French snipers and the winding mule trails provided plenty of opportunity for SES squads to lay ambushes. The snow also hampered the movement of artillery, food and ammunition to the summits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012371-144">[130]</a> Richard Carrier emphasised the leadership of General Olry, that it was his leadership and autonomy from the dithering politicians in Paris that allowed him, his staff and his officers to demonstrate remarkable efficiency in checking the Italian advance and the German attempt down the Rhone as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrier2008-219">[192]</a> In some cases, the Italians wore their gas masks because of the difficulty of breathing in the driving snow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012374-108">[98]</a> Advanced troops outran their food supplies and could not be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/revictual" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:revictual">revictualed</a>. For example, on 23 June, the front-line commander of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Alpine_Division_%22Cuneense%22" title="4th Alpine Division "Cuneense"">4th Alpine Division "Cuneense"</a> complained to his superior of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Army (Italy)">2nd Army</a> that he was unable to keep in touch with the troops at the front because he could not move his headquarters up the mountain due to the weather.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012372-105">[95]</a> Italian field kitchens sometimes lacked the pots and pans to provide warm meals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20005-198">[172]</a> The Italians also had an insufficient number of <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sappers</a> and poor intelligence of French gun emplacements, making the elimination of the forts impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012372-105">[95]</a> In the opinion of General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Faldella" title="Emilio Faldella">Emilio Faldella</a>, commander of the 3rd Alpini Regiment during the invasion of France, the Italian leadership was asking too much of its soldiers, <blockquote> At the front, near the border, the mission of the French forts was to delay the Italian army from reaching the line of defense, made up of steel and concrete fortifications. . . Our infantry had to advance in the open against well-protected troops through a field under French artillery fire. . . And all this was to happen in three to four days. In these conditions, greater Italian manpower has no advantage. . . It would be a mistake to say that a battle was fought in the western Alps; what took place were only preliminary actions, technically called 'making contact'. It is not possible to speak in terms of victory or defeat. . .<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001123-166">[147]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="France–Italy relations">France–Italy relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of French military equipment of World War II">List of French military equipment of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Army_equipment_in_World_War_II" title="List of Italian Army equipment in World War II">List of Italian Army equipment in World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> A British bomber squadron, the <a href="/wiki/Haddock_Force" title="Haddock Force">Haddock Force</a>, was stationed in France with the aim to bomb Italian industrial cities in case when Italy entered the war. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> This is a translation of the French term Bataille des Alpes. In Italian, it is called the Battaglia delle Alpi Occidentali, the "Battle of the Western Alps". </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The phrase "prisoner in the Mediterranean" had been used in parliament as early as 30 March 1925, by the naval minister Admiral <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Thaon_di_Revel" title="Paolo Thaon di Revel">Paolo Thaon di Revel</a>. Revel was arguing for naval funding to receive priority over army funding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox20008-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Historian Paul Collier comments that up to "a third of the Italian merchant shipping fleet ... was caught without warning in neutral ports".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier201022-41">[38]</a> James Sadkovich provides numbers: "212 of 786 ships over 500 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">GRT</a> were caught outside the Mediterranean on 10 June 1940—a loss of 1,216,637 GRT of a total 3,318,129."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich1988464-42">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> This view is also supported by historians such as Alan Cassels, <a href="/wiki/MacGregor_Knox" title="MacGregor Knox">MacGregor Knox</a>, Ray Moseley, Circo Paoletti, Giorgio Rochat, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schreiber" title="Gerhard Schreiber">Gerhard Schreiber</a>, Brian Sullivan, and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a>, as well as by contemporary Italian politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Dino Alfieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Anfuso" title="Filippo Anfuso">Filippo Anfuso</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a> partially supports this view, but argues that although Mussolini wanted to enter the war, he did not wish to participate actively. Alfieri and the Italian journalist <a href="/wiki/Virginio_Gayda" title="Virginio Gayda">Virginio Gayda</a> argue that the decision to go to war was based in part on the fear of German aggression against Italy. Paoletti notes that Mussolini feared an Italo-German war following the conclusion of the fighting with the Western Powers. Thus, in order to seize his imperial ambitions Mussolini envisioned a limited war with few casualties in order to preserve his military strength for the post-war era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett1998186-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008171-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._6-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199474-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel199967,_198-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoseley200094-57">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> In North Africa the French had 65 fighters and 85 bombers, and in Syria 13 bombers, 26 fighters and 46 other aircraft. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> That includes 900 bombers and 1,160 fighters from the ZOAA, North Africa and Syria. These SIM estimates have been taken at face value by some Italian historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber199584-79">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> The French referred to these as ouvrages, in reference to forts from the First World War, which were split into several categories. Gros ouvrages were artillery forts and petits ouvrages were infantry forts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannJankovič-PotočnikLang201114-85">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> The Army of the Po—formed in November 1938 under General <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Bastico" title="Ettore Bastico">Ettore Bastico</a>—was composed one corps of two armoured divisions (equipped with L/3 tankettes) and two motorised divisions in the Armoured Army Corps (Corpo d'armata corazzato), and a second corps of three fast (celeri) divisions (consisting of cavalry regiments and <a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a> mounted on bicycles and motorbikes) and three autotrasportabili (auto-transportable) divisions (equipped with mobile artillery and support units).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._8-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger199715–16-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch2007413-97">[89]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Pariani was both under-secretary of war and army chief of staff prior to his retirement in October 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._5-93">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Italy had four geographical squadre aeree (aerial squads) and one zona aerea (aerial zone) covering the peninsula and Sicily. Each squadra aerea was composed of stormi (singular stormo, "flock"), composed of gruppi (singular gruppo, "group") of two squadriglie (singular squadriglia). Each stormo typically operated one type of aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2009101_n._6-110">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Mussolini was both Prime Minister and Minister of War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._12-121">[110]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> This was P.R. 12 (Piano Radunata 12 or Staging Plan 12), designed for war with Britain and France, with Greece, Turkey and Yugoslavia neutral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001113-138">[126]</a> It placed Italian troops in the Alps in a defensive stance. It was first drawn up in January 1938, updated in April 1939 and again in March 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch2007413-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012368-139">[127]</a> On 26 May, when the decision for war was taken, a slightly modified P.R. 12bis was adopted, since Yugoslavia was perceived as hostile. This was abandoned after Ciano succeeded in convincing the Yugoslav ambassador of Italy's peaceful intentions towards his country on 29 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001113-138">[126]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> C'est le coeur serré que je vous dis aujourd'hui qu'il faut cesser le combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012371_n._78-142">[129]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> On 21 September 1939, Italy agreed with Britain that her submarines would remain on the surface and under escort when outside of their exercise areas, of which Britain was to be notified in advance. This meant that any detected submerged submarine was presumed to be hostile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer195444-146">[132]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Overall, on 10 June 1940, the Allied and Italian navies were disposed as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara20096–8-148">[133]</a> <ul><li>British Royal Navy: 62 combat surface ships and 12 submarines based around the Mediterranean.</li> <li>French Navy: 78 surface ships, in addition to six torpedo boats, and 40 submarines based in the Mediterranean.</li> <li>Italian Royal Navy: 83 surface ships, 138 torpedo boats, and 113 submarines.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> The heavy cruisers Algérie, Colbert, Dupleix, and Foch. The <a href="/wiki/Aigle-class_destroyer" title="Aigle-class destroyer">Aigle class</a> destroyers, Albatros, Vauban, Vautour, <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Gu%C3%A9pard" title="French destroyer Guépard">Guépard</a>, Lion, Valmy, Verdun, <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Tartu_(1931)" title="French destroyer Tartu (1931)">Tartu</a>, Chevalier Paul, and Cassard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">[118]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Three civilians were killed and a dozen more wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFioravanzo194986–90-152">[135]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> The Regia Marina operated two groups of armoured trains (batterie mobili ferroviaire), the Genoa Group—with logistical headquarters at <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>—and the Palermo Group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrescia201236-154">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> This was Fort Traversette to the Italians, since that had been its original name when built by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> (founding royal house of Italy) in the 17th century. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Kaufmann and Kaufmann say that the French positions at Bourg-Saint-Maurice were held by 5,500 troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007178-168">[149]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> The entire bridge (pont) of Saint-Louis was Italian before the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._W.194011-183">[162]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman_and_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="New Statesman and Nation">New Statesman and Nation</a> published a propaganda article mocking the Italian claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._W.194011-183">[162]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> One MVSN legion (legione) typically possessed about 1,300 men. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> The failure to seize Tunis or Bizerte in Tunisia—more valuable ports than those in Italy for supplying Italian troops in Africa—was slammed by Roatta in his memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox200099-190">[166]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Some authorities say 0135 hours,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999133-195">[170]</a> which is more consistent with the six-hour delay between signing and coming into force reported by Auphan and Mordal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuphanMordal1959112-196">[171]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Sometimes instead of prisoners, 150 French are reported as "missing". Rochat gives 259 as the total of captured and missing. The Italians reported taking 153 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat20108-205">[179]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack_Smith1982">Mack Smith 1982</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel1999184,_198-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel1999184,_198_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartel1999">Martel 1999</a>, pp. 184, 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries1998467-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries1998467_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998">Bideleux & Jeffries 1998</a>, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199770–71-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199770–71_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1997">Bell 1997</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel1999198-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel1999198_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartel1999">Martel 1999</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199621–22-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199621–22_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston1996">Preston 1996</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199622,_50–51-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199622,_50–51_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston1996">Preston 1996</a>, pp. 22, 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199773–74,_154-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199773–74,_154_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1997">Bell 1997</a>, pp. 73–74, 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenvilleWasserstein2001211-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenvilleWasserstein2001211_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenvilleWasserstein2001">Grenville & Wasserstein 2001</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–83-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–83_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgwyn1997">Burgwyn 1997</a>, pp. 182–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2005243-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2005243_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2005">Clark 2005</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199772-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199772_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199772_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1997">Bell 1997</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105–06-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105–06_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105–06_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalerno2002">Salerno 2002</a>, pp. 105–06. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox20008-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox20008_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox2000">Knox 2000</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel199967-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel199967_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartel1999">Martel 1999</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2005244-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2005244_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2005">Clark 2005</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199772–73-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199772–73_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1997">Bell 1997</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200996-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200996_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200996_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett20039-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett20039_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallett2003">Mallett 2003</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki19991353-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZabecki19991353_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZabecki1999">Zabecki 1999</a>, p. 1353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199773,_291-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199773,_291_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1997">Bell 1997</a>, pp. 73, 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199473-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199473_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1994">Weinberg 1994</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1997291-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1997291_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell1997">Bell 1997</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178–80-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178–80_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178–80_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCliadakis1974">Cliadakis 1974</a>, p. 178–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallett1997">Mallett 1997</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich198930-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadkovich198930_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadkovich1989">Sadkovich 1989</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1968550-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen1968550_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJensen1968">Jensen 1968</a>, p. 550. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20081–2-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20081–2_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHempel200524-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHempel200524_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHempel2005">Hempel 2005</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200345-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200345_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackay2003">Mackay 2003</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008122–23-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008122–23_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 122–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200359-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200359_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackay2003">Mackay 2003</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003xvi-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003xvi_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003101-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003101_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003xvi_and_135–136-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003xvi_and_135–136_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, pp. xvi and 135–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox199954-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox199954_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1999">Knox 1999</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008340-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008340_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitcham2008">Mitcham 2008</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier201022-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier201022_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier201022_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier201022_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollier2010">Collier 2010</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich1988464-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadkovich1988464_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadkovich1988">Sadkovich 1988</a>, p. 464. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadoglio194637-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadoglio194637_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadoglio1946">Badoglio 1946</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9_45-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9_45-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9_45-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817–9_45-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanicacci1981">Panicacci 1981</a>, pp. 7–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1976215–16-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1976215–16_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack_Smith1976">Mack Smith 1976</a>, pp. 215–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954109-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954109_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954">Playfair et al. 1954</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1995107-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber1995107_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber1995107_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber1995107_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchreiber1995">Schreiber 1995</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200427-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200427_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2004">Brown 2004</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn201226-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn201226_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn201226_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgwyn2012">Burgwyn 2012</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999125-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999125_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1999">Knox 1999</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett1998186-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett1998186_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett1998186_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallett1998">Mallett 1998</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008171-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008171_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaoletti2008">Paoletti 2008</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._6-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._6_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199474-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199474_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1994">Weinberg 1994</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel199967,_198-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel199967,_198_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartel1999">Martel 1999</a>, pp. 67, 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoseley200094-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoseley200094_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoseley2000">Moseley 2000</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19815-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19815_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanicacci1981">Panicacci 1981</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica201622-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica201622_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica201622_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2016">Sica 2016</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007175-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007175_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007175_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2007">Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2007</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19816-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19816_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanicacci1981">Panicacci 1981</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._22-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._22_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._22_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._22_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._22_63-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica201619-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica201619_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2016">Sica 2016</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._2-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._2_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid2008para._3-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid2008para._3_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2008">David 2008</a>, para. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._10-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._10_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._10_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._10_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._10_67-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2008paras._23–24-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraud2008paras._23–24_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraud2008paras._23–24_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraud2008paras._23–24_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraud2008paras._23–24_68-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarraud2008">Garraud 2008</a>, paras. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177_69-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007177_69-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2007">Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2007</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanLefèvre198226-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlanLefèvre198226_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlanLefèvre1982">Plan & Lefèvre 1982</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGUF1967737–74-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGUF1967737–74_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGUF1967">GUF 1967</a>, pp. 737–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200335-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200335_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner199845-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner199845_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumner1998">Sumner 1998</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1954293-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1954293_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllis1954">Ellis 1954</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1953145–47-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1953145–47_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1953145–47_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1953145–47_75-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1953">Richards 1953</a>, pp. 145–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990451-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990451_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990451_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1990451_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1990">Harvey 1990</a>, p. 451. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeulliot1999a-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeulliot1999a_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeulliot1999a">Leulliot 1999a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber199584-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber199584_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber199584_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchreiber1995">Schreiber 1995</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox199999-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox199999_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1999">Knox 1999</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger199269–73-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger199269–73_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNafziger1992">Nafziger 1992</a>, pp. 69–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200333-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200333_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth20106-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth20106_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoth2010">Roth 2010</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannJankovič-PotočnikLang201114-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannJankovič-PotočnikLang201114_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmannJankovič-PotočnikLang2011">Kaufmann, Jankovič-Potočnik & Lang 2011</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESterling2009207-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESterling2009207_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSterling2009">Sterling 2009</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannJankovič-PotočnikLang201182–83-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannJankovič-PotočnikLang201182–83_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmannJankovič-PotočnikLang2011">Kaufmann, Jankovič-Potočnik & Lang 2011</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannJurga2002199-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannJurga2002199_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmannJurga2002">Kaufmann & Jurga 2002</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._7-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._7_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20003-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20003_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowett2000">Jowett 2000</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._8-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._8_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._8_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._8_92-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._5-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._5_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._5_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5_94-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20004–5_94-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowett2000">Jowett 2000</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._9-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._9_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._9_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger199715–16-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger199715–16_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger199715–16_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNafziger1997">Nafziger 1997</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch2007413-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGooch2007413_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGooch2007413_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGooch2007">Gooch 2007</a>, p. 413. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanLefèvre198232-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlanLefèvre198232_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlanLefèvre1982">Plan & Lefèvre 1982</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESweet2007154_and_169-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweet2007154_and_169_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSweet2007">Sweet 2007</a>, pp. 154 and 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber199575-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber199575_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchreiber1995">Schreiber 1995</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillettMurray2010159-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillettMurray2010159_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillettMurray2010">Millett & Murray 2010</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008170-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008170_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaoletti2008">Paoletti 2008</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012372-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012372_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012372_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012372_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012372_105-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012372_105-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008169-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008169_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti2008169_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaoletti2008">Paoletti 2008</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012369_n._68-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012369_n._68_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 369 n. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012374-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012374_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012374_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012374_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012374_108-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012374_108-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38_109-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey198537–38_109-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1985">Harvey 1985</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2009101_n._6-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2009101_n._6_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 101 n. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200997-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200997_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200997_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth195140-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth195140_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth195140_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmyth1951">Smyth 1951</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber199593–94-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber199593–94_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber199593–94_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchreiber1995">Schreiber 1995</a>, pp. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999105-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999105_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1999">Knox 1999</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox200069-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox200069_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox2000">Knox 2000</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012369-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012369_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012369_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012369_117-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._11-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._11_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger19971–10-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger19971–10_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNafziger1997">Nafziger 1997</a>, pp. 1–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999100-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999100_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1999">Knox 1999</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._12-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._12_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._12_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000118-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000118_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox2000">Knox 2000</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShores197619-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShores197619_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShores197619_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShores197619_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShores197619_124-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShores197619_124-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFShores1976">Shores 1976</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200999-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200999_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200999_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013208-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2013208_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery2013">Overy 2013</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPackard19409-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPackard19409_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPackard1940">Packard 1940</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1993494-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1993494_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1993">Thomas 1993</a>, p. 494. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorentin200854-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorentin200854_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorentin2008">Florentin 2008</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200912–16_130-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Hara2009">O'Hara 2009</a>, pp. 12–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200998-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200998_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._24-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._24_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._25-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._25_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._25_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012372_n._86-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012372_n._86_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 372 n. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._26-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._26_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012370-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012370_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012370_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012370_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012370_136-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn201227-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn201227_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn201227_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgwyn2012">Burgwyn 2012</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001113-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001113_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001113_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorvaja2001">Corvaja 2001</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012368-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012368_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefani1985108–09-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefani1985108–09_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefani1985108–09_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStefani1985">Stefani 1985</a>, pp. 108–09. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012371_n._78-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012371_n._78_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 371 n. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012371-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012371_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012371_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012371_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012371_144-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012371_144-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012371_n._80-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012371_n._80_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 371 n. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer195444-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer195444_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954">Playfair et al. 1954</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara20096–8-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara20096–8_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Hara2009">O'Hara 2009</a>, pp. 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrescia201246-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrescia201246_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrescia2012">Brescia 2012</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFioravanzo194986–90-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFioravanzo194986–90_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFioravanzo1949">Fioravanzo 1949</a>, pp. 86–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrescia201236-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrescia201236_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrescia201236_154-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrescia2012">Brescia 2012</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanMoulin2013183-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanMoulin2013183_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanMoulin2013183_156-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJordanMoulin2013">Jordan & Moulin 2013</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marina.difesa.it/storiacultura/storia/medaglie/Pagine/Brignole.aspx">Giuseppe Brignole – Marina Militare.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954110-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954110_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954">Playfair et al. 1954</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGioanniniMassobrio200796-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGioanniniMassobrio200796_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGioanniniMassobrio2007">Gioannini & Massobrio 2007</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekałkiewicz198782-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiekałkiewicz198782_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiekałkiewicz1987">Piekałkiewicz 1987</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERohwer200529-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohwer200529_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRohwer2005">Rohwer 2005</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiekałkiewicz198783-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiekałkiewicz198783_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiekałkiewicz198783_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiekałkiewicz198783_162-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiekałkiewicz1987">Piekałkiewicz 1987</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGioanniniMassobrio200797-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGioanniniMassobrio200797_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGioanniniMassobrio2007">Gioannini & Massobrio 2007</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox200089-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox200089_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox2000">Knox 2000</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._17-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._17_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._17_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001123-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001123_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001123_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorvaja2001">Corvaja 2001</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._14-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._14_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._14_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._14_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._14_167-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007178-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007178_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2007178_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2007">Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2007</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194158_169-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndreyev1941">Andreyev 1941</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129_170-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1999">Knox 1999</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._63-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._63_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarraud2015">Garraud 2015</a>, para. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._64-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._64_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarraud2015">Garraud 2015</a>, para. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._15-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._15_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012373-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012373_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012373_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012373_174-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012373_174-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._21-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._21_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._21_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._21_175-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159_178-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159_178-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194159_178-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndreyev1941">Andreyev 1941</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaldella197719-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaldella197719_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaldella1977">Faldella 1977</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._62-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._62_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._62_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarraud2015">Garraud 2015</a>, para. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160_181-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160_181-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreyev194160_181-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndreyev1941">Andreyev 1941</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2002302-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2002302_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmannKaufmann2002302_182-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2002">Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2002</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEK._W.194011-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK._W.194011_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK._W.194011_183-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFK._W.1940">K. W. 1940</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._20-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._20_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._20_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._20_187-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001116-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001116_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorvaja2001">Corvaja 2001</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001118-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001118_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorvaja2001">Corvaja 2001</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox200099-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox200099_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox2000">Knox 2000</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2000131-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2000131_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox2000">Knox 2000</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001124-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001124_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorvaja2001">Corvaja 2001</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001125–26-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001125–26_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001125–26_194-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorvaja2001">Corvaja 2001</a>, pp. 125–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999133-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999133_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999133_195-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1999">Knox 1999</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuphanMordal1959112-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuphanMordal1959112_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuphanMordal1959112_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuphanMordal1959">Auphan & Mordal 1959</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20005-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20005_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20005_198-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowett2000">Jowett 2000</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicacci19817_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanicacci1981">Panicacci 1981</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._27-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._27_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._29-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._29_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmistice1940-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmistice1940_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmistice1940">Armistice 1940</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008345-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008345_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitcham2008">Mitcham 2008</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1994140-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1994140_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1994140_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1994">Weinberg 1994</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat20108-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat20108_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat20108_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat20108_205-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2010">Rochat 2010</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorch200443-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorch200443_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorch200443_207-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorch2004">Porch 2004</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19_208-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19_208-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._19_208-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._67-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._67_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarraud2015para._67_209-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarraud2015">Garraud 2015</a>, para. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._28-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._28_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999130-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999130_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1999">Knox 1999</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129–32-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129–32_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129–32_212-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1999129–32_212-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1999">Knox 1999</a>, pp. 129–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001121-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorvaja2001121_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorvaja2001">Corvaja 2001</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008347-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008347_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2008347_214-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitcham2008">Mitcham 2008</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox200078-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox200078_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox2000">Knox 2000</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._23-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochat2008para._23_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRochat2008">Rochat 2008</a>, para. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica2012378-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica2012378_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2012">Sica 2012</a>, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber1995246-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber1995246_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchreiber1995">Schreiber 1995</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrier2008-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrier2008_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarrier2008">Carrier 2008</a>, passim. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAuphanMordal1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Auphan" title="Gabriel Auphan">Auphan, Gabriel Paul</a>; Mordal, Jacques (1959). The French Navy in World War II. Annapolis, MD: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Navy+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Auphan&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Paul&rft.au=Mordal%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadoglio1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Badoglio, Pietro (1946). L'Italia nella seconda Guerra mondiale (in Italian). Milano: Mondadori.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Italia+nella+seconda+Guerra+mondiale&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Mondadori&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Badoglio&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1997" class="citation book cs1">Bell, P. M. H. (1997) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00bell">The Origins of the Second World War in Europe</a> (2nd ed.). Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30470-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30470-3"><bdi>978-0-582-30470-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+in+Europe&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-582-30470-3&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=P.+M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofsecondw00bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16111-4"><bdi>978-0-415-16111-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+Crisis+and+Change&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16111-4&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David (2004). Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1980. London: Frank Cass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Road+to+Oran%3A+Anglo-French+Naval+Relations%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+July+1980&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrescia2012" class="citation book cs1">Brescia, Maurizio (2012). Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regia Marina, 1930–1945. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Navy%3A+A+Reference+Guide+to+the+Regia+Marina%2C+1930%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Brescia&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgwyn1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._James_Burgwyn" title="H. James Burgwyn">Burgwyn, H. James</a> (1997). Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940. Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94877-1"><bdi>978-0-275-94877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Interwar+Period%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94877-1&rft.aulast=Burgwyn&rft.aufirst=H.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgwyn2012" class="citation book cs1">Burgwyn, H. James (2012). Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943. New York: Enigma Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+Warlord%3A+Failed+Dreams+of+Empire%2C+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Burgwyn&rft.aufirst=H.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrier2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Carrier, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081615/https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/bitstream/20.500.11794/28607/1/20493.pdf">Analyse de la puissance combative de l'armée italienne durant la guerre parallele, juin 1940–mars 1941</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpus.ulaval.ca/jspui/bitstream/20.500.11794/28607/1/20493.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Analyse+de+la+puissance+combative+de+l%27arm%C3%A9e+italienne+durant+la+guerre+parallele%2C+juin+1940%E2%80%93mars+1941&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.ulaval.ca%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F20.500.11794%2F28607%2F1%2F20493.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimaCimaTruttman1995" class="citation book cs1">Cima, Bernard; Cima, Raymond; Truttman, Michel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maginot.org/livres/louis_site.pdf">La glorieuse défense du Pont Saint-Louis, Juin 1940</a> (PDF). Menton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+glorieuse+d%C3%A9fense+du+Pont+Saint-Louis%2C+Juin+1940&rft.place=Menton&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Cima&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Cima%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Truttman%2C+Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maginot.org%2Flivres%2Flouis_site.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2005" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Martin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mussolini00clar">Mussolini</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06595-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06595-6"><bdi>978-0-582-06595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-582-06595-6&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmussolini00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2010" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Paul Henry (2010). <a href="/wiki/Robert_O%27Neill_(historian)" title="Robert O'Neill (historian)">O'Neill, Robert</a> (ed.). World War II: The Mediterranean 1940–1945. World War II: Essential Histories. Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-435-89132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-435-89132-6"><bdi>978-1-435-89132-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+The+Mediterranean+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.series=World+War+II%3A+Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-435-89132-6&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Paul+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorvaja2001" class="citation book cs1">Corvaja, Santi (2001). Hitler and Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. New York: Enigma. Translation of Mussolini nella tana del lupo (Milan: Dall'Oglio, 1983) by Robert L. Miller.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Mussolini%3A+The+Secret+Meetings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Corvaja&rft.aufirst=Santi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1954" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, L. F. (1954). <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Flanders/index.html">The War in France and Flanders</a>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+in+France+and+Flanders&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=L.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-NWE-Flanders%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich_at_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Reich at War">The Third Reich at War</a>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99742-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99742-2"><bdi>978-0-713-99742-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-713-99742-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaldella1977" class="citation book cs1">Faldella, Emilio (1977). Le Truppe alpine nella seconda guerra mondiale. Milan: Cavallotti Editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Truppe+alpine+nella+seconda+guerra+mondiale&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Cavallotti+Editore&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Faldella&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFioravanzo1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fioravanzo, Giuseppe (1949). La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale. Vol. II, La guerra nel Mediterraneo – Le azioni navali, Tomo I: dal 10 giugno 1940 al 31 marzo 1941. Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Marina+italiana+nella+seconda+guerra+mondiale&rft.pub=Ufficio+Storico+della+Marina+Militare&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Fioravanzo&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorentin2008" class="citation book cs1">Florentin, Eddy (2008). Les rebelles de La Combattante. Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2841412266" title="Special:BookSources/978-2841412266"><bdi>978-2841412266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+rebelles+de+La+Combattante&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2841412266&rft.aulast=Florentin&rft.aufirst=Eddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForczyk2017" class="citation book cs1">Forczyk, Robert (2017). Case Red: The Collapse of France, 1940. Osprey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Red%3A+The+Collapse+of+France%2C+1940&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Forczyk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGariglio2001" class="citation book cs1">Gariglio, Dario (2001). Popolo italiano! Corri alle armi: 10–25 giugno 1940, l'attacco alla Francia. Peveragno: BLU Edizioni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popolo+italiano%21+Corri+alle+armi%3A+10%E2%80%9325+giugno+1940%2C+l%27attacco+alla+Francia&rft.place=Peveragno&rft.pub=BLU+Edizioni&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gariglio&rft.aufirst=Dario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioanniniMassobrio2007" class="citation book cs1">Gioannini, Marco; Massobrio, Giulio (2007). Bombardate l'Italia: Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea, 1940–1945. Rizzoli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombardate+l%27Italia%3A+Storia+della+guerra+di+distruzione+aerea%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gioannini&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Massobrio%2C+Giulio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooch2007" class="citation book cs1">Gooch, John (2007). Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922–1940. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+and+His+Generals%3A+The+Armed+Forces+and+Fascist+Foreign+Policy%2C+1922%E2%80%931940&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gooch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenvilleWasserstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Grenville, J. A. S.; Wasserstein, Bernard, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/majorinternation0000gren_v2f5">The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: Volume I</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23798-7"><bdi>978-0-415-23798-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+International+Treaties+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Volume+I&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23798-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmajorinternation0000gren_v2f5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGUF1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grandes_Unit%C3%A9s_Fran%C3%A7aises" title="Grandes Unités Françaises">GUF</a> (1967). Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre. Guerre 1939–1945. Vol. 2. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Service+Historique+de+l%27Arm%C3%A9e+de+Terre&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Guerre+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Nationale&rft.date=1967&rft.au=GUF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hempel, Andrew (2005). Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History. New York: Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-781-81004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-781-81004-3"><bdi>978-0-781-81004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+in+World+War+II%3A+An+Illustrated+Military+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-781-81004-3&rft.aulast=Hempel&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62260804">Historique du 4e régiment d'infanterie coloniale</a>. Campagne de France, 1939–40. Limoges: Charles-Lavauzelle. 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historique+du+4%3Csup%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E+r%C3%A9giment+d%27infanterie+coloniale&rft.place=Limoges&rft.series=Campagne+de+France%2C+1939%E2%80%9340&rft.pub=Charles-Lavauzelle&rft.date=1941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k62260804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2003" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julian (2003). The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-192-80550-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-192-80550-8"><bdi>978-0-192-80550-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+France%3A+The+Nazi+Invasion+of+1940&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-192-80550-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2000" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip S. (2000). The Italian Army 1940–45 (1): Europe 1940–1943. Oxford & New York: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-855-32864-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-855-32864-8"><bdi>978-1-855-32864-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Army+1940%E2%80%9345+%281%29%3A+Europe+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Oxford+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-855-32864-8&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanMoulin2013" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, John; Moulin, Jean (2013). French Cruisers, 1922–1956. Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Cruisers%2C+1922%E2%80%931956&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Moulin%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmannJankovič-PotočnikLang2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann, H. W.; Jankovič-Potočnik, Aleksander; Lang, P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maginotlinehisto0000kauf">The Maginot Line: History and Guide</a>. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-848-84068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-848-84068-3"><bdi>978-1-848-84068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maginot+Line%3A+History+and+Guide&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-848-84068-3&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.au=Jankovi%C4%8D-Poto%C4%8Dnik%2C+Aleksander&rft.au=Lang%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaginotlinehisto0000kauf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2002) [1993]. Hitler's Blitzkrieg Campaigns: The Invasion and Defense of Western Europe, 1939–1940 (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81216-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81216-3"><bdi>978-0-306-81216-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Blitzkrieg+Campaigns%3A+The+Invasion+and+Defense+of+Western+Europe%2C+1939%E2%80%931940&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81216-3&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Kaufmann%2C+H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2007). Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II. Stackpole Military History Series. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-811-73395-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-811-73395-3"><bdi>978-0-811-73395-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+France%3A+The+Maginot+Line+and+French+Defenses+in+World+War+II&rft.series=Stackpole+Military+History+Series&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-811-73395-3&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Kaufmann%2C+H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmannJurga2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann, J. E.; Jurga, Robert M. (2002) [1999]. Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+Europe%3A+European+Fortifications+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Jurga%2C+Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKundahl2017" class="citation book cs1">Kundahl, George G. (2017). The Riviera at War: World War II on the Côte d'Azur. I. B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riviera+at+War%3A+World+War+II+on+the+C%C3%B4te+d%27Azur&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kundahl&rft.aufirst=George+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/MacGregor_Knox" title="MacGregor Knox">Knox, MacGregor</a> (1999) [1982]. Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33835-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33835-6"><bdi>978-0-521-33835-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+Unleashed%2C+1939%E2%80%931941%3A+Politics+and+Strategy+in+Fascist+Italy%27s+Last+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33835-6&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=MacGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2000" class="citation book cs1">Knox, MacGregor (2000). Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime and the War of 1940–43. Port Chester, NY: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Italian+Allies%3A+Royal+Armed+Forces%2C+Fascist+Regime+and+the+War+of+1940%E2%80%9343&rft.place=Port+Chester%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=MacGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabanca2015" class="citation book cs1">Labanca, Nicola (2015). "The Italian Wars". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of World War II. Oxford University Press. pp. 74–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Italian+Wars&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=74-109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Labanca&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Mack Smith, Denis</a> (1976). Mussolini's Roman Empire. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29778-005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29778-005-2"><bdi>978-0-29778-005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-29778-005-2&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1982" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, Denis (1982). Mussolini. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29778-005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29778-005-2"><bdi>978-0-29778-005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini&rft.pub=Littlehampton+Book+Services+Ltd&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-29778-005-2&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay2003" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Robert (2003). Half the Battle: Civilian Morale in Britain During the Second World War. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-719-05894-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-719-05894-3"><bdi>978-0-719-05894-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Half+the+Battle%3A+Civilian+Morale+in+Britain+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-719-05894-3&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallett1998" class="citation book cs1">Mallett, Robert (1998). The Italian Navy and Fascist Expansionism, 1935–1940. Cass Series: Naval Policy and History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-74814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-74814-5"><bdi>978-0-333-74814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Navy+and+Fascist+Expansionism%2C+1935%E2%80%931940&rft.series=Cass+Series%3A+Naval+Policy+and+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-333-74814-5&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallett2003" class="citation book cs1">Mallett, Robert (2003). Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933–1940. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-714-64432-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-714-64432-5"><bdi>978-0-714-64432-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+and+the+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+1933%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-714-64432-5&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryHohnadelSicard2009a" class="citation book cs1">Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques (2009a). Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4: La fortification alpine. Paris: Histoire et Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915239-46-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915239-46-1"><bdi>978-2-915239-46-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hommes+et+Ouvrages+de+la+Ligne+Maginot%2C+Tome+4%3A+La+fortification+alpine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Histoire+et+Collections&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-915239-46-1&rft.aulast=Mary&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Hohnadel%2C+Alain&rft.au=Sicard%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryHohnadelSicard2009b" class="citation book cs1">Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques (2009b). Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris: Histoire et Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-127-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-127-5"><bdi>978-2-35250-127-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hommes+et+Ouvrages+de+la+Ligne+Maginot%2C+Tome+5&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Histoire+et+Collections&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-127-5&rft.aulast=Mary&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Hohnadel%2C+Alain&rft.au=Sicard%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel1999" class="citation book cs1">Martel, Gordon, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00gord_0">The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16325-5"><bdi>978-0-415-16325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+Reconsidered&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16325-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofsecondw00gord_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillettMurray2010" class="citation book cs1">Millett, Allan R.; Murray, Williamson, eds. (2010). Military Effectiveness: Volume 3, The Second World War (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73751-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73751-7"><bdi>978-0-521-73751-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Effectiveness%3A+Volume+3%2C+The+Second+World+War&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73751-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistère_de_la_Défense2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence (France)">Ministère de la Défense</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gouv.fr/content/download/100709/977714/file/MC06.pdf">Une bataille oubliée: les Alpes, 10–25 juin 1940</a> (PDF). Mémoire et citoyenneté. Vol. 6. Direction de la mémoire, du patrimoine et des archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+bataille+oubli%C3%A9e%3A+les+Alpes%2C+10%E2%80%9325+juin+1940&rft.series=M%C3%A9moire+et+citoyennet%C3%A9&rft.pub=Direction+de+la+m%C3%A9moire%2C+du+patrimoine+et+des+archives&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+D%C3%A9fense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gouv.fr%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F100709%2F977714%2Ffile%2FMC06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitcham2008" class="citation book cs1">Mitcham, Samuel W. (2008). The Rise of the Wehrmacht: The German Armed Forces and World War II, Volume 1. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99661-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99661-1"><bdi>978-0-275-99661-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Wehrmacht%3A+The+German+Armed+Forces+and+World+War+II%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99661-1&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2000" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Ray (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mussolinisshadow00mose">Mussolini's Shadow: The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07917-3"><bdi>978-0-300-07917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Shadow%3A+The+Double+Life+of+Count+Galeazzo+Ciano&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07917-3&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmussolinisshadow00mose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_P._O%27Hara" title="Vincent P. O'Hara">O'Hara, Vincent P.</a> (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945 (1st ed.). Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-591-14648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-591-14648-3"><bdi>978-1-591-14648-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+the+Middle+Sea%3A+The+Great+Navies+at+War+in+the+Mediterranean+Theater%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-591-14648-3&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Vincent+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (2013). The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War over Europe, 1940–1945. New York: Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bombers+and+the+Bombed%3A+Allied+Air+War+over+Europe%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaoletti2008" class="citation book cs1">Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98505-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98505-9"><bdi>978-0-275-98505-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Italy&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98505-9&rft.aulast=Paoletti&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiekałkiewicz1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Pieka%C5%82kiewicz" title="Janusz Piekałkiewicz">Piekałkiewicz, Janusz</a> (1987). Sea War: 1939–1945. London & New York: Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-71665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-713-71665-8"><bdi>978-0-713-71665-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+War%3A+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-713-71665-8&rft.aulast=Pieka%C5%82kiewicz&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanLefèvre1982" class="citation book cs1">Plan, Étienne; Lefèvre, Éric (1982). La bataille des Alpes, 10–25 juin 1940: L'armée invaincue. C.-Lavauzelle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-702-50008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-702-50008-8"><bdi>978-2-702-50008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+bataille+des+Alpes%2C+10%E2%80%9325+juin+1940%3A+L%27arm%C3%A9e+invaincue&rft.pub=C.-Lavauzelle&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-2-702-50008-8&rft.aulast=Plan&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft.au=Lef%C3%A8vre%2C+%C3%89ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._S._O._Playfair" title="I. S. O. Playfair">Playfair, I. S. O.</a>; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C.; Toomer, S. E. (1954). Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/index.html">Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)</a>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+and+Middle+East.+Volume+I%3A+The+Early+Successes+Against+Italy+%28to+May+1941%29&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Stitt%2C+G.+M.+S.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+S.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-Med-I%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorch2004" class="citation book cs1">Porch, Douglas (2004). The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-20518-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-20518-8"><bdi>978-0-374-20518-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Victory%3A+The+Mediterranean+Theater+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-374-20518-8&rft.aulast=Porch&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1953" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Dennis (1953). Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-I/index.html">The Royal Air Force 1939–1945, Vol I: The Fight at Odds</a>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Air+Force+1939%E2%80%931945%2C+Vol+I%3A+The+Fight+at+Odds&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-RAF-I%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohwer2005" class="citation book cs1">Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+War+at+Sea%2C+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Naval+History+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rohwer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2010" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Ariel Ilan (2010). Leadership in International Relations: The Balance of Power and the Origins of World War II. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10690-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10690-1"><bdi>978-0-230-10690-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+in+International+Relations%3A+The+Balance+of+Power+and+the+Origins+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10690-1&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Ariel+Ilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalerno2002" class="citation book cs1">Salerno, Reynolds M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vitalcrossroadsm00sale">Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-43772-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-43772-4"><bdi>978-0-801-43772-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vital+Crossroads%3A+Mediterranean+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+1935%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-801-43772-4&rft.aulast=Salerno&rft.aufirst=Reynolds+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvitalcrossroadsm00sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShores1976" class="citation book cs1">Shores, Christopher (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/228410874/Regia-Aeronautica-1-1940-43">Regia Aeronautica: A Pictorial History of the Italian Air Force, 1940–1943</a>. Crowley, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-060-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-060-5"><bdi>0-89747-060-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regia+Aeronautica%3A+A+Pictorial+History+of+the+Italian+Air+Force%2C+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Crowley%2C+TX&rft.pub=Squadron%2FSignal+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-89747-060-5&rft.aulast=Shores&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F228410874%2FRegia-Aeronautica-1-1940-43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSica2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Sica, Emanuele (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/6300/Sica_Emanuele.pdf?sequence=1">Italiani Brava Gente? The Italian Occupation of Southeastern France in the Second World War, 1940–1943</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Italiani+Brava+Gente%3F+The+Italian+Occupation+of+Southeastern+France+in+the+Second+World+War%2C+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.inst=University+of+Waterloo&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sica&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuwspace.uwaterloo.ca%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10012%2F6300%2FSica_Emanuele.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSica2016" class="citation book cs1">Sica, Emanuele (2016). Mussolini's Army in the French Riviera: Italy's Occupation of France. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03985-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03985-0"><bdi>978-0-252-03985-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Army+in+the+French+Riviera%3A+Italy%27s+Occupation+of+France&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03985-0&rft.aulast=Sica&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefani1985" class="citation book cs1">Stefani, Filippo (1985). La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito italiano, t. 1o: Da Vittorio Veneto alla 2a guerra mondiale, no. 2o: La 2a guerra mondiale, 1940–1943. Rome: Stato maggiore dell'Esercito.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+storia+della+dottrina+e+degli+ordinamenti+dell%27Esercito+italiano%2C+t.+1%3Csup%3Eo%3C%2Fsup%3E%3A+Da+Vittorio+Veneto+alla+2%3Csup%3Ea%3C%2Fsup%3E+guerra+mondiale%2C+no.+2%3Csup%3Eo%3C%2Fsup%3E%3A+La+2%3Csup%3Ea%3C%2Fsup%3E+guerra+mondiale%2C+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Stato+maggiore+dell%27Esercito&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Stefani&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling2009" class="citation book cs1">Sterling, Brent L. (2009). Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors?: What History Teaches Us about Strategic Barriers and International Security. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-589-01571-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-589-01571-5"><bdi>978-1-589-01571-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+Good+Fences+Make+Good+Neighbors%3F%3A+What+History+Teaches+Us+about+Strategic+Barriers+and+International+Security&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-589-01571-5&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Brent+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner1998" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (1998). The French Army 1939–45 (1): The Army of 1939–40 and Vichy France. Men-At-Arms Series (1st English ed.). Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-855-32666-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-855-32666-8"><bdi>978-1-855-32666-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+1939%E2%80%9345+%281%29%3A+The+Army+of+1939%E2%80%9340+and+Vichy+France&rft.series=Men-At-Arms+Series&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-855-32666-8&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweet2007" class="citation book cs1">Sweet, John Joseph Timothy (2007) [1980]. Iron Arm: The Mechanization of Mussolini's Army, 1920–1940. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-811-73351-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-811-73351-9"><bdi>978-0-811-73351-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Arm%3A+The+Mechanization+of+Mussolini%27s+Army%2C+1920%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-811-73351-9&rft.aulast=Sweet&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaschetto2003" class="citation book cs1">Vaschetto, Diego (2003). Strade e Sentieri del vallo Alpino. Turin: Ed. del Capricorno.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strade+e+Sentieri+del+vallo+Alpino&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Ed.+del+Capricorno&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Vaschetto&rft.aufirst=Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba00wein">A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44317-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44317-2"><bdi>0-521-44317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-44317-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatarmsgloba00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabecki1999" class="citation book cs1">Zabecki, David T., ed. (1999). World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-824-07029-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-824-07029-8"><bdi>978-0-824-07029-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-824-07029-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreyev1941" class="citation journal cs1">Andreyev, N. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p124201coll1/id/984">"Italian Operations in the Alps"</a>. Military Review. 21 (80). <a href="/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and General Staff School">Command and General Staff School</a>: 57–60. Translated by Joseph Dasher. Originally published as Italyanskiye Operatsii v Alpakh (Итальянские Операции в Альпах) in <a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Zvezda" title="Krasnaya Zvezda">Krasnaya Zvezda</a> (6 October 1940).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Review&rft.atitle=Italian+Operations+in+the+Alps&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=57-60&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Andreyev&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgsc.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp124201coll1%2Fid%2F984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmistice1940" class="citation journal cs1">"Armistice Between France and Italy". The American Journal of International Law. 34 (4, Supplement: Official Documents): 178–83. October 1940. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2213458">10.2307/2213458</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2213458">2213458</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246004883">246004883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Armistice+Between+France+and+Italy&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4%2C+Supplement%3A+Official+Documents&rft.pages=178-83&rft.date=1940-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246004883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2213458%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2213458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrier2008" class="citation journal cs1">Carrier, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rha.revues.org/191">"Réflexions sur l'efficacité militaire de l'armée des Alpes, 10–25 juin 1940"</a>. Revue historique des armées. 250: 85–93, in 25 paragraphs online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frha.250.0085">10.3917/rha.250.0085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+historique+des+arm%C3%A9es&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9flexions+sur+l%27efficacit%C3%A9+militaire+de+l%27arm%C3%A9e+des+Alpes%2C+10%E2%80%9325+juin+1940&rft.volume=250&rft.pages=85-93%2C+in+25+paragraphs+online&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frha.250.0085&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frha.revues.org%2F191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliadakis1974" class="citation journal cs1">Cliadakis, Harry (1974). "Neutrality and War in Italian Policy 1939–40". Journal of Contemporary History. 9 (3): 171–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947400900307">10.1177/002200947400900307</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159593953">159593953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Neutrality+and+War+in+Italian+Policy+1939%E2%80%9340&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171-90&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947400900307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159593953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cliadakis&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2008" class="citation journal cs1">David, Daniel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rha.revues.org/167">"Les fortifications alpines françaises: Bref historique des origines à la guerre franco-italienne de juin 1940"</a>. Revue historique des armées. 250: 4–15, in 20 paragraphs online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frha.250.0004">10.3917/rha.250.0004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+historique+des+arm%C3%A9es&rft.atitle=Les+fortifications+alpines+fran%C3%A7aises%3A+Bref+historique+des+origines+%C3%A0+la+guerre+franco-italienne+de+juin+1940&rft.volume=250&rft.pages=4-15%2C+in+20+paragraphs+online&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frha.250.0004&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frha.revues.org%2F167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarraud2008" class="citation journal cs1">Garraud, Philippe (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2008-2-page-59.htm">"Le rôle de l' " hypothèse Suisse " dans la défaite de 1940 ou comment une simple possibilité théorique a pu affecter la réalité"</a>. Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains. 230 (230 [2008/2]): 59–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fgmcc.230.0059">10.3917/gmcc.230.0059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guerres+Mondiales+et+Conflits+Contemporains&rft.atitle=Le+r%C3%B4le+de+l%27+%22+hypoth%C3%A8se+Suisse+%22+dans+la+d%C3%A9faite+de+1940+ou+comment+une+simple+possibilit%C3%A9+th%C3%A9orique+a+pu+affecter+la+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9&rft.volume=230&rft.issue=230+%5B2008%2F2%5D&rft.pages=59-70&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fgmcc.230.0059&rft.aulast=Garraud&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2008-2-page-59.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarraud2015" class="citation journal cs1">Garraud, Philippe (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2015-3-page-93.htm">"La construction de la ligne Maginot alpine et son emploi en 1940: un système défensif novateur et efficace"</a>. Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains. 259 (259 [2015/3]): 93–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fgmcc.259.0093">10.3917/gmcc.259.0093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guerres+Mondiales+et+Conflits+Contemporains&rft.atitle=La+construction+de+la+ligne+Maginot+alpine+et+son+emploi+en+1940%3A+un+syst%C3%A8me+d%C3%A9fensif+novateur+et+efficace&rft.volume=259&rft.issue=259+%5B2015%2F3%5D&rft.pages=93-114&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fgmcc.259.0093&rft.aulast=Garraud&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2015-3-page-93.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._D._Harvey" title="A. D. Harvey">Harvey, A. D.</a> (1990). "The French Armée de l'Air in May–June 1940: A Failure of Conception". Journal of Contemporary History. 25 (4): 447–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949002500404">10.1177/002200949002500404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159795712">159795712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+French+Arm%C3%A9e+de+l%27Air+in+May%E2%80%93June+1940%3A+A+Failure+of+Conception&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=447-65&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949002500404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159795712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, A. D. (2009). "The Bomber Offensive that Never Took Off". The Royal United Services Institute Journal. 154 (6): 96–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071840903533021">10.1080/03071840903533021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152392664">152392664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+United+Services+Institute+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Bomber+Offensive+that+Never+Took+Off&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=96-102&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071840903533021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152392664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1985" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, Stephen (1985). "The Italian War Effort and the Strategic Bombing of Italy". History. 70 (228): 32–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229x.1985.tb02478.x">10.1111/j.1468-229x.1985.tb02478.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Italian+War+Effort+and+the+Strategic+Bombing+of+Italy&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=228&rft.pages=32-45&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229x.1985.tb02478.x&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1968" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, W. G. (1968). "The Importance of Energy in the First and Second World Wars". The Historical Journal. 11 (3): 538–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x00001680">10.1017/s0018246x00001680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159620220">159620220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Energy+in+the+First+and+Second+World+Wars&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=538-54&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x00001680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159620220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._W.1940" class="citation journal cs1">K. W. (6 July 1940). "The Battle of Mentone". <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman_and_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="New Statesman and Nation">New Statesman and Nation</a>. 20 (489): 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman+and+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Mentone&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=489&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1940-07-06&rft.au=K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallett1997" class="citation journal cs1">Mallett, Robert (1997). "The Anglo-Italian War Trade Negotiations, Contraband Control and the Failure to Appease Mussolini, 1939–40". Diplomacy and Statecraft. 8 (1): 137–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592299708406033">10.1080/09592299708406033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+and+Statecraft&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Italian+War+Trade+Negotiations%2C+Contraband+Control+and+the+Failure+to+Appease+Mussolini%2C+1939%E2%80%9340&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-67&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592299708406033&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1945" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Paul-É. (1945). "La défense de la Savoie et du Dauphiné par le groupement du général Cartier, Juin 1940". Revue militaire suisse. 9: 381–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5169%2Fseals-342283">10.5169/seals-342283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+militaire+suisse&rft.atitle=La+d%C3%A9fense+de+la+Savoie+et+du+Dauphin%C3%A9+par+le+groupement+du+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Cartier%2C+Juin+1940&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=381-98&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5169%2Fseals-342283&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Paul-%C3%89.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiguet1945" class="citation journal cs1">Miguet, André (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65595469/f355.image">"La défense des Hautes-Alpes (11–25 juin 1940)"</a>. Bulletin de la Société d'études historiques, scientifiques et littéraires des Hautes-Alpes. 64: 315–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%27%C3%A9tudes+historiques%2C+scientifiques+et+litt%C3%A9raires+des+Hautes-Alpes&rft.atitle=La+d%C3%A9fense+des+Hautes-Alpes+%2811%E2%80%9325+juin+1940%29&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=315-97&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Miguet&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k65595469%2Ff355.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackard1940" class="citation news cs1">Packard, Reynolds (16 June 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19400616&id=aDQbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZkwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1552,242625&hl=en">"Italy Advances in French Alps, Rome Asserts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>. Pittsburgh. p. 9. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Italy+Advances+in+French+Alps%2C+Rome+Asserts&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1940-06-16&rft.aulast=Packard&rft.aufirst=Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1144%26dat%3D19400616%26id%3DaDQbAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DZkwEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1552%2C242625%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanicacci1981" class="citation journal cs1">Panicacci, Jean-Louis (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108032330/http://prod.cg06.fr/cms/cg06/upload/decouvrir-les-am/fr/files/rr75-1981-01.pdf">"Menton et les Mentonnais de 1939 à 1945"</a> (PDF). Recherches Régionales, Archives Départementales des Alpes-Maritimes. 1: 1–43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prod.cg06.fr/cms/cg06/upload/decouvrir-les-am/fr/files/rr75-1981-01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recherches+R%C3%A9gionales%2C+Archives+D%C3%A9partementales+des+Alpes-Maritimes&rft.atitle=Menton+et+les+Mentonnais+de+1939+%C3%A0+1945&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-43&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Panicacci&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprod.cg06.fr%2Fcms%2Fcg06%2Fupload%2Fdecouvrir-les-am%2Ffr%2Ffiles%2Frr75-1981-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanicacci2010" class="citation journal cs1">Panicacci, Jean-Louis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.cinisello-balsamo.mi.it/sitospip/pietre/IMG/pdf/isrec-3.pdf">"La Battaglia per Mentone (10–24 giugno 1940) e l'occupazione italiana di Mentone"</a> (PDF). Quaderni savonesi: Studi e ricerche sulla Resistenza e l'età contemporanea. 22: 13–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+savonesi%3A+Studi+e+ricerche+sulla+Resistenza+e+l%27et%C3%A0+contemporanea&rft.atitle=La+Battaglia+per+Mentone+%2810%E2%80%9324+giugno+1940%29+e+l%27occupazione+italiana+di+Mentone&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=13-21&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Panicacci&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.cinisello-balsamo.mi.it%2Fsitospip%2Fpietre%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fisrec-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Preston, Paul (1996). "Mussolini's Spanish Adventure: From Limited Risk to War". In Preston, Paul; MacKenzie, Ann (eds.). The Republic Besieged: Civil War in Spain, 1936–1939. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 21–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-748-60861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-748-60861-4"><bdi>978-0-748-60861-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mussolini%27s+Spanish+Adventure%3A+From+Limited+Risk+to+War&rft.btitle=The+Republic+Besieged%3A+Civil+War+in+Spain%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=21-52&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-748-60861-4&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochat2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rochat, Giorgio (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rha.revues.org/187">"La campagne italienne de juin 1940 dans les Alpes occidentales"</a>. Revue historique des armées. 250. Translated by Pilloud, Anne: 77–84, in 29 paragraphs online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frha.250.0077">10.3917/rha.250.0077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+historique+des+arm%C3%A9es&rft.atitle=La+campagne+italienne+de+juin+1940+dans+les+Alpes+occidentales&rft.volume=250&rft.pages=77-84%2C+in+29+paragraphs+online&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frha.250.0077&rft.aulast=Rochat&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frha.revues.org%2F187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochat2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rochat, Giorgio (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.cinisello-balsamo.mi.it/sitospip/pietre/IMG/pdf/isrec-3.pdf">"La campagna italiana sulle Alpi occidentali nel giugno 1940"</a> (PDF). Quaderni savonesi: Studi e ricerche sulla Resistenza e l'età contemporanea. 22: 4–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+savonesi%3A+Studi+e+ricerche+sulla+Resistenza+e+l%27et%C3%A0+contemporanea&rft.atitle=La+campagna+italiana+sulle+Alpi+occidentali+nel+giugno+1940&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=4-12&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rochat&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.cinisello-balsamo.mi.it%2Fsitospip%2Fpietre%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fisrec-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadkovich1988" class="citation journal cs1">Sadkovich, James J. (1988). "Re-evaluating Who Won the Italo-British Naval Conflict, 1940–2". European History Quarterly. 18 (4): 455–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026569148801800405">10.1177/026569148801800405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143162826">143162826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Re-evaluating+Who+Won+the+Italo-British+Naval+Conflict%2C+1940%E2%80%932&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=455-71&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026569148801800405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143162826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sadkovich&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadkovich1989" class="citation journal cs1">Sadkovich, James J. (1989). "Understanding Defeat: Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II". Journal of Contemporary History. 24 (1): 27–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948902400102">10.1177/002200948902400102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161195027">161195027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Understanding+Defeat%3A+Reappraising+Italy%27s+Role+in+World+War+II&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-61&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200948902400102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161195027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sadkovich&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiber1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schreiber, Gerhard (1995). "Part I: Political and Military Developments in the Mediterranean Area, 1939–40". In Schreiber, Gerhard; Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (eds.). Germany and the Second World War, Volume III: The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939–1942. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 5–302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Political+and+Military+Developments+in+the+Mediterranean+Area%2C+1939%E2%80%9340&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%2C+Volume+III%3A+The+Mediterranean%2C+South-East+Europe%2C+and+North+Africa+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=5-302&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSica2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sica, Emanuele (2012). "June 1940: The Italian Army and the Battle of the Alps". Canadian Journal of History. 47 (2): 355–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcjh.47.2.355">10.3138/cjh.47.2.355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=June+1940%3A+The+Italian+Army+and+the+Battle+of+the+Alps&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=355-78&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcjh.47.2.355&rft.aulast=Sica&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1951" class="citation journal cs1">Smyth, Howard McGaw (1951). "The Command of the Italian Armed Forces in World War II". Military Affairs. 15 (1): 38–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1982542">10.2307/1982542</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1982542">1982542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Command+of+the+Italian+Armed+Forces+in+World+War+II&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-52&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1982542&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1982542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Howard+McGaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1993" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Martin (1993). "Plans and Problems of the Armée de l'Air in the Defence of French North Africa before the Fall of France". French History. 7 (4): 472–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2F7.4.472">10.1093/fh/7.4.472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+History&rft.atitle=Plans+and+Problems+of+the+Arm%C3%A9e+de+l%27Air+in+the+Defence+of+French+North+Africa+before+the+Fall+of+France&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=472-95&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffh%2F7.4.472&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeulliot1999a" class="citation web cs1">Leulliot, Nowfel (1999a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://france1940.free.fr/adla/ada_may.html">"Armée de l'Air: Order of Battle, 10th May 1940"</a>. France 1940. Nowfel Leulliot. Retrieved 1 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+1940&rft.atitle=Arm%C3%A9e+de+l%27Air%3A+Order+of+Battle%2C+10th+May+1940&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Leulliot&rft.aufirst=Nowfel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrance1940.free.fr%2Fadla%2Fada_may.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeulliot1999b" class="citation web cs1">Leulliot, Nowfel (1999b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://france1940.free.fr/aeronaval/aero_jun.html">"Aéronautique Navale, Order of Battle, 5th June 1940 (Mediterranean zone only)"</a>. France 1940. Nowfel Leulliot. Retrieved 28 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+1940&rft.atitle=A%C3%A9ronautique+Navale%2C+Order+of+Battle%2C+5th+June+1940+%28Mediterranean+zone+only%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Leulliot&rft.aufirst=Nowfel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrance1940.free.fr%2Faeronaval%2Faero_jun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeulliot1999c" class="citation web cs1">Leulliot, Nowfel (1999c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://france1940.free.fr/oob/alpes.html">"Armée des Alpes, Order of Battle / Ordre de bataille, 10/05/1940"</a>. France 1940. Nowfel Leulliot. Retrieved 28 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+1940&rft.atitle=Arm%C3%A9e+des+Alpes%2C+Order+of+Battle+%2F+Ordre+de+bataille%2C+10%2F05%2F1940&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Leulliot&rft.aufirst=Nowfel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrance1940.free.fr%2Foob%2Falpes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafziger1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Nafziger" title="George Nafziger">Nafziger, George Francis</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/940IFCC.pdf">"Italian Army, 10 June 1940"</a> (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Center. G. F. Nafziger. Retrieved 19 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Army+Combined+Arms+Center&rft.atitle=Italian+Army%2C+10+June+1940&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Nafziger&rft.aufirst=George+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgsc.edu%2FCARL%2Fnafziger%2F940IFCC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafziger1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Nafziger" title="George Nafziger">Nafziger, George Francis</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/940FEAX.PDF">"French Army, 10 May 1940"</a> (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Center. G. F. Nafziger. Retrieved 18 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Army+Combined+Arms+Center&rft.atitle=French+Army%2C+10+May+1940&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Nafziger&rft.aufirst=George+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2FCAC2%2FCGSC%2FCARL%2Fnafziger%2F940FEAX.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraldi1965" class="citation book cs1">Araldi, Vinicio (1965). Dalla non belligeranza all'intervento: Come e perche l'Italia entro in guerra. Capelli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dalla+non+belligeranza+all%27intervento%3A+Come+e+perche+l%27Italia+entro+in+guerra&rft.pub=Capelli&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Araldi&rft.aufirst=Vinicio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzeau1967" class="citation book cs1">Azeau, Henri (1967). La guerre franco-italienne: Juin 1940. Paris: Presses de la Cité.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+guerre+franco-italienne%3A+Juin+1940&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+de+la+Cit%C3%A9&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Azeau&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeraud1987" class="citation book cs1">Beraud, Henri (1987). Bataille des Alpes: Album mémorial, juin 1940 – 1944/45. Éditions Heimdal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bataille+des+Alpes%3A+Album+m%C3%A9morial%2C+juin+1940+%E2%80%93+1944%2F45&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Heimdal&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Beraud&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiaginiFrattolillo1986" class="citation book cs1">Biagini, Antonello; Frattolillo, Fernando, eds. (1986). Diario storico del Comando Supremo: Raccolta di documenti della seconda guerra mondiale, Volume I: 1 giugno 1940 – 31 agosto 1940 (Part I). Rome: Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diario+storico+del+Comando+Supremo%3A+Raccolta+di+documenti+della+seconda+guerra+mondiale%2C+Volume+I%3A+1+giugno+1940+%E2%80%93+31+agosto+1940+%28Part+I%29&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Stato+Maggiore+dell%27Esercito&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonacina1970" class="citation book cs1">Bonacina, Giorgio (1970). Obiettivo Italia: I bombardamenti aerei delle città italiane dal 1940 al 1945. Milan: Mursia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obiettivo+Italia%3A+I+bombardamenti+aerei+delle+citt%C3%A0+italiane+dal+1940+al+1945&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Mursia&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bonacina&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernotti1960" class="citation book cs1">Bernotti, Romeo (1960). Storia della Guerra nel Mediterraneo (1940–43). I Libri del Tempo. Vol. 10. Rome: V. Bianco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+della+Guerra+nel+Mediterraneo+%281940%E2%80%9343%29&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=I+Libri+del+Tempo&rft.pub=V.+Bianco&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Bernotti&rft.aufirst=Romeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanevari1948" class="citation book cs1">Canevari, Emilio (1948). La guerra italiana, retroscena della disfatti. 2 vols. Rome: Tosi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+guerra+italiana%2C+retroscena+della+disfatti&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=2+vols.&rft.pub=Tosi&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Canevari&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmona_Yáñez1957" class="citation book cs1">Carmona Yáñez, Jorge (1957). Pétain y el armisticio. Madrid: Industrias Gráficas España.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C3%A9tain+y+el+armisticio&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Industrias+Gr%C3%A1ficas+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Carmona+Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCull2013" class="citation book cs1">Cull, Brian (2013). First of the Few: 5 June – 9 July 1940. Fonthill Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+of+the+Few%3A+5+June+%E2%80%93+9+July+1940&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cull&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomeyne1994" class="citation thesis cs1">Domeyne, Bernard (1994). Du combat en montagne, l'exemple de la deuxieme guerre mondiale dans les alpes occidentales (1940–1945) (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University,_Montpellier_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III">Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Du+combat+en+montagne%2C+l%27exemple+de+la+deuxieme+guerre+mondiale+dans+les+alpes+occidentales+%281940%E2%80%931945%29&rft.inst=Paul+Val%C3%A9ry+University%2C+Montpellier+III&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Domeyne&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenoglio1992" class="citation book cs1">Fenoglio, Alberto (1992). Il vallo alpino: Le fortificazioni delle Alpi occidentali durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Susalibri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+vallo+alpino%3A+Le+fortificazioni+delle+Alpi+occidentali+durante+la+seconda+guerra+mondiale&rft.pub=Susalibri&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Fenoglio&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois-Poncet" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="André François-Poncet">François-Poncet, André</a>. A Palazzo Farnese: Memorie di un Ambasciatore a Roma, 1938–1940. Le Lettere.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Palazzo+Farnese%3A+Memorie+di+un+Ambasciatore+a+Roma%2C+1938%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Le+Lettere&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallinari1981" class="citation book cs1">Gallinari, Vincenzo (1981). Le Operazioni del giugno 1940 sulle Alpi Occidentali. Rome.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Operazioni+del+giugno+1940+sulle+Alpi+Occidentali&rft.place=Rome&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Gallinari&rft.aufirst=Vincenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarello1975" class="citation book cs1">Garello, Giancarlo (1975). Regia Aeronautica e Armée de l'Air, 1940–1943. Rome: Bizzarri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regia+Aeronautica+e+Arm%C3%A9e+de+l%27Air%2C+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Bizzarri&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Garello&rft.aufirst=Giancarlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachal2006" class="citation book cs1">Lachal, Philippe (2006). Fortifications des Alpes (Ubaye – Ubayette – Restefond): leur rôle dans les combats de 1939–1945. L'Argentière-la-Bessée: Éditions du Fournel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915493-30-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915493-30-6"><bdi>978-2-915493-30-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortifications+des+Alpes+%28Ubaye+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BUbayette+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BRestefond%29%3A+leur+r%C3%B4le+dans+les+combats+de+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=L%27Argenti%C3%A8re-la-Bess%C3%A9e&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Fournel&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-915493-30-6&rft.aulast=Lachal&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelton2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Guelton, Frédéric (2001). "La bataille des Alpes". In Lévisse-Touzé, Charles (ed.). La campagne de 1940. Paris: Tallandier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+bataille+des+Alpes&rft.btitle=La+campagne+de+1940&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Guelton&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/MacGregor_Knox" title="MacGregor Knox">Knox, MacGregor</a> (1985). "The Sources of Italy's Defeat in 1940: Bluff or Institutionalized Incompetence". In Fink, Carole; <a href="/wiki/Isabel_V._Hull" title="Isabel V. Hull">Hull, Isabel V.</a>; Knox, MacGregor (eds.). German Nationalism and the European Response, 1890–1945. Norman. pp. 247–266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sources+of+Italy%27s+Defeat+in+1940%3A+Bluff+or+Institutionalized+Incompetence&rft.btitle=German+Nationalism+and+the+European+Response%2C+1890%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=247-266&rft.pub=Norman&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=MacGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel1984" class="citation journal cs1">Martel, André (1984). "La bataille des Alpes (juin 1940): De l'engagement raisonné des forces". Stratégique. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strat%C3%A9gique&rft.atitle=La+bataille+des+Alpes+%28juin+1940%29%3A+De+l%27engagement+raisonn%C3%A9+des+forces&rft.volume=22&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Martel&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson1991" class="citation book cs1">Masson, Philippe (1991). La marine française et la guerre 1939–1945. Paris: Tallandier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+marine+fran%C3%A7aise+et+la+guerre+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinniti2000" class="citation book cs1">Minniti, Fortunato (2000). Fino alla guerra: Strategie e conflitto nella politica di potenza di Mussolini. Naples: Edizioni scientifiche italiane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fino+alla+guerra%3A+Strategie+e+conflitto+nella+politica+di+potenza+di+Mussolini&rft.place=Naples&rft.pub=Edizioni+scientifiche+italiane&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Minniti&rft.aufirst=Fortunato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinola2010" class="citation book cs1">Minola, Mauro (2010). Battaglie di confine della seconda guerra mondiale in Valle d'Aosta, Piemonte, Riviera Ligure (10/25 giugno 1940). Susalibri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battaglie+di+confine+della+seconda+guerra+mondiale+in+Valle+d%27Aosta%2C+Piemonte%2C+Riviera+Ligure+%2810%2F25+giugno+1940%29&rft.pub=Susalibri&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Minola&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagne1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Montagne" title="Alfred Montagne">Montagne, Alfred</a> (1952). La bataille pour Nice et la Provence. Nice: Éditions des Arceaux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+bataille+pour+Nice+et+la+Provence&rft.place=Nice&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+des+Arceaux&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Montagne&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObici1942" class="citation book cs1">Obici, Alfredo (1942). Dalle Alpi al Pindo: Guerra, 1940–1941. Episodi di valori e di eroismo. Società editrice internazionale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dalle+Alpi+al+Pindo%3A+Guerra%2C+1940%E2%80%931941.+Episodi+di+valori+e+di+eroismo&rft.pub=Societ%C3%A0+editrice+internazionale&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Obici&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallière1989" class="citation journal cs1">Pallière, J. (1989). "Les combats de juin 1940 en Savoie: le déferlement des Allemands". Mémoires et documents de la Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie. L'histoire en Savoie (94). Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie: 1–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+et+documents+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+savoisienne+d%27histoire+et+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.atitle=Les+combats+de+juin+1940+en+Savoie%3A+le+d%C3%A9ferlement+des+Allemands&rft.issue=94&rft.pages=1-56&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Palli%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallud1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pallud, Jean Paul (1997). "The Battle of the Alps". <a href="/wiki/After_the_Battle" title="After the Battle">After the Battle</a>. 97: 1–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=After+the+Battle&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+the+Alps&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pallud&rft.aufirst=Jean+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieri1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pieri, Piero (1971). "La stratégie italienne sur l'échiquier méditerranéen". La Guerre en Méditerranée (1939–1945). Paris. pp. 61–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+strat%C3%A9gie+italienne+sur+l%27%C3%A9chiquier+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en&rft.btitle=La+Guerre+en+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=61-78&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Pieri&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanChiavassa1989" class="citation book cs1">Plan, Étienne; Chiavassa, H. (1989). La bataille des Alpes, 1940: synthèse des journaux d'opérations des unités. Nîmes: C. Lacour.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+bataille+des+Alpes%2C+1940%3A+synth%C3%A8se+des+journaux+d%27op%C3%A9rations+des+unit%C3%A9s&rft.place=N%C3%AEmes&rft.pub=C.+Lacour&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Plan&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft.au=Chiavassa%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainero1985" class="citation book cs1">Rainero, Romain H. (1985). La Commission italienne d'armistice avec la France, les rapports entre la France de Vichy et l'Italie de Mussolini, 10 juin 1940 – 8 septembre 1943. Vincennes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Commission+italienne+d%27armistice+avec+la+France%2C+les+rapports+entre+la+France+de+Vichy+et+l%27Italie+de+Mussolini%2C+10+juin+1940+%E2%80%93+8+septembre+1943&rft.place=Vincennes&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Rainero&rft.aufirst=Romain+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainero1990–1992" class="citation book cs1">Rainero, Romain H., ed. (1990–1992). Mussolini e Pétain: Storia dei rapporti tra l'Italia e la Francia di Vichy (10 giugno 1940 – 8 settembre 1943). Rome: Stato maggiore dell'Esercito.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+e+P%C3%A9tain%3A+Storia+dei+rapporti+tra+l%27Italia+e+la+Francia+di+Vichy+%2810+giugno+1940+%E2%80%93+8+settembre+1943%29&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Stato+maggiore+dell%27Esercito&rft.date=1990%2F1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochat2008b" class="citation book cs1">Rochat, Giorgio (2008). Le guerre italiane, 1935–1943: Dall'impero d'Etiopia alla disfatta (2nd ed.). Turin: Einaudi Storia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+guerre+italiane%2C+1935%E2%80%931943%3A+Dall%27impero+d%27Etiopia+alla+disfatta&rft.place=Turin&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Einaudi+Storia&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rochat&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadkovich1994" class="citation book cs1">Sadkovich, James J. (1994). The Italian Navy in World War II. Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Navy+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Sadkovich&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiavon2007" class="citation book cs1">Schiavon, Max (2007). Une victoire dans la défaite: La destruction du Chaberton, Briançon 1940. Éditions Anovi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+victoire+dans+la+d%C3%A9faite%3A+La+destruction+du+Chaberton%2C+Brian%C3%A7on+1940&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Anovi&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Schiavon&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiavon2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Schiavon, Max (2009). Une victoire dans la défaite: Racines, enjeux, significations: Le XIVème corps d'armée sur le front central des Alpes en juin 1940 (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Université de Lorraine">Université de Lorraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine_University_%E2%80%93_Metz" title="Paul Verlaine University – Metz">Metz</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Une+victoire+dans+la+d%C3%A9faite%3A+Racines%2C+enjeux%2C+significations%3A+Le+XIV%C3%A8me+corps+d%27arm%C3%A9e+sur+le+front+central+des+Alpes+en+juin+1940&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+de+Lorraine+%28Metz%29&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Schiavon&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiavon2011" class="citation book cs1">Schiavon, Max (2011). Victoire sur les alpes. Juin 1940. Briançonnais, Queyras, Ubaye. Mens Sana Éditions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoire+sur+les+alpes.+Juin+1940.+Brian%C3%A7onnais%2C+Queyras%2C+Ubaye&rft.pub=Mens+Sana+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Schiavon&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiavonLe_Moal2010" class="citation book cs1">Schiavon, Max; Le Moal, Frédéric (2010). Juin 1940. La guerre des Alpes. Enjeux et stratégies. Campagnes et stratégies. Economica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juin+1940.+La+guerre+des+Alpes.+Enjeux+et+strat%C3%A9gies&rft.series=Campagnes+et+strat%C3%A9gies&rft.pub=Economica&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Schiavon&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Le+Moal%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Shirer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shirer">Shirer, William</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collapseofthirdr00shir">Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20337-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20337-5"><bdi>978-0-671-20337-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collapse+of+the+Third+Republic%3A+An+Inquiry+into+the+Fall+of+France+in+1940&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-671-20337-5&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollapseofthirdr00shir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurinetti_di_Priero1990" class="citation book cs1">Turinetti di Priero, Alberto (1990). La battaglia delle Alpi, 10–25 giugno 1940: La Divisione Superga e gli Alpini nell'Alta Valle di Susa. Susalibri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+battaglia+delle+Alpi%2C+10%E2%80%9325+giugno+1940%3A+La+Divisione+Superga+e+gli+Alpini+nell%27Alta+Valle+di+Susa&rft.pub=Susalibri&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Turinetti+di+Priero&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUfficio_Storico_dell'Esercito_[USE]1981" class="citation book cs1">Ufficio Storico dell'Esercito [USE] (1981). La battaglia delle Alpi Occidentali. Rome.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+battaglia+delle+Alpi+Occidentali&rft.place=Rome&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Ufficio+Storico+dell%27Esercito+%5BUSE%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUfficio_Storico_della_Marina_Militare_[USMM]1970" class="citation book cs1">Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare [USMM] (1970). Le azioni navali in Mediterraneo dal 10 giugno 1940 al 31 marzo 1941. Rome.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+azioni+navali+in+Mediterraneo+dal+10+giugno+1940+al+31+marzo+1941&rft.place=Rome&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Ufficio+Storico+della+Marina+Militare+%5BUSMM%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZambon2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zambon, David (2010). "L'heure des décisions irrévocables: 10 juin 1940, l'Italie entre en guerre". Histoire(s) de la Dernière Guerre. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire%28s%29+de+la+Derni%C3%A8re+Guerre&rft.atitle=L%27heure+des+d%C3%A9cisions+irr%C3%A9vocables%3A+10+juin+1940%2C+l%27Italie+entre+en+guerre&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Zambon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamagni1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zamagni, Vera (1998). "Italy: How to Lose the War and Win the Peace". In Harrison, Mark (ed.). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy%3A+How+to+Lose+the+War+and+Win+the+Peace&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+World+War+II%3A+Six+Great+Powers+in+International+Comparison&rft.pages=177-223&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Zamagni&rft.aufirst=Vera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+invasion+of+France" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qt9SfLHd2sU">An Italian newsreel about the battle</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAOrd1wUjr0">An Italian newsreel on the occupation of Menton</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2Go9VfGLEA">An Italian newsreel "Quattro Giorni di Battaglia" (Four Days of Battle), Part 1</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&oldid=1260112218">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&oldid=1260112218</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940_in_France" title="Category:1940 in France">1940 in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940_in_Italy" title="Category:1940 in Italy">1940 in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1940" title="Category:Conflicts in 1940">Conflicts in 1940</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battle_of_France" title="Category:Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Military history of France during World War II">Military history of France during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Military history of Italy during World War II">Military history of Italy during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Italy" title="Category:Battles involving Italy">Battles involving Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France%E2%80%93Italy_military_relations" title="Category:France–Italy military relations">France–Italy military relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_invasions" title="Category:World War II invasions">World War II invasions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_of_France" title="Category:Invasions of France">Invasions of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_by_Italy" title="Category:Invasions by Italy">Invasions by Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:June_1940_events_in_Europe" title="Category:June 1940 events in Europe">June 1940 events in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Category:Umberto II of Italy">Umberto II of Italy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 22:38 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_invasion_of_France&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7586d64486-pzrtx","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.292","walltime":"2.604","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29738,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":387896,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":47860,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":494472,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2243.114 1 -total"," 39.94% 895.843 349 Template:Sfn"," 20.63% 462.797 99 Template:Cite_book"," 7.25% 162.707 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 5.69% 127.547 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.01% 112.307 27 Template:Efn"," 4.13% 92.710 1 Template:Lang"," 3.81% 85.534 2 Template:Campaignbox"," 3.81% 85.393 1 Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_France"," 3.48% 78.051 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.472","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20612354,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndreyev1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAraldi1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmistice1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuphanMordal1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzeau1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadoglio1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeraud1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernotti1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiaginiFrattolillo1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonacina1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrescia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgwyn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgwyn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanevari1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmona_Yáñez1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrier2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrier2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCimaCimaTruttman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliadakis1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorvaja2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCull2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomeyne1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaldella1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenoglio1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFioravanzo1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorentin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForczyk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrançois-Poncet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGUF1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallinari1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarello1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGariglio2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarraud2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarraud2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGioanniniMassobrio2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenvilleWasserstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuelton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHempel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordanMoulin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJowett2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._W.1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmannJankovič-PotočnikLang2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmannJurga2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmannKaufmann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKundahl2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabanca2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeulliot1999a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeulliot1999b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeulliot1999c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack_Smith1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack_Smith1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallett1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallett1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallett2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartel1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartel1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaryHohnadelSicard2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaryHohnadelSicard2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiguet1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillettMurray2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistère_de_la_Défense2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinniti2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinola2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitcham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontagne1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoseley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNafziger1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNafziger1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hara2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObici1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPackard1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPallière1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPallud1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanicacci1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanicacci2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaoletti2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiekałkiewicz1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPieri1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanChiavassa1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanLefèvre1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainero1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainero1990–1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRochat2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRochat2008b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRochat2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohwer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadkovich1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadkovich1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadkovich1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalerno2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiavon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiavon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiavon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiavonLe_Moal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiber1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShores1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSica2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSica2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSica2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyth1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefani1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterling2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumner1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweet2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurinetti_di_Priero1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUfficio_Storico_dell\u0026#039;Esercito_\u0026#91;USE\u0026#93;1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUfficio_Storico_della_Marina_Militare_\u0026#91;USMM\u0026#93;1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaschetto2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabecki1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamagni1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZambon2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulletedlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Campaignbox Battle of France\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 99,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Convert\"] = 12,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Italian Invasion Of France\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 27,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 4,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 349,\n [\"Ship\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","14.5"],["?","160","10.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","10.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.9"],["pairs","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","40","2.6"],["[others]","440","28.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-x5v5s","timestamp":"20241203072035","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Italian invasion of France","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_invasion_of_France","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q698178","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q698178","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-02-15T14:55:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T22:38:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b4\/Battaglione_alpini_Val_Dora_sul_colle_della_Pelouse_giugno_1940.jpg","headline":"1940 first major Italian engagement of World War II"}</script> </body> </html>