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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Chinese policy supporting overseas investment}} {{EngvarB|date=January 2019}} '''Go Out policy''' ({{zh|c=走出去战略|p=Zǒuchūqù Zhànlüè}}) or the '''Going Global Strategy'''<ref name=":Chen">{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Muyang |title=The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501775857 |location=Ithaca and London}}</ref>{{Rp|page=6}} is the [[People's Republic of China]]'s current strategy to encourage its enterprises to [[Foreign direct investment|invest overseas]]. The policy was announced as a national strategy by Jiang Zemin in March 2000. ==History== China's Two Markets, Two Resources policy predated the Go Out policy and subsequently regarded as related to the Go Out policy.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Massot |first=Pascale |title=China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets |date=2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-777140-2 |location=New York, NY, United States of America |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=73}} Two Markets, Two Resources, emphasizes leveraging domestic supply sources of resources (including through increased investment in prospecting and [[Mining industry of China|mining]]) and international sources of resources (through various strategies, including foreign acquisition, investment, short-term purchasing, and long-term purchase contracts).<ref name=":03" />{{Rp|pages=73-74}} Also related, the One Third, One Third, One Third policy prescribes that in procuring natural resources, one third of China's supply should come from domestic production, one third from direct procurement contracts, and one third from foreign acquisitions.<ref name=":03" />{{Rp|page=74}} [[Jiang Zemin]] first began encouraging domestic enterprises to "go global" and enter foreign markets in 1996, a time when the domestic market was showing signs of stagnation.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=76}} In Jiang's view, Going Out into foreign markets was necessary to advance China's development.<ref name=":32" />{{Rp|page=56}} In February 1998 at the Second Plenary Session of the [[15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Fifteenth Central Committee]], Jiang stated that as part of the policy on responding to the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|Asian Financial Crisis]], leaders should encourage exports and support powerful [[State-owned enterprises of China|state-owned enterprises]] in setting up factories overseas.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Wu |first1=Guoyou |title=An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China |last2=Ding |first2=Xuemei |date=2020 |publisher=Royal Collins Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4878-0392-6 |editor-last=Zheng |editor-first=Qian |location=Montreal, Quebec |translator-last=Sun |translator-first=Li |translator-last2=Bryant |translator-first2=Shelly}}</ref>{{Rp|page=402}} Jiang formally announced it as a national strategy in March 2000.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Zongyuan Zoe |title=Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780674271913 |pages= |doi=10.2307/jj.2915805 |jstor=jj.2915805|s2cid=259402050 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=56}} The policy was implemented top-down from central government leadership.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Garlick |first=Jeremy |title=Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-25231-8}}</ref>{{Rp|page=123}} The policy it was incorporated into the report of the [[16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]].<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Meng |first=Wenting |title=Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9783838219073 |series=Ibidem |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=77}} During Jiang's tenure, the policy greatly expanded China's investment and influence in [[Global North and Global South|global South]] countries, especially those in Africa and Asia.<ref name=":13" />{{Rp|page=124}} Pursuant to the Go Out policy, by the end of 2001, China was participating in more than 195 overseas resource projects, invested more than US$8.4 billion to establish more than 6,610 overseas enterprises, and signed a total of US$26.8 billion for foreign labor services.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|pages=402-403}} In the early 2000s, Chinese enterprises were generally unable to compete with enterprises from the more industrially developed countries and frequently accepted projects in which those enterprises were not interested.<ref name=":Chen" />{{Rp|page=17}} State-owned enterprises have been some of the most high-profile entities investing overseas as part of the Go Out policy.<ref name=":Han">{{Cite book |last=Han |first=Enze |title=The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia |date=2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-769659-0 |location=New York, NY |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197696583.001.0001}}</ref>{{Rp|page=6}} Significant SOEs involved in Going Out include [[China National Petroleum Corporation|China National Petroleum Company]].<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=403}} [[Sovereign funds of China|China's sovereign funds]] have supported efforts to Go Out, including by helping Chinese enterprises finance mergers and acquisitions abroad.<ref name=":32" />{{Rp|page=11}} In 2015 for example, [[China Investment Corporation]] turned one of its divisions into the wholly-owned subsidiary CIC Capital. This move was intended to support the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] including by conducting foreign direct investment and by supporting state-owned enterprises of China engaged in mergers and acquisitions in economic sectors prioritized by the state.<ref name=":32" />{{Rp|page=114}} In 2015, the [[Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Agriculture]] issued the Strategic Plan for Agricultural Going Out, providing state subsidies to enterprises that invested in various overseas locations.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book |last=Harrell |first=Stevan |title=An Ecological History of Modern China |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780295751719 |location=Seattle |jstor=jj.8362580}}</ref>{{Rp|page=251}} As of at least 2024, and unlike the early days of the Go Out policy, many Chinese enterprises are internationally competitive and able to competitively in the more developed markets.<ref name=":Chen" />{{Rp|page=17}} ==Examples== [[Emerging market]]s have been an important part of China's going out strategy.<ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last1=Eisenman |first1=Joshua |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |last2=Heginbotham |first2=Eric |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |chapter=China's Relations with the Global South |doi=10.4324/9781003350064-25 |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=225}} For example, in Africa Chinese direct investment rose from $1 billion in 2004 to $24.5 billion by 2013.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=77}} Within Africa, Ethiopia is a particularly emphasized place where Chinese companies should "go out" to, with Chinese top leadership describing Ethiopia as a "bridge" between the Belt and Road Initiative and Africa's development, as well as "a pilot country for China-Africa production capacity cooperation."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Hairong |last2=Sautman |first2=Barry |author-link2=Barry Sautman |date=2024 |title=China, Ethiopia and the Significance of the Belt and Road Initiative |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=257 |issue=257 |pages=222–247 |doi=10.1017/S0305741023000966|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{Rp|pages=222-223}} === Overseas SEZs === From 1990 to 2018, Chinese enterprises established eleven SEZs in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and the [[Middle East]] including: Nigeria (two), Zambia, Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Egypt, Oman, and Algeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Dawn C. |url= |title=China's Rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's Alternative World Order |date=2022 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4 |location=Stanford, California |pages= |doi=10.11126/stanford/9781503630093.001.0001 |jstor=jj.8305946 |oclc=1249712936}}</ref>{{Rp|page=177}} Generally, the Chinese government takes a hands-off approach, leaving it to Chinese enterprises to work to establish such zones (although it does provide support in the form of grants, loans, and subsidies, including support via the [[China-Africa Development Fund|China Africa Development Fund]]).<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=177}} These zones fall within the Chinese policy to go out and compete globally.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=182}} The first Chinese overseas SEZs facilitated the offshoring of labor-intensive and less competitive industries, for example in textiles.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=177}} As Dawn C. Murphy summarizes, these zones now "aim to transfer China's development successes to other countries, increase business opportunities for China manufacturing companies, avoid trade barriers by setting up zones in countries with preferential trade access to important markets, and create a positive business environment for Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises investing in these regions."<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=177}} === Agricultural enterprises in Africa === Since the mid-1990s, China has encouraged its agricultural enterprises to seek economic opportunities abroad as part of its go out policy, including to Africa.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=188}} Chinese policy guidance has specifically encouraged such efforts in rubber, oil palm, cotton, vegetable cultivation, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and assembly of agriculture machines.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=188}} The encouragement for agricultural enterprises to go out has also resulted in the creation of Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centers in African countries.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=184}} The function of these centers is to transmit agricultural expertise and technology from China to developing countries in Africa while also creating market opportunities for Chinese companies in the agricultural sector.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=184}} China is motivated to establish these centers out of both an ideological commitment to fostering [[South–South cooperation|South-South cooperation]] and sharing its experience with less developed countries and by a pragmatic desire to increase its long-term food security.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=182-188}} China first announced its Agricultural Technology Demonstrations Centers at the 2006 meeting of the [[Forum on China–Africa Cooperation|Forum on China-Africa Cooperation]]. It launched 19 of these centers between 2006 and 2018, all in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=184}} As of 2023, ATDCs have been established in 24 African countries.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last1=Shinn |first1=David H. |author-link=David H. Shinn |title=China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement |last2=Eisenman |first2=Joshua |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21001-0 |location=New York |doi=10.7312/shin21000 |jstor=10.7312/shin21000}}</ref>{{Rp|page=173}} === Southeast Asia === Southeast Asia has been a major recipient of Chinese investment prompted by the Go Out policy.<ref name=":Han" />{{Rp|page=80}} Chinese foreign direct investment in southeast Asia is primarily in sectors like mining, energy, [[Industrial park|industrial parks]], and infrastructure.<ref name=":Han" />{{Rp|page=80}} As of 2024, Chinese investment in agriculture in southeast Asia is comparatively small but growing.<ref name=":Han" />{{Rp|page=80}} === Energy === Because the more accessible oil resources had already been claimed, when China National Petroleum Company and other enterprises went out, they tended to enter less politically stable countries with greater political and security risks.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=77}} ==See also== * [[Economy of China]] * [[Foreign policy of the People's Republic of China]] ==References== {{reflist|2}}{{Economy of China}} [[Category:Economic development in China]] [[Category:Trade in China]] [[Category:Chinese investment abroad]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Template:Cite journal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit" title="Template:Cite journal">view 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