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href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_out_policy" title="Go out policy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Go out policy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E5%8E%BB" title="走出去 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="走出去" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_s%C3%A1ch_Go_Out" title="Chính sách Go Out – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính sách Go Out" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese policy supporting overseas investment</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Go Out policy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">走出去战略</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zǒuchūqù Zhànlüè</span></i>) or the <b>Going Global Strategy</b><sup id="cite_ref-:Chen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Chen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>'s current strategy to encourage its enterprises to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">invest overseas</a>. The policy was announced as a national strategy by Jiang Zemin in March 2000. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Out_policy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China's Two Markets, Two Resources policy predated the Go Out policy and subsequently regarded as related to the Go Out policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 73">: 73 </span></sup> Two Markets, Two Resources, emphasizes leveraging domestic supply sources of resources (including through increased investment in prospecting and <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_China" title="Mining industry of China">mining</a>) and international sources of resources (through various strategies, including foreign acquisition, investment, short-term purchasing, and long-term purchase contracts).<sup id="cite_ref-:03_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 73–74">: 73–74 </span></sup> Also related, the One Third, One Third, One Third policy prescribes that in procuring natural resources, one third of China's supply should come from domestic production, one third from direct procurement contracts, and one third from foreign acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 74">: 74 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> first began encouraging domestic enterprises to "go global" and enter foreign markets in 1996, a time when the domestic market was showing signs of stagnation.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 76">: 76 </span></sup> In Jiang's view, Going Out into foreign markets was necessary to advance China's development.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 56">: 56 </span></sup> In February 1998 at the Second Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Fifteenth Central Committee</a>, Jiang stated that as part of the policy on responding to the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian Financial Crisis</a>, leaders should encourage exports and support powerful <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">state-owned enterprises</a> in setting up factories overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 402">: 402 </span></sup> Jiang formally announced it as a national strategy in March 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 56">: 56 </span></sup> The policy was implemented top-down from central government leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 123">: 123 </span></sup> The policy it was incorporated into the report of the <a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 77">: 77 </span></sup> During Jiang's tenure, the policy greatly expanded China's investment and influence in <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">global South</a> countries, especially those in Africa and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 124">: 124 </span></sup> </p><p>Pursuant to the Go Out policy, by the end of 2001, China was participating in more than 195 overseas resource projects, invested more than US$8.4 billion to establish more than 6,610 overseas enterprises, and signed a total of US$26.8 billion for foreign labor services.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 402–403">: 402–403 </span></sup> In the early 2000s, Chinese enterprises were generally unable to compete with enterprises from the more industrially developed countries and frequently accepted projects in which those enterprises were not interested.<sup id="cite_ref-:Chen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Chen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>State-owned enterprises have been some of the most high-profile entities investing overseas as part of the Go Out policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Significant SOEs involved in Going Out include <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 403">: 403 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_funds_of_China" title="Sovereign funds of China">China's sovereign funds</a> have supported efforts to Go Out, including by helping Chinese enterprises finance mergers and acquisitions abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> In 2015 for example, <a href="/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation" title="China Investment Corporation">China Investment Corporation</a> turned one of its divisions into the wholly-owned subsidiary CIC Capital. This move was intended to support the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> including by conducting foreign direct investment and by supporting state-owned enterprises of China engaged in mergers and acquisitions in economic sectors prioritized by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 114">: 114 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Agriculture</a> issued the Strategic Plan for Agricultural Going Out, providing state subsidies to enterprises that invested in various overseas locations.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 251">: 251 </span></sup> </p><p>As of at least 2024, and unlike the early days of the Go Out policy, many Chinese enterprises are internationally competitive and able to competitively in the more developed markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:Chen_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Chen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Out_policy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">Emerging markets</a> have been an important part of China's going out strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 225">: 225 </span></sup> For example, in Africa Chinese direct investment rose from $1 billion in 2004 to $24.5 billion by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 77">: 77 </span></sup> Within Africa, Ethiopia is a particularly emphasized place where Chinese companies should "go out" to, with Chinese top leadership describing Ethiopia as a "bridge" between the Belt and Road Initiative and Africa's development, as well as "a pilot country for China-Africa production capacity cooperation."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 222–223">: 222–223 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_SEZs">Overseas SEZs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Out_policy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overseas SEZs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1990 to 2018, Chinese enterprises established eleven SEZs in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> including: Nigeria (two), Zambia, Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Egypt, Oman, and Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> Generally, the Chinese government takes a hands-off approach, leaving it to Chinese enterprises to work to establish such zones (although it does provide support in the form of grants, loans, and subsidies, including support via the <a href="/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund" title="China-Africa Development Fund">China Africa Development Fund</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> These zones fall within the Chinese policy to go out and compete globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 182">: 182 </span></sup> </p><p>The first Chinese overseas SEZs facilitated the offshoring of labor-intensive and less competitive industries, for example in textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> As Dawn C. Murphy summarizes, these zones now "aim to transfer China's development successes to other countries, increase business opportunities for China manufacturing companies, avoid trade barriers by setting up zones in countries with preferential trade access to important markets, and create a positive business environment for Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises investing in these regions."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_enterprises_in_Africa">Agricultural enterprises in Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Out_policy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agricultural enterprises in Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the mid-1990s, China has encouraged its agricultural enterprises to seek economic opportunities abroad as part of its go out policy, including to Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 188">: 188 </span></sup> Chinese policy guidance has specifically encouraged such efforts in rubber, oil palm, cotton, vegetable cultivation, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and assembly of agriculture machines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 188">: 188 </span></sup> The encouragement for agricultural enterprises to go out has also resulted in the creation of Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centers in African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 184">: 184 </span></sup> The function of these centers is to transmit agricultural expertise and technology from China to developing countries in Africa while also creating market opportunities for Chinese companies in the agricultural sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 184">: 184 </span></sup> China is motivated to establish these centers out of both an ideological commitment to fostering <a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93South_cooperation" title="South–South cooperation">South-South cooperation</a> and sharing its experience with less developed countries and by a pragmatic desire to increase its long-term food security.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 182–188">: 182–188 </span></sup> </p><p>China first announced its Agricultural Technology Demonstrations Centers at the 2006 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China%E2%80%93Africa_Cooperation" title="Forum on China–Africa Cooperation">Forum on China-Africa Cooperation</a>. It launched 19 of these centers between 2006 and 2018, all in sub-Saharan Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 184">: 184 </span></sup> As of 2023, ATDCs have been established in 24 African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:322_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 173">: 173 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Out_policy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southeast Asia has been a major recipient of Chinese investment prompted by the Go Out policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 80">: 80 </span></sup> Chinese foreign direct investment in southeast Asia is primarily in sectors like mining, energy, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">industrial parks</a>, and infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 80">: 80 </span></sup> As of 2024, Chinese investment in agriculture in southeast Asia is comparatively small but growing.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 80">: 80 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Out_policy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the more accessible oil resources had already been claimed, when China National Petroleum Company and other enterprises went out, they tended to enter less politically stable countries with greater political and security risks.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 77">: 77 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Out_policy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the People's Republic of China">Foreign policy of the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Out_policy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:Chen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Chen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Chen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Chen_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChen2024" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Muyang (2024). <i>The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance</i>. Ithaca and London: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501775857" title="Special:BookSources/9781501775857"><bdi>9781501775857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latecomer%27s+Rise%3A+Policy+Banks+and+the+Globalization+of+China%27s+Development+Finance&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781501775857&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Muyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassot2024" class="citation book cs1">Massot, Pascale (2024). <i>China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets</i>. New York, NY, United States of America: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-777140-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-777140-2"><bdi>978-0-19-777140-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Vulnerability+Paradox%3A+How+the+World%27s+Largest+Consumer+Transformed+Global+Commodity+Markets&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-19-777140-2&rft.aulast=Massot&rft.aufirst=Pascale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeng2024" class="citation book cs1">Meng, Wenting (2024). <i>Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding</i>. Ibidem. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783838219073" title="Special:BookSources/9783838219073"><bdi>9783838219073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental+Peace%3A+Theorizing+China%27s+Approach+to+International+Peacebuilding&rft.series=Ibidem&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9783838219073&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Wenting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2023" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023). <i>Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions</i>. The Belknap Press of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.2915805">10.2307/jj.2915805</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674271913" title="Special:BookSources/9780674271913"><bdi>9780674271913</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2915805">jj.2915805</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259402050">259402050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Funds%3A+How+the+Communist+Party+of+China+Finances+its+Global+Ambitions&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.2915805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259402050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.2915805%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780674271913&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Zongyuan+Zoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuDing2020" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Guoyou; Ding, Xuemei (2020). Zheng, Qian (ed.). <i>An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China</i>. Translated by Sun, Li; Bryant, Shelly. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0392-6"><bdi>978-1-4878-0392-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ideological+History+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pub=Royal+Collins+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4878-0392-6&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Guoyou&rft.au=Ding%2C+Xuemei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlick2024" class="citation book cs1">Garlick, Jeremy (2024). <i>Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8"><bdi>978-1-350-25231-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advantage+China%3A+Agent+of+Change+in+an+Era+of+Global+Disruption&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-25231-8&rft.aulast=Garlick&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Han-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2024" class="citation book cs1">Han, Enze (2024). <i>The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197696583.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197696583.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769659-0"><bdi>978-0-19-769659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ripple+Effect%3A+China%27s+Complex+Presence+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197696583.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-769659-0&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Enze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:122_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrell2023" class="citation book cs1">Harrell, Stevan (2023). <i>An Ecological History of Modern China</i>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295751719" title="Special:BookSources/9780295751719"><bdi>9780295751719</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8362580">jj.8362580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ecological+History+of+Modern+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.8362580%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780295751719&rft.aulast=Harrell&rft.aufirst=Stevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:92_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenmanHeginbotham2023" class="citation book cs1">Eisenman, Joshua; Heginbotham, Eric (2023). "China's Relations with the Global South". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). <i>Contemporary China: a New Superpower?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003350064-25">10.4324/9781003350064-25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1"><bdi>978-1-03-239508-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+Relations+with+the+Global+South&rft.btitle=Contemporary+China%3A+a+New+Superpower%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003350064-25&rft.isbn=978-1-03-239508-1&rft.aulast=Eisenman&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Heginbotham%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanSautman2024" class="citation journal cs1">Yan, Hairong; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sautman" title="Barry Sautman">Sautman, Barry</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741023000966">"China, Ethiopia and the Significance of the Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a></i>. <b>257</b> (257): 222–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741023000966">10.1017/S0305741023000966</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=China%2C+Ethiopia+and+the+Significance+of+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=257&rft.pages=222-247&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741023000966&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Hairong&rft.au=Sautman%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0305741023000966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2022" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Dawn C. (2022). <i>China's Rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's Alternative World Order</i>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11126%2Fstanford%2F9781503630093.001.0001">10.11126/stanford/9781503630093.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3060-4"><bdi>978-1-5036-3060-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8305946">jj.8305946</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1249712936">1249712936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Rise+in+the+Global+South%3A+the+Middle+East%2C+Africa%2C+and+Beijing%27s+Alternative+World+Order&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1249712936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.8305946%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11126%2Fstanford%2F9781503630093.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Dawn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGo+Out+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:322_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnEisenman2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Shinn" title="David H. Shinn">Shinn, David H.</a>; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). <i>China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fshin21000">10.7312/shin21000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0"><bdi>978-0-231-21001-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/shin21000">10.7312/shin21000</a>.</cite><span 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_China" title="Template talk:Economy of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_China" title="Category:Companies of China">Companies of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_China" title="Industrialization of China">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl" title="Iron rice bowl">Iron rice bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_reform_in_China,_1949%E2%80%931976" title="Wage reform in China, 1949–1976">1949–1976 wage reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_China" title="Category:Industry in China">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_materials_industry_in_China" title="Advanced materials industry in China">Advanced materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China" title="Aviation Industry Corporation of China">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_China" title="Beer in China">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China" title="Biotechnology industry in China">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_China" title="Business process outsourcing in China">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_industry_in_China" title="Cement industry in China">Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_China" title="Coffee production in China">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_industry_in_China" title="Container industry in China">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Cotton_Association" title="China Cotton Association">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor_manufacturing_industry_in_China" title="Electric motor manufacturing industry in China">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_China" title="Electricity sector in China">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_China" title="Fishing industry in China">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_China" title="Gambling in China">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Media</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_China" title="Category:Mining in China">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">gold mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_China" title="Mobile phone industry in China">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Online gaming in China">Online gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_farming_industry_in_China" title="Pearl farming industry in China">Pearl farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China" title="Academic publishing in China">academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_China" title="Radio in China">Radio</a></li> <li>Railway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_equipment_industry_in_China" title="Railway equipment industry in China">equipment industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_industry_in_China" title="Rare earth industry in China">Rare earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_industry_in_China" title="Securities industry in China">Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy_industry_in_China" title="Sex toy industry in China">Sex toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry_in_China" title="Software industry in China">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in China">Video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones" title="National Economic and Technological Development Zones">Development Zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Software_Park" title="Dalian Software Park">Dalian Software Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Industrial_Park" title="Suzhou Industrial Park">Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiang_Hi-Tech_Park" title="Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park">Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_China" title="Category:Energy in China">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China" title="Oil shale in China">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries in China">Oil refineries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_China" title="Solar power in China">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">Geothermal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_in_China" title="Category:Trade in China">Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_in_China" title="Category:Infrastructure in China">infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_for_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of trade for the People's Republic of China">Trade history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The China World Trade Center">World Trade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_China" title="Postage stamps and postal history of China">Postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">Hong Kong Trade Development Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports of China">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_China" title="List of exports of China">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">Trading partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">Law and regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Tax system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">Labor contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finance_in_China" title="Category:Finance in China">Finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_in_China" title="Category:Banking in China">banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting_in_China" title="Category:Accounting in China">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_China" title="History of banking in China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_China" title="List of banks in China">Other banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Financial_Street" title="Beijing Financial Street">Beijing Financial Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese financial system">Financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation" title="China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation">China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chengtong_Holdings_Group" title="China Chengtong Holdings Group">China Chengtong Holdings Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Government_Guidance_Fund" title="China Government Guidance Fund">China Government Guidance Fund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund" title="China-Africa Development Fund">China-Africa Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Integrated_Circuit_Industry_Investment_Fund" title="China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund">China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Investment_Fund" title="China Internet Investment Fund">China Internet Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Reform_Holdings_Corporation" title="China Reform Holdings Corporation">China Reform Holdings Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fund_for_Technology_Transfer_and_Commercialisation" title="National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation">National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation" title="China Investment Corporation">China Investment Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITIC_Group" title="CITIC Group">CITIC Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_China" title="Financial services in China">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange reserves of China">Foreign exchange reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund industry</a></li> <li>Stock Exchanges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Commodity_Exchange" title="Dalian Commodity Exchange">Dalian Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Equities_Exchange_and_Quotations" title="National Equities Exchange and Quotations">National Equities Exchange and Quotations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Stock_Exchange" title="Beijing Stock Exchange">Beijing Stock Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SSE_Composite_Index" title="SSE Composite Index">SSE Composite Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metal_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Metal Exchange">Shanghai Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_Executive_Council" title="Stock Exchange Executive Council">Stock Exchange Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange">Shenzhen Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SZSE_Component_Index" title="SZSE Component Index">SZSE Component Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Commodity_Exchange" title="Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange">Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Government institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_International_Trade" title="China Council for the Promotion of International Trade">China Council for the Promotion of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Securities_Regulatory_Commission" title="China Securities Regulatory Commission">China Securities Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Financial_Regulatory_Administration_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Financial Regulatory Administration (China)">National Financial Regulatory Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Commission" title="National Energy Commission">National Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Market_Regulation" title="State Administration for Market Regulation">State Administration for Market Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Exchange" title="State Administration of Foreign Exchange">State Administration of Foreign Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Taxation">State Administration of Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_development_in_China" title="Category:Economic development in China">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_China" title="International rankings of China">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_credit_cooperative" title="Rural credit cooperative">Rural credit cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">National economic initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_prosperity" title="Common prosperity">Common prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Go Out policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China_2025" title="Made in China 2025">Made in China 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Business_China" title="Youth Business China">Youth Business China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regional economic initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim" title="Beibu Gulf Economic Rim">Beibu Gulf Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Economic_Rim" title="Bohai Economic Rim">Bohai Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Revitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast China Revitalization">Northeast China Revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" title="Pearl River Delta Economic Zone">Pearl River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan" title="Rise of Central China Plan">Rise of Central China Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Taiwan_Straits_Economic_Zone" title="Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone">Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone">Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Economic_Zone" title="Zhongyuan Economic Zone">Zhongyuan Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">2005–2011 property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_export_recalls" title="2007 Chinese export recalls">2007 export</a> / <a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">pet food recalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 stock bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_slave_scandal" title="2007 Chinese slave scandal">2007 slave scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">2008–2009 economic stimulus plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">2010 Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–16 stock market turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_protein_export_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese protein export contamination">Protein export contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_China" title="Bankruptcy in China">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China" title="List of companies of China">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Chinese_companies" title="List of largest Chinese companies">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_500_Enterprises_of_China" title="Top 500 Enterprises of China">Top 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State-owned_enterprises_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of State-owned enterprises in China">Largest SOEs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hongs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongs">The Hongs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_China" title="Globalization in China">Globalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_women_in_China" title="Globalization and women in China">Globalization and women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Standards_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Standards of the People's Republic of China">National Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Compulsory_Certificate" title="China Compulsory Certificate">China Compulsory Certificate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China" title="Made in China">Made in China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingong" title="Mingong">Mingong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth" title="List of Chinese by net worth">List of Chinese by net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_economists" title="Category:Chinese economists">Chinese economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b></i> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy of East Asia</a></li></ul> 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