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id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spatial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Spatial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spatial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Temporal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discourse_deixis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discourse_deixis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Discourse deixis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discourse_deixis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_deixis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_deixis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Social deixis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_deixis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deictic_center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deictic_center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Deictic center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deictic_center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinction_with_similar_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_with_similar_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distinction with similar terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_with_similar_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiksis" title="Deiksis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deiksis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiktelezh" title="Deiktelezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Deiktelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixi" title="Dixi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dixi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixe" title="Deixe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Deixe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deixis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiksis" title="Deiksis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Deiksis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Δείξη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δείξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deixis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deikto" title="Deikto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Deikto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixi" title="Deixi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deixi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="اشاره (زبان‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشاره (زبان‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deixis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%ADxe" title="Deíxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deíxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA" title="指示 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="指示" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EC%8B%9C" title="직시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="직시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiksis" title="Deiksis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deiksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Deixis" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deissi" title="Deissi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deissi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дейксис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дейксис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дейксис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дейксис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiks%C4%97" title="Deiksė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deiksė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Deixis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deixis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%A4%BA" title="直示 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="直示" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiksis" title="Deiksis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deiksis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deixis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAixis" title="Dêixis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dêixis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deixis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дейксис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дейксис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Deixis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дейксис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дейксис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8C%87%E8%A9%9E" title="直指詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="直指詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8C%87" title="直指 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="直指" data-language-autonym="中文" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Words requiring context to understand their meaning</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deixis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Deixis.jpg/400px-Deixis.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Deixis.jpg/600px-Deixis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Deixis.jpg/800px-Deixis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14850" data-file-height="9900" /></a><figcaption>Image depicting temporal, spatial and personal deixis, including a deictic center</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>deixis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the use of words or phrases to refer to a particular time (e.g. <i>then</i>), place (e.g. <i>here</i>), or person (e.g. <i>you</i>) relative to the <a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">context</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Utterance" title="Utterance">utterance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deixis exists in all known natural languages<sup id="cite_ref-Lyons_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyons-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphora</a>, with a sometimes unclear distinction between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">linguistic anthropology</a>, deixis is seen as the same as, or a subclass of, <a href="/wiki/Indexicality" title="Indexicality">indexicality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term's origin is <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:%CE%B4%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:δεῖξις">δεῖξις</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">deixis</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'display, demonstration, or reference'. To this, <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 279</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 206 BCE</span>) added the specialized meaning <i>point of reference</i>, which is the sense in which the term is used in contemporary linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three main types of deictic words, as described by <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Fillmore" title="Charles J. Fillmore">Charles J. Fillmore</a>: personal, spatial, and temporal.<sup id="cite_ref-Fillmore_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fillmore-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some languages, these may overlap, such as spatial and personal deixis in many <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">signed</a> pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some linguists consider social deixis to be a fourth type.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal">Personal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">Pronouns</a></div> <p>Personal deictic words, called personal pronouns in English, refer to the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">grammatical persons</a> involved in an utterance. These can include the first person (speaker), second person (addressee), third, and in some languages fourth and fifth person.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal deixis may give further information about the referent, such as <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>. Examples of personal deixis include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>I</i> am going to the cinema.</dd> <dd>Would <i>you</i> like to have dinner?</dd> <dd><i>They</i> tried to hurt <i>me</i>, but <i>she</i> helped me.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial">Spatial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spatial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spatial, or place, deixis is used to refer to spatial locations relative to an utterance. Similarly to personal deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. Spatial demonstratives include locative <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> (e.g. <i>here</i> and <i>there)</i> and <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> (e.g. <i>this</i>, <i>these</i>, <i>that</i>, and <i>those)</i> although those are far from exclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-Fillmore_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fillmore-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spatial demonstratives are often relative to the location of the speaker<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as: </p> <dl><dd>The shop is <i>across the street</i>.</dd></dl> <p>where "across the street" is understood to mean "across the street from where I [the speaker] am right now."<sup id="cite_ref-Fillmore_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fillmore-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Words relating to spatial deixis can be proximal (near, such as English [right] <i>here</i> or <i>this</i>), medial (near the addressee, such as English [over] <i>there</i> or <i>that</i>), distal (far, such as English [out] <i>there</i> or <i>that</i>), far-distal (far from both the speaker and addressee, such as archaic English <i>yon</i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yonder" class="extiw" title="wikt:yonder">yonder</a>).</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy language</a> has seven degrees of distance combined with two degrees of visibility, while many Inuit languages have even more complex systems.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporal">Temporal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Temporal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temporal, or time, deixis is used to refer to time relevant to the utterance. This includes temporal <a href="/wiki/Adverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbs">adverbs</a> (e.g. <i>then</i> and <i>soon</i>), <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> (e.g. <i>tomorrow</i>) and use of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">grammatical tense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temporal deixis can can be relative to the time when an utterance is made (the speaker’s "now") or the time when the utterance is heard or seen (the addressee’s "now").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although these are often the same time, they can differ in cases such as a voice recording or written text. For example: </p> <dl><dd>It is raining <i>now</i>, but I hope <i>when</i> you read this it will be sunny.</dd></dl> <p>Tenses are usually separated into <a href="/wiki/Relative_and_absolute_tense" title="Relative and absolute tense">absolute (deictic) and relative tenses</a>. For example, simple English past tense is absolute, such as "He <i>went."</i> whereas the <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a> is relative to some other deictically specified time, as in "When I got home, he <i>had gone</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discourse_deixis">Discourse deixis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Discourse deixis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contain the utterance—including the utterance itself. For example, in "<i>This</i> is a great story." <i>this</i> refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Switch_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Switch reference">Switch reference</a> is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[same subject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject marker]," it is Tom who left.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discourse deixis has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">internet language</a>, particularly with the use of <a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">iconic</a> language forms resembling arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_deixis">Social deixis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social deixis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity. These include <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinctions</a><sup id="cite_ref-Foley_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorifics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deictic_center">Deictic center</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deictic center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A deictic center, sometimes referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Origo_(pragmatics)" title="Origo (pragmatics)">origo</a>, is a set of theoretical points that a deictic expression is 'anchored' to, such that the evaluation of the meaning of the expression leads one to the relevant point. As deictic expressions are frequently egocentric, the center often consists of the speaker at the time and place of the utterance and, additionally, the place in the discourse and relevant social factors. However, deictic expressions can also be used in such a way that the deictic center is transferred to other participants in the exchange or to persons / places / etc. being described in a narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, for example, in the sentence; </p> <dl><dd>I am standing here now.</dd></dl> <p>the deictic center is simply the person at the time and place of speaking. But say two people are talking on the phone long-distance, from London to New York. The Londoner can say, </p> <dl><dd>We are leaving [London] next week.</dd></dl> <p>in which case the deictic center is in London, or they can equally validly say, </p> <dl><dd>We are coming [to New York] next week.</dd></dl> <p>in which case the deictic center is in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyons_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyons-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, when telling a story about someone, the deictic center is likely to switch to him, her or they (third-person pronouns). So then in the sentence; </p> <dl><dd>He then ran twenty feet to the left.</dd></dl> <p>it is understood that the center is with the person being spoken of, and thus, "to the left" refers not to the speaker's left, but to the object of the story's left, that is, the person referred to as 'he' at the time immediately before he ran twenty feet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usages">Usages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well as non-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple example is when an object is pointed at and referred to as "this" or "that". However, the category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So, for example </p> <dl><dd>I broke <i>this</i> finger.</dd></dl> <p>requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereas </p> <dl><dd>I love <i>this</i> city.</dd></dl> <p>requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein, </p> <dl><dd>I went to <i>this</i> city one time ...</dd></dl> <p>is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not identify anywhere specifically. Rather, it is used as an <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">indefinite article</a>, much the way "a" could be used in its place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinction_with_similar_terms">Distinction with similar terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Distinction with similar terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinction between deixis and <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphora</a> is unclearly defined.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, an <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphoric reference</a> refers to something within a text that has been previously identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in "Susan dropped the plate. <i>It</i> shattered loudly," the word <i>it</i> refers to the phrase, "the plate". An expression can be both deictic and anaphoric at the same time, for example "I was born in London, and I have lived <i>here/there</i> all my life." <i>here</i> or <i>there</i> function anaphorically in their reference to London, and deictically in that the choice between "here" or "there" indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyons_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyons-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms deixis and <a href="/wiki/Indexicality" title="Indexicality">indexicality</a> are frequently used almost interchangeably, and both deal with essentially the same idea of <a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">contextually</a>-dependent references. However, the two terms have different histories and traditions. In the past, deixis was associated specifically with spatiotemporal reference, and indexicality was used more broadly.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More importantly, each is associated with a different field of study. Deixis is associated with linguistics, and indexicality is associated with philosophy<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementiser">Complementiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deictic_field_and_narration" title="Deictic field and narration">Deictic field and narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic antecedents">Generic antecedents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_of_presence" title="Metaphysics of presence">Metaphysics of presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">Pro-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_orientation" title="Terms of orientation">Terms of orientation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> 3rd Ed. 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(March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/17348/4/32312revision-collister-discoursecontextandmedia-arrowandcarat-titlepag.pdf">"The discourse deictics ∧ and ← in a World of Warcraft community"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Discourse, Context & Media</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 9–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dcm.2012.05.002">10.1016/j.dcm.2012.05.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discourse%2C+Context+%26+Media&rft.atitle=The+discourse+deictics+%E2%88%A7+and+%E2%86%90+in+a+World+of+Warcraft+community&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-19&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dcm.2012.05.002&rft.aulast=Collister&rft.aufirst=Lauren+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd-scholarship.pitt.edu%2F17348%2F4%2F32312revision-collister-discoursecontextandmedia-arrowandcarat-titlepag.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeixis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foley-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foley_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foley, William. 1997. <i>Anthropological linguistics: An introduction</i>. Blackwell Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinson, Stephen C. "Deixis" in Pragmatics. pp. 54–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silverstein, Michael. (1976) "Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description". In K. Basso and H. Selby (eds.), <i>Meaning in Anthropology</i>. SAR p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinson, Stephen C. (2006) "Deixis". In Laurence R. Horn, Gregory L. Ward (eds.) <i>The Handbook of Pragmatics</i>, pp. 978–120. Blackwell Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmani Nodoushan, M. A. (2018). "Which view of indirect reports do Persian data corroborate?" <i>International Review of Pragmatics</i>, 10(1), 76–100.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Stephen R.; & Keenan, Edward L. (1985). Deixis. In T. Shopen (Ed.), <i>Language typology and syntactic description: Grammatical categories and the lexicon</i> (Vol. 3, pp. 259–308). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Fillmore, Charles J. (1966). Deictic categories in the semantics of 'come'. <i>Foundations of Language</i>, <i>2</i>, 219–227.</li> <li>Fillmore, Charles J. (1982). Towards a descriptive framework for spatial deixis. In R. J. Jarvell & W. Klein (Eds.), <i>Speech, place and action: Studies in deixis and related topics</i> (pp. 31–59). London: Wiley.</li> <li>Gaynesford, M. de <i>I: The Meaning of the First Person Term</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grigore" title="George Grigore">George Grigore</a>, La deixis spatial dans l'arabe parlé à Bagdad, Estudios de dialectologia arabe n.7, Zaragoza, pp 77–90 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2538161/George_Grigore._2012._La_deixis_spatiale_dans_larabe_parle_a_Bagdad_Alexandrine_Barontini_Christophe_Pereira_Angeles_Vicente_Karima_Ziamari_ed._Estudios_de_dialectologia_arabe_n.7_Hommage_offert_a_Dominique_Caubet_._Universidad_de_Zaragoza._pp_77-90">George Grigore. 2012. "La deixis spatiale dans l’arabe parlé à Bagdad", Alexandrine Barontini, Christophe Pereira, Ángeles Vicente, Karima Ziamari (ed.), Estudios de dialectología árabe (n.7): Hommage offert à Dominique Caubet . Universidad de Zaragoza. pp: 77-90</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2001). <i>Wörter im Grenzbereich von Lexikon und Grammatik im Serbokroatischen</i> [<i>Serbo-Croatian Words on the Border Between Lexicon and Grammar</i>]. Studies in Slavic Linguistics; 18 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3895869546" title="Special:BookSources/3895869546"><bdi>3895869546</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005530313">2005530313</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47905097">47905097</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2863539W">2863539W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W%C3%B6rter+im+Grenzbereich+von+Lexikon+und+Grammatik+im+Serbokroatischen&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Studies+in+Slavic+Linguistics%3B+18&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47905097&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005530313&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL2863539W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=3895869546&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeixis" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6A80Mj8Bf?url=http://www.snjezana-kordic.de/Summary_Worter.pdf">Summary</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deixis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deixis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:deixis">deixis</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/dem-indx/">Demonstratives & Indexicals</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glossary.sil.org/term/deixis">What is deixis?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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