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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Malagasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Malagasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Eastern Malagasy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Malagasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Malagasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Malagasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Western Malagasy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Malagasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Region_specific_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Region_specific_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Region specific variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Region_specific_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Tonogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns_and_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_and_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Nouns and pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_and_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deixis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deixis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Deixis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deixis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Lexicography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Malagasy language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgassies" title="Malgassies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Malgassies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%88%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%B2" title="መለጋሲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መለጋሲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मालागासी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मालागासी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الملغاشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الملغاشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_malgax" title="Idioma malgax – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma malgax" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaqasi_dili" title="Malaqasi dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Malaqasi dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مالاقسی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مالاقسی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মালাগাসি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মালাগাসি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy-g%C3%AD" title="Malagasy-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Malagasy-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Малагаси теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Малагаси теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малагасійская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малагасійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малагасійская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малагасійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Malgatse" title="Tataramon na Malgatse – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Malgatse" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Малгашки език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Малгашки език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasieg" title="Malagasieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Malagasieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgaix" title="Malgaix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malgaix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Malgatse" title="Pinulongang Malgatse – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Malgatse" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malga%C5%A1tina" title="Malgaština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Malgaština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagassisk" title="Malagassisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Malagassisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_(Sprache)" title="Malagasy (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malagasy (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagassi_keel" title="Malagassi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Malagassi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαλγασική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαλγασική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_malgache" title="Idioma malgache – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma malgache" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasa_lingvo" title="Malagasa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malagasa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgaxe_(hizkuntza)" title="Malgaxe (hizkuntza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Malgaxe (hizkuntza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبان مالاگاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان مالاگاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_bhasa" title="Malagasy bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Malagasy bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgache" title="Malgache – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malgache" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhalag%C3%A1isis" title="An Mhalagáisis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhalagáisis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasish" title="Malagasish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Malagasish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_malgaxe" title="Lingua malgaxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua malgaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy-ng%C3%AE" title="Malagasy-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Malagasy-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%9D%BC%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C%EC%96%B4" title="말라가시어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말라가시어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मालागासी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मालागासी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malga%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Malgaški jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Malgaški jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasi-linguo" title="Malagasi-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Malagasi-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Malagasy" title="Asụsụ Malagasy – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Malagasy" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Malagasi" title="Pagsasao a Malagasi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Malagasi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malagasi" title="Bahasa Malagasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Malagasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_malgache" title="Lingua malgache – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua malgache" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagas%C3%ADska" title="Malagasíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Malagasíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_malgascia" title="Lingua malgascia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua malgascia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מלגשית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלגשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Malagasy" title="Basa Malagasy – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Malagasy" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მალაგასიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მალაგასიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimalagasy" title="Kimalagasy – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimalagasy" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Малагаси кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Малагаси кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_malagas%C3%AE" title="Zimanê malagasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê malagasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Малагаси тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Малагаси тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Malagasiensis" title="Lingua Malagasiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Malagasiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malga%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Malgašu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Malgašu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Malagasių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Malagasių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_malagascia" title="Lengua malagascia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua malagascia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgas_nyelv" title="Malgas nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Malgas nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Малгашки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Малгашки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_malagasy" title="Fiteny malagasy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny malagasy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="മലഗാസി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മലഗാസി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Marak%C4%81hia" title="Reo Marakāhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Marakāhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मालागासी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मालागासी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მალაგასიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მალაგასიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الملغاشيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الملغاشيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مالاگاسیایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مالاگاسیایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Malagasi" title="Bahasa Malagasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Malagasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Malagasy-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Malagasy-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasitalen" title="Malagasitalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Malagasitalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%80%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="マダガスカル語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マダガスカル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gassisk" title="Gassisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gassisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gassisk" title="Gassisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gassisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgash_(lenga)" title="Malgash (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Malgash (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasi_tili" title="Malagasi tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Malagasi tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مالاگاسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مالاگاسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="مالاګاسي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مالاګاسي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgass" title="Malgass – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Malgass" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_malgaski" title="Język malgaski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język malgaski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_malgaxe" title="Língua malgaxe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua malgaxe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasi_tili" title="Malagasi tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Malagasi tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_malga%C8%99%C4%83" title="Limba malgașă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba malgașă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasi_simi" title="Malagasi simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Malagasi simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Малагасийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малагасийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱜᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱜᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_malagaze" title="Gjuha malagaze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha malagaze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Malagasy language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malga%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Malgaščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Malgaščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زمانی مالاگاسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی مالاگاسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Малгашки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Малгашки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaga%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Malagaški jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Malagaški jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagassi" title="Malagassi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malagassi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagassiska" title="Malagassiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Malagassiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Malgatse" title="Wikang Malgatse – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Malgatse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="மலகசி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலகசி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamalgacit" title="Tamalgacit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamalgacit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Малагаси теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Малагаси теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษามาลากาซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามาลากาซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malga%C5%9F%C3%A7a" title="Malgaşça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malgaşça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малагасійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Малагасійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مالاگاسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مالاگاسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Malagasy" title="Tiếng Malagasy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Malagasy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgache_(lingaedje)" title="Malgache (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Malgache (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0kku_malgaas" title="Làkku malgaas – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Làkku malgaas" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="馬拉加斯語 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="馬拉加斯語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A0%E4%BB%80%E6%96%87" title="馬拉加什文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬拉加什文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malga%C5%9Fki" title="Malgaşki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Malgaşki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%AD" title="马达加斯加语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马达加斯加语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Malagasy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><span title="Malagasy-language text"><i lang="mg">malagasy</i></span> / <span title="Malagasy-language text"><span lang="mg-Arab" dir="rtl">مَلَغَسِ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_peoples" title="Malagasy peoples">Malagasy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">25 million (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-NE100_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE100-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indonesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Indonesian languages">Western Indonesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Barito_languages" title="East Barito languages">East Barito</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Malagasy</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (Malagasy alphabet)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorabe">Sorabe alphabet</a> (historically)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy Braille">Malagasy Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=mg">mg</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=297">mlg</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mlg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mlg">mlg</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xmv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xmv">xmv</a></code> – Antankarana<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bhr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bhr">bhr</a></code> – Bara<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/buc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:buc">buc</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Bushi</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/msh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:msh">msh</a></code> – Masikoro<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bmm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bmm">bmm</a></code> – Northern Betsimisaraka<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/plt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:plt">plt</a></code> – Plateau Malagasy<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/skg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:skg">skg</a></code> – Sakalava<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bzc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bzc">bzc</a></code> – Southern Betsimisaraka<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tdx" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tdx">tdx</a></code> – Tandroy-Mafahaly<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/txy" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:txy">txy</a></code> – Tanosy<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tkg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tkg">tkg</a></code> – Tesaka<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xmw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xmw">xmw</a></code> – Tsimihety</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mala1537">mala1537</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=31-LDA-a">31-LDA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm/250px--WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Candy_speaking_Malagasy.webm&lang=mg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mg" label="Malagasy ‪(mg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A woman speaking Malagasy</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Malagasy</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MAL</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">GASS</span>-ee</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Malagasy pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mg-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">[malaˈɡasʲ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sorabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorabe">Sorabe</a>: <span title="Malagasy-language text"><span lang="mg-Arab" dir="rtl">مَلَغَسِ</span></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. The standard variety, called Official Malagasy, is an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of Madagascar alongside <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. </p><p>Malagasy is the westernmost <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo-Polynesian language">Malayo-Polynesian language</a>, brought to Madagascar with the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian speakers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> (about 7,300 kilometres or 4,500 miles away) around the 5th century AD or perhaps between the 7th and 13th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adelaar2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelaar2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malagasy language is one of the <a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito languages</a> and is most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Ma%CA%BCanyan_language" title="Maʼanyan language">Maʼanyan language</a>, still spoken on <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. Malagasy also includes numerous <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> loanwords,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the time of the early Austronesian settlement and trading between Madagascar and the Sunda Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl1951_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl1951-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 AD</span>, Malagasy incorporated numerous <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> loanwords brought over by traders and new settlers. </p><p>Malagasy is spoken by around 25 million people in Madagascar and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>. Most people in Madagascar speak it as a first language, as do some people of <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy</a> descent elsewhere. Malagasy is divided across its twelve dialects between two main dialect groups; Eastern and Western. The central plateau of the island, where the capital <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a> and the old heartland of the <a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Merina Kingdom</a> is located, speaks the Merina dialect. The Merina dialect is the basis of Standard Malagasy, which is used by the government and media in Madagascar. Standard Malagasy is one of two official languages of Madagascar alongside French, in the 2010 constitution of the Fourth Republic of Madagascar. </p><p>Malagasy is written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> introduced by Western missionaries in the early 19th century. Previously, the <a href="/wiki/Sorabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorabe">Sorabe</a> script was used, a local development of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Malagasy language is the westernmost member of the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language family</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a grouping that includes languages from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>. In fact, Malagasy's relation with other Austronesian languages had already been noted by early scholars, such as the Dutch scholar <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Reland" title="Adriaan Reland">Adriaan Reland</a> in 1708.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among all Austronesian languages, Dahl (1951) demonstrated that Malagasy and <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a> – an <a href="/wiki/East_Barito_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Barito language">East Barito language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a>, Indonesia, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> – were particularly closely related.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language also has apparent influence from early <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a>. Furthermore, there appears to be a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> influence or substratum in Malagasy <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a> (Dahl 1988). There are some <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> loanwords in Malagasy, which are said to have been borrowed via <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adelaar2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelaar2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adelaar (1995) suggested that the vocabulary of Malagasy also contains many words that are of <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further evidence for this suggestion was presented by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench</a> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Decimal numbers </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>7 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>9 </th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a></b>, circa 4000 BC </td> <td>*isa </td> <td>*duSa </td> <td>*telu </td> <td>*Sepat </td> <td>*lima </td> <td>*enem </td> <td>*pitu </td> <td>*walu </td> <td>*Siwa </td> <td>*puluq </td></tr> <tr> <th>Malagasy </th> <td>iray/isa </td> <td>roa </td> <td>telo </td> <td>efatra </td> <td>dimy </td> <td>enina </td> <td>fito </td> <td>valo </td> <td>sivy </td> <td>folo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a> </th> <td>isa </td> <td>rueh </td> <td>telo </td> <td>epat </td> <td>dime </td> <td>enem </td> <td>pitu </td> <td>balu </td> <td>su'ey </td> <td>sapulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazan language">Kadazan</a> </th> <td>iso </td> <td>duvo </td> <td>tohu </td> <td>apat </td> <td>himo </td> <td>onom </td> <td>tu'u </td> <td>vahu </td> <td>sizam </td> <td>hopod </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a> </th> <td>iso </td> <td>duo </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>apat </td> <td>limo </td> <td>onom </td> <td>turu </td> <td>walu </td> <td>siam </td> <td>hopod </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray-Waray</a> </th> <td>usá </td> <td>duhá </td> <td>tuló </td> <td>upát </td> <td>limá </td> <td>unóm </td> <td>pitó </td> <td>waló </td> <td>siyám </td> <td>napúlo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </th> <td>isá </td> <td>dalawá </td> <td>tatló </td> <td>ápat </td> <td>limá </td> <td>ánim </td> <td>pitó </td> <td>waló </td> <td>siyám </td> <td>sampu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> </th> <td>isa </td> <td>duha </td> <td>tatlu </td> <td>apat </td> <td>lima </td> <td>anum </td> <td>pito </td> <td>walu </td> <td>siyam </td> <td>pulo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Kinaray-a</a> </th> <td>sara </td> <td>darwa </td> <td>tatlo </td> <td>apat </td> <td>lima </td> <td>anəm </td> <td>pito </td> <td>walo </td> <td>siyam </td> <td>pulû </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ilokano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano language">Ilocano</a> </th> <td>maysá </td> <td>dua </td> <td>talló </td> <td>uppát </td> <td>limá </td> <td>inném </td> <td>pitó </td> <td>waló </td> <td>siam </td> <td>sangapúlo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> </th> <td>maisa/håcha </td> <td>hugua </td> <td>tulu </td> <td>fatfat </td> <td>lima </td> <td>gunum </td> <td>fiti </td> <td>guålu </td> <td>sigua </td> <td>månot/fulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(incl. <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a>)</span> </th> <td>satu </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tiga </td> <td>empat </td> <td>lima </td> <td>enam </td> <td>tujuh </td> <td>(de)lapan </td> <td>sembilan </td> <td>sepuluh </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> </th> <td>hiji </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tilu </td> <td>opat </td> <td>lima </td> <td>genep </td> <td>tujuh </td> <td>dalapan </td> <td>salapan </td> <td>sapuluh </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> </th> <td>siji </td> <td>loro </td> <td>telu </td> <td>papat </td> <td>limå </td> <td>nem </td> <td>pitu </td> <td>wålu </td> <td>sångå </td> <td>sepuluh </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a> </th> <td>ida </td> <td>rua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>haat </td> <td>lima </td> <td>neen </td> <td>hitu </td> <td>ualu </td> <td>sia </td> <td>sanulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> </th> <td>dua </td> <td>rua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>vā </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>vitu </td> <td>walu </td> <td>ciwa </td> <td>tini, -sagavulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> </th> <td>taha </td> <td>ua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>fā </td> <td>nima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>hiva </td> <td>-fulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> </th> <td>tasi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>fa </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>sefulu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malagasy is the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, from which it is taken to refer to the people of Madagascar in addition to their language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malagasy_bible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Malagasy_bible.png/220px-Malagasy_bible.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Malagasy_bible.png/330px-Malagasy_bible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Malagasy_bible.png/440px-Malagasy_bible.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Malagasy Bible</figcaption></figure> <p>Madagascar was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar#First_inhabitants_and_settlement_(ca_500_BC_–_1500_AD)" title="History of Madagascar">first settled</a> by <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay archipelago</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-biomed_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biomed-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for their route, one possibility is that the Indonesian Austronesian came directly across the Indian Ocean from Java to Madagascar. It is likely that they went through the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, where evidence of old Indonesian boat design and fishing technology persists until the present.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migrations continued along the first millennium, as confirmed by linguistic researchers who showed the close relationship between the Malagasy language and Old Malay and Old Javanese languages of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malagasy language originates from the Southeast <a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito languages</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan language</a> is its closest relative, with numerous Malay and Javanese loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl1951_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl1951-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan people</a> were brought as labourers and slaves by <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> people in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50</span>–500 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Dewar19932_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewar19932-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burney20042_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burney20042-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>, the original Austronesian settlers mixed with <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrand,_Gabriel_1905_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrand,_Gabriel_1905-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that the predecessors of the Malagasy dialects first arrived in the southern stretch of the east coast of Madagascar.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adelaar (2017) proposes that a distinct Malagasy speech community had already been established in South Borneo before the early Malagasy speakers migrated to East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malagasy has a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hainteny" title="Hainteny">oratory arts</a> and poetic histories and legends. The most well-known is the national epic, <i><a href="/wiki/Ibonia" title="Ibonia">Ibonia</a></i>, about a Malagasy folk hero of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malagasy is the principal language spoken on the island of Madagascar. It is also spoken by Malagasy communities on neighboring Indian Ocean islands such as <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. Expatriate Malagasy communities speaking the language also exist in Europe and North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Merina dialect of Malagasy is considered the national language of Madagascar. It is one of two official languages alongside French in the 2010 constitution put in place the Fourth Republic. Previously, under the 2007 constitution, Malagasy was one of three official languages alongside French and English. Malagasy is the language of instruction in all public schools through grade five for all subjects, and remains the language of instruction through high school for the subjects of history and Malagasy language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Malagasy_language_dialects.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Malagasy_language_dialects.svg/220px-Map_of_Malagasy_language_dialects.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Malagasy_language_dialects.svg/330px-Map_of_Malagasy_language_dialects.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Malagasy_language_dialects.svg/440px-Map_of_Malagasy_language_dialects.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Malagasy dialects on Madagascar</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two principal dialects of Malagasy: Eastern (including <a href="/wiki/Merina" class="mw-redirect" title="Merina">Merina</a>) and Western (including <a href="/wiki/Sakalava" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakalava">Sakalava</a>), with the <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a> running down the spine of the island, the south being western, and the central plateau and much of the north (apart from the very tip) being eastern. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> encodes 12 variants of Malagasy as distinct languages. They have about a 70% <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">similarity in lexicon</a> with the Merina dialect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Malagasy">Eastern Malagasy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eastern Malagasy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern dialects are: </p> <ul><li>Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy (1,270,000 speakers) – spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Betsimisaraka_people" title="Betsimisaraka people">Betsimisaraka</a> on the northeastern coast of the island</li> <li>Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy (2,000,000 speakers) – spoken by the Betsimisaraka in the North of the region Vatovavy Fito Vinany.</li> <li>Plateau (Merina) Malagasy (10,893,000 speakers) – spoken in the centre of the island and includes southeastern dialects like Antemoro and Antefasy.</li> <li>Tanosy Malagasy (639,000 speakers) – spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Antanosy_people" title="Antanosy people">Antanosy people</a> in the south of the island</li> <li>Tesaka Malagasy (1,130,000 speakers) – spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Antaisaka_people" title="Antaisaka people">Antaisaka people</a> in the southeast of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Malagasy">Western Malagasy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Western Malagasy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western dialects are: </p> <ul><li>Antankarana Malagasy (156,000 speakers) – spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Antankarana" title="Antankarana">Antankarana</a> in the northern tip of the island</li> <li>Bara Malagasy (724,000 speakers) – spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Bara_people" title="Bara people">Bara people</a> in the south of the island</li> <li>Masikoro Malagasy (550,000 speakers) – spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Masikoro" title="Masikoro">Masikoro</a> in the southwest of the island</li> <li>Sakalava Malagasy (1,210,000 speakers) – spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Sakalava_people" title="Sakalava people">Sakalava people</a> on the western coast of the island</li> <li>Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy (1,300,000 speakers) – spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Antandroy" title="Antandroy">Antandroy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahafaly" title="Mahafaly">Mahafaly people</a> on the southern tip of the island</li> <li>Tsimihety Malagasy (1,615,000 speakers) – spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Tsimihety_people" title="Tsimihety people">Tsimihety people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Bushi</a> dialect (41,700 speakers) is spoken on the <a href="/wiki/French_overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="French overseas territory">French overseas territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Comoro_Islands" title="Comoro Islands">Comoro island chain</a> situated northwest of Madagascar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Region_specific_variations">Region specific variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Region specific variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two main dialects of Malagasy are easily distinguished by several phonological features. </p><p>Sakalava lost final nasal consonants, whereas Merina added a voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə̥]</span>: </p> <ul><li>*taŋan 'hand' → Sakalava <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtaŋa]</span> <i>**tan̈a</i>, Merina <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtananə̥]</span> <i>tanana</i></li></ul> <p>Final *t became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">-[tse]</span> in the one but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">-[ʈʂə̥]</span> in the other: </p> <ul><li>*kulit 'skin' → Sakalava <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhulitse]</span> <i>**holitse</i>, Merina <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhudiʈʂə̥]</span> <i>hoditra</i></li></ul> <p>Sakalava retains ancestral *li and *ti, whereas in Merina these become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[di]</span> (as in <i>huditra</i> 'skin' above) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsi]</span>: </p> <ul><li>*putiq 'white' → Sakalava <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfuti]</span> <i>**foty</i>, Merina <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfutsi]</span> <i>fotsy</i></li></ul> <p>However, these last changes started in Borneo before Malagasy arrived in Madagascar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorabe_malagasy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sorabe_malagasy.jpg/220px-Sorabe_malagasy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sorabe_malagasy.jpg/330px-Sorabe_malagasy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sorabe_malagasy.jpg/440px-Sorabe_malagasy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Sorabe Malagasy Arabic script</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Mormon_-_Malagasy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Book_of_Mormon_-_Malagasy.jpg/220px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Malagasy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Book_of_Mormon_-_Malagasy.jpg/330px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Malagasy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Book_of_Mormon_-_Malagasy.jpg/440px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Malagasy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>Malagasy version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></i>, in Latin script with the letter <i>ô</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The language has a written literature going back presumably to the 15th century. When the French established <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4lanaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tôlanaro">Fort-Dauphin</a> in the 17th century, they found an Arabico-Malagasy script in use, known as <a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a> ("large writings"). This Arabic-derived Sorabe alphabet was mainly used for astrological and magical texts. The oldest known manuscript in that script is a short Malagasy-Dutch vocabulary from the early 17th century, which was first published in 1908 by Gabriel Ferrand<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the script must have been introduced into the southeast area of Madagascar in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrand,_Gabriel_1905_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrand,_Gabriel_1905-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first bilingual renderings of religious texts are those by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Flacourt" title="Étienne de Flacourt">Étienne de Flacourt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who also published the first dictionary of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radama_I" title="Radama I">Radama I</a>, the first literate representative of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar#The_Merina_monarchy" title="History of Madagascar">Merina monarchy</a>, though extensively versed in the Arabico-Malagasy tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opted in 1823 for a Latin system derived by <a href="/wiki/David_Jones_(missionary)" title="David Jones (missionary)">David Jones</a> and invited the Protestant <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> to establish schools and churches. The first book to be printed in Malagasy using <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin characters</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, which was translated into Malagasy in 1835 by British Protestant <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> working in the highlands area of Madagascar.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current Malagasy alphabet consists of 21 letters: <i>a, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, v, y, z.</i> The <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> maps rather straightforwardly to the phonemic inventory. The letters <i>i</i> and <i>y</i> both represent the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> sound (<i>y</i> is used word-finally, and <i>i</i> elsewhere), while <i>o</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>. The affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʂ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʐ/</span> are written <i>tr</i> and <i>dr</i>, respectively, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dz/</span> are written <i>ts</i> and <i>j</i>. The letter <i>h</i> is often silent. All other letters have essentially their IPA values. The letters <i>c, q, u, w</i> and <i>x</i> are not part of the Malagasy alphabet, But are used in some foreign loanwords<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><i>Mp</i> and occasionally <i>nt</i> may begin a word, but they are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t/</span>. </p><p><i>@</i> is used informally as a short form for <i>amin'ny</i>, which is a preposition followed by the definite form, meaning for instance <i>with the</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe alphabet</a> with corresponding Latin Letters<sup id="cite_ref-Arabico-Malgache_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabico-Malgache-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Isolated </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th>Modern<br />Latin </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـا</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ب</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـب</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـبـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵐb/</span> </td> <td>b / mb </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـة</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـتـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts,<span class="wrap"> </span>ⁿts/</span> </td> <td>ts / nts </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ج</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـج</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـجـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">جـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dz,<span class="wrap"> </span>ⁿdz/</span> </td> <td>j / nj </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڊ</span>‎</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـڊ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڊ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـر</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ر</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">رّ</span>‎</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـرّ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">رّ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʳ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯɖʳ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʳ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯʈʳ/</span> </td> <td>dr / ndr / tr / ntr </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـس</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـسـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢋ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـࢋ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـࢋـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ࢋـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t,<span class="wrap"> </span>ⁿt/</span> </td> <td>t / nt </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـع</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـعـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">عـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </td> <td>n̈ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـغ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـغـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">غـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑɡ/</span> </td> <td>g / ng </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٯ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـٯ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـڧـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڧـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td> <td>f </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٯّ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـٯّ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـڧّـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڧّـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵐp/</span> </td> <td>p / mp </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ك</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـك</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـكـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">كـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑk/</span> </td> <td>k / nk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ل</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـل</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـلـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">لـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">م</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـم</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـمـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">مـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ن</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـن</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـنـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـو</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">و</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> </td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ه</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـه</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـهـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ي</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـي</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـيـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">يـ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td>z </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> are not obligatory in standard Malagasy, except in the case where its absence leads to an ambiguity: <i>tanàna</i> ("city") must have the diacritic to discriminate itself from <i>tanana</i> ("hand"). They may however be used in the following ways: </p> <ul><li>◌̀ (<a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>) shows the stressed syllable in a word. It is frequently used for disambiguation. For instance in <i>tanàna</i> (town) and <i>tanana</i> (hand), where the word that is an exception to the usual pronunciation rules (<i>tanàna</i>) gets an accent. Using the accent on the word that follows the pronunciation rules (<i>tànana</i>) is less common, mainly in dictionaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is using such accents less common in dictionaries, or is using such accents not uncommon in dictionaries and less common in general? If the latter is the case, I would expect: "Using the accent on the word that follows the pronunciation rules (tànana) is less common, but it does occur, mainly in dictionaries." The current wording states that using the accent is less common in dictionaries (among other texts). (October 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (This is very similar to the usage of the grave accent in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>.)</li> <li>◌́ (<a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>) may be used in <ul><li>very old dictionaries, along with grave accent</li> <li>dialects such as Bara</li> <li>French (<i>Tuléar</i>) and French-spelled (<i>Antsirabé</i>) names. Malagasy versions are <i>Toliara</i> or <i>Toliary</i> and <i>Antsirabe</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>◌̂ (<a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>) is used as follows: <ul><li><i>ô</i> shows that the letter is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> and not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, in Malagasified foreign words (<i>hôpitaly</i>) and dialects (<i>Tôlan̈aro</i>). In standard Malagasy, <i>ao</i> or <i>oa</i> (as in <i>mivoaka</i>) is used instead.</li> <li>sometimes the single-letter words <i>a</i> and <i>e</i> are written <i>â</i> and <i>ê</i> but it does not change the pronunciation</li></ul></li> <li>◌̈ (<a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>) is used with <i>n̈</i> in dialects for a velar nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>. Examples are place names such as <i>Tôlan̈aro</i>, <i>Antsiran̈ana</i>, <i>Iharan̈a</i>, <i>Anantson̈o</i>. This can be seen in maps from FTM, the national institute of geodesy and cartography.</li> <li>◌̃ (<a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>) is used in <i>ñ</i> sometimes, perhaps when the writer cannot produce an <i>n̈</i> (although <i>ng</i> is also used in such cases). In Ellis' Bara dialect dictionary, it is used for <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> as well as <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">palatal nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i, y⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ô, ao, oa⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After a stressed syllable, as at the end of most words and in the final two syllables of some, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a,<span class="wrap"> </span>u,<span class="wrap"> </span>i/</span> are reduced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʲ]</span>. (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> is spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> in such cases, though in monosyllabic words like <i>ny</i> and <i>vy</i>, <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> is pronounced as a full <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>.) Final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, and sometimes final syllables, are devoiced <a href="/wiki/Pausa" title="Pausa">at the end of an utterance</a>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> are never reduced or devoiced. The large number of reduced vowels, and their effect on neighbouring consonants, give Malagasy a phonological quality not unlike that of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> is marginal in Merina dialect, found in interjections and loan words, though it is also found in place names from other dialectical areas. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai,<span class="wrap"> </span>au/</span> are diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>au̯]</span> in careful speech, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e,<span class="wrap"> </span>o]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ]</span> in more casual speech. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span>, whichever way it is pronounced, affects following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> does. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n̈⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> <br />and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈʳ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tr⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasal</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐp</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨mp⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿt</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nt⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nts⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯʈʳ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ntr⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑk</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nk⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖʳ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dr⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasal</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨mb⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nd⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿdz</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nj⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯɖʳ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ndr⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The alveolars <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s<span class="wrap"> </span>ts<span class="wrap"> </span>z<span class="wrap"> </span>dz<span class="wrap"> </span>l/</span> are slightly <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts,<span class="wrap"> </span>dz,<span class="wrap"> </span>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z/</span> vary between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts,<span class="wrap"> </span>dz,<span class="wrap"> </span>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ]</span>, and are especially likely to be the latter when followed by unstressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>: Thus French <i>malgache</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[malɡaʃ]</a></span> 'Malagasy'. The velars <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑk<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>h/</span> are palatalized after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> (e.g. <i>alika</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/alikʲa/</span> 'dog'). <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is frequently elided in casual speech. </p><p>The reported postalveolar <a href="/wiki/Trilled_affricate" title="Trilled affricate">trilled affricates</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʳ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯʈʳ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖʳ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯɖʳ/</span> are sometimes simple stops, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯʈ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯɖ]</span>, but they often have a <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a> release, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈɽ̊˔<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯʈɽ̊˔<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖɽ˔<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯɖɽ˔]</span>. It is not clear if they are actually trilled, or are simply non-<a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈɻ̊˔<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯʈɻ̊˔<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖɻ˔<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯɖɻ˔]</span>. However, in another Austronesian language with a claimed trilled affricate, <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a>, trilling occurs but is rare, and the primary distinguishing feature is that it is postalveolar.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malagasy sounds are frequently transcribed [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈʂ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯʈʂ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">ɖʐ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶯɖʐ</a></span>], and that is the convention used in this article. </p><p>In reduplication, compounding, possessive and verbal constructions, as well as after nasals, fricatives and liquids, 'spirants' become stops, as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Malagasy sandhi </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">voiced</th> <th colspan="2">voiceless </th></tr> <tr> <th>spirant</th> <th>stop</th> <th>spirant</th> <th>stop </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Trilled_affricate" title="Trilled affricate">ɖʳ</a></span> (<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">ɖʐ</a></span>)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here, stressed syllables are indicated by grave diacritics <span class="nowrap">⟨à⟩</span>, although these diacritics are normally not used. </p><p>Words are generally accented on the penultimate syllable, unless the word ends in <i>ka</i>, <i>tra</i> and often <i>na</i>, in which case they are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable. <a href="/wiki/Secondary_stress" title="Secondary stress">Secondary stresses</a> exist in even-numbered syllables from the last stressed syllable, when the word has more than four syllables (<span title="Malagasy-language text"><i lang="mg">fàmantàranàndro</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˌfamˌtarˈnandʐʷ]</span> "watch, clock"). Neither prefixation nor suffixation affect the placement of stress. </p><p>In many dialects, unstressed vowels (except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>) are devoiced, and in some cases almost completely <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a>; thus <i><a href="/wiki/Fanorona" title="Fanorona">fanòrona</a></i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fə̥ˈnurnə̥]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonogenesis">Tonogenesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tonogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Penelope Howe in 2021, Central Malagasy is undergoing <a href="/wiki/Tonogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonogenesis">tonogenesis</a>, with syllables containing voiced consonants are "fully devoiced" and acquire a low tone (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ba/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b̥à]</span>), while those containing unvoiced consonants acquire a high tone (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pa/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pá]</span>). However, this development appears to not occur in posttonic syllables, and she called it "<a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>" instead.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malagasy has a <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–object–subject">verb–object–subject</a> (VOS) <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mamaky</p><p style="margin: 0px;">reads</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">boky</p><p style="margin: 0px;">book</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ny</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mpianatra</p><p style="margin: 0px;">student</p></div><p style="display: none;">Mamaky boky ny mpianatra</p><p style="display: none;">reads book the student</p><p style="clear: left;">"The student reads the book"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nividy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bought</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ronono</p><p style="margin: 0px;">milk</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">for</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">an'ny</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zaza</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ny</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vehivavy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><p style="display: none;">Nividy ronono ho an'ny zaza ny vehivavy</p><p style="display: none;">bought milk for the child the woman</p><p style="clear: left;">"The woman bought milk for the child"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Within phrases, Malagasy order is typical of <a href="/wiki/Head-directionality_parameter" title="Head-directionality parameter">head-initial languages</a>: Malagasy has prepositions rather than postpositions (<i>ho an'ny zaza</i> "for the child"). Determiners precede the noun, while quantifiers, modifying adjective phrases, and relative clauses follow the noun (<i>ny boky</i> "the book(s)", <i>ny boky mena</i> "the red book(s)", <i>ny boky rehetra</i> "all the books", <i>ny boky novakin'ny mpianatra</i> "the book(s) read by the student(s)"). </p><p>Somewhat unusually, demonstrative determiners are repeated both before and after the noun <i>ity boky ity</i> "this book" (lit. "this book this"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs have syntactically three productive "voice" forms according to the thematic role they play in the sentence: the basic "agent focus" forms of the majority of Malagasy verbs, the derived "patient focus" forms used in "passive" constructions, and the derived "goal focus" forms used in constructions with focus on instrumentality. Thus </p> <ul><li>(1) <i>Manasa ny tanako amin'ny savony aho</i>. ("I am washing my hands with soap.")</li> <li>(2) <i>Sasako amin'ny savony ny tanako</i>. ("My hands are washed with soap by me.")</li> <li>(3) <i>Anasako ny tanako ny savony</i>. ("It is with soap that my hands are washed by me.")</li></ul> <p>all mean "I wash my hands with soap" though focus is determined in each case by the sentence initial verb form and the sentence final (noun) argument: <i>manasa</i> "wash" and <i>aho</i> "I" in (1), <i>sasako</i> "wash" and <i>ny tanako</i> "my hands" in (2), <i>anasako</i> "wash" and <i>ny savony</i> "soap" in (3). There is no equivalent to the English preposition <i>with</i> in (3). </p><p>Verbs inflect for past, present, and future tense, where tense is marked by prefixes (e.g. <i>mividy</i> "buy", <i>nividy</i> "bought", <i>hividy</i> "will buy"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns_and_pronouns">Nouns and pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nouns and pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malagasy has no grammatical gender, and nouns do not inflect for number. However, pronouns and demonstratives have distinct singular and plural forms (cf. <i>io boky io</i> "that book", <i>ireto boky ireto</i> "these books"). </p><p>There is a complex series of demonstrative pronouns, depending on the speaker's familiarity with the referent.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in Standard Malagasy. Note: the nominative first person singular pronoun is divided between a long and short form; the long form occurs before a verb (focalized or topicalized subjects) and the short form after a verb. The genitive first and second person pronouns are also divided between long and short forms; the long form occurs if the root ends with anything but [na], [ka*] or [tra]; if the stem ends with [na], the long form also occurs but [na] is deleted; and if the stem ends with [ka*] or [tra], the final vowel of the root is deleted and the short form occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th>Nominative </th> <th>Genitive </th> <th>Accusative </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">1st person </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td>izaho/aho </td> <td>-ko/-o </td> <td>ahy </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">plural </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td>izahay </td> <td>-nay/-ay </td> <td>anay </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td>isika </td> <td>-ntsika/-tsika </td> <td>antsika </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td>ianao </td> <td>-nao/-ao </td> <td>anao </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td>ianareo </td> <td>-nareo/-areo </td> <td>anareo </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td>izy </td> <td>-ny </td> <td>antsy </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td>izy (ireo) </td> <td>-ny </td> <td>azy (ireo) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deixis">Deixis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Deixis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malagasy has a complex system of <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deixis</a> (these, those, here, there, etc.), with seven degrees of distance as well as <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a> across all seven. The evidential dimension is prototypically visible vs. non-visible referents; however, the non-visible forms may be used for visible referents which are only vaguely identified or have unclear boundaries, whereas the visible forms are used for non-visible referents when these are topical to the conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Malagasy deixis </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2">proximal</th> <th colspan="2">medial</th> <th colspan="3">distal </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Adverbs<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(here, there)</span></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="non-visible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NVIS</abbr> </th> <td>atỳ</td> <td>àto</td> <td>ào</td> <td>àtsy</td> <td>àny</td> <td>aròa*</td> <td>arỳ </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="visible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VIS</abbr> </th> <td>etỳ</td> <td>èto</td> <td>èo</td> <td>ètsy</td> <td>èny</td> <td>eròa</td> <td>erỳ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pronouns<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(this, that)<br />(these, those)</span></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="non-visible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NVIS</abbr> </th> <td>izatỳ*</td> <td>izàto*</td> <td>izào</td> <td>izàtsy*</td> <td>izàny</td> <td>izaròa*</td> <td>izarỳ* </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="visible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VIS</abbr> </th> <td>itỳ</td> <td>ìto</td> <td>ìo</td> <td>ìtsy</td> <td>ìny</td> <td>iròa*</td> <td>irỳ </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="visible" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VIS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">irèto</td> <td>irèo</td> <td>irètsy</td> <td>irèny</td> <td>ireròa*</td> <td>irerỳ* </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>Diacritics in deixis are not mandatory in Malagasy.</li> <li>Deixis marked by a * are rarely used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malagasy shares much of its basic vocabulary with the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan language</a>, a language from the region of the <a href="/wiki/Barito_River" title="Barito River">Barito River</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. The Malagasy language also includes some borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Sabaki_languages" title="Sabaki languages">Sabaki</a> branch, from which most notably <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> derives), and more recently from French and English. </p><p>The following samples are of the Merina dialect or Standard Malagasy, which is spoken in the capital of Madagascar and in the central highlands or "plateau", home of the <a href="/wiki/Merina_people" title="Merina people">Merina people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malagasy-English_Winterton_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malagasy-English_Winterton-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally understood throughout the island. </p><p>In his 1915 book <i>A naturalist in Madagascar</i>, naturalist <a href="/wiki/James_Sibree" title="James Sibree">James Sibree</a> published the a table of Malagasy terms used to refer to times of day and night:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicography">Lexicography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lexicography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VocabulaireMalgache1773BULAC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/VocabulaireMalgache1773BULAC.JPG/220px-VocabulaireMalgache1773BULAC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/VocabulaireMalgache1773BULAC.JPG/330px-VocabulaireMalgache1773BULAC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/VocabulaireMalgache1773BULAC.JPG/440px-VocabulaireMalgache1773BULAC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Malagasy lexicon (1773) (Collection BULAC Paris)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first dictionary of the language is <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Flacourt" title="Étienne de Flacourt">Étienne de Flacourt</a>'s <i>Dictionnaire de la langue de Madagascar</i> published in 1658 though earlier glossaries written in Arabico-Malagasy script exist. A later <i>Vocabulaire Anglais-Malagasy</i> was published in 1729. An 892-page Malagasy–English dictionary was published by James Richardson of the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> in 1885, available as a reprint; however, this dictionary includes archaic terminology and definitions. Whereas later works have been of lesser size, several have been updated to reflect the evolution and progress of the language, including a more modern, bilingual frequency dictionary based on a corpus of over 5 million Malagasy words.<sup id="cite_ref-Malagasy-English_Winterton_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malagasy-English_Winterton-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Winterton, M. et al.: Malagasy–English, English–Malagasy Dictionary / Diksionera Malagasy–Anglisy, Anglisy–Malagasy. Raleigh, North Carolina. USA: Lulu Press 2011, 548 p.</li> <li>Richardson: A New Malagasy–English Dictionary. Farnborough, England: Gregg Press 1967, 892 p. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-576-11607-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-576-11607-6">0-576-11607-6</a> (Original edition, Antananarivo: The London Missionary Society, 1885).</li> <li>Diksionera Malagasy–Englisy. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana 1973, 103 p.</li> <li>An Elementary English–Malagasy Dictionary. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana 1969, 118 p.</li> <li>English–Malagasy Phrase Book. Antananarivo: Editions Madprint 1973, 199 p. (Les Guides de Poche de Madagasikara.)</li> <li>Paginton, K: English–Malagasy Vocabulary. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana 1970, 192 p.</li> <li>Bergenholtz, H. et al.: Rakibolana Malagasy–Alemana. Antananarivo: Leximal/Moers: aragon. 1991.</li> <li>Bergenholtz, H. et al.: Rakibolana Alemana–Malagasy. Antananarivo: Tsipika/Moers: aragon. 1994.</li> <li>Rakibolana Malagasy. Fianarantsoa: Régis RAJEMISOA – RAOLISON 1995, 1061 p.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/48px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/64px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Madagascar" title="Portal:Madagascar">Madagascar portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Rabearivelo" title="Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo">Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Madagascar" title="Languages of Madagascar">Languages of Madagascar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NE100-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NE100_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student’s Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar1995" class="citation journal cs1">Adelaar, K. Alexander (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003036">"Asian Roots of the Malagasy: A Linguistic Perspective"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia</i>. <b>151</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003036">10.1163/22134379-90003036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2294">0006-2294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27864676">27864676</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5672481889">5672481889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde+%2F+Journal+of+the+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Asian+Roots+of+the+Malagasy%3A+A+Linguistic+Perspective&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5672481889&rft.issn=0006-2294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27864676%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003036&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adelaar2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adelaar2006_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adelaar2006_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar2006" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, K. Alexander (2006). "Borneo as a Cross-Roads for Comparative Austronesian Linguistics". In Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.). <i>The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</i>. Canberra: ANU E Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FA.09.2006.04">10.22459/A.09.2006.04</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-920942-85-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-920942-85-8"><bdi>1-920942-85-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.7">j.ctt2jbjx1.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/225298720">225298720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Borneo+as+a+Cross-Roads+for+Comparative+Austronesian+Linguistics&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F225298720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt2jbjx1.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FA.09.2006.04&rft.isbn=1-920942-85-8&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2009" class="citation cs2">Blench, Roger (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Austronesian/General/Blench%20Ross%20Festschrift%20paper%20revised.pdf"><i>Remapping the Austronesian expansion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, p. 8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remapping+the+Austronesian+expansion&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FLanguage%2FAustronesian%2FGeneral%2FBlench%2520Ross%2520Festschrift%2520paper%2520revised.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span>. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2009" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Bethwyn (2009). <i>Discovering History Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross</i>. Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780858836051" title="Special:BookSources/9780858836051"><bdi>9780858836051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+History+Through+Language%3A+Papers+in+Honour+of+Malcolm+Ross&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780858836051&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Bethwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahl1951-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl1951_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl1951_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Chr. Dahl, <i>Malgache et Maanjan: une comparaison linguistique</i>, Egede-Instituttet Avhandlinger, no. 3 (Oslo: Egede-Instituttet, 1951), p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1767-16">Malagasy's family tree on Ethnologue</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2007" class="citation journal cs1">Blench, Roger (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180146/http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology%20data/Indian%20Ocean/Blench%20final%20Azania%202007.pdf">"New Palaeozoogeographical Evidence for the Settlement of Madagascar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00672700709480451">10.1080/00672700709480451</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59022942">59022942</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology%20data/Indian%20Ocean/Blench%20final%20Azania%202007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azania%3A+Archaeological+Research+in+Africa&rft.atitle=New+Palaeozoogeographical+Evidence+for+the+Settlement+of+Madagascar&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00672700709480451&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59022942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FArchaeology%2520data%2FIndian%2520Ocean%2FBlench%2520final%2520Azania%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRelandus1708" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Reland" title="Adriaan Reland">Relandus, Hadrianus</a> (1708). <i>Dissertationum Miscellanearum, Pars Tertia et Ultima</i> (in Latin). Trajecti ad Rhenum: Gulielmi Broedelet. pp. <span class="nowrap">137–</span>138. <q>Haec omnia satis evincunt (quod in initio hujus dissertationis monuimus) longe lateque diffundi usum linguae Malaïcae, quae non tantum in Chersoneso Malaeorum & insulis Sumatra, Java, Bomeo, Moluccis sed & aliis magis ad orientem sitis usurpatur. Quibus cum si conferamus illud quod linguae Insulae Madagascar plurima vocabula Malaïca sint permixta, magis adhuc stupebimus linguam unam, qualis Malaïca est, vestigia sua reliquisse in tam dissitis terrarum spatiis qualia sunt insula Madagascar ad litus Africae & insula Cocos in mari inter Asiam & Americam interjecto. Lubet hic laterculum addere vocum Madagascaricarum, ut dicta nostra confirmemus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dissertationum+Miscellanearum%2C+Pars+Tertia+et+Ultima&rft.place=Trajecti+ad+Rhenum&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.pub=Gulielmi+Broedelet&rft.date=1708&rft.aulast=Relandus&rft.aufirst=Hadrianus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl1951" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahl, Otto Christian (1951), <i>Malgache et Maanyan: Une comparaison linguistique</i>, Avhandlinger utgitt av Instituttet 3 (in French), Oslo: Egede Instituttet</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malgache+et+Maanyan%3A+Une+comparaison+linguistique&rft.place=Oslo&rft.series=Avhandlinger+utgitt+av+Instituttet+3&rft.pub=Egede+Instituttet&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Otto+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar1995" class="citation journal cs1">Adelaar, Alexander (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003036">"Asian Roots of the Malagasy: A Linguistic Perspective"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>151</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003036">10.1163/22134379-90003036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27864676">27864676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Asian+Roots+of+the+Malagasy%3A+A+Linguistic+Perspective&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27864676%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2018" class="citation cs2">Blench, Roger (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Austronesian/Malagasy/Stratification%20in%20the%20settlement%20of%20Madagascar%202018.pdf"><i>Interdisciplinary Approaches to Stratifying the Peopling of Madagascar</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> – via www.rogerblench.info</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interdisciplinary+Approaches+to+Stratifying+the+Peopling+of+Madagascar&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FLanguage%2FAustronesian%2FMalagasy%2FStratification%2520in%2520the%2520settlement%2520of%2520Madagascar%25202018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biomed-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biomed_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicautRazafindrazakaCoxDugoujon2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ricaut, François-X; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Cox, Murray P; Dugoujon, Jean-M; Guitard, Evelyne; Sambo, Clement; Mormina, Maru; Mirazon-Lahr, Marta; Ludes, Bertrand; Crubézy, Eric (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808327">"A new deep branch of eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar"</a>. <i>BMC Genomics</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-10-605">10.1186/1471-2164-10-605</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808327">2808327</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20003445">20003445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&rft.atitle=A+new+deep+branch+of+eurasian+mtDNA+macrohaplogroup+M+reveals+additional+complexity+regarding+the+settlement+of+Madagascar&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=605&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2808327%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20003445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2164-10-605&rft.aulast=Ricaut&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois-X&rft.au=Razafindrazaka%2C+Harilanto&rft.au=Cox%2C+Murray+P&rft.au=Dugoujon%2C+Jean-M&rft.au=Guitard%2C+Evelyne&rft.au=Sambo%2C+Clement&rft.au=Mormina%2C+Maru&rft.au=Mirazon-Lahr%2C+Marta&rft.au=Ludes%2C+Bertrand&rft.au=Crub%C3%A9zy%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2808327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Y. Manguin. <i>Pre-modern Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: The Maldive Connection</i>. ‘New Directions in Maritime History Conference’ Fremantle. December 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaarHimmelmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PR14"><i>The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1286-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1286-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1286-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+Languages+of+Asia+and+Madagascar&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1286-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5i1aMcmLWlMC%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2006" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Pierre R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFsBYffWD48C"><i>Fitenin-drazana</i></a>. L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-01108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-01108-3"><bdi>978-2-296-01108-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fitenin-drazana&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-296-01108-3&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Pierre+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFsBYffWD48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are also some Sulawesi loanwords, which Adelaar attributes to contact prior to the migration to Madagascar: See K. Alexander Adelaar, “The Indonesian Migrations to Madagascar: Making Sense of the Multidisciplinary Evidence”, in Truman Simanjuntak, Ingrid Harriet Eileen Pojoh and Muhammad Hisyam (eds.), <i>Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago</i>, (Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 2006), pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dewar19932-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dewar19932_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewarWright1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">417–</span>466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00997802">10.1007/bf00997802</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F45256">2027.42/45256</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21753825">21753825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=The+culture+history+of+Madagascar&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E466&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F45256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21753825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00997802&rft.aulast=Dewar&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Wright%2C+Henry+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burney20042-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burney20042_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurneyBurneyGodfreyJungers2004" class="citation journal cs1">Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). 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Alexander (2017). "Who Were the First Malagasy, and What Did They Speak?". In Acri, Andrea; Blench, Roger; Landmann, Alexandra (eds.). <i>Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia</i>. Book collections on Project MUSE 28. 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Tananarive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The translation is due to David Griffith of the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>, with corrections in 1865–1866.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722072223/http://www.haisoratra.org/breve.php3?id_breve=529">"Haisoratra :: La traduction de la Bible malgache encore révisée"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haisoratra.org/breve.php3?id_breve%3D529">the original</a> on 2011-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Language+%26+Linguistic+Theory&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Modular+Theory+of+Linguistic+Deficiency%3A+Evidence+from+Malagasy+Personal+Pronouns&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006072823421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169890842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zribi-Hertz&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Mbolatianavalona%2C+Liliane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F225863051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janie Rasoloson and Carl Rubino, 2005, "Malagasy", in Adelaar & Himmelmann, eds, <i>The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malagasy-English_Winterton-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malagasy-English_Winterton_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malagasy-English_Winterton_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-H5Yj7Eki3YC">[1]</a> Winterton, Matthew et al. (2011). Malagasy–English, English–Malagasy Dictionary / Diksionera Malagasy–Anglisy, Anglisy–Malagasy. Lulu Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasoloson2001" class="citation book cs1">Rasoloson, Janie (2001). <i>Malagasy–English / English–Malagasy: Dictionary and Phrasebook</i>. Hippocrene Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malagasy%E2%80%93English+%2F+English%E2%80%93Malagasy%3A+Dictionary+and+Phrasebook&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rasoloson&rft.aufirst=Janie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibree1915" class="citation book cs1">Sibree, James (1915). <i>A naturalist in Madagascar: a record of observation, experiences, and impressions made during a period of over fifty years' intimate association with the natives and study of the animal & vegetable life of the island</i>. London: Seeley, Service & Co., Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+naturalist+in+Madagascar%3A+a+record+of+observation%2C+experiences%2C+and+impressions+made+during+a+period+of+over+fifty+years%27+intimate+association+with+the+natives+and+study+of+the+animal+%26+vegetable+life+of+the+island&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Seeley%2C+Service+%26+Co.%2C+Limited&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Sibree&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Biddulph, Joseph (1997). <i>An Introduction to Malagasy</i>. Pontypridd, Cymru. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897999-15-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897999-15-8">978-1-897999-15-8</a>.</li> <li>Houlder, John Alden, <i>Ohabolana, ou proverbes malgaches.</i> Imprimerie Luthérienne, Tananarive 1960.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurles2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hurles, Matthew E.; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1199379">"The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>76</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">894–</span>901. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F430051">10.1086/430051</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1199379">1199379</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15793703">15793703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Dual+Origin+of+the+Malagasy+in+Island+Southeast+Asia+and+East+Africa%3A+Evidence+from+Maternal+and+Paternal+Lineages&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E894-%3C%2Fspan%3E901&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1199379%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15793703&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F430051&rft.aulast=Hurles&rft.aufirst=Matthew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1199379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalagasy+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ricaut et al. (2009) "A new deep branch of eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar", <i>BMC Genomics</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasy_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mg:"> Malagasy edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malagasy_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malagasy language">Malagasy language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Malagasy_phrasebook#Q7930" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Malagasy phrasebook">Malagasy</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-H5Yj7Eki3YC">Malagasy-English, English–Malagasy bilingual frequency dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dominicweb.eu/en/malagasy/">Large audio database of Malagasy words with recorded pronunciation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediemalgache.org/bins/alphaLists?lang=fr">Searchable Malagasy–French–English Dictionary/Translator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701230930/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Malagasy-english/">Malagasy–English Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freelang.com/enligne/malgache.php">Malagasy–French dictionary</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Malagasy_Swadesh_list">Malagasy Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/28">Malagasy Vocabulary List</a> (from the World Loanword Database)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madabibliq.org/">La Bible Malgache en texte intégral</a> – the complete text of the 1865 Malagasy Bible</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folk.universitetetioslo.no/janengh/gassisk/">List of references on Malagasy language</a> (with links to online resources).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.ox.ac.uk/~cpgl0015/pargram/1Frfirstpage.htm">Oxford University: Malagasy Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folk.universitetetioslo.no/janengh/gassisk/MCScr.pdf">Paper on Malagasy clause structure</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bornean_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bornean languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greater_North_Borneo324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Central Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit–Tanjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakati%CA%BC_language" title="Bakatiʼ language">Bakatiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyadu%CA%BC_language" title="Nyaduʼ language">Benyaduʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malayo–Chamic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Aceh–Chamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iban–Malayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ibanic27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ibanic_languages" title="Ibanic languages">Ibanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malay" title="Berau Malay">Berau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan / Selako</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutainese_language" title="Kutainese language">Kutai Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Orang Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%CA%BC_language" title="Urak Lawoiʼ language">Urak Lawoiʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Borneo *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawak</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Kenyah / Bakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lundayeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BCban_language" title="Saʼban language">Saʼban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutong_language" title="Tutong language">Tutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahau_Kenyah_language" title="Wahau Kenyah language">Wahau Kenyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Northeast Sabah</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%CA%BCan_language" title="Idaʼan language">Idaʼan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Southwest Sabah</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater<br />Dusunic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bisaya–Lotud</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dusunic_languages" title="Dusunic languages">Dusunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li>Kadazandusun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Central Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_language" title="Coastal Kadazan language">Coastal Kadazan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun / Rungus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paitanic_languages" title="Paitanic languages">Paitanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Abai Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater<br />Murutic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatana_language" title="Tatana language">Tatana</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murutic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Baukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunukan_Tidung" title="Nunukan Tidung">Nunukan Tidung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesayap_Tidung" title="Sesayap Tidung">Sesayap Tidung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a> ? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_language" title="Old Sundanese language">Old Sundanese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banten_Sundanese" title="Banten Sundanese">Bantenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon_Sundanese" title="Cirebon Sundanese">Cirebonese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_branches_of_Malayo-Polynesian_languages284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Template:Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Template talk:Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_branches_of_Malayo-Polynesian_languages284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Western branches of <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Barito27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malagasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Bushi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Balangan_language" title="Dusun Balangan language">Balangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%CA%BCanyan_language" title="Maʼanyan language">Maʼanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)" title="Paku language (Indonesia)">Paku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_language" title="Ot Danum language">Dohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Siang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">Mapun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">West Coast Bajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a> *</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sumatran *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Northwest_Sumatra–Barrier_Islands91" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra<br />–Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_language" title="Angkola language">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_language" title="Pakpak language">Dairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lampungic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li>Lampung Nyo</li> <li>Lampung Api</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madurese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak<br />–Sumbawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Madagascar76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Madagascar" title="Template:Languages of Madagascar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Madagascar" title="Template talk:Languages of Madagascar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Madagascar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Madagascar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Madagascar76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Madagascar" title="Languages of Madagascar">Languages of Madagascar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malagasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Comoros87" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Comoros" title="Template:Languages of Comoros"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Comoros" title="Template talk:Languages of Comoros"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Comoros" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Comoros"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Comoros87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Comoros" title="Languages of the Comoros">Languages of the Comoros</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_languages" title="Comorian languages">Comorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Bushi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Maore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7930#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1978" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7930#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1978" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7930#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4100041-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Malagasy language"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080023">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Malgache (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940612b">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Malgache (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940612b">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="malgaština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph658049&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lengua malgache"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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