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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-崛起" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#崛起"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>崛起</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-崛起-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蒙古西侵、融入欧洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蒙古西侵、融入欧洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>蒙古西侵、融入欧洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蒙古西侵、融入欧洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-衰落" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衰落"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>衰落</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衰落-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特征" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特征"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>特征</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特征-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-图集" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#图集"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>图集</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-图集-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">库曼人</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。61种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cumans" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شعب الكومان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب الكومان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumanos" title="Cumanos – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cumanos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanlar" title="Kumanlar – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kumanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کومانلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کومانلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡумандар – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡумандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кумани – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кумани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kumani" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cumans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C3%A1ni" title="Kumáni – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kumáni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaner" title="Kumaner – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kumaner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kumani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Κουμάνοι – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουμάνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cumans" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumanos" title="Cumanos – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cumanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumandarrak" title="Kumandarrak – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kumandarrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="کومان‌ها – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کومان‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaanit" title="Kumaanit – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kumaanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumans" title="Coumans – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coumans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAm%C3%A1naigh" title="Cúmánaigh – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cúmánaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumanos" title="Cumanos – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cumanos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קומנים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קומנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="कूमान लोग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कूमान लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kumani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunok" title="Kunok – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kunok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kuman" title="Orang Kuman – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Kuman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kumani" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumani" title="Cumani – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cumani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="クマン人 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クマン人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A7%8C%EC%9D%B8" title="쿠만인 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠만인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кумандар – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кумандар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumani" title="Cumani – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cumani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumanes" title="Cumanes – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cumanes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanai" title="Kumanai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kumanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C4%81ni" title="Kumāni – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kumāni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кумани – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кумани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Куман – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Куман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koemanen" title="Koemanen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koemanen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaner" title="Kumaner – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kumaner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comans" title="Comans – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comans" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82owcy" title="Połowcy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Połowcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کومان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کومان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumanos" title="Cumanos – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cumanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumani" title="Cumani – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cumani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Половцы – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Половцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кыпчаки – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кыпчаки" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cumans" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kumani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cumans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C3%A1ni_(z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_Kyp%C4%8Dakovia)" title="Kumáni (západní Kypčakovia) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kumáni (západní Kypčakovia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumani" title="Kumani – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kumani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кумани – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кумани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaner" title="Kumaner – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kumaner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="குமன்கள் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குமன்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanlar" title="Kumanlar – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kumanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Команнар – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Команнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96" title="Половці – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Половці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کومان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کومان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Cuman" title="Người Cuman – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Cuman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="库曼人 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库曼人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="庫曼人 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="庫曼人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1035516#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" 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td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn"><span class="fn org">库曼人</span><br /><span class="nickname">Polovtsi/Polovtsy</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronicon_Pictum_125_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chronicon_Pictum_125_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Chronicon_Pictum_125_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chronicon_Pictum_125_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Chronicon_Pictum_125_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chronicon_Pictum_125_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Chronicon_Pictum_125_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="613" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">描绘库曼人（图画左半部）入侵匈牙利的图画</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;;">分佈地區</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">东欧</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;;">語言</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="庫曼語">庫曼語</a><sup id="cite_ref-WaldmanMason2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaldmanMason2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;;">宗教信仰</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E6%95%99" title="萨满教">萨满教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BE%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="腾格里信仰">腾格里信仰</a><br />后部分皈依<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>库曼人</b>，又称为<b>克普恰克人</b>、<b>波罗维茨人</b>（源于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a>词<span lang="ru">Половцы</span>）<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是一支使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥语族">突厥语族</a>语言的民族，主要活跃于10到13世纪。库曼人曾在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E9%81%B7%E7%A7%BB" title="突厥遷移">突厥迁移</a>的过程中与<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%AF%9F%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="钦察人">钦察人</a>组成庞大的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="庫曼汗國">库曼-钦察邦联</a>，活跃于邦联的西半部分<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bartusis_1997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartusis_1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spinei_2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinei_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:116</sup>。 </p><p>库曼人的起源至今依旧不明，但他们很可能最早期生活在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>一带。公元11世紀，庫曼人進行了第一次大規模遷徙。他們從南西伯利亞地區進入俄羅斯南部草原，並開始與周邊勢力發生密切接觸。其中就包括匈牙利、羅斯諸公國、拜占庭帝國和塞爾維亞等不同國度。他們擊敗原先的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%87%E6%B6%85%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="佩切涅格人">佩切涅格人</a>，並迫使後者踏上前往匈牙利的道路。 </p><p>13世纪<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%81%E6%88%B0" title="蒙古征戰">蒙古西侵</a>之后，不少库曼人逃到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="匈牙利王国">匈牙利王国</a>寻求<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7" title="庇護">庇护</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>库曼人与佩切涅格人有联系<sup id="cite_ref-#1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他们主要居住在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海">黑海</a>以北至<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3" title="伏尔加河">伏尔加河</a>一带，过着游牧生活，文化体系繁杂；库曼人的战斗力相对较强，活跃期间始终维持对中世纪<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="巴尔干半岛">巴尔干半岛</a>的影响力<sup id="cite_ref-NicolleShpakovsky_2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NicolleShpakovsky_2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:13</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:116</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prawdin1940_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prawdin1940-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>相当一部分库曼人最后迁移到黑海以西，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="基辅罗斯">基辅罗斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%EF%BC%8D%E6%B2%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="加利西亞－沃里尼亞王國">加利西亚－沃里尼亚王国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B8%90%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="金帐汗国">金帐汗国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="格鲁吉亚王国">格鲁吉亚王国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝国">拜占庭帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="拉丁帝国">拉丁帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="尼西亚帝国">尼西亚帝国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD_(%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA)" title="塞尔维亚王国 (中世纪)">塞尔维亚王国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="摩尔达维亚">摩尔达维亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%87%A0%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦拉几亚">瓦拉几亚</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="保加利亚第二帝国">保加利亚第二帝国</a>等国发挥政治影响力，后逐步与当地贵族融合<sup id="cite_ref-Sinor_1990_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinor_1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:281</sup>。库曼人曾于<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="第四次十字军">第四次十字军</a>以及保加利亚第二帝国的建立中扮演重要角色<sup id="cite_ref-Vasary_2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasary_2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grumeza_2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grumeza_2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50</sup>。 </p><p>库曼人说的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="庫曼語">庫曼語</a>是当代研究得最透彻的早期突厥语族语言之一，部分中世纪档案中对库曼语留有记录<sup id="cite_ref-Spinei_2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinei_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:186</sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baba_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Baba_010.jpg/220px-Baba_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Baba_010.jpg/330px-Baba_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Baba_010.jpg/440px-Baba_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>一尊12世纪的库曼人雕像</figcaption></figure> <p>关于“库曼”（<span lang="en">Cuman</span>）这个词的来源尚不十分明确。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="突厥语">突厥语</a>中<i>qu</i>、<i>qun</i>、<i>qūn</i>、<i>quman</i>，或<i>qoman</i>一类的词一般是指黄色系的颜色，所以一种通说认为库曼源于这些突厥语词，用来形容库曼人偏黄的头发。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="突厥学">突厥学</a>研究者伊姆雷·巴斯基（Imre Baski）认为，“库曼”这个词的来源有三种可能性：一是可能源于库曼人骑的马的颜色（库曼人的马一般是接近黄色的颜色）；二是可能源于一种被称为<i>quman</i>的小船；三是可能源于一个突厥语中意为“力量”之类的词语<sup id="cite_ref-Vasary_2005_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasary_2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:6</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BoikovaRybakov_2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoikovaRybakov_2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:51</sup><sup id="cite_ref-baski_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baski-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="斯拉夫人">斯拉夫人</a>将库曼人称为“波罗维茨人”，这个词是源于斯拉夫语词根“<span lang="ru">polvъ</span>”，意为浅黄、淡金或苍白色<sup id="cite_ref-kipchak.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipchak.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NicolleMcBride_1988_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NicolleMcBride_1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:43</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumania_(1200)_eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png/220px-Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png/330px-Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png/440px-Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="庫曼汗國">库曼-钦察邦联</a>公元1200年时的疆域</figcaption></figure> <p>学界目前尚未就库曼人的起源问题达成一致<sup id="cite_ref-Finch2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finch2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一种说法认为库曼人就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="突厥汗国">突厥汗国</a>的遗民<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%AF%9F%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="钦察人">钦察人</a>的一支，分布较靠西的钦察人即为库曼人。但也有观点认为库曼人与钦察人是不同的两个部族<sup id="cite_ref-Finch2008_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finch2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CumanBritannica_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CumanBritannica-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="崛起"><span id=".E5.B4.9B.E8.B5.B7"></span>崛起</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：崛起"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以支持库曼人是钦察人一支的观点来看，库曼人最早于10世纪随钦察人自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>侵入欧洲，在欧洲东部地区建立起被中世纪欧洲人称为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" title="庫曼汗國">库曼汗国</a>”的国家。1055年，库曼人进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="基辅罗斯">基辅罗斯</a>的公国之一<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%97%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="佩列亚斯拉夫公国">佩列亚斯拉夫公国</a>，与罗斯人相遇。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="基辅大公">基辅大公</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%B0%A2%E6%B2%83%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="弗谢沃洛德一世·雅罗斯拉维奇">弗谢沃洛德一世·雅罗斯拉维奇</a>当时与库曼人达成了协议，避免了双方的军事冲突。但是，到了1066年，库曼人派兵入侵佩列亚斯拉夫公国。以此为开端，库曼人与罗斯人断断续续进行了长达175年的战争，期间也有与一些罗斯人王公结盟的记录<sup id="cite_ref-Spinei_2009_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinei_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:116</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopediaofukraine.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopediaofukraine.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DROBNÝ2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DROBNÝ2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>到12世纪时，库曼人也曾帮助俄罗斯的公国对抗<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="匈牙利王国">匈牙利王国</a><sup id="cite_ref-CumanBritannica_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CumanBritannica-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="巴尔干半岛">巴尔干半岛</a>，库曼人与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="保加利亚人">保加利亚人</a>结盟对抗匈牙利人，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="保加利亚第二帝国">保加利亚第二帝国</a>建立过程中扮演了重要的角色<sup id="cite_ref-NicolleMcBride_1988_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NicolleMcBride_1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:24</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蒙古西侵、融入欧洲"><span id=".E8.92.99.E5.8F.A4.E8.A5.BF.E4.BE.B5.E3.80.81.E8.9E.8D.E5.85.A5.E6.AC.A7.E6.B4.B2"></span>蒙古西侵、融入欧洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：蒙古西侵、融入欧洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%81%E6%88%B0" title="蒙古征戰">蒙古征战</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" title="基督教化">基督教化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%8C%96" title="伊斯兰化">伊斯兰化</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumans_in_Hungary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cumans_in_Hungary.jpg/220px-Cumans_in_Hungary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cumans_in_Hungary.jpg/330px-Cumans_in_Hungary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cumans_in_Hungary.jpg/440px-Cumans_in_Hungary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>一幅描述库曼人进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a>的图画</figcaption></figure> <p>經過了漫長的遷徙，庫曼聯盟的地盤也大為增漲。其勢力西起多瑙河流域，東到哈薩克斯坦境內的怛羅斯，幾乎占據了整個歐亞草原。由於沒有統一的聯盟君主，就只是按照血緣關係和文化認同來進行協調。由於其所在花剌子模、波斯、克里米亞、高加索地區和羅斯等貿易中轉站之間，庫曼語也一度成為了當時的國際通用語言。在局勢混亂的中世紀，跨越國家分布且具備武裝能力的庫曼人，就是草原商路的日常守護者。 </p><p>至12世纪末，库曼人的势力已经到达<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="摩尔达维亚">摩尔达维亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%87%A0%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦拉几亚">瓦拉几亚</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="特兰西瓦尼亚">特兰西瓦尼亚</a>（大约位于现代<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚">罗马尼亚</a>境内）。1221-1225年间，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="匈牙利国王">匈牙利国王</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="安德烈二世">安德烈二世</a>邀请<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E9%A1%BF%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2" title="条顿骑士团">条顿骑士团</a>与库曼人作战。不久以后，1227年，库曼人与匈牙利王国达成和平协议，库曼人获准进入匈牙利。随协议的达成，库曼人头领巴克（Barc）当年带领15,000名麾下库曼人领洗，皈依<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>。次年，第一个库曼人的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="主教区">主教区</a>建立了起来。1235年，继任匈牙利国王的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="贝拉四世">贝拉四世</a>宣称自己是“库曼国王”，但实际上顶多只有很少一部分库曼人承认匈牙利对他们的宗主权<sup id="cite_ref-WaldmanMason2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaldmanMason2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grumeza_2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grumeza_2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:55</sup><sup id="cite_ref-CumanBritannica_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CumanBritannica-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NagySeb?k1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NagySeb?k1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>13世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%81%E6%88%B0" title="蒙古征戰">蒙古西侵</a>使居住在欧洲东部的库曼人遭受严重打击，库曼人在两次蒙古西侵中都败给了蒙古人<sup id="cite_ref-CumanBritannica_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CumanBritannica-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull_2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:44;77</sup>。1237年，匈牙利国王贝拉四世宣布给予库曼人<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7%E6%AC%8A" title="庇護權">庇护权</a>，自此，许多库曼人都选择进入匈牙利定居，逐渐与当地人融合<sup id="cite_ref-CumanBritannica_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CumanBritannica-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另外，也有一部分库曼人选择承认<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="蒙古族">蒙古人</a>的宗主权，逐渐与蒙古人融合。还有一些库曼人最后逐渐融入了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝国">拜占庭帝国</a>、保加利亚第二帝国等国家<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull_2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:58</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hildinger2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hildinger2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="衰落"><span id=".E8.A1.B0.E8.90.BD"></span>衰落</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：衰落"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuman_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cuman_warrior.jpg/220px-Cuman_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cuman_warrior.jpg/330px-Cuman_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cuman_warrior.jpg/440px-Cuman_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>由现代人扮演的库曼人</figcaption></figure> <p>库曼人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="大土耳其战争">大土耳其战争</a>中遭受严重损失，许多库曼人的聚居点都在战争中被<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a>摧毁、大量库曼人于战火中丧生<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。18世纪初，库曼人丧失了拥有的特权。一些库曼人一度成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="农奴">农奴</a>，但之后他们又通过交纳赎金或提供兵役等方式重获自由人身份。截至今日，仍然有数万库曼人（亦有大约20万的推测）定居于匈牙利境内<sup id="cite_ref-Kincses-Nagy2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kincses-Nagy2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:173</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berend_2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berend_2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:72</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特征"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E5.BE.81"></span>特征</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：特征"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>库曼人的典型外貌是淡金色头发、蓝色瞳孔。传统上，库曼人过着游牧生活，后来在欧洲东部定居，过起定居生活。最初库曼人信仰<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E6%95%99" title="萨满教">萨满教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BE%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="腾格里信仰">腾格里信仰</a>。随库曼人融入欧洲的进程，一部分库曼人改信了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="基督宗教">基督宗教</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a><sup id="cite_ref-Finch2008_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finch2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DROBNÝ2012_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DROBNÝ2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="图集"><span id=".E5.9B.BE.E9.9B.86"></span>图集</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：图集"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Bilibin_177.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="库曼人的帐篷"><img alt="库曼人的帐篷" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ivan_Bilibin_177.jpg/275px-Ivan_Bilibin_177.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ivan_Bilibin_177.jpg/412px-Ivan_Bilibin_177.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ivan_Bilibin_177.jpg/549px-Ivan_Bilibin_177.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 164px"><div class="gallerytext">库曼人的帐篷</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 89.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 87.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="库曼人的作战面具"><img alt="库曼人的作战面具" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG/131px-0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG/196px-0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG/262px-0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="3903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 68px"><div class="gallerytext">库曼人的作战面具</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 74.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 72.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="库曼人制作的雕像（一）"><img alt="库曼人制作的雕像（一）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_%28%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29.jpg/109px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_%28%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_%28%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29.jpg/163px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_%28%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_%28%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29.jpg/218px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_%28%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 53px"><div class="gallerytext">库曼人制作的雕像（一）</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 85.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 83.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baba_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="库曼人制作的雕像（二）"><img alt="库曼人制作的雕像（二）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Baba_13.jpg/125px-Baba_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Baba_13.jpg/188px-Baba_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Baba_13.jpg/251px-Baba_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 64px"><div class="gallerytext">库曼人制作的雕像（二）</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Cumania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="库曼人于匈牙利的定居点昆萨格（英语：Kunság）（Kunság）的纹章"><img alt="库曼人于匈牙利的定居点昆萨格（英语：Kunság）（Kunság）的纹章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Coat_of_arms_of_Cumania.svg/154px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cumania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Coat_of_arms_of_Cumania.svg/231px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cumania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Coat_of_arms_of_Cumania.svg/308px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cumania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 83px"><div class="gallerytext">库曼人于匈牙利的定居点<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="昆萨格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kunság"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%86%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="昆萨格（页面不存在）">昆萨格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuns%C3%A1g" class="extiw" title="en:Kunság"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kunság</span></a></span>）</span></span>（Kunság）的纹章</div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%AF%9F%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="钦察人">钦察人</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WaldmanMason2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaldmanMason2006_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaldmanMason2006_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA190">Encyclopedia of European Peoples</a>. Infobase Publishing. 2006: 190 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-02</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4381-2918-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4381-2918-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-4381-2918-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801174119/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA190">存档</a>于2020-08-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.au=Carl+Waldman&rft.au=Catherine+Mason&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC%26pg%3DPA190&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPIpAQAAIAAJ">突厥语言与文化研究</a>. 中央民族大学出版社. 1996: 171–174 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-07</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-81056-078-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-81056-078-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-81056-078-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806094038/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPIpAQAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2020-08-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-81056-078-8&rft.pages=171-174&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPIpAQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325093102/https://www.lexico.com/definition/polovtsy">Polovtsy | Meaning of Polovtsy by Lexico</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-03-25</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/polovtsy">原始内容</a>存档于2020-03-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=Polovtsy+%26%23124%3B+Meaning+of+Polovtsy+by+Lexico&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fpolovtsy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Cuman"><i>Cuman</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614232135/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Cuman">存檔</a>，存档日期2015-06-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Lee Wolff: "The 'Second Bulgarian Empire.' Its Origin and History to 1204" <i>Speculum</i>, Volume 24, Issue 2 (April 1949), 179; "Thereafter, the influx of Pechenegs and Cumans turned Bulgaria into a battleground between Byzantium and these Turkish tribes..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartusis_1997-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartusis_1997_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bartusis, Mark C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latebyzantinearm0000mark">The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1997: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latebyzantinearm0000mark/page/26">26</a>–27. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8122-1620-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8122-1620-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8122-1620-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rft.aulast=Bartusis&rft.btitle=The+Late+Byzantine+Army%3A+Arms+and+Society%2C+1204%E2%80%931453&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1620-2&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatebyzantinearm0000mark&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinei_2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spinei_2009_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinei_2009_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinei_2009_7-2"><sup><b>7.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Spinei, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207092327/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vl538CMBsAC">The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century</a>. Leiden: Brill. 2009 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-10-19</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-9004175365" title="Special:网络书源/978-9004175365"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-9004175365</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vl538CMBsAC">原始内容</a>存档于2016-12-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.btitle=The+Romanians+and+the+Turkic+Nomads+North+of+the+Danube+Delta+from+the+Tenth+to+the+Mid-Thirteenth+Century&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-9004175365&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vl538CMBsAC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419042601/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146369/Cuman">Cuman (people)</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-06-14</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146369/Cuman">原始内容</a>存档于2015-04-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=Cuman+%28people%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F146369%2FCuman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|encyclopedia=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805132827/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/C/U/Cumans.htm">Cumans</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-04-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/C/U/Cumans.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=Cumans&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fpages%2FC%2FU%2FCumans.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NicolleShpakovsky_2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NicolleShpakovsky_2001_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nicolle, David; Shpakovsky, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7TA029vF5oC">Kalka River 1223: Genghiz Khan's Mongols Invade Russia</a>. Osprey Publishing. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-01</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84176-233-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84176-233-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-84176-233-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112032236/http://books.google.com/books?id=S7TA029vF5oC">存档</a>于2014-01-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.au=Shpakovsky%2C+Victor&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.btitle=Kalka+River+1223%3A+Genghiz+Khan%27s+Mongols+Invade+Russia&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-233-3&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7TA029vF5oC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett_2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bartlett, W. B. The Mongols: From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane. Amberley Publishing Limited. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4456-0791-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4456-0791-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-4456-0791-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.btitle=The+Mongols%3A+From+Genghis+Khan+to+Tamerlane&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-0791-7&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prawdin1940-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prawdin1940_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Prawdin, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108160027/https://books.google.com/books?id=1xOTdQWlpGYC&pg=PA212">The Mongol Empire: Its Rise and Legacy</a>. Transaction Publishers. 1940: 212–15 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-06-14</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4128-2897-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4128-2897-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-4128-2897-0</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xOTdQWlpGYC&pg=PA212">原始内容</a>存档于2016-01-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Prawdin&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Empire%3A+Its+Rise+and+Legacy&rft.date=1940&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2897-0&rft.pages=212-15&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xOTdQWlpGYC%26pg%3DPA212&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinor_1990-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinor_1990_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sinor, Sinor (编). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5212-4304-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5212-4304-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-5212-4304-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=Sinor&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia%2C+Volume+1&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-5212-4304-9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasary_2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vasary_2005_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasary_2005_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vásáry, István. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cumanstatarsorie0000vasa">Cumans and Tatars Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans 1185–1365</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5218-3756-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5218-3756-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-5218-3756-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1s%C3%A1ry&rft.btitle=Cumans+and+Tatars+Oriental+Military+in+the+Pre-Ottoman+Balkans+1185%E2%80%931365&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-3756-9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcumanstatarsorie0000vasa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grumeza_2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grumeza_2010_15-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grumeza_2010_15-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Grumeza, Ion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108160027/https://books.google.com/books?id=DTxu6RxdecUC&pg=PA51">The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500–1500</a>. University Press of America. 2010-08-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-10-19</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7618-5135-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7618-5135-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7618-5135-6</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTxu6RxdecUC&pg=PA51">原始内容</a>存档于2016-01-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=Ion&rft.aulast=Grumeza&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Balkanization%3A+Eastern+Europe+C.E.+500%E2%80%931500&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5135-6&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTxu6RxdecUC%26pg%3DPA51&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoikovaRybakov_2006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoikovaRybakov_2006_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Boĭkova, Elena Vladimirovna; Rybakov, R. B. Kinship in the Altaic World. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-4470-5416-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-4470-5416-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-4470-5416-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.au=Rybakov%2C+R.+B.&rft.aufirst=Elena+Vladimirovna&rft.aulast=Bo%C4%ADkova&rft.btitle=Kinship+in+the+Altaic+World&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-4470-5416-4&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baski-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baski_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imre Baski, "On the ethnic names of the Cumans of Hungary", <i>Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10–15 July 2005</i> (eds Elena V. Boikova, Rosislav B. Rybakov) Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 48, 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kipchak.com-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kipchak.com_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Justin Dragosani-Brantingham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930103447/http://www.kipchak.com/Resources/AnIllustratedIntroductiontotheKipchakTurks.pdf">An Illustrated Introduction to the Kipchak Turks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. kipchak.com. 2011-10-19 [1999] <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kipchak.com/Resources/AnIllustratedIntroductiontotheKipchakTurks.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2013-09-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=An+Illustrated+Introduction+to+the+Kipchak+Turks&rft.au=Justin+Dragosani-Brantingham&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kipchak.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kipchak.com%2FResources%2FAnIllustratedIntroductiontotheKipchakTurks.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NicolleMcBride_1988-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NicolleMcBride_1988_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NicolleMcBride_1988_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nicolle, David; McBride, Angus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108160027/https://books.google.com/books?id=PmZmOkfkr9oC&pg=PA43">Hungary and the Fall of Eastern Europe 1000–1568</a>. Osprey Publishing. 1988 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-06-14</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8504-5833-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8504-5833-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8504-5833-6</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmZmOkfkr9oC&pg=PA43">原始内容</a>存档于2016）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.au=McBride%2C+Angus&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.btitle=Hungary+and+the+Fall+of+Eastern+Europe+1000%E2%80%931568&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8504-5833-6&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmZmOkfkr9oC%26pg%3DPA43&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finch2008-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finch2008_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finch2008_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finch2008_20-2"><sup><b>20.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Roger Finch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210080053/https://www.surugadai.ac.jp/sogo/media/bulletin/Ronso35/Ronso35finch.pdf">Christianity among the Cumans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 駿河台大学論叢. 2008, (35) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-02</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surugadai.ac.jp/sogo/media/bulletin/Ronso35/Ronso35finch.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2020-02-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=Christianity+among+the+Cumans&rft.au=Roger+Finch&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=35&rft.jtitle=%E9%A7%BF%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%B0%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surugadai.ac.jp%2Fsogo%2Fmedia%2Fbulletin%2FRonso35%2FRonso35finch.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CumanBritannica-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CumanBritannica_21-0"><sup><b>21.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CumanBritannica_21-1"><sup><b>21.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CumanBritannica_21-2"><sup><b>21.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CumanBritannica_21-3"><sup><b>21.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CumanBritannica_21-4"><sup><b>21.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cuman">Cuman</a>. Britannica. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303184658/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028174/Cuman">存档</a>于2008-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=Cuman&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCuman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Martin, Janet. Medieval Russia, 980–1584. Cambridge University Press. 1993: 48–49. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5213-6832-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5213-6832-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-5213-6832-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%2C+980%E2%80%931584&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-6832-2&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopediaofukraine.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopediaofukraine.com_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227231441/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CU%5CCumans%2Ehtm">Cumans</a>. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\C\U\Cumans.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2013-12-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=Cumans&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FlinkPath%3Dpages%5CC%5CU%5CCumans.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DROBNÝ2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DROBNÝ2012_24-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DROBNÝ2012_24-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bratislava Jaroslav DROBNÝ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fphil.uniba.sk/fileadmin/fif/katedry_pracoviska/kksf/kf/GLO-2012_Drobny.pdf">Cumans and Kipchaks: Between Ethnonym and Toponym</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. GRAECOLATINA ET ORIENTALIA. 2012,. XXXIII – XXXIV <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703202038/https://fphil.uniba.sk/fileadmin/fif/katedry_pracoviska/kksf/kf/GLO-2012_Drobny.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-07-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=Cumans+and+Kipchaks%3A+Between+Ethnonym+and+Toponym&rft.au=Bratislava+Jaroslav+DROBN%C3%9D&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GRAECOLATINA+ET+ORIENTALIA&rft.volume=XXXIII+%E2%80%93+XXXIV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffphil.uniba.sk%2Ffileadmin%2Ffif%2Fkatedry_pracoviska%2Fkksf%2Fkf%2FGLO-2012_Drobny.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NagySeb?k1999-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NagySeb?k1999_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bal zs Nagy; Marcell Seb?k. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbWZAgg9a5EC&pg=PA499">The Man of Many Devices, who Wandered Full Many Ways--: Festschrift in Honour of J nos M. Bak</a>. Central European University Press. 1999: 499 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-07-02</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-963-9116-67-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-963-9116-67-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-963-9116-67-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801223905/https://books.google.com/books?id=rbWZAgg9a5EC&pg=PA499">存档</a>于2020-08-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.au=Bal+zs+Nagy&rft.au=Marcell+Seb%3Fk&rft.btitle=The+Man+of+Many+Devices%2C+who+Wandered+Full+Many+Ways--%3A+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+J+nos+M.+Bak&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-67-2&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbWZAgg9a5EC%26pg%3DPA499&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull_2003-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_26-0"><sup><b>26.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_26-1"><sup><b>26.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Turnbull, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmongo0000turn">Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400</a>. Osprey Publishing. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-8417-6523-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-8417-6523-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-8417-6523-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan+%26+the+Mongol+Conquests+1190%E2%80%931400&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-8417-6523-5&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenghiskhanmongo0000turn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hildinger2009-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hildinger2009_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hildinger, Erik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108160027/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVwsxl_OI18C">Warriors of the Steppe: Military History of Central Asia, 500 BC to 1700 AD</a>. Da Capo Press. 2001: 134 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-10-19</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7867-3114-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7867-3114-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7867-3114-5</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVwsxl_OI18C">原始内容</a>存档于2016-01-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.aulast=Hildinger&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+the+Steppe%3A+Military+History+of+Central+Asia%2C+500+BC+to+1700+AD&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3114-5&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVwsxl_OI18C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705184047/http://www.nyest.hu/renhirek/kunok-legyunk-vagy-magyarok">Nyelv és Tudomány- Rénhírek – Kunok legyünk vagy magyarok?</a>. Nyelv és Tudomány. 2012-10-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-04-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyest.hu/renhirek/kunok-legyunk-vagy-magyarok">原始内容</a>存档于2015-07-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=Nyelv+%C3%A9s+Tudom%C3%A1ny-+R%C3%A9nh%C3%ADrek+%E2%80%93+Kunok+legy%C3%BCnk+vagy+magyarok%3F&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nyelv+%C3%A9s+Tudom%C3%A1ny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyest.hu%2Frenhirek%2Fkunok-legyunk-vagy-magyarok&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kincses-Nagy2013-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kincses-Nagy2013_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kincses-Nagy, Éva. A Disappeared People and a Disappeared Language: The Cumans and the Cuman language of Hungary. Szeged University. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=%C3%89va&rft.aulast=Kincses-Nagy&rft.btitle=A+Disappeared+People+and+a+Disappeared+Language%3A+The+Cumans+and+the+Cuman+language+of+Hungary&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Szeged+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berend_2001-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berend_2001_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Berend, Nora. At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and 'Pagans' in Medieval Hungary, c.1000–c.1300. Cambridge University Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5216-5185-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5216-5185-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-5216-5185-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.btitle=At+the+Gate+of+Christendom%3A+Jews%2C+Muslims+and+%27Pagans%27+in+Medieval+Hungary%2C+c.1000%E2%80%93c.1300&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-5216-5185-1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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