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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_radio_telegraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Developing radio telegraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_radio_telegraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission_breakthrough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission_breakthrough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Transmission breakthrough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission_breakthrough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrations_and_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrations_and_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Demonstrations and achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrations_and_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transatlantic_transmissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transatlantic_transmissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Transatlantic transmissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transatlantic_transmissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span><i>Titanic</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Continuing work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy and honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orders_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Orders and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orders_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guglielmo Marconi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 116 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9E_%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%92" title="ጉልየልሞ ማርኮኒ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጉልየልሞ ማርኮኒ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="غولييلمو ماركوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غولييلمو ماركوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%B4%D6%85_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Կուլիէլմօ Մարքոնի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կուլիէլմօ Մարքոնի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="गुल्येल्मो मार्कोनी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गुल्येल्मो मार्कोनी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulyelmo_Markoni" title="Qulyelmo Markoni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qulyelmo Markoni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="قولیئلمو مارکونی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قولیئلمو مارکونی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="গুলিয়েলমো মার্কোনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুলিয়েলমো মার্কোনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гульельма Марконі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гульельма Марконі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гульельма Марконі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гульельма Марконі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гулиелмо Маркони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гулиелмо Маркони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmu_Marconi" title="Guglielmu Marconi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Guglielmu Marconi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AC%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AF_%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%86%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ގެގްލިއަލްމޯ މާކޯނީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގެގްލިއަލްމޯ މާކޯނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Γουλιέλμο Μαρκόνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουλιέλμο Μαρκόνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گولیلمو مارکونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گولیلمو مارکونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%98%EB%AA%A8_%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%8B%88" title="굴리엘모 마르코니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굴리엘모 마르코니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%B8_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Գուլիելմո Մարկոնի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գուլիելմո Մարկոնի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="गुल्येल्मो मार्कोनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुल्येल्मो मार्कोनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="גוליילמו מרקוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוליילמו מרקוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಾರ್ಕೋನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರ್ಕೋನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გულიელმო მარკონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გულიელმო მარკონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гульельмо Маркони – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гульельмо Маркони" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Marconi" title="Gulielmus Marconi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Marconi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guljelmo_Markoni" title="Guljelmo Markoni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Guljelmo Markoni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghig%C3%A8rmo_Marcon" title="Ghigèrmo Marcon – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ghigèrmo Marcon" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гуљелмо Маркони – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гуљелмо Маркони" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗുഗ്ലിയെൽമോ മാർക്കോണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുഗ്ലിയെൽമോ മാർക്കോണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="गुलियेल्मो मार्कोनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुलियेल्मो मार्कोनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გულიელმო მარკონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გულიელმო მარკონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="جولييلمو ماركونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جولييلمو ماركونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گولیلمو مارکونی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گولیلمو مارکونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гульелмо Маркони – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гульелмо Маркони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ဂူဂလီရယ်မို မာကိုနီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂူဂလီရယ်မို မာကိုနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="गुग्लिल्मो मार्कोनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुग्लिल्मो मार्कोनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="गुग्लिमो मार्कोनी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुग्लिमो मार्कोनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B" title="グリエルモ・マルコーニ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グリエルモ・マルコーニ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugliemo_Marconi" title="Gugliemo Marconi – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Gugliemo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80" title="ଗୁଗ୍ଲୈଲୋମ ମାର୍କୋନୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୁଗ୍ଲୈଲୋମ ମାର୍କୋନୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਗੁਗਲੀਏਲਮੋ ਮਾਰਕੋਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਗਲੀਏਲਮੋ ਮਾਰਕੋਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مارکونی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارکونی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%84%DB%90%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ګوګلېمو مارکوني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګوګلېمو مارکوني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Маркони, Гульельмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маркони, Гульельмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku-lye-al-mow._Ma-ke-ni" title="Ku-lye-al-mow. Ma-ke-ni – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ku-lye-al-mow. Ma-ke-ni" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="गुग्लिमो मार्कोनी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुग्लिमो मार्कोनी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugghiermu_Marconi" title="Gugghiermu Marconi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gugghiermu Marconi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%8E%D9%84%D9%85%DB%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گولیێلمۆ مارکۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گولیێلمۆ مارکۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гуљелмо Маркони – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гуљелмо Маркони" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="மார்க்கோனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்க்கோனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гульельмо Маркони – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гульельмо Маркони" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="గూగ్లి ఎల్మో మార్కోని – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గూగ్లి ఎల్మో మార్కోని" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="กูลเยลโม มาร์โกนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กูลเยลโม มาร์โกนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гульєльмо Марконі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гульєльмо Марконі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گگلیلمو مارکونی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گگلیلمو مارکونی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="古列尔莫·马可尼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古列尔莫·马可尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Guglielmo Marconi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="馬可尼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian electrical engineer and inventor (1874–1937)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Marconi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marconi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marconi (disambiguation)">Marconi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marchese" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchese">Marchese</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Guglielmo Marconi</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order">GCVO</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts">FRSA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/330px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/440px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1314" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Marconi in 1908</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 April 1914 – 20 July 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874-04-25</span>)</span>25 April 1874<br /><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-07-20)</span> (aged 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Kingdom of Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Engineer</li><li>inventor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invention_of_radio" title="Invention of radio">Invention of radio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi antenna">Marconi antenna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marconi%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi's law">Marconi's law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_detector" title="Magnetic detector">Magnetic detector</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter#Non-syntonic_transmitters" title="Spark-gap transmitter">Non-syntonic transmitter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)#Terminology" title="Antenna (radio)">Coining the term <i>antenna</i></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">PNF</a> (1923–1937)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Beatrice O'Brien</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1905; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1924)<wbr /></div><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Maria Cristina Bezzi-Scali</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1927)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1901)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1909)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> (1914)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1918)</li><li><a href="/wiki/IRE_Medal_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="IRE Medal of Honor">IRE Medal of Honor</a> (1920)</li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a> (1923)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Gold_Medal" title="Kelvin Gold Medal">Kelvin Gold Medal</a> (1932)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal" title="Wilhelm Exner Medal">Wilhelm Exner Medal</a> (1934)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Engineering career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Marconi%27s_Wireless_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company">Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significant advance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg/150px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg/225px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg/300px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="101" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, 1st Marchese of Marconi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ɡuʎˈʎɛlmo<span class="wrap"> </span>marˈkoːni]</a></span>; 25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineer</a>, inventor, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a> known for his creation of a practical <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio wave</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraph</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to Marconi being credited as the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sharing the 1909 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a> "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".<sup id="cite_ref-NPbio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPbio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work laid the foundation for the development of radio, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and all modern <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> communication systems.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marconi was also an entrepreneur and businessman who founded the Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company (which became the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> in 1897. In 1929, Marconi was ennobled as a <a href="/wiki/Marchese" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchese">marchese</a> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a>. In 1931, he set up <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Dall%27Armi_Marescalchi,_Bologna" title="Palazzo Dall'Armi Marescalchi, Bologna">Palazzo Marescalchi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> on 25 April 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi (an Italian aristocratic landowner from <a href="/wiki/Porretta_Terme" title="Porretta Terme">Porretta Terme</a> who lived in the countryside of <a href="/wiki/Sasso_Marconi" title="Sasso Marconi">Pontecchio</a>) and his <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> wife Annie Jameson (daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Sligo_Jameson" title="James Sligo Jameson">James Sligo Jameson</a>, and granddaughter of John Jameson, the Scottish founder of <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a> distillers <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Irish_Whiskey" title="Jameson Irish Whiskey">Jameson & Sons</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, who was a widower with a son, Luigi, married Jameson on 16 April 1864 in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>, France. Alfonso, Marconi's older brother, was born in 1865. Between the ages of two and six, Marconi and Alfonso lived with their mother in the English town of <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a>. Having an Irish mother helped explain Marconi's many activities in Great Britain and Ireland. When he was three years old, on 4 May 1877, Giuseppe Marconi decided to obtain British citizenship. Marconi could have thus also opted for British citizenship anytime, as both his parents had British citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marconi did not attend school as a child and did not go on to formal higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marconisociety.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marconisociety.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunlap,_Orrin_Elmer_1937,_page_10_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlap,_Orrin_Elmer_1937,_page_10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he learned chemistry, mathematics, and physics at home from a series of private tutors hired by his parents. His family hired additional tutors for Marconi in the winter when they would leave Bologna for the warmer climate of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> or <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunlap,_Orrin_Elmer_1937,_page_10_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlap,_Orrin_Elmer_1937,_page_10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marconi noted an important mentor was professor Vincenzo Rosa, a high school physics teacher in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marconisociety.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marconisociety.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosa taught the 17-year-old Marconi the basics of physical phenomena as well as new theories on electricity. At the age of 18 and back in Bologna, Marconi became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> physicist <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a>, who had done research on <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a>'s work. Righi permitted Marconi to attend lectures at the university and also to use the university's laboratory and library.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_work">Radio work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radio work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From youth, Marconi was interested in science and electricity. In the early 1890s, he began working on the idea of "<a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a>" – i.e., the transmission of telegraph messages without connecting wires as used by the <a href="/wiki/Electric_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric telegraph">electric telegraph</a>. This was not a new idea; numerous investigators and inventors had been exploring wireless telegraph technologies and even building systems using electric <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">conduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a> and optical (light) signalling for over 50 years, but none had proved technically and commercially successful. A relatively new development came from <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a>, who, in 1888, demonstrated that one could produce and detect <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>, based on the work of <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>. At the time, this radiation was commonly called "Hertzian" waves, and is now generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a great deal of interest in radio waves in the physics community, but this interest was in the scientific phenomenon, not in its potential as a communication method. Physicists generally looked on radio waves as an invisible form of light that could only travel along a <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> path, limiting its range to the visual horizon like existing forms of visual signalling.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hertz's death in 1894 brought published reviews of his earlier discoveries including a demonstration on the transmission and detection of radio waves by the British physicist <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a> and an article about Hertz's work by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a>. Righi's article renewed Marconi's interest in developing a wireless telegraphy system based on radio waves,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a line of inquiry that Marconi noted other inventors did not seem to be pursuing.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC-CLIO_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Developing_radio_telegraphy">Developing radio telegraphy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Developing radio telegraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi%27s_first_radio_transmitter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Marconi%27s_first_radio_transmitter.jpg/220px-Marconi%27s_first_radio_transmitter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Marconi%27s_first_radio_transmitter.jpg/330px-Marconi%27s_first_radio_transmitter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Marconi%27s_first_radio_transmitter.jpg/440px-Marconi%27s_first_radio_transmitter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Marconi's first transmitter incorporating a <a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">monopole antenna</a>. It consisted of an elevated copper sheet <i>(top)</i> connected to a Righi spark gap <i>(left)</i> powered by an <a href="/wiki/Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">induction coil</a> <i>(centre)</i> with a <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a> <i>(right)</i> to switch it on and off to spell out text messages in <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the age of 20, Marconi began to conduct experiments in radio waves, building much of his own equipment in the attic of his home at the Villa Griffone in Pontecchio (now an administrative subdivision of <a href="/wiki/Sasso_Marconi" title="Sasso Marconi">Sasso Marconi</a>), Italy, with the help of his butler, Mignani. Marconi built on Hertz's original experiments and, at the suggestion of Righi, began using a <a href="/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a>, an early detector based on the 1890 findings of French physicist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Branly" title="Édouard Branly">Édouard Branly</a> and used in Lodge's experiments, that <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">changed resistance</a> when exposed to radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown141_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown141-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1894, he built a storm alarm made up of a battery, a coherer, and an electric bell, which went off when it picked up the radio waves generated by lightning. </p><p>Late one night, in December 1894, Marconi demonstrated a radio transmitter and receiver to his mother, a set-up that made a bell ring on the other side of the room by pushing a telegraphic button on a bench.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown141_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown141-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported by his father, Marconi continued to read through the literature and picked up on the ideas of physicists who were experimenting with radio waves. He developed devices, such as portable transmitters and receiver systems, that could work over long distances,<sup id="cite_ref-ABC-CLIO_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> turning what was essentially a laboratory experiment into a useful communication system.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marconi came up with a functional system with many components:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A relatively simple <a href="/wiki/Oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillator">oscillator</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter" title="Spark-gap transmitter">spark-producing</a> radio transmitter;</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> or metal sheet capacity area suspended at a height above the ground;</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a> receiver, which was a modification of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Branly" title="Édouard Branly">Édouard Branly</a>'s original device with refinements to increase sensitivity and reliability;</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a> to operate the transmitter to send short and long pulses, corresponding to the dots-and-dashes of <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>; and</li> <li>A telegraph register activated by the <a href="/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a> which recorded the received <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> dots and dashes onto a roll of paper tape.</li></ul> <p>In the summer of 1895, Marconi moved his experiments outdoors on his father's estate in Bologna. He tried different arrangements and shapes of antenna but even with improvements he was able to transmit signals only up to one half-mile, a distance Oliver Lodge had predicted in 1894 as the maximum transmission distance for radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transmission_breakthrough">Transmission breakthrough</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transmission breakthrough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A breakthrough came in the summer of 1895, when Marconi found that a much greater range could be achieved after he raised the height of his antenna and, borrowing from a technique used in wired telegraphy, <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">grounded</a> his transmitter and receiver. With these improvements, the system was capable of transmitting signals up to 2 miles (3.2 km) and over hills.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">monopole antenna</a> reduced the frequency of the waves compared to the <a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">dipole antennas</a> used by Hertz, and radiated <a href="/wiki/Vertical_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical polarization">vertically polarized</a> radio waves which could travel longer distances. By this point, he concluded that a device could become capable of spanning greater distances, with additional funding and research, and would prove valuable both commercially and militarily. Marconi's experimental apparatus proved to be the first engineering-complete, commercially successful <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmission">radio transmission</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-SaturdayThompson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaturdayThompson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marconi applied to the Italian Ministry of Post and Telegraphs, then under the direction of Maggiorino Ferraris,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explaining his wireless telegraph machine and asking for funding, but never received a response. An apocryphal tale claims that the minister (incorrectly named first as Emilio Sineo, later as Pietro Lacava<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) wrote "to the Longara" on the document, referring to the insane asylum on Via della Lungara in Rome, but the letter was never found.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896, Marconi spoke with his family friend Carlo Gardini, Honorary Consul at the United States Consulate in Bologna, about leaving Italy to go to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. Gardini wrote a letter of introduction to the Ambassador of Italy in London, Annibale Ferrero, explaining who Marconi was and about his extraordinary discoveries. In his response, Ambassador Ferrero advised them not to reveal Marconi's results until after a patent was obtained. He also encouraged Marconi to come to Britain, where he believed it would be easier to find the necessary funds to convert his experiments into practical use. Finding little interest or appreciation for his work in Italy, Marconi travelled to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in early 1896 at the age of 21, accompanied by his mother, to seek support for his work. (He spoke fluent English in addition to Italian.) Marconi arrived at <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, and the Customs officer opened his case to find various apparatuses. The customs officer immediately contacted <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">the Admiralty</a> in London. With worries in the UK about Italian anarchists and suspicion Marconi was importing a bomb, his equipment was destroyed. </p><p>While in the UK, Marconi gained the interest and support of <a href="/wiki/William_Preece" class="mw-redirect" title="William Preece">William Preece</a>, the Chief Electrical Engineer of the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a> (the GPO). Marconi applied for a patent on 2 June 1896. British Patent number 12039 titled "Improvements in Transmitting Electrical impulses and Signals, and in Apparatus therefor", which became the first patent for a communication system based on radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrations_and_achievements">Demonstrations and achievements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demonstrations and achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Special:EditPage/Guglielmo Marconi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_Office_Engineers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Post_Office_Engineers.jpg/290px-Post_Office_Engineers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Post_Office_Engineers.jpg/435px-Post_Office_Engineers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Post_Office_Engineers.jpg/580px-Post_Office_Engineers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="3065" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">British Post Office</a> engineers inspect Marconi's radio equipment during a demonstration on <a href="/wiki/Flat_Holm" title="Flat Holm">Flat Holm</a> Island, 13 May 1897. The transmitter is at the centre, the coherer receiver below it, and the pole supporting the wire antenna is visible at top.</figcaption></figure> <p>Marconi made the first demonstration of his system for the British government in July 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further series of demonstrations for the British followed, and, by March 1897, Marconi had transmitted Morse code signals over a distance of about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) across <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a>. On 13 May 1897, Marconi sent the first ever wireless communication over the open sea – a message was transmitted over the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Flat_Holm" title="Flat Holm">Flat Holm</a> Island to <a href="/wiki/Lavernock_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavernock Point">Lavernock Point</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, a distance of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). The message read "Are you ready".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transmitting equipment was almost immediately relocated to <a href="/wiki/Brean_Down_Fort" title="Brean Down Fort">Brean Down Fort</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> coast, stretching the range to 16 kilometres (9.9 mi). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi_in_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Marconi_in_London.jpg/180px-Marconi_in_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Marconi_in_London.jpg/270px-Marconi_in_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Marconi_in_London.jpg/360px-Marconi_in_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on the outside of the <a href="/wiki/BT_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="BT Centre">BT Centre</a> commemorates Marconi's first public transmission of wireless signals.</figcaption></figure> <p>Impressed by these and other demonstrations, Preece introduced Marconi's ongoing work to the general public at two important London lectures: "Telegraphy without Wires", at the <a href="/wiki/Toynbee_Hall" title="Toynbee Hall">Toynbee Hall</a> on 11 December 1896; and "Signalling through Space without Wires", given to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> on 4 June 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous additional demonstrations followed, and Marconi began to receive international attention. In July 1897, he carried out a series of tests at <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>, in his home country, for the Italian government. A test for <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's</a> between The Marine Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Ballycastle,_County_Antrim" title="Ballycastle, County Antrim">Ballycastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rathlin_Island" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin Island</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, was conducted on 6 July 1898 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephen_Kemp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Stephen Kemp (page does not exist)">George Kemp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Edwin_Glanville" title="Edward Edwin Glanville">Edward Edwin Glanville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mollan_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollan-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A transmission across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> was accomplished on 27 March 1899, from <a href="/wiki/Wimereux" title="Wimereux">Wimereux</a>, France to <a href="/wiki/South_Foreland_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="South Foreland Lighthouse">South Foreland Lighthouse</a>, England. Marconi set up an experimental base at the <a href="/wiki/Haven_Hotel" title="Haven Hotel">Haven Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandbanks" title="Sandbanks">Sandbanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poole_Harbour" title="Poole Harbour">Poole Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, where he erected a 100-foot high mast. He became friends with the van Raaltes, the owners of <a href="/wiki/Brownsea_Island" title="Brownsea Island">Brownsea Island</a> in Poole Harbour, and his steam yacht, the <i><a href="/wiki/Elettra_(ship_1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elettra (ship 1904)">Elettra</a></i>, was often moored on Brownsea or at The Haven Hotel. Marconi purchased the vessel after the Great War and converted it to a seaborne laboratory from where he conducted many of his experiments. Among the <i>Elettra</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew was <a href="/wiki/Adelmo_Landini" title="Adelmo Landini">Adelmo Landini</a>, his personal radio operator, who was also an inventor.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1898, the British lightship service authorised the establishment of wireless communication between the <a href="/wiki/South_Foreland" title="South Foreland">South Foreland</a> lighthouse at <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> and the East Goodwin <a href="/wiki/Lightvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightvessel">lightship</a>, twelve miles distant. On 17 March 1899, the East Goodwin lightship sent the first <a href="/wiki/CQD#History_of_wireless_distress_rescues" title="CQD">wireless distress signal</a>, a signal on behalf of the merchant vessel <i>Elbe</i> which had run aground on <a href="/wiki/Goodwin_Sands" title="Goodwin Sands">Goodwin Sands</a>. The message was received by the radio operator of the South Foreland lighthouse, who summoned the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a> lifeboat.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_Ponce_Entering_New_York_Harbor_1899,_by_Milton_J._Burns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SS_Ponce_Entering_New_York_Harbor_1899%2C_by_Milton_J._Burns.jpg/220px-SS_Ponce_Entering_New_York_Harbor_1899%2C_by_Milton_J._Burns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SS_Ponce_Entering_New_York_Harbor_1899%2C_by_Milton_J._Burns.jpg/330px-SS_Ponce_Entering_New_York_Harbor_1899%2C_by_Milton_J._Burns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SS_Ponce_Entering_New_York_Harbor_1899%2C_by_Milton_J._Burns.jpg/440px-SS_Ponce_Entering_New_York_Harbor_1899%2C_by_Milton_J._Burns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>SS <i>Ponce</i> entering New York Harbor 1899, by Milton J. Burns</figcaption></figure> <p>In the autumn of 1899, his first demonstration in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> took place. Marconi had sailed to the U.S. at the invitation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Herald">The New York Herald</a></i> newspaper to cover the <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> international yacht races off <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandy Hook, New Jersey">Sandy Hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. The transmission was done aboard the SS <i>Ponce</i>, a passenger ship of the <a href="/wiki/Porto_Rico_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Rico Line">Porto Rico Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marconi left for <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> on 8 November 1899 on the <a href="/wiki/American_Line" title="American Line">American Line</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SS_Saint_Paul_(1895)" title="SS Saint Paul (1895)">SS <i>Saint Paul</i></a>, and he and his assistants installed wireless equipment aboard during the voyage. Before this voyage the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> had begun, and Marconi's wireless was to bring news of the conflict to passengers at the request of "some of the officials of the American line."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 November the <i>SS Saint Paul</i> became the first ocean liner to report her imminent return to Great Britain by wireless when Marconi's Royal Needles Hotel radio station contacted her 66 nautical miles off the English coast. The first <i>Transatlantic Times</i>, a newspaper containing wireless transmission news from the Needles Station at the Isle of Wight, was published on board the SS <i>Saint Paul</i> before its arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transatlantic_transmissions">Transatlantic transmissions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transatlantic transmissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg/330px-Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg/495px-Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg/660px-Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Marconi watching associates raising the kite (a "Levitor" by <a href="/wiki/Baden_Baden-Powell" title="Baden Baden-Powell">Baden Baden-Powell</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) used to lift the antenna at <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's, Newfoundland</a>, December 1901</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detector_magnetico_Marconi_1902_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Detector_magnetico_Marconi_1902_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/220px-Detector_magnetico_Marconi_1902_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Detector_magnetico_Marconi_1902_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/330px-Detector_magnetico_Marconi_1902_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Detector_magnetico_Marconi_1902_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg/440px-Detector_magnetico_Marconi_1902_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Magnetic detector by Marconi used during the experimental campaign aboard a ship in summer 1902, exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Scienza_e_Tecnologia_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci">Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci</a> of Milan.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the turn of the 20th century, Marconi began investigating a means to signal across the Atlantic to compete with the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">transatlantic telegraph cables</a>. Marconi established a wireless transmitting station at Marconi House, <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Strand" title="Rosslare Strand">Rosslare Strand</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>, in 1901 to act as a link between <a href="/wiki/Poldhu" title="Poldhu">Poldhu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England, and <a href="/wiki/Clifden" title="Clifden">Clifden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a>, Ireland. He soon made the announcement that the message was received at <a href="/wiki/Signal_Hill_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Hill (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Signal Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>), on 12 December 1901, using a 500-foot (150 m) kite-supported antenna for reception – signals transmitted by the company's new high-power station at <a href="/wiki/Poldhu" title="Poldhu">Poldhu</a>, Cornwall. The distance between the two points was about 2,200 miles (3,500 km). It was heralded as a great scientific advance, yet there also was – and continues to be – considerable scepticism about this claim. The exact wavelength used is not known, but it is fairly reliably determined to have been in the neighbourhood of 350 metres (frequency ≈ 850 kHz). The tests took place at a time of day during which the entire transatlantic path was in daylight. It is now known (although Marconi did not know then) that this was the worst possible choice. At this medium wavelength, long-distance transmission in the daytime is not possible because of the heavy absorption of the skywave in the ionosphere. It was not a blind test; Marconi knew in advance to listen for a repetitive signal of three clicks, signifying the Morse code letter <i>S</i>. The clicks were reported to have been heard faintly and sporadically. There was no independent confirmation of the reported reception, and the transmissions were difficult to distinguish from atmospheric noise. A detailed technical review of Marconi's early transatlantic work appears in John S. Belrose's work of 1995. The Poldhu transmitter was a two-stage circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg/330px-Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg/440px-Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1849" /></a><figcaption>Marconi demonstrating apparatus he used in his first long-distance radio transmissions in the 1890s. The transmitter is at the right, the receiver with paper tape recorder at the left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo,_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg/170px-Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg/255px-Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg/340px-Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="3321" /></a><figcaption>Marconi caricatured by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ward" title="Leslie Ward">Leslie Ward</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> magazine, 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Feeling challenged by sceptics, Marconi prepared a better-organised and documented test. In February 1902, the SS <i>Philadelphia</i> sailed west from Great Britain with Marconi aboard, carefully recording signals sent daily from the Poldhu station. The test results produced <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_detector" title="Magnetic detector">coherer-tape</a> reception up to 1,550 miles (2,490 km), and audio reception up to 2,100 miles (3,400 km). The maximum distances were achieved at night, and these tests were the first to show that radio signals for <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a> transmissions travel much farther at night than during the day. During the daytime, signals had been received up to only about 700 miles (1,100 km), less than half of the distance claimed earlier at Newfoundland, where the transmissions had also taken place during the day. Because of this, Marconi had not fully confirmed the Newfoundland claims, although he did prove that radio signals could be sent for hundreds of kilometres (miles), despite some scientists' belief that they were limited essentially to line-of-sight distances. </p><p>On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in <a href="/wiki/Glace_Bay" title="Glace Bay">Glace Bay</a>, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1901, Marconi built a station near <a href="/wiki/Wellfleet,_Massachusetts" title="Wellfleet, Massachusetts">South Wellfleet, Massachusetts</a>, that sent a message of greetings on 18 January 1903 from United States President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> to King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> of the United Kingdom. However, consistent transatlantic signalling was difficult to establish.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marconi began to build high-powered stations on both sides of the Atlantic to communicate with ships at sea, in competition with other inventors. In 1904, he established a commercial service to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which could incorporate them into their on-board newspapers. A regular transatlantic radio-telegraph service was finally begun on 17 October 1907<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between <a href="/wiki/Clifden" title="Clifden">Clifden</a>, Ireland, and <a href="/wiki/Glace_Bay" title="Glace Bay">Glace Bay</a>, but even after this the company struggled for many years to provide reliable communication to others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Titanic"><i>Titanic</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Titanic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role played by Marconi Co. wireless in maritime rescues raised public awareness of the value of radio and brought fame to Marconi, particularly the sinking of <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> on 15 April 1912 and <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> on 7 May 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> radio operators <a href="/wiki/Jack_Phillips_(wireless_officer)" title="Jack Phillips (wireless officer)">Jack Phillips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bride" title="Harold Bride">Harold Bride</a> were not employed by the <a href="/wiki/White_Star_Line" title="White Star Line">White Star Line</a> but by the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_International_Marine_Communication_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi International Marine Communication Company">Marconi International Marine Communication Company</a>. After the sinking of the ocean liner, survivors were rescued by the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Carpathia" title="RMS Carpathia">RMS <i>Carpathia</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Carpathia</i> took a total of 17 minutes to both receive and decode the SOS signal sent by <i>Titanic</i>. There was a distance of 58 miles between the two ships.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i>Carpathia</i> docked in New York, Marconi went aboard with a reporter from <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> to talk with Bride, the surviving operator.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this incident, Marconi gained popularity and became more recognised for his contributions to the field of radio and wireless technology.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 June 1912, Marconi gave evidence to the Court of Inquiry into the loss of <i>Titanic</i> regarding the marine telegraphy's functions and the procedures for emergencies at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's <a href="/wiki/Postmaster-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmaster-General">Postmaster-General</a> summed up, referring to the <i>Titanic</i> disaster: "Those who have been saved, have been saved through one man, Mr. Marconi ... and his marvellous invention."<sup id="cite_ref-whf_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whf-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marconi was offered free passage on <i>Titanic</i> before she sank, but had taken <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania"><i>Lusitania</i></a> three days earlier. As his daughter Degna later explained, he had paperwork to do and preferred the public stenographer aboard that vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continuing_work">Continuing work</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Continuing work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_1913_x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_1913_x.jpg/220px-Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_1913_x.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_1913_x.jpg/330px-Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_1913_x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_1913_x.jpg/440px-Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_1913_x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2367" /></a><figcaption>Share of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America, issued 20 August 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the years, the Marconi companies gained a reputation for being technically conservative, in particular by continuing to use inefficient spark-transmitter technology, which could be used only for radio-telegraph operations, long after it was apparent that the future of radio communication lay with <a href="/wiki/Continuous-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous-wave">continuous-wave</a> transmissions which were more efficient and could be used for audio transmissions. Somewhat belatedly, the company did begin significant work with continuous-wave equipment beginning in 1915, after the introduction of the oscillating vacuum tube (valve). The <a href="/wiki/New_Street_Works" title="New Street Works">New Street Works</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a> was the location for the first entertainment radio <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1920, employing a vacuum tube transmitter and featuring <a href="/wiki/Dame_Nellie_Melba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Nellie Melba">Dame Nellie Melba</a>. In 1922, regular entertainment broadcasts commenced from the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Research_Centre" title="Marconi Research Centre">Marconi Research Centre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Great_Baddow" title="Great Baddow">Great Baddow</a>, forming the prelude to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, and he spoke of the close association of aviation and wireless telephony in that same year at a private gathering with <a href="/wiki/Florence_Tyzack_Parbury" title="Florence Tyzack Parbury">Florence Tyzack Parbury</a>, and even spoke of interplanetary wireless communication. In 1924, the Marconi Company co-established the <a href="/wiki/Unione_Radiofonica_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Unione Radiofonica Italiana">Unione Radiofonica Italiana</a> (now <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:115%"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Have I done the world good, or have I added a menace?<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div></div> <p>In 1914, Marconi was made a Senator in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate of the Kingdom of Italy</a> and appointed Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a> in the UK. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Italy joined the Allied side of the conflict, and Marconi was placed in charge of the Italian military's radio service. He attained the rank of lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Royal Army">Italian Royal Army</a> and of commander in the <i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i>. In 1929, he was made a <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Marconi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Villa_Marconi.jpg/220px-Villa_Marconi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Villa_Marconi.jpg/330px-Villa_Marconi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Villa_Marconi.jpg/440px-Villa_Marconi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Villa Marconi, with Marconi's tomb in foreground.</figcaption></figure> <p>While helping to develop microwave technology, the <i><a href="/wiki/Marchese" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchese">Marchese</a></i> Marconi suffered nine heart attacks in the span of three years preceding his death.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marconi died in Rome on 20 July 1937 at age 63, following the ninth, fatal, <a href="/wiki/Heart_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attacks">heart attack</a>, and Italy held a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> for him. As a tribute, shops on the street where he lived were "Closed for national mourning".<sup id="cite_ref-guard_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, at 6 pm the next day, the time designated for the funeral, transmitters around the world observed two minutes of silence in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Post Office also sent a message requesting that all broadcasting ships honour Marconi with two minutes of broadcasting silence.<sup id="cite_ref-guard_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His remains are housed in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Guglielmo_Marconi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Guglielmo Marconi">Mausoleum of Guglielmo Marconi</a> in the grounds of Villa Griffone at <a href="/wiki/Sasso_Marconi" title="Sasso Marconi">Sasso Marconi</a>, Emilia-Romagna, which assumed that name in his honour in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, Marconi's elegant sailing yacht, the <i><a href="/wiki/Elettra_(ship_1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elettra (ship 1904)">Elettra</a></i>, was commandeered and refitted as a warship by the German Navy. She was sunk by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> on 22 January 1944. After the war, the Italian Government tried to retrieve the wreckage, to rebuild the boat, and the wreckage was removed to Italy. Eventually, the idea was abandoned, and the wreckage was cut into pieces which were distributed amongst Italian museums. </p><p>In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> handed down a decision on Marconi's radio patents restoring some of the prior patents of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LQsxMxEUC_page_3_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LQsxMxEUC_page_3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was not about Marconi's original radio patents<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the court declared that their decision had no bearing on Marconi's claim as the first to achieve radio transmission, just that since Marconi's claim to certain patents was questionable, he could not claim infringement on those same patents.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are claims the high court was trying to nullify a World War I claim against the United States government by the Marconi Company via simply restoring the non-Marconi prior patent.<sup id="cite_ref-LQsxMxEUC_page_3_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LQsxMxEUC_page_3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg/220px-Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg/330px-Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg/440px-Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>American electrical engineer <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith" title="Alfred Norton Goldsmith">Alfred Norton Goldsmith</a> and Marconi on 26 June 1922.</figcaption></figure> <p>Marconi was a friend of Charles van Raalte and his wife Florence, the owners of <a href="/wiki/Brownsea_Island" title="Brownsea Island">Brownsea Island</a>; and of Margherita, their daughter, and in 1904 he met her <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> friend, <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Hon.</a> Beatrice O'Brien (1882–1976), a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Brien,_14th_Baron_Inchiquin" title="Edward O'Brien, 14th Baron Inchiquin">The 14th Baron Inchiquin</a>. On 16 March 1905, Beatrice O'Brien and Marconi were married, and spent their honeymoon on Brownsea Island.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had three daughters, Lucia (born and died 1906), Degna (1908–1998), and Gioia (1916–1996), and a son, Giulio, 2nd <i><a href="/wiki/Marchese" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchese">Marchese</a></i> Marconi (1910–1971). In 1913, the Marconi family returned to Italy and became part of Rome society. Beatrice served as a lady-in-waiting to <a href="/wiki/Elena_of_Montenegro" title="Elena of Montenegro">Queen Elena</a>. At Marconi's request, his marriage to Beatrice was annulled on 27 April 1927, so he could remarry.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marconi and Beatrice had divorced on 12 February 1924 in the free city of <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marconi_portrait.jpg/220px-Marconi_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marconi_portrait.jpg/330px-Marconi_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marconi_portrait.jpg/440px-Marconi_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>Guglielmo and Beatrice Marconi c. 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Marconi went on to marry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Cristina_Bezzi-Scali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Cristina Bezzi-Scali (page does not exist)">Maria Cristina Bezzi-Scali</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cristina_Bezzi-Scali" class="extiw" title="it:Maria Cristina Bezzi-Scali">it</a>]</sup> (2 April 1900 – 15 July 1994), the only daughter of Francesco, <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> Bezzi-Scali. To do this he had to be confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> faith and became a devout member of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was baptised Catholic but had been brought up as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican Church</a>. On 12 June 1927, Marconi married Maria Cristina in a civil service, with a religious ceremony performed on 15 June. Marconi was 53 years old and Maria Cristina was 26. They had one daughter, Maria Elettra Elena Anna (born 1930), who married <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> Carlo Giovannelli (1942–2016) in 1966; they later divorced. For unexplained reasons, Marconi left his entire fortune to his second wife and their only child, and nothing to the children of his first marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marconi wanted to personally introduce in 1931 the first radio broadcast of a Pope, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a>, and announced at the microphone: "With the help of God, who places so many mysterious forces of nature at man's disposal, I have been able to prepare this instrument which will give to the faithful of the entire world the joy of listening to the voice of the Holy Father".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascism">Fascism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marconi joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> appointed him President of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy" title="Royal Academy of Italy">Royal Academy of Italy</a>, which made Marconi a member of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Fascist Grand Council</a>. Marconi was an <a href="/wiki/Apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologist">apologist</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">fascist ideology</a> and actions such as the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">Second Italo-Abyssinian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his lecture he stated: "I reclaim the honour of being the first fascist in the field of radiotelegraphy, the first who acknowledged the utility of joining the electric rays in a bundle, as Mussolini was the first in the political field who acknowledged the necessity of merging all the healthy energies of the country into a bundle, for the greater greatness of Italy".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not one Jew was allowed to join the Royal Academy during Marconi's tenure as president from 1930, three years before <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> took power in Germany and eight years before <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s race laws brought his regime's <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> into the open.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honours">Legacy and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A large collection of Marconi artefacts was held by <a href="/wiki/The_General_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The General Electric Company">The General Electric Company</a>, plc (GEC) of the United Kingdom which later renamed itself Marconi plc and Marconi Corporation plc. In December 2004 the extensive Marconi Collection, held at the former Marconi Research Centre at <a href="/wiki/Great_Baddow" title="Great Baddow">Great Baddow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>, Essex UK was donated to the nation by the Company via the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consisted of the BAFTA award-winning MarconiCalling website, some 250+ physical artefacts and the massive ephemera collection of papers, books, patents and many other items. The artefacts are now held by <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Science,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the History of Science, Oxford">The Museum of the History of Science</a> and the ephemera Archives by the nearby <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following three years' work at the Bodleian, an Online Catalogue to the Marconi Archives was released in November 2008.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lire_2000_(Guglielmo_Marconi).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lire_2000_%28Guglielmo_Marconi%29.JPG/220px-Lire_2000_%28Guglielmo_Marconi%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lire_2000_%28Guglielmo_Marconi%29.JPG/330px-Lire_2000_%28Guglielmo_Marconi%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lire_2000_%28Guglielmo_Marconi%29.JPG/440px-Lire_2000_%28Guglielmo_Marconi%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a> banknote, 1990 issue</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orders_and_decorations">Orders and decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orders and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Italian</dt></dl> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_Labour" title="Order of Merit for Labour">Order of Merit for Labour</a> (26 October 1902)<sup id="cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senator_Marconi-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Savoy" title="Civil Order of Savoy">Civil Order of Savoy</a> (1 June 1905)<sup id="cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senator_Marconi-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a> (7 April 1913; Grand Officer: 30 October 1902; Officer: 6 January 1898)<sup id="cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senator_Marconi-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a> (14 January 1932; Grand Officer: 30 May 1912; Commander: 12 January 1902)<sup id="cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senator_Marconi-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marquis of Marconi (17 July 1929)<sup id="cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senator_Marconi-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Anna" title="Order of Saint Anna">Order of Saint Anna</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia Empire</a> (1902)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (GCVO, 1914)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Alfonso_XII" title="Civil Order of Alfonso XII">Civil Order of Alfonso XII</a> of Spain<sup id="cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senator_Marconi-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> of Japan (1933)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_plaque_in_honor_of_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_the_Basilica_Santa_Croce,_Florence._Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Memorial_plaque_in_honor_of_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_the_Basilica_Santa_Croce%2C_Florence._Italy.jpg/220px-Memorial_plaque_in_honor_of_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_the_Basilica_Santa_Croce%2C_Florence._Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Memorial_plaque_in_honor_of_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_the_Basilica_Santa_Croce%2C_Florence._Italy.jpg/330px-Memorial_plaque_in_honor_of_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_the_Basilica_Santa_Croce%2C_Florence._Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Memorial_plaque_in_honor_of_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_the_Basilica_Santa_Croce%2C_Florence._Italy.jpg/440px-Memorial_plaque_in_honor_of_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_the_Basilica_Santa_Croce%2C_Florence._Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4219" data-file-height="3921" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque in the Basilica <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Santa Croce, Florence">Santa Croce, Florence</a>. Italy</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 1901, he was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1903, Marconi also received the freedom of the City of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1909, Marconi shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a> for their "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" (radio communications).<sup id="cite_ref-NPbio_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPbio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1914, Marconi was named senator by the king of Italy <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittorio Emanuele III">Vittorio Emanuele III</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1918, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1920, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/IRE_Medal_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="IRE Medal of Honor">IRE Medal of Honor</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1931, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">City Council of Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1934, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal" title="Wilhelm Exner Medal">Wilhelm Exner Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1974, Italy marked the birth centennial of Marconi with a circulating commemorative <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Lire </a>100 coin.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1975, Marconi was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1978, Marconi was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/NAB_Broadcasting_Hall_of_Fame" title="NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame">NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1988, the Radio Hall of Fame (<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Broadcast_Communications" title="Museum of Broadcast Communications">Museum of Broadcast Communications</a>, Chicago) inducted Marconi as a Pioneer (soon after the inception of its awards).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banca d'Italia">Bank of Italy</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Lire </a>2,000 banknote featuring his portrait on the front and on the back his accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2001, Great Britain released a commemorative <a href="/wiki/British_two_pound_coin#Special_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="British two pound coin">£2 coin</a> celebrating the 100th anniversary of Marconi's first wireless communication.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marconi's early experiments in wireless telegraphy were the subject of two <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">IEEE Milestones</a>; one in Switzerland in 2003<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most recently in Italy in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009, Italy issued a commemorative silver 10 Euro coin honouring the centennial of Marconi's Nobel Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Dutch radio academy bestows the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marconi_Award_(Netherlands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marconi Award (Netherlands) (page does not exist)">Marconi Awards</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Award" class="extiw" title="nl:Marconi Award">nl</a>]</span> annually for outstanding radio programmes, presenters and stations.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The National Association of Broadcasters (US) bestows the annual <a href="/wiki/NAB_Marconi_Radio_Awards" title="NAB Marconi Radio Awards">NAB Marconi Radio Awards</a> also for outstanding radio programmes and stations.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tributes">Tributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG/330px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG/440px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2422" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi_(Piccirilli)" title="Guglielmo Marconi (Piccirilli)">Guglielmo Marconi Memorial</a></i> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi_Statue_Sculpture_by_Giancarlo_Saleppichi,_1975-erected_at_Marconi_Plaza_Philadelphia_PA_Photo_date_01-06-2020.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Guglielmo_Marconi_Statue_Sculpture_by_Giancarlo_Saleppichi%2C_1975-erected_at_Marconi_Plaza_Philadelphia_PA_Photo_date_01-06-2020.jpeg/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Statue_Sculpture_by_Giancarlo_Saleppichi%2C_1975-erected_at_Marconi_Plaza_Philadelphia_PA_Photo_date_01-06-2020.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Guglielmo_Marconi_Statue_Sculpture_by_Giancarlo_Saleppichi%2C_1975-erected_at_Marconi_Plaza_Philadelphia_PA_Photo_date_01-06-2020.jpeg/330px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Statue_Sculpture_by_Giancarlo_Saleppichi%2C_1975-erected_at_Marconi_Plaza_Philadelphia_PA_Photo_date_01-06-2020.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Guglielmo_Marconi_Statue_Sculpture_by_Giancarlo_Saleppichi%2C_1975-erected_at_Marconi_Plaza_Philadelphia_PA_Photo_date_01-06-2020.jpeg/440px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Statue_Sculpture_by_Giancarlo_Saleppichi%2C_1975-erected_at_Marconi_Plaza_Philadelphia_PA_Photo_date_01-06-2020.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="4311" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of Guglielmo Marconi, sculpted by Saleppichi Giancarlo erected 1975 <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_Lire_Italiane_-_Centenario_di_Guglielmo_Marconi_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/100_Lire_Italiane_-_Centenario_di_Guglielmo_Marconi_02.png/220px-100_Lire_Italiane_-_Centenario_di_Guglielmo_Marconi_02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/100_Lire_Italiane_-_Centenario_di_Guglielmo_Marconi_02.png/330px-100_Lire_Italiane_-_Centenario_di_Guglielmo_Marconi_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/100_Lire_Italiane_-_Centenario_di_Guglielmo_Marconi_02.png/440px-100_Lire_Italiane_-_Centenario_di_Guglielmo_Marconi_02.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Italian <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Italian_lira" title="Coins of the Italian lira">100 lire</a> coin from 1974 commemorating the centenary of Marconi's birth</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A funerary monument to the effigy of Marconi can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Croce,_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence">Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence</a>, but his remains are in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Guglielmo_Marconi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Guglielmo Marconi">Mausoleum of Guglielmo Marconi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sasso_Marconi" title="Sasso Marconi">Sasso Marconi</a>, Italy. His former villa, adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Museum_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi Museum (Italy)">Marconi Museum (Italy)</a> with much of his equipment.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi_(Piccirilli)" title="Guglielmo Marconi (Piccirilli)"><i>Guglielmo Marconi</i> sculpture</a> by <a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccirilli" title="Attilio Piccirilli">Attilio Piccirilli</a> stands in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A granite obelisk stands on the cliff top near the site of Marconi's <a href="/wiki/Poldhu#Marconi's_Poldhu_Wireless_Station" title="Poldhu">Marconi's Poldhu Wireless Station</a> in Cornwall, commemorating the first transatlantic transmission.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Plaza" title="Marconi Plaza">Marconi Plaza</a> Park, an urban park square named after the inventor in 1937, is located <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania at Oregon Ave and South Broad Street. It includes a later 1975 bronze statue of Marconi erected on the east side.</li></ul> <p>Places and organisations named after Marconi include: </p> <dl><dt>Outer space</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>The asteroid <a href="/wiki/1332_Marconia" title="1332 Marconia">1332 Marconia</a> is named in his honour. A large <a href="/wiki/Marconi_(crater)" title="Marconi (crater)">crater</a> on the far side of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is also named after him. </p> <dl><dt>Italy</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Guglielmo_Marconi_Airport" title="Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport">Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport</a> (IATA: BLQ – ICAO: LIPE), of Bologna, is named after Marconi, its native son.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi_University" title="Guglielmo Marconi University">Guglielmo Marconi University</a>, a private, non-profit university in Rome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Ponte Guglielmo Marconi">Ponte Guglielmo Marconi</a>, bridge that connects Piazza Augusto Righi with Piazza Tommaso Edison, in Rome.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Australia</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Australian football (soccer) and social club <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Stallions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi Stallions">Marconi Stallions</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Canada</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>The Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada (now <a href="/wiki/CMC_Electronics" title="CMC Electronics">CMC Electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Electronics" title="Ultra Electronics">Ultra Electronics</a>), of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada, was created in 1903 by Guglielmo Marconi.<sup id="cite_ref-CMCabout_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMCabout-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925 the company was renamed to the 'Canadian Marconi Company', which was acquired by <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-CMCabout_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMCabout-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company name changed again to <a href="/wiki/CMC_Electronics" title="CMC Electronics">CMC Electronics</a> Inc. (French: CMC Électronique) in 2001. In 2002, the company's historical radio business was sold to Ultra Electronics to become Ultra Electronics TCS Inc., now doing business as Ultra Communications. Both CMC Electronics and Ultra Communications are still located in Montreal.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marconi_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi National Historic Sites of Canada">Marconi National Historic Sites of Canada</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> as a tribute to Marconi's vision in the development of radio telecommunications. The first official wireless message was sent from this location by the Atlantic Ocean to England in 1902. The museum site is located in <a href="/wiki/Glace_Bay,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glace Bay, Nova Scotia">Glace Bay, Nova Scotia</a>, at Table Head on Timmerman Street.</li></ul> <dl><dt>United States</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Conference_Center_State_Historic_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi Conference Center State Historic Park">Marconi Conference Center and State Historic Park</a>, site of the transoceanic Marshall Receiving Station, Marshall.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi-RCA_Bolinas_Transmitting_Station" title="Marconi-RCA Bolinas Transmitting Station">Marconi-RCA Bolinas Transmitting Station</a> in Bolinas, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_KPH,_Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_Company_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Station KPH, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America">Station KPH, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America</a> in Inverness, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Wireless_Telegraphy_Station_(Kahuku,_Hawaii)" title="Marconi Wireless Telegraphy Station (Kahuku, Hawaii)">Marconi Wireless Telegraphy Station</a> on <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Oahu)" title="North Shore (Oahu)">North Shore</a>, briefly the world's most powerful telegraph station.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Beach" title="Marconi Beach">Marconi Beach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wellfleet,_Massachusetts" title="Wellfleet, Massachusetts">Wellfleet, Massachusetts</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod_National_Seashore" title="Cape Cod National Seashore">Cape Cod National Seashore</a>, located near the site of his first transatlantic wireless signal from the United States to Britain. There are still remnants of the wireless tower at this beach and at Forest Road Beach in <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Massachusetts" title="Chatham, Massachusetts">Chatham, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Marconi_Station" title="New Brunswick Marconi Station">New Brunswick Marconi Station</a>, now the <i>Guglielmo Marconi Memorial Plaza</i> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset,_NJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset, NJ">Somerset, NJ</a>. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points speech was transmitted from the site in 1918.</li> <li>Belmar Marconi Station, now the <a href="/wiki/Camp_Evans_Historic_District" title="Camp Evans Historic District">InfoAge Science History Center</a> in Wall Township, NJ.</li></ul> <p>The Marconi Wireless Company of America, the world's first radio company, was incorporated in Roselle Park New Jersey, on West Westfield Avenue, on 22 November 1899. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Scuola_d%27Italia_Guglielmo_Marconi" title="La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi">La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi</a> on New York City's <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Plaza,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi Plaza, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Marconi Plaza, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>. Roman terrace-styled plaza originally designed by the architects <a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Brothers" title="Olmsted Brothers">Olmsted Brothers</a> in 1914–1916, built as the grand entrance for the 1926 <a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial Exposition</a> and renamed to honour Marconi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t0dv1dp4c;view=1up;seq=322">British patent No. 12,039 (1897)</a> "<i>Improvements in Transmitting Electrical impulses and Signals, and in Apparatus therefor</i>". Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to patent).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/marconi/exhibition/7777.htm">British patent No. 7,777 (1900)</a> "<i>Improvements in Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy</i>". Date of Application 26 April 1900; Complete Specification Left, 25 February 1901; Accepted, 13 April 1901.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/marconi/marconi.html#marconi.B.2.1.a">British patent No. 10245 (1902)</a></li> <li>British patent No. 5113 (1904) "<i>Improvements in Transmitters suitable for Wireless Telegraphy</i>". Date of Application 1 March 1904; Complete Specification Left, 30 November 1904; Accepted, 19 January August 1905.</li> <li>British patent No. 21640 (1904) "<i>Improvements in Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy</i>". Date of Application 8 October 1904; Complete Specification Left, 6 July 1905; Accepted, 10 August 1905.</li> <li>British patent No. 14788 (1904) "<i>Improvements in or relating to Wireless Telegraphy</i>". Date of Application 18 July 1905; Complete Specification Left, 23 January 1906; Accepted, 10 May 1906.</li></ul> <dl><dt>United States</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US586193">U.S. patent 586,193</a></span> "<i>Transmitting electrical signals</i>", (using <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ruhmkorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Ruhmkorff">Ruhmkorff</a> coil and <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> key) filed December 1896, patented July 1897</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US624516">U.S. patent 624,516</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US627650">U.S. patent 627,650</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US647007">U.S. patent 647,007</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US647008">U.S. patent 647,008</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US647009">U.S. patent 647,009</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US650109">U.S. patent 650,109</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US650110">U.S. patent 650,110</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US668315">U.S. patent 668,315</a></span> "<i>Receiver for electrical oscillations</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US676332">U.S. patent 676,332</a></span> "<i>Apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>" (later practical version of system)</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US757559">U.S. patent 757,559</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy system</i>". Filed 19 November 1901; Issued 19 April 1904.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US760463">U.S. patent 760,463</a></span> "<i>Wireless signaling system</i>". Filed 10 September 1903; Issued 24 May 1904.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US763772">U.S. patent 763,772</a></span> "<i>Apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>" (Four tuned system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S. Stone)</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US786132">U.S. patent 786,132</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 13 October 1903</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US792528">U.S. patent 792,528</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 13 October 1903; Issued 13 June 1905.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US884986">U.S. patent 884,986</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 28 November 1902; Issued 14 April 1908.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US884987">U.S. patent 884,987</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US884988">U.S. patent 884,988</a></span> "<i>Detecting electrical oscillations</i>". Filed 2 February 1903; Issued 14 April 1908.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US884989">U.S. patent 884,989</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 2 February 1903; Issued 14 April 1908.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US924560">U.S. patent 924,560</a></span> "<i>Wireless signaling system</i>". Filed 9 August 1906; Issued 8 June 1909.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US935381">U.S. patent 935,381</a></span> "<i>Transmitting apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 10 April 1908; Issued 28 September 1909.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US935382">U.S. patent 935,382</a></span> "<i>Apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US935383">U.S. patent 935,383</a></span> "<i>Apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 10 April 1908; Issued 28 September 1909.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US954640">U.S. patent 954,640</a></span> "<i>Apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 31 March 1909; Issued 12 April 1910.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US997308">U.S. patent 997,308</a></span> "<i>Transmitting apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 15 July 1910; Issued 11 July 1911.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1102990">U.S. patent 1,102,990</a></span> "<i>Means for generating alternating electric currents</i>". Filed 27 January 1914; Issued 7 July 1914.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1226099">U.S. patent 1,226,099</a></span> "<i>Transmitting apparatus for use in wireless telegraphy and telephony</i>". Filed 31 December 1913; Issued 15 May 1917.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1271190">U.S. patent 1,271,190</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraph transmitter</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1377722">U.S. patent 1,377,722</a></span> "<i>Electric accumulator</i>". Filed 9 March 1918</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1148521">U.S. patent 1,148,521</a></span> "<i>Transmitter for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 20 July 1908; Issued 3 August 1915.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1981058">U.S. patent 1,981,058</a></span> "<i>Thermionic valve</i>". Filed 14 October 1926; Issued 20 November 1934.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/USRE11913">U.S. patent RE11913</a></span> "<i>Transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus, there-for</i>". Filed 1 April 1901; Issued 4 June 1901.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> – Physicist, biologist and botanist (1857–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_the_postage_stamps_of_Ireland" title="List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland">List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Guglielmo-Marconi">"Guglielmo Marconi | Italian physicist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Guglielmo+Marconi+%26%23124%3B+Italian+physicist&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGuglielmo-Marconi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/guglielmo-marconi-birth/">"This week in tech"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 28 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/guglielmo-marconi-birth/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=This+week+in+tech&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fconnecting-britain%2Fguglielmo-marconi-birth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/guglielmo-marconi">"Guglielmo Marconi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History</a></i>. 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Guglielmo+Marconi&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Finventions%2Fguglielmo-marconi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Weightman" title="Gavin Weightman">Gavin Weightman</a>, <i>The Industrial Revolutionaries: The Making of the Modern World 1776–1914</i>, Grove/Atlantic, Inc. 2010. p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondyopadhyay1995" class="citation book cs1">Bondyopadhyay, Prebir K. 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D. White Co. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Ideas+in+Communications&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=D.+White+Co.&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602093434/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/xmarconi.html">"Guglielmo Marconi, padre della radio"</a>. <i>Radiomarconi.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/xmarconi.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiomarconi.com&rft.atitle=Guglielmo+Marconi%2C+padre+della+radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomarconi.com%2Fmarconi%2Fxmarconi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hong">Hong</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marconi delineated his 1895 apparatus in his Nobel Award speech. See: Marconi, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-lecture.html">Wireless Telegraphic Communication: Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1909.</a>" Nobel Lectures. Physics 1901–1921. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1967: 196–222. p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hong">Hong</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hong">Hong</a>, pp. 20–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarconi1909" class="citation speech cs1">Marconi, Guglielmo (11 December 1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-lecture.html"><i>Wireless Telegraphic Communication</i></a> (Speech). Nobel Lecture. 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Titanic</i> 1912</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whf-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whf_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/blog/titanics-wireless-connection">"Titanic's Wireless Connection"</a>. Wireless History Foundation. April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Seven+Famous+People+Who+Missed+the+Titanic&rft.date=2012-03&rft.au=Daugherty%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fseven-famous-people-who-missed-the-titanic-101902418%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storiadellaradio.rai.it/dl/portali/site/articolo/ContentItem-d3384361-91fc-4b38-b8ab-9ec4031ec7aa.html">"Storia della Radio dal 1924 al 1933"</a>. <i>Storia della radio</i> (in Italian). Rai<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Storia+della+radio&rft.atitle=Storia+della+Radio+dal+1924+al+1933&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storiadellaradio.rai.it%2Fdl%2Fportali%2Fsite%2Farticolo%2FContentItem-d3384361-91fc-4b38-b8ab-9ec4031ec7aa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2013" class="citation book cs1">Baker, W. J. (16 October 2013). <i>A History of the Marconi Company 1874–1965</i>. Routledge. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134526147" title="Special:BookSources/9781134526147"><bdi>9781134526147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Marconi+Company+1874%E2%80%931965&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft.isbn=9781134526147&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobel_Foundation1967" class="citation book cs1">Nobel Foundation (1967). <i>Nobel Lectures Physics 1901–1921</i>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-3401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-3401-0"><bdi>978-981-02-3401-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobel+Lectures+Physics+1901%E2%80%931921&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-981-02-3401-0&rft.au=Nobel+Foundation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirstenberg2017" class="citation book cs1">Firstenberg, Arthur (2017). <i>The Invisible Rainbow</i>. AGB Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-68301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-68301-9"><bdi>978-0-692-68301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invisible+Rainbow&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=AGB+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-692-68301-9&rft.aulast=Firstenberg&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guard-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guard_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/1937/jul/21/mainsection.fromthearchive">"Radio falls silent for death of Marconi"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 21 July 1937<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Radio+falls+silent+for+death+of+Marconi&rft.date=1937-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F1937%2Fjul%2F21%2Fmainsection.fromthearchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23130862-900-marconi-forged-todays-interconnected-world-of-communication/">"Marconi forged today's interconnected world of communication"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Marconi+forged+today%27s+interconnected+world+of+communication&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg23130862-900-marconi-forged-todays-interconnected-world-of-communication%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906064514/http://markpadfield.com/marconicalling/museum/html/places/places-i=13.html">"Villa Griffone, Near Bologna, Italy"</a>. <i>markpadfield.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://markpadfield.com/marconicalling/museum/html/places/places-i=13.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=markpadfield.com&rft.atitle=Villa+Griffone%2C+Near+Bologna%2C+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarkpadfield.com%2Fmarconicalling%2Fmuseum%2Fhtml%2Fplaces%2Fplaces-i%3D13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LQsxMxEUC_page_3-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LQsxMxEUC_page_3_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LQsxMxEUC_page_3_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedouté,_Jean-MichelSteyaert,_Michiel2009" class="citation book cs1">Redouté, Jean-Michel; Steyaert, Michiel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c92LQsxMxEUC&pg=PA3"><i>EMC of Analog Integrated Circuits</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3230-0"><bdi>978-90-481-3230-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EMC+of+Analog+Integrated+Circuits&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3230-0&rft.au=Redout%C3%A9%2C+Jean-Michel&rft.au=Steyaert%2C+Michiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc92LQsxMxEUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadow,_Charles_T.2002" class="citation book cs1">Meadow, Charles T. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingconnection00mead"><i>Making Connections: Communication through the Ages</i></a></span>. Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingconnection00mead/page/193">193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-0691-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-0691-5"><bdi>978-1-4617-0691-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Connections%3A+Communication+through+the+Ages&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-0691-5&rft.au=Meadow%2C+Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingconnection00mead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_Thomas_H.2012" class="citation web cs1">White, Thomas H. (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earlyradiohistory.us/tesla.htm">"Nikola Tesla: The Guy Who DIDN'T "Invent Radio"</a>. Earlyradiohistory.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikola+Tesla%3A+The+Guy+Who+DIDN%27T+%22Invent+Radio&rft.pub=Earlyradiohistory.us&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.au=White%2C+Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearlyradiohistory.us%2Ftesla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobot,_Robert2012" class="citation book cs1">Sobot, Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SdGaiV6iup0C&pg=PA4"><i>Wireless Communication Electronics: Introduction to RF Circuits and Design Techniques</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1116-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1116-1"><bdi>978-1-4614-1116-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Communication+Electronics%3A+Introduction+to+RF+Circuits+and+Design+Techniques&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-1116-1&rft.au=Sobot%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdGaiV6iup0C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadfield" class="citation web cs1">Padfield, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624035733/http://markpadfield.com/marconicalling/museum/html/people/people-i=6.html">"Beatrice O'Brien"</a>. Marconi Calling. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://markpadfield.com/marconicalling/museum/html/people/people-i=6.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beatrice+O%27Brien&rft.pub=Marconi+Calling&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarkpadfield.com%2Fmarconicalling%2Fmuseum%2Fhtml%2Fpeople%2Fpeople-i%3D6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarconi2023" class="citation book cs1">Marconi, Degna (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMmStBPCncIC&pg=PA218"><i>My Father, Marconi</i></a>. Guernica Editions. pp. 218–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1550711516" title="Special:BookSources/978-1550711516"><bdi>978-1550711516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Father%2C+Marconi&rft.pages=218-227&rft.pub=Guernica+Editions&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1550711516&rft.aulast=Marconi&rft.aufirst=Degna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNMmStBPCncIC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarconi2023" class="citation book cs1">Marconi, Maria Cristina (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfSABTyeiV4C&dq=marconi+catholic&pg=PA19"><i>Marconi My Beloved</i></a>. Branden Books. pp. 19–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780937832394" title="Special:BookSources/9780937832394"><bdi>9780937832394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marconi+My+Beloved&rft.pages=19-24&rft.pub=Branden+Books&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.isbn=9780937832394&rft.aulast=Marconi&rft.aufirst=Maria+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfSABTyeiV4C%26dq%3Dmarconi%2Bcatholic%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarconi2023" class="citation book cs1">Marconi, Degna (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMmStBPCncIC&pg=PA232"><i>My Father, Marconi</i></a>. Guernica Editions. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1550711516" title="Special:BookSources/978-1550711516"><bdi>978-1550711516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Father%2C+Marconi&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Guernica+Editions&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1550711516&rft.aulast=Marconi&rft.aufirst=Degna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNMmStBPCncIC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicism.org/80-years-of-vatican-radio-pope-pius-xi-and-marconi-and-father-jozef-murgas.html">"80 Years of Vatican Radio, Pope Pius XI and Marconi. .. and Father Jozef Murgas?"</a>. Saint Benedict Center. 18 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=80+Years+of+Vatican+Radio%2C+Pope+Pius+XI+and+Marconi.+..+and+Father+Jozef+Murgas%3F&rft.pub=Saint+Benedict+Center&rft.date=2011-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicism.org%2F80-years-of-vatican-radio-pope-pius-xi-and-marconi-and-father-jozef-murgas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Physicsworld.com, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/12/7">Guglielmo Marconi: radio star</a></i>", 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714032100/http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/12/7">Archived</a> 14 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1935/08/29/archives/marconi-to-join-italian-forces-in-ethiopia-likely-to-direct.html">"Marconi to Join Italian Forces in Ethiopia; Likely to Direct Communications Service"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. 29 August 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Marconi+to+Join+Italian+Forces+in+Ethiopia%3B+Likely+to+Direct+Communications+Service&rft.date=1935-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1935%2F08%2F29%2Farchives%2Fmarconi-to-join-italian-forces-in-ethiopia-likely-to-direct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franco Monteleone, La radio italiana nel periodo fascista: studio e documenti, 1922–1945, Marsilio Editore, 1976, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Carroll2002" class="citation web cs1">Roy Carroll (19 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/19/physicalsciences.humanities">"Marconi blocked Jews from Il Duce's academy"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Marconi+blocked+Jews+from+Il+Duce%27s+academy&rft.date=2002-03-19&rft.au=Roy+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fmar%2F19%2Fphysicalsciences.humanities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/berkshire/4072929.stm">UK|England|Berkshire|Marconi archives move to Oxford</a>. BBC News (6 December 2004). Retrieved on 10 June 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404155532/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2008_nov_07">Catalogue of the Marconi Archive now available online</a>. bodleian.ox.ac.uk (7 November 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Senator_Marconi-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senator_Marconi_85-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patrimonio.archivio.senato.it/repertorio-senatori-regno/senatore/IT-SEN-SEN0001-001368/marconi-guglielmo">"Senato della republica: MARCONI Guglielmo"</a>. <i>Senato della republica</i>. Government of Italy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senato+della+republica&rft.atitle=Senato+della+republica%3A+MARCONI+Guglielmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatrimonio.archivio.senato.it%2Frepertorio-senatori-regno%2Fsenatore%2FIT-SEN-SEN0001-001368%2Fmarconi-guglielmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Signor Marconi". <i>The Times</i>. No. 36878. 20 September 1902. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Signor+Marconi&rft.issue=36878&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1902-09-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarconi2011" class="citation book cs1">Marconi, Maria Cristina (2011). <i>Marconi My Beloved</i>. Dante University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9378-3236-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9378-3236-3"><bdi>978-0-9378-3236-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marconi+My+Beloved&rft.pub=Dante+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9378-3236-3&rft.aulast=Marconi&rft.aufirst=Maria+Cristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaboy2016" class="citation book cs1">Raboy, Marc (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqVHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA265"><i>Marconi: The Man Who Networked the World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931358-7"><bdi>978-0-19-931358-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marconi%3A+The+Man+Who+Networked+the+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931358-7&rft.aulast=Raboy&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqVHDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1901&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1901%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/laureates/guglielmo-marconi">"Guglielmo Marconi"</a>. <i>The Franklin Institute</i>. 15 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Franklin+Institute&rft.atitle=Guglielmo+Marconi&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Flaureates%2Fguglielmo-marconi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122021403/https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/complete-past-and-present-recipient-list.pdf">"The List of IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/complete-past-and-present-recipient-list.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers+%28IEEE%29&rft.atitle=The+List+of+IEEE+Medal+of+Honor+Recipients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fieee-org%2Fieee%2Fweb%2Forg%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Frecipients%2Fcomplete-past-and-present-recipient-list.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615165455/https://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/johnscottaward/johnscottaward%28full%29.html">"John Scott Award Recipients"</a>. <i>garfield.library.upenn.edu</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=garfield.library.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=John+Scott+Award+Recipients&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garfield.library.upenn.edu%2Fjohnscottaward%2Fjohnscottaward%28full%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilhelmexner.org/medalists/guglielmo-marconi/">"Guglielmo Marconi"</a>. <i>Wilhelm Exner Medaillen Stiftung</i> (in Austrian German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CoinWorld&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+History%3A+April+25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coinworld.com%2Fnews%2Fprecious-metals%2Fthis-day-in-history-april-25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invent.org/inductees/search?combine=Marconi">"Search for Famous Inventors | National Inventors Hall of Fame"</a>. <i>invent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=invent.org&rft.atitle=Search+for+Famous+Inventors+%7C+National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Finductees%2Fsearch%3Fcombine%3DMarconi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadcasters" class="citation web cs1">Broadcasters, National Association of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nab.org/events/awards/pastAwardWinners.asp">"NAB Awards | Past Award Recipients"</a>. <i>National Association of Broadcasters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioFreak.nl&rft.atitle=Nominaties+Marconi+Awards+bekend&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft.au=Freek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiofreak.nl%2Fnominaties-marconi-awards-bekend-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadcasters" class="citation web cs1">Broadcasters, National Association of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nab.org/events/awards/overview.asp">"NAB Awards | Overview"</a>. <i>National Association of Broadcasters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Association+of+Broadcasters&rft.atitle=NAB+Awards+%7C+Overview&rft.aulast=Broadcasters&rft.aufirst=National+Association+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nab.org%2Fevents%2Fawards%2Foverview.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!323772~!0#focus">"Guglielmo Marconi, (sculpture)"</a>. <i>siris-artinventories.si.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=siris-artinventories.si.edu&rft.atitle=Guglielmo+Marconi%2C+%28sculpture%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiris-artinventories.si.edu%2Fipac20%2Fipac.jsp%3F%26profile%3Dall%26source%3D~%21siartinventories%26uri%3Dfull%3D3100001~%21323772~%210%23focus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMCabout-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMCabout_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMCabout_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060924145744/http://www.cmcelectronics.ca/En/About/cmc_profile_en.html">"CMC Electronics' Profile"</a>. CMC Electronics Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmcelectronics.ca/En/About/cmc_profile_en.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CMC+Electronics%27+Profile&rft.pub=CMC+Electronics+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmcelectronics.ca%2FEn%2FAbout%2Fcmc_profile_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1914-09-24/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1914&index=0&rows=20&words=Marconi+MARCONI&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=Hawaii&date2=1914&proxtext=marconi&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1">Honolulu Star-bulletin</a>. 24 September 1914. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/chatham-marconi-maritime-center">"Chatham Marconi Maritime Center"</a>. <i>arrl.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arrl.org&rft.atitle=Chatham+Marconi+Maritime+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Fchatham-marconi-maritime-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hong" class="citation book cs1">Hong, Sungook (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/images/f/f4/Hong_Sungook_Wireless_From_Marconis_Black-Box_to_the_Audion.pdf"><i>Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-08298-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-08298-5"><bdi>0-262-08298-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090610/http://monoskop.org/images/f/f4/Hong_Sungook_Wireless_From_Marconis_Black-Box_to_the_Audion.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless%3A+From+Marconi%27s+Black-Box+to+the+Audion&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-262-08298-5&rft.au=Hong%2C+Sungook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonoskop.org%2Fimages%2Ff%2Ff4%2FHong_Sungook_Wireless_From_Marconis_Black-Box_to_the_Audion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bussey, Gordon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0953896706"><i>Marconi's Atlantic Leap</i></a>, Marconi Communications, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9538967-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9538967-0-6">0-9538967-0-6</a></li> <li>Isted, G.A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513103349/https://googledrive.com/host/0B-UggpdTDpJEWnpUdGc5Tkw2aU0/p45.pdf"><i>Guglielmo Marconi and the History of Radio – Part I</i></a>, General Electric Company, p.l.c., <i>GEC Review</i>, Volume 7, No. 1, p. 45, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0267-9337">0267-9337</a></li> <li>Isted, G.A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104408/https://googledrive.com/host/0B-UggpdTDpJEM3o0UnBqUlpIN1E/p110.pdf"><i>Guglielmo Marconi and the History of Radio – Part II</i></a>, General Electric Company, p.l.c., <i>GEC Review</i>, Volume 7, No. 2, p110, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0267-9337">0267-9337</a></li> <li>Marconi, Degna, <i>My Father, Marconi</i>, James Lorimer & Co, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919511-14-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-919511-14-7">0-919511-14-7</a> (Italian version): <i>Marconi, mio padre</i>, Di Renzo Editore, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8323-206-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-8323-206-2">88-8323-206-2</a></li> <li>Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, <i>Year book of wireless telegraphy and telephony</i>, London: Published for the Marconi Press Agency Ltd., by the St. Catherine Press / Wireless Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/14017875">14-17875</a></li> <li>Simons, R.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513101009/https://googledrive.com/host/0B-UggpdTDpJEQTYwV0s4VHgwLW8/p37.htm"><i>Guglielmo Marconi and Early Systems of Wireless Communication</i></a>, General Electric Company, p.l.c., <i>GEC Review</i>, Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 37, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0267-9337">0267-9337</a></li> <li>Ahern, Steve (ed), <i>Making Radio</i> (2nd Edition) Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741149128" title="Special:BookSources/9781741149128">9781741149128</a>.</li> <li>Aitken, Hugh G.J., <i>Syntony and Spark: The Origins of Radio</i>, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-01816-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-01816-3">0-471-01816-3</a></li> <li>Aitken, Hugh G.J., <i>The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900–1932</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08376-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08376-2">0-691-08376-2</a>.</li> <li>Anderson, Leland I., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/431pir.htm">Priority in the Invention of Radio – Tesla vs. Marconi</a></li> <li>Baker, W. J., <i>A History of the Marconi Company</i>, 1970.</li> <li>Brodsky, Ira. <i>The History of Wireless: How Creative Minds Produced Technology for the Masses</i> (Telescope Books, 2008)</li> <li>Cheney, Margaret, <i><a href="/wiki/Tesla:_Man_Out_of_Time" title="Tesla: Man Out of Time">Tesla: Man Out of Time</a></i> Laurel Publishing, 1981. Chapter 7, esp pp. 69, re: published lectures of Tesla in 1893, copied by Marconi.</li> <li>Clark, Paddy, "Marconi's Irish Connections Recalled," published in <i>100 Years of Radio</i>, IEE Conference Publication 411, 1995.</li> <li>Coe, Douglas and Kreigh Collins (ills), <i>Marconi, pioneer of radio</i>, New York, J. Messner, Inc., 1943. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/43010048">43-10048</a></li> <li>Garratt, G.R.M., <i>The early history of radio: from Faraday to Marconi</i>, London, Institution of Electrical Engineers in association with the Science Museum, History of technology series, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85296-845-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85296-845-0">0-85296-845-0</a> <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/94011611">94-11611</a></li> <li>Geddes, Keith, <i>Guglielmo Marconi, 1874–1937</i>, London : H.M.S.O., A Science Museum booklet, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-290198-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-290198-0">0-11-290198-0</a> <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/75329825">75-329825</a> (<i>ed</i>. Obtainable in the United States. from Pendragon House Inc., Palo Alto, CA.)</li> <li>Hancock, Harry Edgar, <i>Wireless at sea; the first fifty years: A history of the progress and development of marine wireless communications written to commemorate the jubilee of the Marconi International Marine Communication Company, Limited</i>, Chelmsford, Eng., Marconi International Marine Communication Co., 1950. LCCN 51040529 /L</li> <li>Homer, Peter and O'Connor, Finbar, <i>Marconi Wireless Radio Station: Malin Head from 1902,</i> 2014.</li> <li>Hughes, Michael and Bosworth, Katherine, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=isbn%3A9781851243778">Titanic Calling : Wireless Communications During the Great Disaster</a></i>, Oxford, WorldCat.org, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85124-377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85124-377-8">978-1-85124-377-8</a></li> <li>Janniello, Maria Grace, Monteleone, Franco and Paoloni, Giovanni (eds) (1996), <i>One hundred years of radio: From Marconi to the future of the telecommunications</i>. Catalogue of the extension, Venice: Marsilio.</li> <li>Jolly, W.P., <i>Marconi</i>, 1972.</li> <li>Larson, Erik, <i>Thunderstruck</i>, New York: Crown Publishers, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-8066-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-8066-5">1-4000-8066-5</a> A comparison of the lives of <a href="/wiki/Hawley_Harvey_Crippen" title="Hawley Harvey Crippen">Hawley Harvey Crippen</a> and Marconi. Crippen was a murderer whose Transatlantic escape was foiled by the new invention of shipboard radio.</li> <li>MacLeod, Mary K., <i>Marconi: The Canada Years – 1902–1946</i>, Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Publishing Limited, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551093308" title="Special:BookSources/1551093308">1551093308</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Masini" class="extiw" title="it:Giancarlo Masini">Masini, Giancarlo</a>, <i>Guglielmo Marconi</i>, Turin: Turinese typographical-publishing union, 1975. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/77472455">77-472455</a> (<i>ed</i>. Contains 32 tables outside of the text)</li> <li>Mason, H.B. (1908). <i>Encyclopaedia of ships and shipping</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0O5AEbIB51sC&pg=RA14-PA686">Wireless Telegraphy</a>. London: Shipping Encyclopaedia. 1908.</li> <li>Paul M. Hawkins – "Point to Point – A History of International Telecommunications During the Radio Years" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-178719-6278" title="Special:BookSources/978-178719-6278">978-178719-6278</a> pub. by New Generation Publishing.</li> <li>Paul M. Hawkins & Paul G. Reyland – "Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Stations in Essex – The Centenary of Brentwood and Ongar Radio Stations" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-180369-3828" title="Special:BookSources/978-180369-3828">978-180369-3828</a> by – pub.2022 by New Generation Publishing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1902" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, Lawrence (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoDNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3194">"Commercial Wireless Telegraphy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i>. <b>V</b>: 3194–3201<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=Commercial+Wireless+Telegraphy&rft.volume=V&rft.pages=3194-3201&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoDNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA3194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Raboy, Marc. <i>Marconi: The Man Who Networked the World</i> (Oxford University Press, 2016) 872 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=54659">online review</a></li> <li>Stone, Ellery W., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsradiote00stongoog">Elements of Radiotelegraphy</a></i></li> <li>Weightman, Gavin, <i>Signor Marconi's magic box: the most remarkable invention of the 19th century & the amateur inventor whose genius sparked a revolution</i>, 1st Da Capo Press ed., Cambridge, MA : Da Capo Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81275-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81275-4">0-306-81275-4</a></li> <li>Winkler, Jonathan Reed. <i>Nexus: Strategic Communications and American Security in World War I</i>. (Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2008). Account of rivalry between Marconi's firm and the United States government during World War I.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marconi, Guglielmo"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Marconi,_Guglielmo">"Marconi, Guglielmo" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marconi%2C+Guglielmo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/13">Guglielmo Marconi</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36488#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1909 <i>Wireless Telegraphic Communication</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/brevettomarconi.html">Marconi il 5 marzo 1896, presenta a Londra la prima richiesta provvisoria di brevetto, col numero 5028 e col titolo "Miglioramenti nella telegrafia e relativi apparati"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416075629/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/brevettomarconi.html">Archived</a> 16 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Great Britain and France between 1896 and 1924)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/brevettimarconi.html">List of British and French patents (1896–1924)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002514/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/brevettimarconi.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The first patent application number 5028 of 5 March 1896 (Provisional deprivation)</li> <li>University of Oxford <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/marconi/collection/">Introduction to the Online Catalogue of the Marconi Collection</a></li> <li>University of Oxford <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/marconi/marconi.html">Online Catalogue of the Marconi Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fgm.it/">Guglielmo Marconi Foundation, Pontecchio Marconi, Bologna, Italy</a></li> <li>Galileo Legacy Foundation: pictures of the Dedication of the Guglielmo Marconi Square, Johnston RI United States <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galileolegacyfoundation.org/foto%20copia/NewEngland.html">Dedication Photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/MarconiHouseStrandAldwychLondon.htm">History of Marconi House</a>, Marconi House, Strand / Aldwych, London.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-467/20200515080533/http://www.marconicalling.com/html/index.html">MarconiCalling – The Life, Science and Achievements of Guglielmo Marconi</a>, part of the Marconi Collection at the University of Oxford</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092008/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10189"><i>Canadian Heritage Minute</i> featuring Marconi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revver.com/video/176379/walter-cronkite-narrates-guglielmo-marconi-documentary/">Guglielmo Marconi documentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709203454/http://www.revver.com/video/176379/walter-cronkite-narrates-guglielmo-marconi-documentary/">Archived</a> 9 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, narrated by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techsoc.com/marconi.htm">Review of <i>Signor Marconi's Magic Box</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051105174358/http://techsoc.com/marconi.htm">Archived</a> 5 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/019406">Newspaper clippings about Guglielmo Marconi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li>Robert (Bob) White, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-breezes.squarespace.com/guglielmo-marconi/">Guglielmo Marconi – Aerial Assistance with a Kite</a>. Bridging the Atlantic By Wireless Signal – 12 December 1901. Kiting, <i>The Journal of the American Kitefliers Association</i>. Vol. 23, Iss. 5 – Winter 2002. November 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/physicalscience/story/0,9836,616927,00.html"><i>Faking the Waves</i>, 1901</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813102744/http://www.carnetdevol.org/Wireless/radio.html">Marconi and "wireless telegraphy" using kites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zianet.com/sparks/sparkmakers2.html">Sparks Telegraph Key Review</a> An exhaustive listing of wireless telegraph key manufacturers including photos of most Marconi keys</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq01Marconi01.php">United States Senate Inquiry into the <i>Titanic</i> disaster – Testimony of Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_whoradio.html">Marconi and Tesla: Who invented radio?</a></li> <li>United States Supreme Court, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=320&invol=1">Marconi Wireless Telegraph co. of America v. United States</a></i>. 320 U.S. 1. Nos. 369, 373. Argued 9–12 April 1943. Decided 21 June 1943.</li> <li>21st Century Books: Priority in the Invention of Radio – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/431pir.htm">Tesla vs. Marconi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406115016/http://maritime.elettra.co.uk/panfilo/">Information about Marconi and his yacht Elettra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/gm_diari.html">I diari di laboratorio di Guglielmo Marconi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225072715/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/gm_diari.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The diaries of laboratory Guglielmo Marconi.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarconi.com/">Comitato Guglielmo Marconi International, Bologna, Italy</a> (Marconi's voice)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614035728/http://www.campevans.org/_CE/html/wa-1914-08-index.html">August 1914 photo article on Marconi Belmar station in Wall, NJ</a>, InfoAge. (See also, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141116020200/http://www.campevans.org/_CE/html/nrhp.html#Mar7-1">Marconi Period of Significance Historic Buildings.</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0001825.htm">Marconi, Guglielmo: Statue north of Meridian Hill Park in Washington</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803192334/http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0001825.htm">Archived</a> 3 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, D.C. by <a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccirilli" title="Attilio Piccirilli">Attilio Piccirilli</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money3.htm">Guglielmo Marconi, 2000 Italian Lire (1990)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418122631/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money3.htm">Archived</a> 18 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews">Rector of the University of St Andrews</a> </b><br />1934–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert MacGregor Mitchell">Robert MacGregor Mitchell</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">Auguste Beernaert</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1917–1925"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template talk:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1917–1925"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1917–1925"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1917–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin H. Armstrong</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson" title="Ernst Alexanderson">Ernst Alexanderson</a> (1919)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> (1924)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Fritz_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template talk:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Fritz_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1902–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1902 : <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a></li> <li>1903 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1904 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1905 : <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a></li> <li>1906 : <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li>1907 : <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1908 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li>1909 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot_Porter" title="Charles Talbot Porter">Charles Talbot Porter</a></li> <li>1910 : <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Noble_(engineer)" title="Alfred Noble (engineer)">Alfred Noble</a></li> <li>1911 : Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_White" title="William Henry White">William Henry White</a></li> <li>1912 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woolston_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woolston Hunt">Robert Woolston Hunt</a></li> <li>1913 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1914 : <a href="/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet" title="John Edson Sweet">John Edson Sweet</a></li> <li>1915 : <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(businessman)" title="James Douglas (businessman)">James Douglas</a></li> <li>1916 : <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li> <li>1917 : <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marion_Howe" title="Henry Marion Howe">Henry Marion Howe</a></li> <li>1918 : <a href="/wiki/J._Waldo_Smith" title="J. Waldo Smith">J. Waldo Smith</a></li> <li>1919 : Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Goethals" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Goethals">George W. Goethals</a></li> <li>1920 : <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li>1921 : Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hadfield" title="Robert Hadfield">Robert Hadfield</a></li> <li>1922 : <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schneider_II" title="Eugène Schneider II">Charles P. E. Schneider</a></li> <li>1923 : <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li>1924 : <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1925 : <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></li> <li>1926 : <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams" title="Edward Dean Adams">Edward Dean Adams</a></li> <li>1927 : <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a></li> <li>1928 : <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a></li> <li>1929 : <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Clark Hoover">Herbert Clark Hoover</a></li> <li>1930 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a></li> <li>1931 : <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></li> <li>1932 : <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin">Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin</a></li> <li>1933 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cowan_Jackling" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Cowan Jackling">Daniel Cowan Jackling</a></li> <li>1934 : <a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John Ripley Freeman</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1935 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1936 : <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" class="mw-redirect" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a></li> <li>1937 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Newell_Talbot" title="Arthur Newell Talbot">Arthur Newell Talbot</a></li> <li>1938 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></li> <li>1939 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a></li> <li>1940 : <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Floyd_Hirshfeld" title="Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld">Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1941 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Budd" title="Ralph Budd">Ralph Budd</a></li> <li>1942 : <a href="/wiki/Everette_Lee_DeGolyer" title="Everette Lee DeGolyer">Everette Lee DeGolyer</a></li> <li>1943 : <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></li> <li>1944 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a></li> <li>1945 : <a href="/wiki/John_L._Savage" title="John L. Savage">John Lucian Savage</a></li> <li>1946 : <a href="/wiki/Zay_Jeffries" title="Zay Jeffries">Zay Jeffries</a></li> <li>1947 : <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Warrington_Chubb" title="Lewis Warrington Chubb">Lewis Warrington Chubb</a></li> <li>1948 : <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></li> <li>1949 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalf_Allen" title="Charles Metcalf Allen">Charles Metcalf Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 : <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Aldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Aldridge">Walter H. Aldridge</a></li> <li>1951 : <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li>1952 : <a href="/wiki/Ervin_George_Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervin George Bailey">Ervin George Bailey</a></li> <li>1953 : <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Fairless" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin F. Fairless">Benjamin F. Fairless</a></li> <li>1954 : <a href="/wiki/William_Embry_Wrather" title="William Embry Wrather">William Embry Wrather</a></li> <li>1955 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Alonzo_Winne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Alonzo Winne (page does not exist)">Harry Alonzo Winne</a></li> <li>1956 : <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sporn" title="Philip Sporn">Philip Sporn</a></li> <li>1957 : <a href="/wiki/Ben_Moreell" title="Ben Moreell">Ben Moreell</a></li> <li>1958 : <a href="/wiki/John_R._Suman" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Suman">John R. Suman</a></li> <li>1959 : <a href="/wiki/Mervin_Kelly" title="Mervin Kelly">Mervin J. Kelly</a></li> <li>1960 : <a href="/wiki/Gwilym_A._Price" title="Gwilym A. Price">Gwilym A. Price</a></li> <li>1961 : <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Bechtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen D. Bechtel">Stephen D. Bechtel</a></li> <li>1962 : <a href="/wiki/Crawford_H._Greenewalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawford H. Greenewalt">Crawford H. Greenewalt</a></li> <li>1963 : <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></li> <li>1964 : <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a></li> <li>1965 : <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kappel" title="Frederick Kappel">Frederick Kappel</a></li> <li>1966 : <a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></li> <li>1967 : <a href="/wiki/Walker_L._Cisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker L. Cisler">Walker L. Cisler</a></li> <li>1968 : <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivan_Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Ivan Sikorsky">Igor Ivan Sikorsky</a></li> <li>1969 : <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_Haider" title="Michael Lawrence Haider">Michael Lawrence Haider</a></li> <li>1970 : <a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a></li> <li>1971 : <a href="/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty" title="Patrick E. Haggerty">Patrick E. Haggerty</a></li> <li>1972 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Webster_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Webster (engineer) (page does not exist)">William Webster</a></li> <li>1973 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Wilber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyman Wilber (page does not exist)">Lyman Wilber</a></li> <li>1974 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._I._Romnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. I. Romnes (page does not exist)">H. I. Romnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975 : <a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></li> <li>1976 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a></li> <li>1977 : <a href="/wiki/George_R._Brown" title="George R. Brown">George R. Brown</a></li> <li>1978 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Heitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Heitz (page does not exist)">Robert G. Heitz</a></li> <li>1979 : <a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></li> <li>1980 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Louis_Austin,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Louis Austin, Jr. (page does not exist)">T. Louis Austin, Jr.</a></li> <li>1981 : <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGregor" title="Ian MacGregor">Ian MacGregor</a></li> <li>1982 : <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></li> <li>1983 : <a href="/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Elwood Shannon">Claude Elwood Shannon</a></li> <li>1984 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_A._Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth A. Roe (page does not exist)">Kenneth A. Roe</a></li> <li>1985 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></li> <li>1986 : <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li>1987 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Landau" title="Ralph Landau">Ralph Landau</a></li> <li>1988 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_B._Peck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph B. Peck">Ralph B. Peck</a></li> <li>1989 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></li> <li>1990 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_A._Cain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon A. Cain (page does not exist)">Gordon A. Cain</a></li> <li>1991 : <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Rouse" title="Hunter Rouse">Hunter Rouse</a></li> <li>1992 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Gratch (page does not exist)">Serge Gratch</a></li> <li>1993 : <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a></li> <li>1994 : <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_C._Hottel" title="Hoyt C. Hottel">Hoyt C. Hottel</a></li> <li>1995 : <a href="/wiki/Lynn_S._Beedle" title="Lynn S. Beedle">Lynn S. Beedle</a></li> <li>1996 : <a href="/wiki/George_N._Hatsopoulos" title="George N. Hatsopoulos">George N. Hatsopoulos</a></li> <li>1997 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Humphrey" title="Arthur E. Humphrey">Arthur E. Humphrey</a></li> <li>1998 : <a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a></li> <li>1999 : <a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 : <a href="/wiki/John_W._Fisher" title="John W. Fisher">John W. Fisher</a></li> <li>2001 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._W._Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. W. Chu">Paul C. W. Chu</a></li> <li>2002 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a></li> <li>2003 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></li> <li>2004 : <a href="/wiki/John_A._Swanson" title="John A. Swanson">John A. Swanson</a></li> <li>2005 : <a href="/wiki/George_Tamaro" title="George Tamaro">George Tamaro</a></li> <li>2006 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2007 : <a href="/wiki/Gavriel_Salvendy" title="Gavriel Salvendy">Gavriel Salvendy</a></li> <li>2008 : <a href="/wiki/Kristina_M._Johnson" title="Kristina M. Johnson">Kristina M. Johnson</a></li> <li>2009 : <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Claeys_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Claeys Brill">Yvonne Claeys Brill</a></li> <li>2010 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Posakony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald J. Posakony (page does not exist)">Gerald J. Posakony</a></li> <li>2011 : <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a></li> <li>2012 : <a href="/wiki/Leslie_E._Robertson" title="Leslie E. Robertson">Leslie E. Robertson</a></li> <li>2013 : <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stephanopoulos" title="Gregory Stephanopoulos">Gregory Stephanopoulos</a></li> <li>2014 : <a href="/wiki/Julia_Weertman" title="Julia Weertman">Julia Weertman</a></li> <li>2015 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_D._Magnusson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon D. Magnusson (page does not exist)">Jon D. Magnusson</a></li> <li>2017 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kreith" title="Frank Kreith">Frank Kreith</a></li> <li>2018 : <a href="/wiki/Anne_S._Kiremidjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne S. Kiremidjian">Anne S. Kiremidjian</a></li> <li>2019 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2020 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2021 : <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li>2022 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2023 : <a href="/wiki/Asad_M._Madni" title="Asad M. Madni">Asad M. Madni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rectors_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #010963; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rectors_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Template:Rectors of the University of St Andrews"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rectors_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Template talk:Rectors of the University of St Andrews"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rectors_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rectors of the University of St Andrews"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rectors_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Rectors of the University of St Andrews</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">University of St Andrews</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anstruther_baronets" title="Anstruther baronets">Sir Ralph Abercromby Anstruther, 4th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Stirling-Maxwell,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet">Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">James Anthony Froude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neaves,_Lord_Neaves" title="Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves">Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley" title="Arthur Penrhyn Stanley">Arthur Penrhyn Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_1st_Earl_of_Selborne" title="Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne">Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Theodore_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Theodore Martin">Sir Theodore Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackay,_11th_Lord_Reay" title="Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay">Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crichton-Stuart,_3rd_Marquess_of_Bute" title="John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute">John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_(scientist)" title="James Stuart (scientist)">James Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">Sir J. M. Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Wilfred_Grenfell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Wilfred Grenfell">Wilfred Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Mitchell,_Lord_MacGregor_Mitchell" title="Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell">Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Munro_(physician)" title="David Munro (physician)">Sir David Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cunningham_(civil_servant)" title="George Cunningham (civil servant)">Sir George Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter">David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay,_28th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford">David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boothby,_Baron_Boothby" title="Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby">Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rothenstein" title="John Rothenstein">Sir John Rothenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learie_Constantine" title="Learie Constantine">Learie Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Coren" title="Alan Coren">Alan Coren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Muir" title="Frank Muir">Frank Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Brooke-Taylor" title="Tim Brooke-Taylor">Tim Brooke-Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Whitehorn" title="Katharine Whitehorn">Katharine Whitehorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Adams_(whistleblower)" title="Stanley Adams (whistleblower)">Stanley Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Parsons" title="Nicholas Parsons">Nicholas Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Campbell" title="Nicky Campbell">Nicky Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Findlay" title="Donald Findlay">Donald Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neil" title="Andrew Neil">Andrew Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Sir Clement Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pepper" title="Simon Pepper">Simon Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Dunion" title="Kevin Dunion">Kevin Dunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Moffat" title="Alistair Moffat">Alistair Moffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Stihler" title="Catherine Stihler">Catherine Stihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sr%C4%91a_Popovi%C4%87_(activist)" title="Srđa Popović (activist)">Srđa Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Hussein" title="Leyla Hussein">Leyla Hussein</a></li> <li>Stella Maris</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36488#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36488#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36488#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123201110">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27867512">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1860847/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/145729/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymx8BjKppFfVqv9HwXBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118781812">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50040633">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12424051d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12424051d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00879967">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Marconi, Guglielmo <1874-1937>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV049838">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35327398">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0008634&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1015590">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071744290">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000318811">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=252299">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2023A3719">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp35725940n87fp">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810672341505606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810586259005606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/86776">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007273548705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508873706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:marconi.guglielmo">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cf1a3fa1-c17e-491c-8a0f-147d92843250">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102044">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/912915">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="MARCONI, Guglielmo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/guglielmo-marconi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Marconi, Guglielmo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.005445.v1">Ireland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118781812.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118781812">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033367582">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581113">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hd7smv">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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