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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#bdb; display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiplexing_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/150px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/225px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/300px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <a href="/wiki/Modulation#Analog_modulation_methods" title="Modulation">Analog modulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_modulation" title="Space modulation">SM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">Circuit mode<br /><span class="nobold">(constant bandwidth)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">TDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">FDM</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">WDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing" title="Spatial multiplexing">Spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">OAM</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical multiplexing">Statistical multiplexing<br /><span class="nobold">(variable bandwidth)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access#Dynamic_TDMA" title="Time-division multiple access">Dynamic TDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">FHSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_frequency-division-multiplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-carrier frequency-division-multiplex">SC-FDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-carrier_spread_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-carrier spread spectrum">MC-SS</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 1.0em 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Channel access methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">Medium access control</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiplex_techniques" title="Template:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiplex_techniques" title="Template talk:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiplex_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiplex techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Polarization-division multiplexing</b> (<b>PDM</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> method for <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> signals carried on <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic waves</a>, allowing two channels of information to be transmitted on the same <a href="/wiki/Carrier_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier frequency">carrier frequency</a> by using waves of two <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a> states. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> links such as <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> downlinks to double the bandwidth by using two orthogonally polarized <a href="/wiki/Antenna_feed" title="Antenna feed">feed antennas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dishes</a>. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> communication by transmitting separate <a href="/wiki/Left_circular_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Left circular polarization">left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_circular_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Right circular polarization">right circularly polarized</a> light beams through the same <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio">Radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarization-division_multiplexing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polarization techniques have long been used in radio transmission to reduce interference between channels, particularly at <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> frequencies and beyond. </p><p>Under some circumstances, the data rate of a radio link can be doubled by transmitting two separate channels of radio waves on the same frequency, using orthogonal polarization. For example, in point to point terrestrial microwave links, the transmitting antenna can have two feed antennas; a vertical feed antenna which transmits microwaves with their electric field vertical (<a href="/wiki/Vertical_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical polarization">vertical polarization</a>), and a horizontal feed antenna which transmits microwaves on the same frequency with their electric field horizontal (<a href="/wiki/Horizontal_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal polarization">horizontal polarization</a>). These two separate channels can be received by vertical and horizontal feed antennas at the receiving station. For satellite communications, orthogonal <a href="/wiki/Circular_polarization" title="Circular polarization">circular polarization</a> is often used instead, (i.e. right- and left-handed), as the sense of circular polarization is not changed by the relative orientation of the antenna in space. </p><p>A dual polarization system comprises usually two independent transmitters, each of which can be connected by means of <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transverse_mode" title="Transverse mode">TEM lines</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cables</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stripline" title="Stripline">stripline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quasi-TEM" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-TEM">quasi-TEM</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Microstrip" title="Microstrip">microstrip</a>) to a single-polarization antenna for its standard operation. Although two separate single-polarization antennas can be used for PDM (or two adjacent feeds in a <a href="/wiki/Reflector_(antenna)" title="Reflector (antenna)">reflector antenna</a>), radiating two independent polarization states can be often easily achieved by means of a single dual-polarization antenna. </p><p>When the transmitter has a waveguide interface, typically rectangular in order to be in single-mode region at the operating frequency, a dual-polarized antenna with a circular (or square) waveguide port is the radiating element chosen for modern communication systems. The circular or square waveguide port is needed so that at least two degenerate modes are supported. An ad-hoc component must be therefore introduced in such situations to merge two separate single-polarized signals into one dual-polarized physical interface, namely an <a href="/wiki/Orthomode_transducer" title="Orthomode transducer">ortho-mode transducer (OMT)</a>. </p><p>In case the transmitter has TEM or quasi-TEM output connections, instead, a dual-polarization antenna often presents separate connections (i.e. a printed square <a href="/wiki/Patch_antenna" title="Patch antenna">patch antenna</a> with two feed points), and embeds the function of an OMT by means of intrinsically transferring the two excitation signals to the orthogonal polarization states. </p><p>A dual-polarized signal thus carries two independent data streams to a receiving antenna, which can itself be a single-polarized one, for receiving only one of the two streams at a time, or a dual-polarized model, again relaying its received signal to two single-polarization output connectors (via an OMT if in waveguide). </p><p>The ideal dual-polarization system lies its foundation onto the perfect orthogonality of the two polarization states, and any of the single-polarized interfaces at the receiver would theoretically contain only the signal meant to be transmitted by the desired polarization, thus introducing no interference and allowing the two data streams to be multiplexed and demultiplexed transparently without any degradation due to the coexistence with the other. </p><p>Companies working on commercial PDM technology include <a href="/wiki/Siae_Microelettronica" title="Siae Microelettronica">Siae Microelettronica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>. </p><p>Some types of outdoor microwave radios have integrated orthomode transducers and operate in both polarities from a single radio unit, performing cross-polarization interference cancellation (<a href="/wiki/XPIC" title="XPIC">XPIC</a>) within the radio unit itself. Alternatively, the orthomode transducer may be built into the antenna, and allow connection of separate radios, or separate ports of the same radio, to the antenna. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CableFree_2%2B0_HCR_Microwave_Link.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CableFree_2%2B0_HCR_Microwave_Link.jpg/220px-CableFree_2%2B0_HCR_Microwave_Link.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CableFree_2%2B0_HCR_Microwave_Link.jpg/330px-CableFree_2%2B0_HCR_Microwave_Link.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CableFree_2%2B0_HCR_Microwave_Link.jpg/440px-CableFree_2%2B0_HCR_Microwave_Link.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>CableFree 2+0 XPIC Microwave Link showing OMT and two ODUs connected to H & V polarity ports</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-Polarization_Interference_Cancellation_(XPIC)"><span id="Cross-Polarization_Interference_Cancellation_.28XPIC.29"></span>Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation (XPIC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarization-division_multiplexing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation (XPIC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Practical systems, however, suffer from non-ideal behaviors which mix the signals and the polarization states together: </p> <ul><li>the OMT at the transmitting side has a finite cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) and thus leaks part of the signals meant to be transmitted in one polarization to the other</li> <li>the transmitting antenna has a finite XPD and thus leaks part of its input polarizations to the other radiated polarization state</li> <li>propagation in presence of rain, snow, hail creates depolarization, as part of the two impinging polarizations is leaked to the other</li> <li>the finite XPD of the receiving antenna acts similarly to the transmitting side and the relative alignment of the two antennas contributes to a loss of system XPD</li> <li>the finite XPD of the receiving OMT likewise further mixes the signals from the dual-polarized port to the single-polarized ports</li></ul> <p>As a consequence, the signal at one of the received single-polarization terminals actually contains a dominant quantity of the desired signal (meant to be transmitted onto one polarization) and a minor amount of undesired signal (meant to be transported by the other polarization), which represents an interference over the former. As a consequence, each received signal must be cleared of the interference level in order to reach the required signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio (SNIR) needed by the receiving stages, which may be of the order of more than 30 dB for high-level M-<a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a> schemes. Such operation is carried out by a cross-polarization-interference cancellation (XPIC), typically implemented as a baseband digital stage. </p><p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing" title="Spatial multiplexing">spatial multiplexing</a>, received signals for a PMD system have a much more favourable carrier-to-interference ratio, as the amount of leakage is often much smaller than the useful signal, whereas spatial multiplexing operates with an amount of interference equal to the amount of useful signal. This observation, valid for a good PMD design, allows the adaptive XPIC to be designed in a simpler manner than a general MIMO cancelling scheme, since the starting point (without cancellation) is typically already sufficient for establishing a low-capacity link by means of a reduced modulation. </p><p>An XPIC typically acts on one of the received signals "C" containing the desired signal as dominant term and uses the other received "X" signal too (containing the interfering signal as dominant term). The XPIC algorithm multiplies the "X" by a complex coefficient and then adds it to the received "C". The complex recombination coefficient is adjusted adaptively to maximize the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_mean_square_error" title="Minimum mean square error">MMSE</a> as measured on the recombination. Once the MMSE is improved to the required level, the two terminals can switch to high-order modulations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_Cross-Polarized_Wireless_Communications">Differential Cross-Polarized Wireless Communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarization-division_multiplexing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Differential Cross-Polarized Wireless Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Is a novel method for polarized antenna transmission utilizing a differential technique . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photonics">Photonics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarization-division_multiplexing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Photonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polarization-division multiplexing is typically used together with <a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">phase modulation</a> or optical <a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a>, allowing transmission speeds of 100 Gbit/s or more over a single wavelength. Sets of PDM wavelength signals can then be carried over <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">wavelength-division multiplexing</a> infrastructure, potentially substantially expanding its capacity. Multiple polarization signals can be combined to form new states of polarization, which is known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallel_polarization_state_generation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parallel polarization state generation (page does not exist)">parallel polarization state generation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major problem with the practical use of PDM over <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_transmission_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic transmission system">fiber-optic transmission systems</a> are the drifts in polarization state that occur continuously over time due to physical changes in the fibre environment. Over a long-distance system, these drifts accumulate progressively without limit, resulting in rapid and erratic rotation of the polarized light's <a href="/wiki/Jones_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones vector">Jones vector</a> over the entire <a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_sphere_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poincaré sphere (optics)">Poincaré sphere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polarization_mode_dispersion" title="Polarization mode dispersion">Polarization mode dispersion</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarization-dependent_loss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarization-dependent loss (page does not exist)">polarization-dependent loss</a>. and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-polarization_modulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-polarization modulation (page does not exist)">cross-polarization modulation</a> are other phenomena that can cause problems in PDM systems. </p><p>For this reason, PDM is generally used in conjunction with advanced <a href="/wiki/Channel_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel coding">channel coding</a> techniques, allowing the use of <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> to decode the signal in a way that is resilient to polarization-related signal artifacts. Modulations used include <a href="/w/index.php?title=PDM-QPSK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PDM-QPSK (page does not exist)">PDM-QPSK</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=PDM-DQPSK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PDM-DQPSK (page does not exist)">PDM-DQPSK</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Companies working on commercial PDM technology include <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciena" title="Ciena">Ciena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infinera" title="Infinera">Infinera</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarization-division_multiplexing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polarization_scrambler" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization scrambler">Polarization scrambler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">Wavelength-division multiplexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular momentum multiplexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarization-division_multiplexing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSheCapasso2016" class="citation journal cs1">She, Alan; Capasso, Federico (17 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4869035">"Parallel Polarization State Generation"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b>. Nature: 26019. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04463">1602.04463</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...626019S">2016NatSR...626019S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep26019">10.1038/srep26019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4869035">4869035</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27184813">27184813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Parallel+Polarization+State+Generation&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=26019&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4869035%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...626019S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1602.04463&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27184813&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep26019&rft.aulast=She&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Capasso%2C+Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4869035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolarization-division+multiplexing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The Road to 100G Networking</i>, Ciena, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+100G+Networking&rft.pub=Ciena&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolarization-division+multiplexing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polarization-division_multiplexing&oldid=1220742076">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polarization-division_multiplexing&oldid=1220742076</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Photonics" title="Category:Photonics">Photonics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_communications" title="Category:Radio communications">Radio communications</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multiplexing" title="Category:Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 April 2024, at 17:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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