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<span>Revolt</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revolt subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolt_in_the_Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_in_the_Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Revolt in the Maghreb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_in_the_Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_in_al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_in_al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Coup in al-Andalus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_in_al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Syrian expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offensive_on_Kairouan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive_on_Kairouan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Offensive on Kairouan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offensive_on_Kairouan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_in_al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_in_al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Revolt in al-Andalus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_in_al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrians_in_Al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrians_in_Al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Syrians in Al-Andalus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrians_in_Al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revuelta_bereber" title="Revuelta bereber – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revuelta bereber" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA" title="التورة ديال لأمازيغ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="التورة ديال لأمازيغ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufstand_des_Maysara" title="Aufstand des Maysara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aufstand des Maysara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi_m%C3%A4ss" title="Berberi mäss – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Berberi mäss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revuelta_bereber" title="Revuelta bereber – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revuelta bereber" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbereen_matxinada" title="Berbereen matxinada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Berbereen matxinada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_r%C3%A9volte_berb%C3%A8re" title="Grande révolte berbère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande révolte berbère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Berber" title="Pemberontakan Berber – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Berber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_rivolta_berbera" title="Grande rivolta berbera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande rivolta berbera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბერბერთა აჯანყება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერბერთა აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Berberopstand" title="Grote Berberopstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Berberopstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberlar_qo%CA%BBzg%CA%BBoloni" title="Berberlar qoʻzgʻoloni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Berberlar qoʻzgʻoloni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بربر بغاوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بربر بغاوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_Berbere" title="Revolta Berbere – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta Berbere" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Берберское восстание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берберское восстание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberikapina" title="Berberikapina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Berberikapina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Берберське повстання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берберське повстання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بربر بغاوت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بربر بغاوت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q759998#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="View 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">740–743 Berber secession from the Umayyad Caliphate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Berber_Revolt" title="Special:EditPage/Berber Revolt">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Berber+Revolt%22">"Berber Revolt"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Berber+Revolt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Berber+Revolt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Berber+Revolt%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Berber+Revolt%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Berber+Revolt%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Berber Revolt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)#Historical_usage" title="Fitna (word)">Fitnas</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>740–743</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">The <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li>Berber victory in the western and central <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arab victory in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Establishment of <a href="#Later_years">several independent states</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> insurgents</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_al-Habhab" title="Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab">Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Abi_Habib_al-Fihri" title="Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri">Khalid ibn Abi Habib</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj">Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kulthum_ibn_Iyad_al-Qushayri" title="Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qushayri">Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qushayri</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Habib_al-Fihri" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri">Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Handhala_ibn_Safwan_al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi">Handhala ibn Safwan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balj_ibn_Bishr_al-Qushayri" title="Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri">Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Habib_ibn_Abi_Ubayda_al-Fihri" title="Habib ibn Abi Ubayda al-Fihri">Habib ibn Abi Ubayda</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thalaba_ibn_Salama_al-Amili" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalaba ibn Salama al-Amili">Tha'laba ibn Salama</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Hamid_al-Zanati" title="Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati">Khalid ibn Hamid</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Maysara_al-Matghari" title="Maysara al-Matghari">Maysara al-Matghari</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salim_Abu_Yusuf_al-Azdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salim Abu Yusuf al-Azdi (page does not exist)">Salim Abu Yusuf al-Azdi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukkasha_ibn_Ayyub_al-Fazari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukkasha ibn Ayyub al-Fazari (page does not exist)">Ukkasha ibn Ayyub</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><a 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Civil_Wars_of_the_Early_Caliphates" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Civil Wars of the Early Caliphates"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Civil_Wars_of_the_Early_Caliphates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Civil Wars of the Early Caliphates"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_wars_of_the_early_Caliphates2092" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Civil wars of <br /> the early Caliphates</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ridda_Wars" title="Ridda Wars">Ridda Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Ash%27ath" title="Ibn al-Ash'ath">Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashdaq" title="Al-Ashdaq">Revolt of al-Ashdaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_al-Muhallab" title="Yazid ibn al-Muhallab">Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Revolt of Harith b. Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Revolt of Zayd ibn Ali">Revolt of Zayd b. Ali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berber Revolt</a></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Zayd" title="Yahya ibn Zayd">Yahya ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fitna" title="Third Fitna">Third Fitna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_revolt" title="Ibadi revolt">Ibadi revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Zab" title="Battle of the Zab">Zab River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wasit" title="Siege of Wasit">Wasit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_revolt_of_762%E2%80%93763" title="Alid revolt of 762–763">Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fakhkh" title="Battle of Fakhkh">Battle of Fakhkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_war_(793%E2%80%93796)" title="Qays–Yaman war (793–796)">Qays–Yaman war (793–796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fitna" title="Fourth Fitna">Fourth Fitna</a> <ul><li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Saraya" title="Abu'l-Saraya">Abu'l-Saraya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_expeditions_to_East_Africa" title="Abbasid expeditions to East Africa">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashmurian_revolts" title="Bashmurian revolts">Bashmurian revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">Anarchy at Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_civil_war_(865%E2%80%93866)" title="Abbasid civil war (865–866)">Fifth Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijite_Rebellion_(866%E2%80%93896)" title="Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)">Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Berber_Wars2770" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Berber_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Berber Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Berber_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Berber Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Berber_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Berber Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Berber_Wars2770" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Berber Wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Berber-Vandalic Wars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_conquest_of_Roman_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalic conquest of Roman Africa">Vandal invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aur%C3%A8s_revolt_(483-484)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurès revolt (483-484) (page does not exist)">Aures</a> (483/4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_expedition_(523)" title="Tripolitania expedition (523)">Tripolitania</a> (523)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_great_Dorsale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of great Dorsale (page does not exist)">Great Dorsale</a> (530)</li></ul> <p><b>Berber–Byzantine Wars</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mammes" title="Battle of Mammes">1st Mamma</a> (534/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Bourgaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Bourgaon">Mount Bourgaon</a> (535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bagradas_River_(536)" title="Battle of the Bagradas River (536)">The Bagradas River</a> (536)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Scalas_Veteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Scalas Veteres (page does not exist)">Scalas Veteres</a> (537)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Babosis_and_Zerboule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Babosis and Zerboule (page does not exist)">Babosis and Zerboule</a> (540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cillium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cillium">Cillium</a> (544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thacia" title="Battle of Thacia">Thacia</a> (545)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(546_or_547)" title="Battle of Sufetula (546 or 547)">1st Sufetla</a> (546/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marta" title="Battle of Marta">Marta</a> (547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Fields_of_Cato" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Fields of Cato">Fields of Cato</a> (548)</li> <li>Revolts of <a href="/wiki/Garmul" title="Garmul">Garmul</a> (570–578)</li></ul> <p><b>Berber–Arab Wars</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)" title="Battle of Sufetula (647)">2nd Sufetla</a> (647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vescera" title="Battle of Vescera">Vescera</a> (682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamma" title="Battle of Mamma">2nd Mamma</a> (688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meskiana" title="Battle of Meskiana">Meskiana</a> (698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka" title="Battle of Tabarka">Tabarka</a> (703)</li></ul> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berber Revolt</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nobles" title="Battle of the Nobles">The Nobles</a> (740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagdoura" title="Battle of Bagdoura">Bagdoura</a> (741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qarn_(742)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qarn (742)">al-Qarn</a> (742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Asnam" title="Battle of al-Asnam">Al-Asnam</a> (742)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Algeria" title="Category:History of Algeria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History of <span class="fn org label">Algeria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_(Alg%C3%A9rie)_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/200px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/300px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/400px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Central_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Central North Africa">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(80,000 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20,000 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10,000 BC)</span></li> <li>Rock art in <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_south_Oran_(Algeria)" title="Rock art of south Oran (Algeria)">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Djelfa_region" title="Rock art of the Djelfa region">Djelfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar Mountains">Ahaggar</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roknia" title="Roknia">Roknia</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> <ul><li>Related: <a href="/wiki/Archeology_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology of Algeria">Archeology of Algeria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Madghacen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedars" title="Jedars">Jedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa" title="Phoenician settlement of North Africa">Phoenician settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(202–46 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(264–146 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(111–106 BC)</span></li> <li>Roman <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(146 BC–590 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(435–534 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(477–578 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(484–703 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(578–708 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(534–585 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(585–698 AD)</span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Partenia">Partenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossatum_Africae" title="Fossatum Africae">Fossatum Africae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellae" title="Gemellae">Gemellae</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of North Africa">Arab conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(647–709 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(703–744 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifranid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifranid dynasty">Ifranids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(742–1066 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(771–793 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(776–909 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(789–828 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(800–909 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(909–1171 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(970–1068 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(973–1152 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1014–1152 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1040–1147 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1121–1269 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1215–1465 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–1574 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyyanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyyanid dynasty">Ziyyanids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–1556 AD)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern times</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> (16th–19th centuries)</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers">Ottoman governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Beni Abbas">Kingdom of Beni Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Oran" title="Spanish Oran">Spanish Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> (19th–20th centuries)</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">French governors</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader" title="Emirate of Abdelkader">Emirate of Abdelkader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla_Fatma_N%27Soumer" title="Lalla Fatma N'Soumer">Fatma N'Soumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokrani Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Bouamama" title="Cheikh Bouamama">Cheikh Bouamama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962)</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_Unity_and_Action" title="Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action">RCUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic">GPRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1958 crisis">1958 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">1961 putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum" title="1962 Algerian independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Pieds-noirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda_Group" title="Oujda Group">Oujda Group</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">Contemporary era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>1960s–80s</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Forces_Front_rebellion_in_Algeria" title="Socialist Forces Front rebellion in Algeria">FFS rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Spring" title="Berber Spring">Berber Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_October_Riots" title="1988 October Riots">1988 riots</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>1990s–<a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a></b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="Timeline of the Algerian Civil War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Massacres</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">FIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">GIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Algeria)" title="High Council of State (Algeria)">High Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Concord_referendum,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Civil Concord referendum, 1999">Civil Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_(Algeria)" title="Black Spring (Algeria)">Black Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_Peace_and_National_Reconciliation" title="Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation">Peace Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>2010s to present</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2011 Algerian protests">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">Hirak Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Military history of Algeria">Military history of Algeria</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Algeria" title="List of wars involving Algeria">List of wars involving Algeria</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Algeria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Algeria">Postal history of Algeria</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of people on stamps of Algeria (page does not exist)">List of people on stamps of Algeria</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Morocco" title="Category:History of Morocco">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History of <span class="fn org label">Morocco</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Africa_or_Barbary_I,_Morocco_-_DPLA_-_1eba6eef43201f8cab6901ba48cceca3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Morocco in 1836"><img alt="Map of Morocco in 1836" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/North_Africa_or_Barbary_I%2C_Morocco_-_DPLA_-_1eba6eef43201f8cab6901ba48cceca3.jpg/200px-North_Africa_or_Barbary_I%2C_Morocco_-_DPLA_-_1eba6eef43201f8cab6901ba48cceca3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/North_Africa_or_Barbary_I%2C_Morocco_-_DPLA_-_1eba6eef43201f8cab6901ba48cceca3.jpg/300px-North_Africa_or_Barbary_I%2C_Morocco_-_DPLA_-_1eba6eef43201f8cab6901ba48cceca3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/North_Africa_or_Barbary_I%2C_Morocco_-_DPLA_-_1eba6eef43201f8cab6901ba48cceca3.jpg/400px-North_Africa_or_Barbary_I%2C_Morocco_-_DPLA_-_1eba6eef43201f8cab6901ba48cceca3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="835" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsian culture">Capsian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Classical to Late Antiquity<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(8th century BC – 7th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Early_Islamic_Morocco_(c._700_–_c._743)" title="History of Morocco">Early Islamic<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(8th–10th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berber Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nekor">Emirate of Nekor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa#History" title="Sijilmasa">Emirate of Sijilmasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghwata confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Fatimids,_Umayyads_and_Zenata_warlords_(c._900_–_c._1060)" title="History of Morocco">Territorial fragmentation<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(10th–11th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifranids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">Arab migrations to the Maghreb</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">Empire<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(beginning 11th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">Alawis</a><br /></li></ul> <p><small>other political entities<br /></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_Dila%27iya" title="Zawiya Dila'iya">Zawiya Dila'iya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Debdou" title="Principality of Debdou">Principality of Debdou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#European_influence_(c._1830_–_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Decline<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(beginning 19th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Franco-Moroccan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_Treaty_of_1856" title="Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856">Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%9360)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)">Hispano-Moroccan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9_system" title="Protégé system">Protégé system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1880)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1880)">Treaty of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Algeciras" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Algeciras">Treaty of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafidiya" title="Hafidiya">Hafidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)">Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French conquest of Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#French_and_Spanish_protectorate_(1912–1956)" title="History of Morocco">Protectorate<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1912–1956)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fez">Treaty of Fez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">French protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish protectorate of Morocco">Spanish protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel" title="Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel">Emigration of Moroccan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Opposition_to_European_control" title="History of Morocco">Opposition to European control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People" title="Revolution of the King and the People">Revolution of the King and the People</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Modern<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1956–present)</span></span></a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccanization" title="Moroccanization">Moroccanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Moroccan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Moroccan coup d'état attempt">Coup d'état attempt in 1971</a> / <a href="/wiki/1972_Moroccan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Moroccan coup d'état attempt">in 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulay_Bouazza_plot" title="Moulay Bouazza plot">Moulay Bouazza plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco)" title="Years of Lead (Morocco)">Years of lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">2011–2012 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_Rif_Movement" title="Hirak Rif Movement">Hirak Rif Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Morocco" title="1970s in Morocco">Morocco in the<br />1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980s in Morocco (page does not exist)">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Morocco" title="1990s in Morocco">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Morocco" title="2000s in Morocco">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Morocco" title="Category:2010s in Morocco">2010s</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>History by topic</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco" title="History of the Jews in Morocco">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Morocco" title="Economic history of Morocco">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Morocco" title="Military history of Morocco">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Morocco" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Morocco">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cities_of_Morocco" title="Imperial cities of Morocco">Imperial cities</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/16px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/24px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Morocco portal</a></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Morocco" title="Template:History of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:History of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Berber Revolt</b> or the <b>Kharijite Revolt</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 740–743 AD (122–125 AH in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>) took place during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik</a> and marked the first successful secession from the Arab caliphate (ruled from Damascus). Fired up by <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> puritan preachers, the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> revolt against their Umayyad Arab rulers began in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> in 740, and was led initially by <a href="/wiki/Maysara_al-Matghari" title="Maysara al-Matghari">Maysara al-Matghari</a>. The revolt soon spread through the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (North Africa) and across the straits to <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> managed to end Umayyad rule in the western Maghreb following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagdoura" title="Battle of Bagdoura">battles of Badgoura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nobles" title="Battle of the Nobles">of the Nobles</a>, the Umayyads scrambled and managed to prevent the core of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> (Tunisia, eastern Algeria and western Libya) and al-Andalus (Spain and Portugal) from falling into rebel hands, notably securing victory in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Asnam" title="Battle of al-Asnam">battle of al-Asnam</a>. However, the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> was never brought back under <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_rule_in_North_Africa" title="Umayyad rule in North Africa">Umayyad rule</a>. After failing to capture the Umayyad provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, the Berber rebel armies dissolved, and the western Maghreb fragmented into a series of small statelets, ruled by tribal chieftains and Kharijite imams. </p><p>The Berber revolt was probably the largest military setback in the reign of Caliph Hisham. From it emerged some of the first Muslim states outside the Caliphate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The underlying causes of the revolt were the policies of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> governors in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, who had authority over the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (all of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> west of Egypt) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. </p><p>From the early days of the Muslim conquest of North Africa, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> commanders had treated non-Arab (notably <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a>) auxiliaries inconsistently, and often rather shabbily. When they arrived in North Africa the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyads</a> had to face a Christian-majority population in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa Proconsularis</a> (which became <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>) and pagans in the Maghreb al-Aqsa (now <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>) with Jewish minorities. Some Berbers of the Maghreb quickly converted and participated in the growth of Islam in the region, but the Arab authorities continued to treat them as second-class people. </p><p>Although Berbers had undertaken much of the fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a>, they were given a lesser share of the spoils and frequently assigned to the harsher duties (e.g. Berbers were thrown into the vanguard while Arab forces were kept in the back; they were assigned garrison duty on the more troubled frontiers). Although the Ifriqiyan Arab governor <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusair" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa ibn Nusair">Musa ibn Nusair</a> had cultivated his Berber lieutenants (most famously, <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn-Ziyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariq ibn-Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a>), his successors, notably <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Abi_Muslim" title="Yazid ibn Abi Muslim">Yazid ibn Abi Muslim</a>, had treated their Berber forces particularly poorly.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most grievously, Arab governors continued to levy extraordinary <i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a></i> taxation (the <i><a href="/wiki/Jizyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jizyah">jizyah</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">kharaj</a></i>) and slave-tributes on non-Arab populations that had converted to Islam, in direct contravention of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>. This had become particularly routine during the caliphates of <a href="/wiki/Walid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Walid I">Walid I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik">Sulayman</a>. </p><p>In 718, the Umayyad caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar_bin_Abd_al-Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar bin Abd al-Aziz">Umar II</a> finally forbade the levying of extraordinary taxation and slave tributes from non-Arab Muslims, defusing much of the tension. But expensive military reverses in the 720s and 730s had forced caliphal authorities to look for innovative ways to replenish their treasuries. During the caliphate of <a href="/wiki/Hisham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham">Hisham</a> from 724, the prohibitions were sidestepped with reinterpretations (e.g. tying the <i>kharaj</i> land tax to the land rather than the owner, so that lands that were at any point subject to the <i>kharaj</i> remained under <i>kharaj</i> even if currently owned by a Muslim). </p><p>As a result, resentful Berbers grew receptive to radical <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> activists from the east (notably of <a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufrite</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadite</a> persuasion) which had begun arriving in the Maghreb in the 720s. The Kharijites preached a puritan form of Islam, promising a new political order, where all Muslims would be equal, irrespective of ethnicity or tribal status, and Islamic law would be strictly adhered to. The appeal of the Kharijite message to Berber ears allowed their activists to gradually penetrate Berber regiments and population centers. Sporadic mutinies by Berber garrisons (e.g. under Munnus in <a href="/wiki/Cerdanya" title="Cerdanya">Cerdanya</a>, Spain, in 729–731) were put down with difficulty. One Ifriqiyan governor, <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Abi_Muslim" title="Yazid ibn Abi Muslim">Yazid ibn Abi Muslim</a>, who openly resumed the <i>jizya</i> and humiliated his Berber guard by branding their hands, was assassinated in 721.<sup id="cite_ref-Africa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Africa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 734, <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_al-Habhab" title="Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab">Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab</a> was appointed Umayyad governor in Kairouan, with supervisory authority over all the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. Coming in after a period of mismanagement, Ubayd Allah soon set about expanding the fiscal resources of the government by leaning heavily on the non-Arab populations, resuming the extraordinary taxation and slave-tribute without apologies. His deputies Oqba ibn al-Hajjaj al-Saluli in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> (Al-Andalus) and Omar ibn el-Moradi in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> (Maghreb) were given similar instructions. The failure of expensive expeditions into <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> during the period 732–737, repulsed by the Franks under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, only increased the tax burden. The parallel failure of the caliphal armies in the east brought no fiscal relief from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolt">Revolt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_in_the_Maghreb">Revolt in the Maghreb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolt in the Maghreb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nobles" title="Battle of the Nobles">Battle of the Nobles</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_Revolt_West.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Berber_Revolt_West.png/320px-Berber_Revolt_West.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Berber_Revolt_West.png/480px-Berber_Revolt_West.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Berber_Revolt_West.png/640px-Berber_Revolt_West.png 2x" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>Initial stages of the Berber revolt</figcaption></figure> <p>The zeal of the Umayyad tax-collectors finally broke Berber patience. It is reported that following Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab's instructions to extract more revenues from the Berbers, Omar ibn al-Moradi, his deputy governor in Tangiers, decided to declare the Berbers in his jurisdiction a "conquered people" and consequently set about seizing Berber property and enslaving persons, as per the rules of conquest, the "<a href="/wiki/Royal_fifth" title="Royal fifth">caliphal fifth</a>" was still owed to the Umayyad state (alternative accounts report he simply doubled their tribute). </p><p>This was the last straw. Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufrite</a> preachers, the North African <a href="/wiki/Berber_tribes" title="Berber tribes">Berber tribes</a> of western Morocco – initially, the <a href="/wiki/Ghomara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghomara people">Ghomara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berghwata" class="mw-redirect" title="Berghwata">Berghwata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasa</a> – decided to break openly into revolt against their Arab overlords. As their leader, they chose <a href="/wiki/Maysara_al-Matghari" title="Maysara al-Matghari">Maysara al-Matghari</a>, alleged by some Arab chroniclers to be a lowly water-carrier (but more probably a high <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matghara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matghara (page does not exist)">Matghara</a> Berber chieftain). </p><p>The only question was timing. The opportunity arose sometime in early 740 (122 AH), when the powerful Ifriqiyan general <a href="/wiki/Habib_ibn_Abi_Ubaida_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib ibn Abi Ubaida al-Fihri">Habib ibn Abi Ubayda al-Fihri</a>, who had recently been imposing his authority on the <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a> valley of southern Morocco, received instructions from the Kairouan governor Ubayd Allah to lead a large expedition across the sea against <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a>. Gathering his forces, Habib ibn Abi Obeida marched the bulk of the Ifriqiyan army out of Morocco. </p><p>As soon as the mighty Habib was safely gone, Maysara assembled his coalition of Berber armies, heads shaven in the Sufri <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> fashion and with <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qura'nic</a> inscriptures tied to their lances and spears, and brought them bearing down on <a href="/wiki/Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangiers">Tangiers</a>. The city soon fell into rebel hands and the hated governor Omar al-Moradi was killed. It was at this point that Maysara is said to have taken up the title and pretences of <i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-mu%27minin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir al-mu'minin">amir al-mu'minin</a></i> ("Commander of the Faithful", or "Caliph"). Leaving a Berber garrison in Tangier under the command of Christian convert, Abd al-Allah al-Hodeij al-Ifriqi, Maysara's army proceeded to sweep down western Morocco, swelling its ranks with new adherents, overwhelming Umayyad garrisons clear from the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">Straits</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a>. One of the local governors killed by the Berbers was Ismail ibn Ubayd Allah, the very son of the Kairouan emir.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Berber revolt surprised the Umayyad governor in Kairouan, Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab, who had very few troops at his disposal. He immediately dispatched messengers to his general Habib ibn Abi Obeida al-Fihri in Sicily instructing him to break off the expedition and urgently ship the Ifriqiyan army back to Africa. In the meantime, Ubayd Allah assembled a cavalry-heavy column, composed of the aristocratic Arab elite of Kairouan. He placed the nobles under the command of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Abi_Habib_al-Fihri" title="Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri">Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri</a>, and dispatched it to Tangiers, to keep the Berber rebels contained, while awaiting Habib's return from Sicily. A smaller reserve army was placed under Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Mughira al-Abdari and instructed to hold <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, in case the Berber rebel army should break through the column and try to drive towards Kairouan. </p><p>Maysara's Berber forces encountered the vanguard Ifrqiyan column of Khalid ibn Abi Habib somewhere in the outskirts of Tangiers <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a brief skirmish with the Arab column, Maysara abruptly ordered the Berber armies to fall back to Tangier. The Arab cavalry commander Khalid ibn Abi Habiba did not give pursuit, but just held his line south of Tangier, blockading the Berber-held city, while awaiting the reinforcements from Habib's Sicilian expedition. </p><p>In this breathing space, the Berber rebels got reorganized and undertook an internal coup. The Berber tribal leaders swiftly deposed (and executed) Maysara and elected the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> Berber chieftain, <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Hamid_al-Zanati" title="Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati">Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati</a> as the new Berber "caliph". The reasons for Maysara's fall remain obscure. Possibly the sudden cowardice shown before the Arab cavalry column proved him military unfit, possibly because the puritan Sufrite preachers found a flaw in the piety of his character, or maybe simply because the <a href="/wiki/Zenata_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenata people">Zenata</a> tribal chieftains, being closer to the Ifriqiyan frontline, felt they should be the ones leading the rebellion. </p><p>The new Berber leader Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati opted to immediately attack the idling Ifriqiyan column before they could be reinforced. The Berber rebels under Khalid ibn Hamid overwhelmed and annihilated the Arab cavalry of Khalid ibn Abi Habiba in an encounter known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nobles" title="Battle of the Nobles">Battle of the Nobles</a>, on account of the veritable massacre of the cream of the Ifriqiyan Arab nobility. This is tentatively dated around c. October–November, 740. </p><p>The immediate Arab reaction to the disaster shows just how unexpected this reversal was. Upon the first news of the defeat of the nobles, the reserve army of Ibn al-Mughira in Tlemcen fell into a panic. Seeing Sufrite preachers everywhere in the city, the Umayyad commander ordered his nervous Arab troops to conduct a series of round-ups in Tlemcen, several of which ended in indiscriminate massacres. This provoked a massive popular uprising in the hitherto-quiet city. The city's largely Berber population quickly drove out the Umayyad troops. The frontline of the Berber revolt now leaped to the middle Maghreb (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Blankinship_1994,_p.208_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blankinship_1994,_p.208-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sicilian expeditionary army of Habib ibn Abi Obeida arrived too late to prevent the massacre of the nobles. Realizing they were in no position to take on the Berber army by themselves, they retreated to Tlemcen, to gather the reserves, only to find that city too was now in disarray. There, Habib encountered Musa ibn Abi Khalid, an Umayyad captain who had bravely stayed behind in the vicinity of Tlemcen gathering what loyal forces he could find. The state of panic and confusion was such that Habib ibn Abi Obeida decided to blame the guiltless captain for the entire mess and cut off one of his hands and one of his legs in punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Blankinship_1994,_p.208_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blankinship_1994,_p.208-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habib ibn Abi Obeida entrenched what remained of the Ifriqiyan army in the vicinity of Tlemcen (perhaps as far back as <a href="/wiki/Tahert" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahert">Tahert</a>), and called upon Kairouan for reinforcements. The request was forwarded to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. </p><p>Caliph Hisham, hearing the shocking news, is said to have exclaimed: "By God, I will most certainly rage against them with an Arab rage, and I will send against them an army whose beginning is where they are and whose end is where I am!" <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_in_al-Andalus">Coup in al-Andalus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coup in al-Andalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is sometimes reported that the Andalusian governor <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj">Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj</a> dispatched an Andalusian army across the straits to support the Ifriqiyan column around Tangiers, only to be similarly defeated by the Berber rebels in late 740. But this story has been discounted by modern historians, as it is sourced principally from later al-Andalus chronicles; there is nothing in contemporary accounts referencing any such expedition. </p><p>Nonetheless, the news of the Berber victory in Morocco echoed through al-Andalus. Berbers heavily outnumbered Arabs in al-Andalus. Fearing the Berber garrisons in their own lands might take inspiration from their Moroccan brethren, the Andalusian Arab elite quickly deposed Obeid Allah's deputy, Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj, in January 741 and reinstated his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Katan_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri">Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri</a>, a more popular figure among local Arabs and Berbers alike.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_expedition">Syrian expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syrian expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagdoura" title="Battle of Bagdoura">Battle of Bagdoura</a></div> <p>In February, 741, the Umayyad Caliph Hisham appointed <a href="/wiki/Kulthum_ibn_Iyad_al-Qasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi">Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi</a> to replace the disgraced Obeid Allah as governor in Ifriqiya. Kulthum was to be accompanied by a fresh Arab army of 30,000 – 27,000 raised from the regiments (<i>junds</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an additional 3,000 to be picked up in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caliph Hisham appointed Kulthum's nephew <a href="/wiki/Balj_ibn_Bishr_al-Qushayri" title="Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri">Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri</a> as his lieutenant and designated successor, and the Jordanian commander <a href="/wiki/Thalaba_ibn_Salama_al-Amili" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalaba ibn Salama al-Amili">Thalaba ibn Salama al-Amili</a> as his second successor (should tragedy befall the prior two). </p><p>The elite Syrian cavalry under Balj ibn Bishr, which had moved ahead of the bulk of the forces, was the first to arrive in Kairouan in the Summer of 741. Their brief stay was not a happy one. The Syrians arrived in haughty spirits and quarreled with the Kairouan city authorities, who suspicious, had given them a rather cool reception. Interpreting it as ingratitude, the Syrian barons imposed themselves on the city, billeting troops and requisitioning supplies without regard to local authorities or priorities. </p><p>(It is pertinent to note that the members of the Syrian expedition were of different tribal stock than the Arabs they came to save. The early Arab colonists of Ifriqiya and al-Andalus had been drawn largely from tribes of south Arabian origin (known as <a href="/wiki/Kalbid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalbid">Kalbid</a> or '<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemenite</a>' tribes), whereas the Syrian <i>junds</i> were mostly of north Arabian tribes (<a href="/wiki/Qais" title="Qais">Qaysid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mudhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudhar">Mudharite</a>, or '<a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian</a>' tribes).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The ancient and deep pre-Islamic tribal rivalry between Qaysid and Yemenite found itself invoked in repeated quarrels between the earlier colonists and the arriving <i>junds</i>.) </p><p>Moving slower with the bulk of the forces, Kulthum ibn Iyad himself did not enter Kairouan, but merely dispatched a message assigning the government of the city to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Oqba_al-Ghaffari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Oqba al-Ghaffari (page does not exist)">Abd al-Rahman ibn Oqba al-Ghaffari</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i> of Ifriqiya. Collecting the Syrian vanguard, Kulthum hurried along to make junction with the remaining Ifriqiyan forces (some 40,000) of Habib ibn Abi Obeida al-Fihri holding ground in the vicinity of Tlemcen. </p><p>The junction between the North African and Eastern forces did not go smoothly.<sup id="cite_ref-Blankinship,_p.211_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blankinship,_p.211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of the Syrian misbehavior in Kairouan had reached the Ifriqiyan troops, while the Syrians, incensed at the poor reception, treated their Ifriqiyan counterparts in a high-handed fashion. Habib and Balj bickered and the armies nearly came to blows. By smooth diplomacy, Kulthum ibn Iyad managed hold the armies together, but the mutual resentments would play a role in subsequent events. </p><p>The Berber rebel army, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Hamid_al-Zanati" title="Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati">Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati</a> (perhaps jointly with a certain Salim Abu Yusuf al-Azdi <sup id="cite_ref-Blankinship,_p.211_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blankinship,_p.211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), while boasting great numbers (some 200,000), were very poorly equipped. Many Berber fighters had nothing but stones and knives, dressed in a mere loin cloth, heads shaved in puritan fashion. But they made up for this in knowledge of the terrain, excellent morale, and a fanatical Sufrite-inspired religious fervor. </p><p>The Berber and Arab armies finally clashed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagdoura" title="Battle of Bagdoura">Battle of Bagdoura</a> (or Baqdura) in October–November, 741, by the <a href="/wiki/Sebou_River" title="Sebou River">Sebou river</a> (near modern <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a>). Disdaining the experience and cautious advice of the Ifriqiyans, Kulthum ibn Iyad made several serious tactical errors. Berber skirmishers dehorsed and isolated the Syrian cavalry, while the Berber foot fell upon the Arab infantry with overwhelming numbers. The Arab armies were quickly routed. By some estimates, two-thirds of the Arab army were killed or captured by the Berbers at Bagdoura.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the casualties were the new governor <a href="/wiki/Kulthum_ibn_Iyad_al-Qasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi">Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi</a> and the Ifriqiyan commander Habib ibn Abi Obeida al-Fihri. </p><p>The Syrian regiments, now reduced to some 10,000, were pulled together by Kulthum's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Balj_ibn_Bishr_al-Qushayri" title="Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri">Balj ibn Bishr</a> and scrambled up towards the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">straits</a>, where they hoped to get passage across the water to al-Andalus. A small Ifriqiyan contingent, under Habib's son <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Habib_al-Fihri" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri">Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri</a>, joined the Syrians in their flight, but the rest of the Ifriqiyan forces fled in a scattered way back to Kairouan. The bulk of the Berber rebel army set off in pursuit of the Syrians, and laid siege to them in <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offensive_on_Kairouan">Offensive on Kairouan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Offensive on Kairouan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_Revolt_East.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Berber_Revolt_East.png/220px-Berber_Revolt_East.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Berber_Revolt_East.png/330px-Berber_Revolt_East.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Berber_Revolt_East.png/440px-Berber_Revolt_East.png 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>Final stages of the Berber revolt</figcaption></figure> <p>The Zenata Berber leader <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Hamid_al-Zanati" title="Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati">Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati</a> who delivered the two great victories over the Arab armies disappears from the chronicles shortly after Bagdoura (741).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But news of the defeat emboldened hitherto quiet Berber tribes to join the revolt. Berber uprisings erupted across the Maghreb and al-Andalus. </p><p>The most immediate threat arose in southern Ifriqiya, where the Sufrite leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uqasha_ibn_Ayub_al-Fezari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uqasha ibn Ayub al-Fezari (page does not exist)">Uqasha ibn Ayub al-Fezari</a> raised a Berber army and laid sieges to <a href="/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s" title="Gabès">Gabès</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gafsa" title="Gafsa">Gafsa</a>. By a rapid sally south with the remnant of the Ifriqiyan army, the Kairouan <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i> Abd al-Rahman ibn Oqba al-Ghaffari managed to defeat and disperse Uqasha's forces near Gafsa in December, 741.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the qadi possessed far too few Arab troops to put up a pursuit, and Uqasha immediately set about re-assembling his forces quietly around <a href="/wiki/Tobna" title="Tobna">Tobna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Biskra_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biskra (province)">Zab</a> valley of western Ifriqiya. </p><p>Immediately after hearing of the disaster at Bagdoura, the Caliph Hisham ordered the Umayyad governor of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handhala_ibn_Safwan_al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi">Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi</a>, to quickly take charge of Ifriqiya. In February 742, Handhala ibn Safwan hurried his Egyptian army westwards and reached Kairouan around April 742, just as Uqasha was returning to try his luck again. Handhala's forces pushed Uqasha back again. </p><p>When Uqasha was reassembling his forces once more in the Zab, he came across a large Berber army coming from the west, under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a> Berber chieftain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Wahid_ibn_Yazid_al-Hawwari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid al-Hawwari (page does not exist)">Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid al-Hawwari</a> (possibly dispatched by the Berber caliph Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati, although he is not mentioned in the chronicles). Abd al-Wahid's army was composed of some 300,000 Berber troops, ostensibly the largest Berber army ever seen.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a quick consultation, Uqasha and Abd al-Wahid agreed on a joint attack on Kairouan, Uqasha taking his forces along a southerly route, while Abd al-Wahid led his large army through the northern passes, converging on Kairouan from both sides. </p><p>Hearing of the approach of the great Berber armies, Handhala ibn Safwan realized it was paramount to prevent their junction. Dispatching a cavalry force to harass and slow down Abd al-Wahid in the north, Handhala threw the bulk of his forces south, crushing Uqasha in a bloody battle at al-Qarn and taking him prisoner. But Handhala had taken a lot of losses himself, and now faced the unhappy prospect of Abd al-Wahid's gigantic army. Hurrying back, Handhala is said to have put the entire population of Kairouan under arms to bolster his ranks, before setting out again. In perhaps the bloodiest encounter in the Berber wars, Handhala ibn Safwan defeated the great Berber army of Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid at al-Asnam around May 742 (perhaps a little later), just three miles outside of Kairouan. Some 120,000-180,000 Berbers, including Abd al-Wahid, fell in the field of battle in that single encounter. Uqasha was executed shortly after. </p><p>Although Kairouan was saved for the caliphate, and with it the core of Ifriqiya, Handhala ibn Safwan now faced the unenviable task of dragging the more westerly provinces, still under Berber sway, back into the fold. He would not have the chance to accomplish this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_in_al-Andalus">Revolt in al-Andalus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revolt in al-Andalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/225px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/338px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/450px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Military campaigns in northeastern al-Andalus and southern Gaul at the time of the Berber Revolt (740–742)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em;width:auto;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">History of Al-Andalus</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(711–732)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete" title="Battle of Guadalete">Battle of Guadalete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(711)" title="Siege of Córdoba (711)">Siege of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">Battle of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fihrids" title="Fihrids">Fihrids</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Umayyad state of Córdoba">Umayyad state of Córdoba</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(756–1031)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ibn_Abi_Aamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir">Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa#First_period_(11th_century)" title="Taifa">First Taifa period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1009–1110)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid rule</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1085–1145)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty#Iberian_Peninsula" title="Almoravid dynasty">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagrajas" title="Battle of Sagrajas">Battle of Sagrajas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa#Second_period_(12th_century)" title="Taifa">Second Taifa period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1140–1203)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad rule</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1147–1238)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa#Third_period_(13th_century)" title="Taifa">Third Taifa period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1232–1287)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1232–1492)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait" title="Battle of the Strait">Battle of the Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Portugal</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_al-Andalus" title="Template:History of al-Andalus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_al-Andalus" title="Template talk:History of al-Andalus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_al-Andalus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of al-Andalus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The coup installing <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Qatn_al-Fihri" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri">Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri</a> as ruler in al-Andalus in early 741 had been a failsafe device. But once the news of the disaster at Bagdoura spread, a general Berber uprising in al-Andalus could no longer be prevented. In October 741, Berber garrisons north of the <a href="/wiki/Douro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro River">Douro River</a> mutinied. They discarded their Arab commanders and took to the field, abandoning their garrison posts to assemble their own Berber rebel army around the center and march against the Andalusian Arabs in the south. </p><p>Although their leaders' names have escaped us, the Andalusian Berber rebel army was organized into three columns – one to take <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> (the main garrison city of the <a href="/wiki/Central_March" title="Central March">Central March</a>), another to aim for <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> (the Umayyad capital), and the third to take <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>, where the rebels hoped to seize the Andalusian fleet to ferry additional Berber troops from North Africa. </p><p>With the frontier garrisons in the northwest suddenly evacuated, the Christian king <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_I_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso I of Asturias">Alfonso I of Asturias</a> could hardly believe his luck, and set about dispatching Asturian troops to seize the empty forts. With remarkable swiftness and ease the northwest was captured, and the banks of the upper Ebro were raided by Alfonso and permanently lost to al-Andalus. The Asturians devastated several towns and villages on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Douro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro River">Douro River</a>, and carried off local populations from the towns and villages in the Galician-Leonese lowlands back to the mountains, creating an empty buffer zone in the <a href="/wiki/Douro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Douro River">Douro River</a> valley (the <i><a href="/wiki/Desert_of_the_Duero" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert of the Duero">Desert of the Duero</a></i>) between the Asturias in the north and al-Andalus in the south. This newly emptied frontier would remain in place for the next few centuries. It is alleged that pastoral Berber mountaineers remained behind in the highlands around <a href="/wiki/Astorga,_Spain" title="Astorga, Spain">Astorga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a>. These trapped Berber communities were called "<i><a href="/wiki/Maragater%C3%ADa" title="Maragatería">Maragatos</a></i>" by the local Christian Leonese (etymology uncertain, possibly from <i>mauri capti</i>, "captive Moors"). Although eventually converted to Christianity, the <i>Maragatos</i> retained their distinctive dress, customs and lifestyle of Berber origin down to the early modern era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrians_in_Al-Andalus">Syrians in Al-Andalus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syrians in Al-Andalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Berber_Revolt" title="Special:EditPage/Berber Revolt">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Berber+Revolt%22">"Berber Revolt"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Berber+Revolt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Berber+Revolt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Berber+Revolt%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Berber+Revolt%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Berber+Revolt%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Through much of the winter of 741–42, the remnant of the Syrian expedition, some 10,000 men, under <a href="/wiki/Balj_ibn_Bishr_al-Qushayri" title="Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri">Balj ibn Bishr</a>, remained trapped in <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, besieged by the Berber rebels. The Andalusian ruler <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Qatn_al-Fihri" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri">Abd al-Malik ibn Qatn al-Fihri</a>, wary that the presence of the Syrians in Al-Andalus would only aggravate matters, denied them entry. </p><p>But news soon reached the Andalusian governor that the Berber rebel armies from the northwest had been organized and were now barreling south in three columns, towards Toledo, Córdoba and Algeciras. </p><p>Not having enough Arab forces at hand, the Andalusian governor Abd al-Malik realized he had little choice but to make use of the stranded Syrian force to defeat the Berber armies. In a carefully negotiated treaty, Abd al-Malik granted the Syrians permission to cross over, on the condition that they promise to return to North Africa within a year of the settlement of the Berber matter in Al-Andalus. Hostages were taken to secure Syrian compliance. </p><p>The Syrian junds under <a href="/wiki/Balj_ibn_Bishr" class="mw-redirect" title="Balj ibn Bishr">Balj ibn Bishr</a> crossed the straits in early 742 and immediately headed to the environs of <a href="/wiki/Medina-Sidonia" title="Medina-Sidonia">Medina-Sidonia</a>, where they intercepted and disposed of the Berber column aiming for Algeciras. The Syrians then joined the Andalusian Arabs in crushing the main Berber rebel army in a ferocious battle outside of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> in the Spring of 742. Shortly after, they proceeded to defeat the third Berber army, then laying siege to <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>. </p><p>The Berber rebellion was quashed in Al-Andalus, but the Syrians showed no signs of intending to leave. When the Andalusian governor Abd al-Malik ibn Qatan ibn Fihri pressed the point, Balj ibn Bishr decided to simply depose him and proclaim himself governor, invoking his credentials as designated successor to his uncle, the late Ifriqiyan governor <a href="/wiki/Kulthum_ibn_Iyad_al-Qasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi">Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi</a>. In revenge for the merchant of Ceuta, Balj ordered the elderly Ibn Qatan tortured to death. </p><p>A civil war was not short in happening. Rallied by Qatan and Umayya, the sons of the late <a href="/wiki/Fihrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fihrid">Fihrid</a> governor, Andalusian Arabs took up arms against the Syrian <i>junds</i>. The Syrians delivered a decisive defeat upon the Andalusian at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aqua_Portora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Aqua Portora (page does not exist)">Battle of Aqua Portora</a> outside of Córdoba in August 742, but Balj ibn Bishr was mortally wounded in the field. Command of the Syrian armies devolved to <a href="/wiki/Thalaba_ibn_Salama_al-Amili" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalaba ibn Salama al-Amili">Thalaba ibn Salama al-Amili</a>, and for the next few months, the Syrians remained bunkered down, while the Andalusians (soon joined by what remained of the Berber rebels), assembled in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>. </p><p>Much of the next few months was spent in an internecine Arab civil war, the Berber question relegated to a secondary concern. Eventually, tiring of war, the parties appealed to the Ifriqiyan emir <a href="/wiki/Handhala_ibn_Safwan_al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi">Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi</a> to resolve the matter. Handhala dispatched his cousin <a href="/wiki/Abu_l-Hattar_al_Husam_ibn_Darar_al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu l-Hattar al Husam ibn Darar al-Kalbi">Abu al-Khattar ibn Darar al-Kalbi</a> as the new governor for al-Andalus. Abu al-Khattar arrived in May 743 and immediately set about restoring peace in Al-Andalus, liberating prisoners (Arab and Berber) and figuring a resolution to the displaced Syrian troops. He decided to distribute the various Syrian junds across Al-Andalus, carving out regimental fiefs in hitherto thinly-held areas: the Damascus jund was established in Elvira (<a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>), the Jordan jund in Rayyu (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archidona" title="Archidona">Archidona</a>), the Palestine jund in <a href="/wiki/Medina-Sidonia" title="Medina-Sidonia">Medina-Sidonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerez">Jerez</a>, the Emesa (Hims) jund in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niebla,_Spain" title="Niebla, Spain">Niebla</a> and the Qinnasrin jund in <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>. The Egypt jund was divided between <a href="/wiki/Beja_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beja (Portugal)">Beja</a> (Algarve) in the west and Tudmir (<a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>) in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Al-Maqqari refers to an additional <i>jund</i> from <a href="/wiki/Wasit,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasit, Iraq">Wasit</a> (Iraq) that was settled in <a href="/wiki/Cabra,_Spain" title="Cabra, Spain">Cabra</a>, but this <i>jund</i> is not recorded in other sources).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrian junds were allocated a third of the tax revenues collected in their regions, and given responsibilities of tax-collection and military service to the Andalusian governor. </p><p>The arrival of the Syrian <i>junds</i> would have tremendous implications for subsequent Andalusian history. They substantially increased the Arab element on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>, and, as such, were instrumental in deepening the Muslim hold on the south, what would become the heart of al-Andalus. But they also brought trouble. Unwilling to be governed, the Syrian <i>junds</i> carried on an existence of autonomous feudal anarchy, severely destabilizing the power of the governor of al-Andalus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG/240px-Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG" decoding="async" width="240" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG/360px-Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG/480px-Morocco_and_the_Maghreb_after_the_Berber_Revolt.PNG 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>The Maghreb after the Berber Revolt<sup id="cite_ref-Duby_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duby-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It is common to denote 742 or 743 as the "end" of the Great Berber Revolt, after the failure of the Berber armies to seize Kairouan or <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>. But the Berber hold on Morocco, as well as the western and central parts of the <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Maghrib al-Awsat</a> (Central Maghreb, modern-day Algeria) would continue, leading to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Barghwata" class="mw-redirect" title="Barghwata">Barghwata</a> state in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Tamesna</a> by 744, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tlemcen" title="Emirate of Tlemcen">Emirate of Tlemcen</a> by 742 and the <a href="/wiki/Midrarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrarid">Midrarid</a> emirate in <a href="/wiki/Sijilmassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sijilmassa">Sijilmassa</a> by 758, while Arab hold would last over <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, including the eastern part of modern-day Algeria. </p><p>Later, non-Berber dynasties came to power with Berber support, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a>, a dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> descent who by 761 established an <a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a> over the area of <a href="/wiki/Tahert" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahert">Tahert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharifian</a> <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, by 789 considered as the founder dynasty of the modern Moroccan state.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this era, though not organized as states, many areas were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> rebels such as <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wargla" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargla">Wargla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setif" class="mw-redirect" title="Setif">Setif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tozeur" title="Tozeur">Tozeur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gafsa" title="Gafsa">Gafsa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nafusa_Mountains" title="Nafusa Mountains">Djebel Nafusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duby_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duby-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagdoura" title="Battle of Bagdoura">Battle of Bagdoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nobles" title="Battle of the Nobles">Battle of the Nobles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_and_Islam" title="Berbers and Islam">Berbers and Islam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAfrica1992" class="citation book cs1">Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA132&dq=But,%20as%20triumph%20came%20nearer,%20the%20seeds%20of%20discord%20were%20sown%20among%20the%20ranks%20of%20the%20victors.%20The%20following%20year,%20at%20the%20walls%20of%20the%20besieged%20city%20of%20Kayrawan&hl=it&pg=PA132#v=onepage&q=But,%20as%20triumph%20came%20nearer,%20the%20seeds%20of%20discord%20were%20sown%20among%20the%20ranks%20of%20the%20victors.%20The%20following%20year,%20at%20the%20walls%20of%20the%20besieged%20city%20of%20Kayrawan&f=false"><i>Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century</i></a>. J. Currey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-093-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-093-9"><bdi>978-0-85255-093-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+from+the+Seventh+to+the+Eleventh+Century&rft.pub=J.+Currey&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-093-9&rft.aulast=Africa&rft.aufirst=Unesco+International+Scientific+Committee+for+the+Drafting+of+a+General+History+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.it%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDFcD0BuekQC%26newbks%3D1%26newbks_redir%3D0%26lpg%3DPA132%26dq%3DBut%2C%2520as%2520triumph%2520came%2520nearer%2C%2520the%2520seeds%2520of%2520discord%2520were%2520sown%2520among%2520the%2520ranks%2520of%2520the%2520victors.%2520The%2520following%2520year%2C%2520at%2520the%2520walls%2520of%2520the%2520besieged%2520city%2520of%2520Kayrawan%26hl%3Dit%26pg%3DPA132%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBut%2C%2520as%2520triumph%2520came%2520nearer%2C%2520the%2520seeds%2520of%2520discord%2520were%2520sown%2520among%2520the%2520ranks%2520of%2520the%2520victors.%2520The%2520following%2520year%2C%2520at%2520the%2520walls%2520of%2520the%2520besieged%2520city%2520of%2520Kayrawan%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerber+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2005" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W. (2005-10-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA341"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45596-5"><bdi>978-1-135-45596-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45596-5&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc1ZsBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerber+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhannun Taha (1989: 198)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Africa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Africa_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrbek1992" class="citation cs2">Hrbek, Ivan (1992), <i>Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century</i>, vol. 3rd, University of California Press, p. 131, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06698-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06698-4"><bdi>978-0-520-06698-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+from+the+Seventh+to+the+Eleventh+Century&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06698-4&rft.aulast=Hrbek&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerber+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Khaldun, p.216-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following Ibn Khaldun (p.217), commentators usually mark that encounter at the <a href="/wiki/Chelif" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelif">Chelif</a> river (in Algeria). However, it is unlikely that the Berber rebels would have reached that far east so soon. It is likely Ibn Khaldun or his transcribers confused that location with a similar-sounding one, closer to Tangiers. Julien (1961: p.30) suggests it was in the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Sebou_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebou river">Sebou river</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blankinship_1994,_p.208-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blankinship_1994,_p.208_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blankinship_1994,_p.208_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blankinship (1994, p.208)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blankinship, 1994:p.209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blankinship, 1994: p.209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, the 27,000 Syrian troops were composed of 6,000 men from each of the four main Syrian <i>junds</i> of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq (Damascus)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims (Homs)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn (Jordan)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin (Palestine)</a>, plus 3,000 from <a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dozy, Reinhart (1913) <i>Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain</i> (translated by Francis Griffin Stokes from the Spanish <i>Histoire de Musulmans d'Espagne</i>) Chatto & Windus, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ7yAftTdQC&pg=PA133">page 133</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3191175">3191175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blankinship,_p.211-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blankinship,_p.211_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blankinship,_p.211_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blankinship, p.211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blankinship, p.212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fournel (1857: p.79)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blankship, p.215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Khaldun (1857: p.363); Fournel (1857: p.79)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levi-Provençal, (1950: p.48); Kennedy (1996: p.45).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Maqqari (1840-43: p.46)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duby-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duby_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duby_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Duby, <i>Atlas Historique Mondial</i>, Larousse Ed. (2000), pp.220 & 224 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2702828655" title="Special:BookSources/2702828655">2702828655</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yassir Benhima, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=865&lang=en">The Rustamids (761-909)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921202516/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=865&lang=en">Archived</a> 2013-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on qantara-med.org (retrieved on 18 April 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514123/Rustamid-kingdom">Rustamid Kingdom</a>, on Britannica (retrieved on 18 April 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"tradition (...) reaches back to the origins of the modern Moroccan state in the ninth century Idrisid dynasty which founded the venerable city of. Fes", G Joffe, <i>Morocco: Monarchy, legitimacy and succession</i>, in : Third World Quarterly, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Idrisids, the founder dynasty of Fas and, ideally at least, of the modern Moroccan state (...)", <i>Moroccan dynastic shurfa’-hood in two historical contexts: idrisid cult and ‘Alawid power</i> in : The Journal of North African Studies Volume 6, Issue 2, 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629380108718436">[1]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Revolt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>al-Maqqari (1840-43 transl. by P. de Gayangos) <i>The History of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain</i>, 2 vols, London: Royal Asiatic Society.</li> <li>Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). <i>The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd Al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads</i>. SUNY Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1827-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1827-8">0-7914-1827-8</a></li> <li>Fournel, Henri (1857) <i>Étude sur la conquête de l'Afrique par les Arabes</i>, Paris, Impermerie Imperiale.</li> <li>Heath, Jeffrey M (2002). <i>Jewish and Muslim Dialects of Moroccan Arabic</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1514-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1514-2">0-7007-1514-2</a></li> <li>Holt, P M, Lambton, Ann K S. and Lewis, Bernard (1977). <i>The Cambridge History of Islam</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29137-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29137-2">0-521-29137-2</a></li> <li>Hrbek, Ivan (1992), Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, 3rd, University of California Press,</li> <li>Ibn Khaldun (1852 transl.) <i>Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique</i>, Algiers.</li> <li>Lévi-Provençal, E. (1950)<i>Histoire de l'Espagne musulmane, Tome 1</i>, 1999 ed., Paris: Larose.</li> <li>Julien, Charles-André, <i>Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830</i>, édition originale 1931, réédition Payot, Paris, 1961</li> <li>Kennedy, Hugh (1996) <i>Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus</i>, New York and London: Longman.</li> <li>Mercier, E. (1888) <i>Histoire de l'Afrqiue septentrionale, V. 1</i>, Paris: Leroux. Repr. Elibron Classics, 2005.</li> <li>Roth, A M and Roth, Norman (1994). <i>Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09971-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09971-9">90-04-09971-9</a></li> <li>Taha, Abd al-Wahid Dhannun (1989) <i>The Muslim conquest and settlement of North Africa and Spain</i>, London, Routledge.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Umayyad_Caliphate_topics194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Umayyad Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Umayyad Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Umayyad Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Umayyad_Caliphate_topics194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_II" title="Mu'awiya II">Mu'awiya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">Al-Walid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik">Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_II" title="Yazid II">Yazid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Hisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_II" title="Al-Walid II">Al-Walid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_III" title="Yazid III">Yazid III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Walid">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">First siege of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Ash%27ath" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath">Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_campaigns_in_India" title="Umayyad campaigns in India">Umayyad campaigns in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">Second siege of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul">Umayyad invasion of Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Khazar_wars#Second_War" title="Arab–Khazar wars">Second Arab–Khazar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_al-Muhallab" title="Yazid ibn al-Muhallab">Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Revolt of Harith b. Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Revolt of Zayd ibn Ali">Revolt of Zayd b. Ali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berber Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fitna" title="Third Fitna">Third Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_rule_in_North_Africa" title="Umayyad rule in North Africa">Umayyad rule in North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Category:Governors of the Umayyad Caliphate">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">Diwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barid" title="Barid">Barid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">Shurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haras" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Haras">al-Haras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_rivalry" title="Qays–Yaman rivalry">Qays–Yaman rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf</a></li> <li>Umayyad coinage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Sasanian_coinage" title="Arab–Sasanian coinage">Arab–Sasanian coinage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Culture of the Umayyad Caliphate">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles" title="Desert castles">Desert castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Great Mosque of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad art">Umayyad art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painting_of_the_Six_Kings" title="Painting of the Six Kings">Painting of the Six Kings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Umayyad_Caliphate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Umayyad Caliphate">Media</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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