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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grapevines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grapevines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grapevines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grapevines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_of_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_of_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution of agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_and_wine_grapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_and_wine_grapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Table and wine grapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_and_wine_grapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seedless_grapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seedless_grapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Seedless grapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seedless_grapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raisins,_currants_and_sultanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raisins,_currants_and_sultanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Raisins, currants and sultanas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raisins,_currants_and_sultanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Juice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vinegars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinegars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Vinegars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinegars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pomace_and_phytochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pomace_and_phytochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Pomace and phytochemicals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pomace_and_phytochemicals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pomace and phytochemicals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pomace_and_phytochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Seeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resveratrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resveratrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Resveratrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resveratrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grape_and_raisin_toxicity_in_dogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grape_and_raisin_toxicity_in_dogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grape_and_raisin_toxicity_in_dogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grape</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 174 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druiwe" title="Druiwe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Druiwe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weintraube" title="Weintraube – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weintraube" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95" title="ወይን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወይን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अंगूर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अंगूर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABnberge" title="Wīnberge – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wīnberge" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A8" title="عنب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uga" title="Uga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Uga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A2%DC%92%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܥܢܒܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܢܒܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%A2" title="Auâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Auâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resim" title="Resim – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Resim" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="আঙুৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আঙুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="बेल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बेल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ava" title="Úva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Úva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="اوزوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوزوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Anggur" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="আঙ্গুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আঙ্গুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B4-t%C3%B4" title="Phô-tô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phô-tô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_(woh)" title="Anggur (woh) – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Anggur (woh)" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A9%D2%99%D3%A9%D0%BC_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BA)" title="Йөҙөм (еләк) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йөҙөм (еләк)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вінаградзіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вінаградзіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Вінаград (ягада) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вінаград (ягада)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अंगूर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अंगूर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubas" title="Ubas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ubas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Грозде – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грозде" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinba" title="Weinba – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Weinba" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒུནའབྲུམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒུནའབྲུམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C5%BE%C4%91e" title="Grožđe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grožđe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezin" title="Rezin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rezin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%AFm" title="Raïm – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raïm" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobule_(r%C3%A9va)" title="Bobule (réva) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bobule (réva)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grawnwin" title="Grawnwin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grawnwin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindrue" title="Vindrue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vindrue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A8" title="عنب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عنب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weintraube" title="Weintraube – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weintraube" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AD%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA" title="މޭބިސްކަދުރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މޭބިސްކަދުރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCil_na%CA%BCat%C5%82%CA%BCo%CA%BCii_(ch%CA%BCiy%C3%A1%C3%A1n)" title="Chʼil naʼatłʼoʼii (chʼiyáán) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼil naʼatłʼoʼii (chʼiyáán)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अङ्गूर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अङ्गूर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinamari" title="Viinamari – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viinamari" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Σταφύλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σταφύλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua" title="Ua – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ua" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinbero" title="Vinbero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vinbero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahats" title="Mahats – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mahats" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انگور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguur" title="Anguur – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Anguur" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raisin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ue" title="Ue – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ue" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADonchaor" title="Fíonchaor – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíonchaor" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeyr-feeyney" title="Smeyr-feeyney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Smeyr-feeyney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7" title="દ્રાક્ષ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દ્રાક્ષ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dako" title="Dako – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Dako" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B9-th%C3%B2" title="Phù-thò – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phù-thò" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84" title="포도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%B2_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2)" title="Խաղող (հատապտուղ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղող (հատապտուղ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अंगूर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंगूर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C5%BE%C4%91e" title="Grožđe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grožđe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito" title="Vito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubas" title="Ubas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ubas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="আঙ্গুর – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আঙ্গুর" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anggur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADnber" title="Vínber – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vínber" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%91" title="עינב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עינב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_(woh)" title="Anggur (woh) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anggur (woh)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubas" title="Ubas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ubas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ყურძენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყურძენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8E%DA%86%DA%BE" title="دَچھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دَچھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Жүзім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүзім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Grappa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamaro_k%27imizabibu" title="Akamaro k'imizabibu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Akamaro k'imizabibu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabibu" title="Zabibu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zabibu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezen" title="Rezen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rezen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir%C3%AE" title="Tirî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABnogas" title="Vīnogas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vīnogas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vynuog%C4%97" title="Vynuogė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vynuogė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADno" title="Víno – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Víno" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/vanjba" title="vanjba – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="vanjba" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uga" title="Uga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Uga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अङ्गूर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अङ्गूर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Грозје – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грозје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voaloboka" title="Voaloboka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voaloboka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99" title="മുന്തിരിങ്ങ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുന്തിരിങ്ങ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="द्राक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्राक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჸურზენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჸურზენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A8" title="عنب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عنب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%80%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%81%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ထကတ်ၜင် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ထကတ်ၜင်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="انگیر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="انگیر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anggur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%B2-d%C3%B2%CC%A4" title="Buò-dò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Buò-dò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Усан үзэм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усан үзэм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="စပျစ်ပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စပျစ်ပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xocomecatl" title="Xocomecatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Xocomecatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qerepi" title="Qerepi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Qerepi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druif" title="Druif – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Druif" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droeve" title="Droeve – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Droeve" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="अङ्गुर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अङ्गुर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF" title="मितसि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मितसि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6" title="ブドウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブドウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drue" title="Drue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Drue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drue" title="Drue – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Drue" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8rjus" title="Vèrjus – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Vèrjus" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasim" title="Rasim – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rasim" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0" title="ଅଙ୍ଗୁର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଙ୍ଗୁର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeynaba" title="Eeynaba – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Eeynaba" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzum" title="Uzum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uzum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅੰਗੂਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਗੂਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadisusu%27" title="Fadisusu' – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Fadisusu'" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انگور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انگور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انگور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انگور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A" title="ទំពាំងបាយជូរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទំពាំងបាយជូរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C3%A9sin" title="Roésin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Roésin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/budu" title="budu – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="budu" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wienbeer" title="Wienbeer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wienbeer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winogrono" title="Winogrono – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Winogrono" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strugure" title="Strugure – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Strugure" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwas" title="Uwas – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uwas" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Грозно – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Грозно" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Виноград (ягода) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виноград (ягода)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/badisusu%27" title="badisusu' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="badisusu'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapes" title="Grapes – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Grapes" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="द्राक्षाफलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="द्राक्षाफलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱚᱝᱜᱩᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱝᱜᱩᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape" title="Grape – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grape" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terebe" title="Terebe – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Terebe" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrushi" title="Rrushi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrushi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappugghia" title="Grappugghia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grappugghia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape" title="Grape – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grape" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انگور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انگور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrozno" title="Hrozno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hrozno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozdje" title="Grozdje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grozdje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canab" title="Canab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Canab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8E" title="ترێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Грожђе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грожђе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C5%BE%C4%91e" title="Grožđe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grožđe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Anggur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viiniryp%C3%A4le" title="Viinirypäle – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viinirypäle" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druva" title="Druva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Druva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubas_(prutas)" title="Ubas (prutas) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ubas (prutas)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திராட்சைப்பழம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திராட்சைப்பழம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B8%8Dil" title="Aḍil – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aḍil" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%93urin" title="Tiẓurin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiẓurin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7" title="ద్రాక్ష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్రాక్ష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="องุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ангур – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ангур" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%96%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%97" title="ᏖᎸᎳᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏖᎸᎳᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohp%C3%A2h%C3%A1a%27%C3%A9heme" title="Hohpâháa'éheme – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hohpâháa'éheme" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cz%C3%BCm" title="Üzüm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üzüm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4)" title="Виноград (плід) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виноград (плід)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انگور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انگور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%88%D8%B2%DB%88%D9%85" title="ئۈزۈم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۈزۈم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makit" title="Makit – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Makit" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua" title="Ua – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ua" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nho" title="Nho – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nho" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roejh%C3%A9n" title="Roejhén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Roejhén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="葡萄 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="葡萄" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druve" title="Druve – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Druve" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubas" title="Ubas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ubas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="葡萄 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葡萄" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F" title="וויינטרויבן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויינטרויבן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%AD%90" title="提子 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="提子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engure" title="Engure – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Engure" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="葡萄 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葡萄" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Anggur" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%80%EA%A0%8B%EA%A0%89%EA%A0%A5%EA%A0%9E" title="ꠀꠋꠉꠥꠞ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠀꠋꠉꠥꠞ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angy" title="Angy – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Angy" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fruit growing on woody vines in clusters</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">Grapefruit</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fruits of the genus <i>Vitis</i>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grape_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grape (disambiguation)">Grape (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abhar-iran.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abhar-iran.JPG/250px-Abhar-iran.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abhar-iran.JPG/330px-Abhar-iran.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abhar-iran.JPG/500px-Abhar-iran.JPG 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Grapes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes,_Rostov-on-Don,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/250px-Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/500px-Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption> "Black" (dark blue) and "white" (light green) <a href="/wiki/Table_grape" title="Table grape">table grapes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>grape</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">botanically a berry</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> woody <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a> of the flowering plant genus <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i>. Grapes are a non-<a href="/wiki/Climacteric_(botany)" title="Climacteric (botany)">climacteric</a> type of fruit, generally occurring in <a href="/wiki/Grape_cluster" title="Grape cluster">clusters</a>. </p><p>The cultivation of grapes began approximately 8,000 years ago, and the fruit has been used as human food throughout its history. Eaten fresh or in dried form (as <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zante_currant" title="Zante currant">currants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" title="Sultana (grape)">sultanas</a>), grapes also hold cultural significance in many parts of the world, particularly for their role in <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>. Other grape-derived products include various types of <a href="/wiki/Grape_jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape jam">jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">juice</a>, vinegar and oil. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_grape_production_in_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Countries_by_grape_production_in_2020.png/250px-Countries_by_grape_production_in_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Countries_by_grape_production_in_2020.png/330px-Countries_by_grape_production_in_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Countries_by_grape_production_in_2020.png/500px-Countries_by_grape_production_in_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="6838" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption>Grape producing countries in 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> is generally described as the homeland of grapes and the cultivation of this plant began there 6,000–8,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-This_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-This-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yeast_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast (wine)">Yeast</a>, one of the earliest domesticated <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the discovery of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known winery, the <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">Areni-1 winery</a>, was found in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and dated back to around 4000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 9th century AD, the city of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a> red wine is named after <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make <a href="/wiki/Shirazi_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirazi wine">Shirazi wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugh_J_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugh_J-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphics">hieroglyphics</a> record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Greeks_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks (wine)">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cypriots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians (wine)">Phoenicians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Rome (wine)">Romans</a> growing purple grapes both for eating and wine production.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. </p><p>In 2005, a team of archaeologists concluded that <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> wine jars discovered in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in the 1930s dated back to 3500 BC, making them the oldest of their kind in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Commandaria" title="Commandaria">Commandaria</a>, a sweet <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert wine</a> from Cyprus, is the oldest manufactured wine in the world with origins as far back as 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, native grapes belonging to various species of the genus <i>Vitis</i> proliferate in the wild across the continent and were a part of the diet of many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, but they were considered by early European colonists to be unsuitable for wine. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim Bull">Ephraim Bull</a> of <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, cultivated seeds from wild <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" title="Vitis labrusca">Vitis labrusca</a></i> vines to create the <a href="/wiki/Concord_grape" title="Concord grape">Concord grape</a>, which would become an important agricultural crop in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Grapes, red or green</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">288 kJ (69 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">18.1 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">15.48 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.9 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.16 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.72 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.069 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.07 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.188 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.05 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.086 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 2 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 5.6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 3.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.19 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 14.6 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 10 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.36 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.071 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 20 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 191 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.07 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">81 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/174683/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <p>Grapes are a type of <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> that grow in clusters of 15 to 300 and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutations</a> in two <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory genes">regulatory genes</a> of white grapes turn off production of <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthocyanins and other <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> chemicals of the larger family of <a href="/wiki/Polyphenols_in_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphenols in grape">polyphenols</a> in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a <a href="/wiki/Prolate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolate spheroid">prolate spheroid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2></div> <p>Raw grapes are 81% water, 18% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and have negligible <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). A <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>100-gram (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-ounce) reference amount of raw grapes supplies 288 kilojoules (69 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> and a moderate amount of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> (12% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>), with no other <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in significant amounts (table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grapevines">Grapevines</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConcordGrapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ConcordGrapes.jpg/250px-ConcordGrapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ConcordGrapes.jpg/330px-ConcordGrapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ConcordGrapes.jpg/500px-ConcordGrapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Concord is a variety of North American <i>labrusca</i> grape</figcaption></figure> <p>Most domesticated grapes come from <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">cultivars</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>, a grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian species such as: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_amurensis" title="Vitis amurensis">Vitis amurensis</a></i>, the most important Asian species</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" title="Vitis labrusca">Vitis labrusca</a></i>, the North American table and grape juice grapevines (including the <a href="/wiki/Concord_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concord (grape)">Concord</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>), sometimes used for wine, are native to the Eastern United States and Canada.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_mustangensis" title="Vitis mustangensis">Vitis mustangensis</a></i> (the mustang grape), found in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_riparia" title="Vitis riparia">Vitis riparia</a></i>, a wild vine of North America, is sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. It is native to the entire Eastern United States and north to <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_rotundifolia" title="Vitis rotundifolia">Vitis rotundifolia</a></i> (the muscadine), used for jams and wine, is native to the Southeastern United States from <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:12em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Grape production <br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">2023, millions of tonnes</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>13.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>6.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>4.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>3.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>72.5</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_of_agriculture">Distribution of agriculture</h2></div> <p>In 2023, the world total of land dedicated to grape growing (in <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>, ha) was 6,595,680 ha (16,298,300 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-faostat-ha_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-ha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By country dedicating farmland for grape growing in 2023, Spain had 913,000 ha (2,260,000 acres), France 753,340 ha (1,861,500 acres), Italy 713,350 ha (1,762,700 acres), and China 607,030 ha (1,500,000 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-faostat-ha_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-ha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruit</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are no reliable statistics that break down grape production by variety. It is believed that the most widely planted variety is <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" title="Sultana (grape)">Sultana</a>, also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least 3,600 km<sup>2</sup> (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is <a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a>. Other popular varieties include <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <p>In 2023, world production of grapes was 72.5 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by China with 19% of the total, with Italy and France as major secondary producers (table). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:12em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Grape exports <br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">2023, tonnes</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/40px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/60px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>647,967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>529,470 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>483,373 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>386,672 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>346,128 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>318,126 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-faostat-exp_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-exp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exports">Exports</h2></div> <p>In 2023, the leading exporters of grapes were Peru and Chile, each with more than half a million tonnes (table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table_and_wine_grapes">Table and wine grapes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div> <p>Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either <a href="/wiki/Table_grape" title="Table grape">table</a> or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> (wine grapes). The sweetness of grapes depends on when they are harvested, as they do not continue to ripen once picked.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While almost all of them belong to the same species, <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.<sup id="cite_ref-wineloverspage_com_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wineloverspage_com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_grapes03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/170px-Wine_grapes03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/255px-Wine_grapes03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/340px-Wine_grapes03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Wine grapes on the vine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seedless_grapes">Seedless grapes</h2></div> <p>Seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetatively propagated</a> by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using <a href="/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture" title="Plant tissue culture">tissue culture</a> techniques. </p><p>There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Seedless" class="mw-redirect" title="Thompson Seedless">Thompson Seedless</a>, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemical</a> content of grape seeds (see <a href="#Health_claims">Health claims</a>, below).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_dolma.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Armenian_dolma.jpeg/250px-Armenian_dolma.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Armenian_dolma.jpeg/330px-Armenian_dolma.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Armenian_dolma.jpeg/500px-Armenian_dolma.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Grape leaves in cuisine (<a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">dolma</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <p>Grapes are eaten raw, dried (as raisins, currants and sultanas), or cooked. Also, depending on grape cultivar, grapes are used in winemaking. Grapes can be processed into a multitude of products such as jams, juices, vinegars and oils. Commercially cultivated grapes are classified as either table or wine grapes. These categories are based on their intended method of consumption: grapes that are eaten raw (table grapes), or grapes that are used to make wine (wine grapes). Table grape cultivars normally have large, seedless fruit and thin skins. Wine grapes are smaller (in comparison to table grapes), usually contains seeds, and have thicker skins (a desirable characteristic in making wine). Most of the aroma in wine is from the skin. Wine grapes tend to have a high sugar content. They are harvested at peak sugar levels (approximately 24% sugar by weight.) In comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice" made from table grapes are normally around 15% sugar by weight.<sup id="cite_ref-wineloverspage_com_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wineloverspage_com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raisins,_currants_and_sultanas"><span id="Raisins.2C_currants_and_sultanas"></span>Raisins, currants and sultanas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">Raisin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raisins_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Raisins_01.jpg/250px-Raisins_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Raisins_01.jpg/330px-Raisins_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Raisins_01.jpg/500px-Raisins_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3223" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">Raisins</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In most of Europe and North America, dried grapes are referred to as "raisins" or the local equivalent. In the UK, three different varieties are recognized, forcing the EU to use the term "dried vine fruit" in official documents. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisin</a></i> is any dried grape. While <i>raisin</i> is a French <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a>, the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; <i>grappe</i> (from which the English <i>grape</i> is derived) refers to the bunch (as in <i>une grappe de raisins</i>). A raisin in French is called <i>raisin sec</i> ("dry grape"). </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Zante_currant" title="Zante currant">currant</a></i> is a dried <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zante</a> Black Corinth grape, the name being a corruption of the French <i>raisin de Corinthe</i> (<a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> grape). The names of the black and red currant, now more usually <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redcurrant" title="Redcurrant">redcurrant</a>, two berries unrelated to grapes, are derived from this use. Some other fruits of similar appearance are also so named, for example, Australian currant, native currant, Indian currant.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>sultana</i> was originally a raisin made from <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" title="Sultana (grape)">Sultana grapes</a> of Turkish origin (known as Thompson Seedless in the United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes or red grapes that are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Juice">Juice</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grape_Juice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Grape_Juice.jpg/250px-Grape_Juice.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Grape_Juice.jpg/330px-Grape_Juice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Grape_Juice.jpg/500px-Grape_Juice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Grape juice</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">Grape juice</a></div> <p>Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermented</a> and made into <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from <a href="/wiki/Concord_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concord (grape)">Concord grapes</a>, while white grape juice is commonly made from <a href="/wiki/Niagara_(grape)" title="Niagara (grape)">Niagara grapes</a>, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vinegars">Vinegars</h4></div> <p><i>Husrum</i>, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Verjuice" title="Verjuice">verjuice</a></i>, is a type of vinegar made from sour grapes in the Middle East. It is produced by crushing unripened grapes, collecting and salting the juice, simmering it to remove foam, and then storing it with a layer of olive oil to prevent contamination and oxidation. It is then used as an acidic ingredient in salads and stuffed vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unripened <i>husrum</i> grapes sent from <a href="/wiki/Tel_Ashkelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> are mentioned in a 12th-century document found in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iran, a sour grape vinegar is used for making <a href="/wiki/Shirazi_salad" title="Shirazi salad">Shirazi salad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pomace_and_phytochemicals">Pomace and phytochemicals</h2></div> <p>Winemaking from red and white grape flesh and skins produces substantial quantities of organic residues, collectively called <a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a> (also "marc"), which includes crushed skins, seeds, stems, and leaves generally used as <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gomez_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomez-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grape pomace – some 10–30% of the total mass of grapes crushed – contains various <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, such as unfermented sugars, alcohol, <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, and numerous other compounds, some of which are harvested and <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extracted</a> for commercial applications (a process sometimes called "valorization" of the pomace).<sup id="cite_ref-gomez_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomez-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muhlack_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhlack-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Anatomical-style diagram of three grapes on their stalks. Two of the grapes are shown in cross-section with all their internal parts labeled." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg/300px-Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg/450px-Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg/600px-Wine_grape_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Grape cross-section</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">Anthocyanins</a> tend to be the main <a href="/wiki/Polyphenols_in_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphenols in grape">polyphenolics</a> in purple grapes, whereas <a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">flavan-3-ols</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">catechins</a>) are the more abundant class of polyphenols in white varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-hozczp_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hozczp-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total phenolic content is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin.<sup id="cite_ref-hozczp_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hozczp-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phenolic content of grape skin varies with <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muscadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadine">Muscadine</a> grapes contain a relatively high phenolic content among dark grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xu_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In muscadine skins, <a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">ellagic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myricetin" title="Myricetin">myricetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">quercetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">kaempferol</a>, and trans-resveratrol are major phenolics.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flavonols <a href="/wiki/Syringetin" title="Syringetin">syringetin</a>, syringetin 3-O-galactoside, <a href="/wiki/Laricitrin" title="Laricitrin">laricitrin</a> and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are also found in purple grape but absent in white grape.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattivi_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattivi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seeds">Seeds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></div> <p>Muscadine grape seeds contain about twice the total polyphenol content of skins.<sup id="cite_ref-Xu_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a> from crushed seeds is used in <a href="/wiki/Cosmeceutical" title="Cosmeceutical">cosmeceuticals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skincare" class="mw-redirect" title="Skincare">skincare</a> products. Grape seed oil, including <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>) and high contents of <a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">phytosterols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acid">polyunsaturated fatty acids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a></div> <p>Resveratrol, a <a href="/wiki/Stilbene" title="Stilbene">stilbene</a> compound, is found in widely varying amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muscadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadine">Muscadine</a> grapes have about one hundred times higher concentration of stilbenes than pulp. Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grape_and_raisin_toxicity_in_dogs">Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grape_and_raisin_toxicity_in_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs">Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs</a></div> <p>The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute kidney failure">acute kidney failure</a> (the sudden development of kidney failure) with <a href="/wiki/Anuria" title="Anuria">anuria</a> (a lack of urine production) and may be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrapesBuds.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower buds"><img alt="Flower buds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/GrapesBuds.JPG/250px-GrapesBuds.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/GrapesBuds.JPG/500px-GrapesBuds.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower buds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrapesFlowers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Flowers"><img alt="Flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GrapesFlowers.JPG/250px-GrapesFlowers.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GrapesFlowers.JPG/500px-GrapesFlowers.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TenderGrapes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Immature fruit"><img alt="Immature fruit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/TenderGrapes.JPG/250px-TenderGrapes.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/TenderGrapes.JPG/500px-TenderGrapes.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Immature fruit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes_Angoor.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Grapes in Iran"><img alt="Grapes in Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Grapes_Angoor.JPG/250px-Grapes_Angoor.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Grapes_Angoor.JPG/500px-Grapes_Angoor.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grapes in Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wine grapes"><img alt="Wine grapes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grapes.jpg/250px-Grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grapes.jpg/330px-Grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wine grapes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprusgrapefarm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vineyard in the Troodos Mountains"><img alt="Vineyard in the Troodos Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyprusgrapefarm.jpg/250px-Cyprusgrapefarm.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyprusgrapefarm.jpg/500px-Cyprusgrapefarm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="1740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vineyard in the <a href="/wiki/Troodos_Mountains" title="Troodos Mountains">Troodos Mountains</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seedless_grapes_of_Kallidaikurichi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="seedless grapes"><img alt="seedless grapes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seedless_grapes_of_Kallidaikurichi.jpg/250px-Seedless_grapes_of_Kallidaikurichi.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seedless_grapes_of_Kallidaikurichi.jpg/500px-Seedless_grapes_of_Kallidaikurichi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">seedless grapes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes_in_the_Philippines_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grapes in the La Union, Philippines"><img alt="Grapes in the La Union, Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grapes_in_the_Philippines_1.jpg/270px-Grapes_in_the_Philippines_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grapes_in_the_Philippines_1.jpg/405px-Grapes_in_the_Philippines_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grapes_in_the_Philippines_1.jpg/540px-Grapes_in_the_Philippines_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grapes in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">La Union, Philippines</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beschimmelde_druiven.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moldy grapes."><img alt="Moldy grapes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beschimmelde_druiven.jpg/250px-Beschimmelde_druiven.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beschimmelde_druiven.jpg/500px-Beschimmelde_druiven.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moldy grapes.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/60px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/120px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/22px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/30px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakshasava" title="Drakshasava">Drakshasava</a>, a traditional Ayurvedic tonic made from grapes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_syrup" title="Grape syrup">Grape syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_dishes" title="List of grape dishes">List of grape dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">List of grape varieties</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menispermum_canadense" title="Menispermum canadense">Menispermum canadense</a></i>, a poisonous species resembling wild grapes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Grapes" title="The Fox and the Grapes">The Fox and the Grapes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/angur-grapes">"ANGŪR – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>According to A. de Candolle (L'Origine des plantes cultivées, Paris, 5th ed., 1912, p. 152) the grape-vine is at home in the region south of the Caucasus, from the Black Sea to the Caspian region of Iran, where "it has the shape of a strong liana climbing over high trees and producing abundant fruit without any pruning or cultivation." His statement is still generally accepted, since the greatest diversity in varieties can be observed there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=ANG%C5%AAR+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fangur-grapes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-This-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-This_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThis,_PatriceLacombe,_ThierryThomash,_Mark_R.2006" class="citation journal cs1">This, Patrice, Lacombe, Thierry, Thomash, Mark R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224603/https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/This%20et%20al%202006.pdf">"Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trends in Genetics</i>. <b>22</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">511–</span>519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2006.07.008">10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16872714">16872714</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/This%20et%20al%202006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Historical+Origins+and+Genetic+Diversity+of+Wine+Grapes&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E519&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tig.2006.07.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16872714&rft.au=This%2C+Patrice&rft.au=Lacombe%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Thomash%2C+Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de%2F~db45%2FStudiendekanat%2FLehre%2FMaster%2FModule%2FBotanik_1%2FM1401%2FEvolution_Zellbiologie%2FThis%2520et%2520al%25202006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern,_Patrick_E.2003" class="citation book cs1">McGovern, Patrick E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Georgia%20Wine.pdf"><i>Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Princeton University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231457/http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Georgia%20Wine.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Wine%3A+The+Search+for+the+Origins+of+Viniculture&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=McGovern%2C+Patrick+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fbiomoleculararchaeology%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F04%2FGeorgia%2520Wine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern,_P._E." class="citation web cs1">McGovern, P. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530202942/http://winehistory.com/2i.htm">"Georgia: Homeland of Winemaking and Viticulture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winehistory.com/2i.htm">the original</a> on 30 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia%3A+Homeland+of+Winemaking+and+Viticulture&rft.au=McGovern%2C+P.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwinehistory.com%2F2i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keys, David (2003-12-28) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.ws/2004-1-2.htm">Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603094312/http://www.archaeology.ws/2004-1-2.htm">Archived</a> 2013-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. archaeology.ws.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen2011" class="citation web cs1">Owen J (12 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603205116/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/">"Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/">"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report"</a>. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+4-7+Comparison+of+Potassium+Adequate+Intakes+Established+in+This+Report+to+Potassium+Adequate+Intakes+Established+in+the+2005+DRI+Report&rft.pages=120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK545428%2Ftable%2Ftab_4_7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrape" class="Z3988"></span> In: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallingsHarrisonOria2019" class="citation book cs1">Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M, eds. 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"Evaluation of fatty acid profiles and mineral content of grape seed oil of some grape genotypes". <i>International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition</i>. <b>60</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09637480701581551">10.1080/09637480701581551</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17886077">17886077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29294873">29294873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Sciences+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+fatty+acid+profiles+and+mineral+content+of+grape+seed+oil+of+some+grape+genotypes&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29294873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17886077&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09637480701581551&rft.aulast=Tangolar&rft.aufirst=S.+G.+K.&rft.au=%C3%96zo%C4%9Ful%2C+Y.+I.&rft.au=Tangolar%2C+S.&rft.au=Torun%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpi-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lpi_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/resveratrol/">"Resveratrol"</a>. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 11 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resveratrol&rft.pub=Micronutrient+Information+Center%2C+Linus+Pauling+Institute%2C+Oregon+State+University%2C+Corvallis%2C+OR&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flpi.oregonstate.edu%2Finfocenter%2Fphytochemicals%2Fresveratrol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiWuWangLi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Li X, Wu B, Wang L, et al. (2006). "Extractable Amounts of trans-Resveratrol in Seed and Berry Skin in Vitis Evaluated at the Germplasm Level". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>54</b> (23): <span class="nowrap">8804–</span>8811. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf061722y">10.1021/jf061722y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090126">17090126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Extractable+Amounts+of+trans-Resveratrol+in+Seed+and+Berry+Skin+in+Vitis+Evaluated+at+the+Germplasm+Level&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8804-%3C%2Fspan%3E8811&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf061722y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17090126&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Wu%2C+B.&rft.au=Wang%2C+L.&rft.au=Li%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211106.htm">Raisins/Grapes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929143344/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F211106.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Merck Veterinary Manual.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Creasy, G. L. and L. L. Creasy (2009). <i>Grapes</i> (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-401-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-401-9">978-1-84593-401-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera / Prosecco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino Fino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano Toscano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Henri_Bouschet" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante Henri Bouschet">Alicante Henri Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec"> Cot / Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay_Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamay Noir">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinot Noir">Pinot Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah / Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top 21–50<br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">White</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albari%C3%B1o" title="Albariño">Albariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansonica" title="Ansonica"> Ansonica / Inzolia </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianca_(grape)" title="Bianca (grape)">Bianca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasselas" title="Chasselas">Chasselas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelva_(grape)" title="Chelva (grape)">Chelva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires" title="Fernão Pires">Fernão Pires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feteasc%C4%83_alb%C4%83" title="Fetească albă">Fetească albă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feteasc%C4%83_regal%C4%83" title="Fetească regală">Fetească regală</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furmint" title="Furmint">Furmint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garganega" title="Garganega">Garganega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer" title="Gewürztraminer">Gewürztraminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache_blanc" title="Grenache blanc">Grenache blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grillo" title="Grillo">Grillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvasia#Italian_varieties" title="Malvasia">Malvasia Bianca di Candia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melon_de_Bourgogne" title="Melon de Bourgogne">Melon de Bourgogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Ottonel" title="Muscat Ottonel">Muscat Ottonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parellada" title="Parellada">Parellada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gim%C3%A9nez" title="Pedro Giménez">Pedro Giménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Xim%C3%A9nez" title="Pedro Ximénez">Pedro Ximénez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roupeiro" title="Roupeiro">Roupeiro / Siria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torront%C3%A9s" title="Torrontés">Torrontés Riojano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano_Giallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebbiano Giallo">Trebbiano Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano_Romagnolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebbiano Romagnolo">Trebbiano Romagnolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsolikouri" title="Tsolikouri">Tsolikouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdejo" title="Verdejo">Verdejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermentino" title="Vermentino">Vermentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viognier" title="Viognier">Viognier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xarel%C2%B7lo" title="Xarel·lo">Xarel·lo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties#White_grapes" title="List of grape varieties">See full list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglianico" title="Aglianico">Aglianico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch" title="Blaufränkisch">Blaufränkisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bord%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordô">Bordô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carm%C3%A9n%C3%A8re" title="Carménère">Carménère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel%C3%A3o_(grape)" title="Castelão (grape)">Castelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_grape" title="Concord grape">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvina_Veronese" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvina Veronese">Corvina Veronese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criolla_Grande" title="Criolla Grande">Criolla Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatina" title="Croatina">Croatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolcetto" title="Dolcetto">Dolcetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornfelder" title="Dornfelder">Dornfelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marufo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marufo">Marufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menc%C3%ADa_(grape)" title="Mencía (grape)">Mencía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Muscat" title="Black Muscat">Black Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebbiolo" title="Nebbiolo">Nebbiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroamaro" title="Negroamaro">Negroamaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_d%27Avola" title="Nero d'Avola">Nero d'Avola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamid" title="Pamid">Pamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Verdot" title="Petit Verdot">Petit Verdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_Meunier" title="Pinot Meunier">Pinot Meunier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinotage" title="Pinotage">Pinotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokupac" title="Prokupac">Prokupac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Cabernet" title="Ruby Cabernet">Ruby Cabernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saperavi" title="Saperavi">Saperavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannat" title="Tannat">Tannat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinta_Barroca" title="Tinta Barroca">Tinta Barroca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touriga_Franca" class="mw-redirect" title="Touriga Franca">Touriga Franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touriga_Nacional" title="Touriga Nacional">Touriga Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincadeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Trincadeira">Trincadeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweigelt" title="Zweigelt">Zweigelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties#Red_grapes" title="List of grape varieties">See full list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/20px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viticulture340" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viticulture" title="Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viticulture" title="Template talk:Viticulture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viticulture340" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology and<br /> horticulture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program" title="International Grape Genome Program">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture#Green_harvest" title="Viticulture">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_(grape_disease)" title="Black rot (grape disease)">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Viticulture" title="Category:Viticulture">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Juice426" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Juice" title="Template:Juice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Juice" title="Template talk:Juice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Juice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Juice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Juice426" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Juice" title="Juice">Juice</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_juices" title="List of juices">List of juices</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit juice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_juice" title="Cherry juice">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_juice" title="Cranberry juice">Cranberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucumber_juice" title="Cucumber juice">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapefruit_juice" title="Grapefruit juice">Grapefruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemonade" title="Lemonade">Lemonade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingonberry_juice" title="Lingonberry juice">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noni_juice" title="Noni juice">Noni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_juice" title="Orange juice">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_juice" title="Pineapple juice">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_juice" title="Pomegranate juice">Pomegranate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prune_juice" title="Prune juice">Prune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_juice" title="Raspberry juice">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind_juice" title="Tamarind juice">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_juice" title="Tomato juice">Tomato</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_juice_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orange juice"><img alt="Orange juice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orange_juice_1.jpg/55px-Orange_juice_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orange_juice_1.jpg/83px-Orange_juice_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orange_juice_1.jpg/110px-Orange_juice_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption>Orange juice</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_juice" title="Vegetable juice">Vegetable juice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrot_juice" title="Carrot juice">Carrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_juice" title="Hemp juice">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ealgam" class="mw-redirect" title="Şalgam">Turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric_juice" title="Turmeric juice">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatgrass" title="Wheatgrass">Wheatgrass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal liquid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clam_juice" title="Clam juice">Clam juice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-pressed_juice" title="Cold-pressed juice">Cold-pressed juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_fasting" title="Juice fasting">Juice fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicer" title="Juicer">Juicer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_press" title="Fruit press">fruit press</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicing" title="Juicing">Juicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothie" title="Smoothie">Smoothie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/13px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/17px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fruit_juice" title="Category:Fruit juice">Category:Fruit juice</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vegetable_juice" title="Category:Vegetable juice">Category:Vegetable juice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sources_of_tannins124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tannin_source" title="Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tannin_source" title="Template talk:Tannin source"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin_source" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sources_of_tannins124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sources of <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">condensed tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a></i> seed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecatannin" title="Arecatannin">arecatannins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Broad bean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Vicia faba</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grape</a> <ul><li><i>Vitis vinifera</i></li></ul></li> <li>Mimosa bark <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_mearnsii" title="Acacia mearnsii">Acacia mollissima</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrtan or black marlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_redunca" title="Eucalyptus redunca">Eucalyptus redunca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebracho_tree" title="Quebracho tree">Quebracho</a> wood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysable_tannin" title="Hydrolysable tannin">hydrolysable tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> wood</li> <li>Dhawa <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anogeissus_latifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anogeissus latifolia">Anogeissus latifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrobalan fruit <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_chebula" title="Terminalia chebula">Terminalia chebula</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak bark">Oak bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> wood</li> <li>Valonia oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_macrolepis" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus macrolepis">Quercus macrolepis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a> <ul><li>Tanner's sumach leaves - <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_coriaria" title="Rhus coriaria">Rhus coriaria</a></i> or Chinese gall on <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_chinensis" title="Rhus chinensis">Rhus chinensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tara pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tara_spinosa" title="Tara spinosa">Tara spinosa</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sources<br />by organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">Barks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>General : <a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_used_for_tannin_production" title="List of Acacia species used for tannin production">Acacias</a> (most notably <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_pycnantha" title="Acacia pycnantha">Acacia pycnantha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_decurrens" title="Acacia decurrens">Acacia decurrens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a> <ul><li><i>Alnus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Avaram <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senna_auriculata" title="Senna auriculata">Senna auriculata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Babul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a> <ul><li><i>Betula sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Button mangrove <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Conocarpus_erectus" title="Conocarpus erectus">Conocarpus erectus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Hemlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a> sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a> <ul><li><i>Larix sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> <ul><li><i>Pinus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a> <ul><li><i>Picea sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Urunday <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myracrodruon_urundeuva" title="Myracrodruon urundeuva">Myracrodruon urundeuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Willow <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_caprea" title="Salix caprea">Salix caprea</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Badan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergenia_crassifolia" title="Bergenia crassifolia">Bergenia crassifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_(extract)" title="Gambier (extract)">Gambier</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">Uncaria gambir</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Redoul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriaria_myrtifolia" title="Coriaria myrtifolia">Coriaria myrtifolia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canaigre <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumex_hymenosepalus" title="Rumex hymenosepalus">Rumex hymenosepalus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Garouille <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sea lavender <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limonium" title="Limonium">Limonium</a> sp</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cutch <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senegalia_catechu" title="Senegalia catechu">Senegalia catechu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Divi-divi pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Libidibia_coriaria" title="Libidibia coriaria">Libidibia coriaria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sant pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Teri pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moullava_digyna" title="Moullava digyna">Moullava digyna</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">Galls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gall oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_lusitanica" title="Quercus lusitanica">Quercus lusitanica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_infectoria" title="Quercus infectoria">Quercus infectoria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whole plant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis" title="Prosopis">Prosopis</a></i> sp. bark and wood <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_humilis" title="Prosopis humilis">Prosopis humilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_nigra" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis nigra">Prosopis nigra</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tanoak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">Notholithocarpus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tizra heartwood and root <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Searsia_pentaphylla" title="Searsia pentaphylla">Searsia pentaphylla</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Undetermined organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Anadenanthera colubrina</a></i> (vilca)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from<br />foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> 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