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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Contemporary era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographical distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climatic_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climatic_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Climatic zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climatic_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Geological zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grape_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grape_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grape varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grape_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components_of_the_grape_and_the_must" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_of_the_grape_and_the_must"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Components of the grape and the must</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components_of_the_grape_and_the_must-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components of the grape and the must subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components_of_the_grape_and_the_must-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_stalk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_stalk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The stalk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_stalk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_grape_berry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_grape_berry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The grape berry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_grape_berry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_wort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_wort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The wort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_wort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_sugars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sugars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>The sugars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_sugars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_organic_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_organic_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>The organic acids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_organic_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitamins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitamins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Vitamins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitamins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_mineral_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_mineral_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>The mineral elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_mineral_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winemaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winemaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Winemaking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Winemaking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Winemaking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Winemaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_grape_harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_grape_harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The grape harvest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_grape_harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments_before_fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments_before_fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Treatments before fermentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatments_before_fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_settling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_settling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>The settling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_settling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_making_of_the_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_making_of_the_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>The making of the wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_making_of_the_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_of_wine_before_packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_of_wine_before_packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Preparation of wine before packaging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparation_of_wine_before_packaging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparation of wine before packaging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparation_of_wine_before_packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Maturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Blending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clarification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Clarification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stabilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Stabilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_SO2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_SO2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Use of SO<sub>2</sub></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_SO2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filtration_and_conditioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filtration_and_conditioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Filtration and conditioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filtration_and_conditioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_tasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_tasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wine tasting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wine_tasting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wine tasting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wine_tasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Colour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aromas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aromas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Aromas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aromas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Taste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glasses_for_white_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glasses_for_white_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Glasses for white wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glasses_for_white_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dry_white_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry_white_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Dry white wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry_white_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweet_and_fortified_white_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweet_and_fortified_white_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sweet and fortified white wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweet_and_fortified_white_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortified_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortified_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Fortified wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortified_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culinary aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culinary_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culinary aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culinary_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pairing_white_wine_and_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pairing_white_wine_and_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Pairing white wine and food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pairing_white_wine_and_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_wine_as_an_ingredient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_wine_as_an_ingredient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>White wine as an ingredient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_wine_as_an_ingredient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_facts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_facts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Nutrition facts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_facts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painted_or_drawn_white_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painted_or_drawn_white_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Painted or drawn white wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painted_or_drawn_white_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>In song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Proverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Price</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.1</span> <span>Main Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witwyn" title="Witwyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Witwyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weisswein" title="Weisswein – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weisswein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B0_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="نبيذ أبيض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبيذ أبيض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinu_blanco" title="Vinu blanco – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vinu blanco" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Аҡ шарап – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡ шарап" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Бяло вино – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бяло вино" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwin_gwenn" title="Gwin gwenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwin gwenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_blanc" title="Vi blanc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vi blanc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Шурă эрех – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шурă эрех" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwin_gwyn" title="Gwin gwyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwin gwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvidvin" title="Hvidvin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvidvin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fwein" title="Weißwein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weißwein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF" title="Λευκό κρασί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευκό κρασί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_blanco" title="Vino blanco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vino blanco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardo_zuri" title="Ardo zuri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ardo zuri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="شراب سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شراب سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtv%C3%ADn" title="Hvítvín – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hvítvín" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_blanc" title="Vin blanc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vin blanc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1o_branco" title="Viño branco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viño branco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EC%A3%BC" title="백포도주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백포도주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Սպիտակ գինի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիտակ գինի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_vino" title="Bijelo vino – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bijelo vino" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_putih" title="Anggur putih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anggur putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_bianco" title="Vino bianco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vino bianco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9F" title="יין לבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יין לבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_putih" title="Anggur putih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anggur putih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Ақ шарап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақ шарап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwin_gwynn" title="Gwin gwynn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwin gwynn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltv%C4%ABns" title="Baltvīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baltvīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4isse_W%C3%A4in" title="Wäisse Wäin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wäisse Wäin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Бело вино – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бело вино" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="نبيت ابيض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نبيت ابيض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witte_wijn" title="Witte wijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Witte wijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="白ワイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白ワイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvitvin" title="Hvitvin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hvitvin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvitvin" title="Kvitvin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvitvin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanc_vin" title="Blanc vin – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Blanc vin" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82e_wino" title="Białe wino – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białe wino" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinho_branco" title="Vinho branco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vinho branco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_alb" title="Vin alb – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vin alb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Белое вино – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белое вино" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Бијело вино – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бијело вино" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkoviini" title="Valkoviini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkoviini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitt_vin" title="Vitt vin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vitt vin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyaz_%C5%9Farap" title="Beyaz şarap – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyaz şarap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Біле вино – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біле вино" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeujhau" title="Laeujhau – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laeujhau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_vang_tr%E1%BA%AFng" title="Rượu vang trắng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rượu vang trắng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="白葡萄酒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白葡萄酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="白葡萄酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白葡萄酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10210#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Chinese liquor, see <a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">White wine</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Wine_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/White_Wine_Glass.jpg/220px-White_Wine_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/White_Wine_Glass.jpg/330px-White_Wine_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/White_Wine_Glass.jpg/440px-White_Wine_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Glasses of white wine</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a> </span></th><td class="infobox-data">5.5–20.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grape_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape varieties">Grape varieties</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">fermented</a> without skin contact</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data">See varieties</td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparing_a_wine_tasting_flight_at_a_tasting_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Preparing_a_wine_tasting_flight_at_a_tasting_bar.jpg/170px-Preparing_a_wine_tasting_flight_at_a_tasting_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Preparing_a_wine_tasting_flight_at_a_tasting_bar.jpg/255px-Preparing_a_wine_tasting_flight_at_a_tasting_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Preparing_a_wine_tasting_flight_at_a_tasting_bar.jpg/340px-Preparing_a_wine_tasting_flight_at_a_tasting_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3783" /></a><figcaption>Torrontés wine tasting in Cafayate, Argentina</figcaption></figure> <p><b>White wine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">fermented</a> without <a href="/wiki/Skin_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin contact">skin contact</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wine_color" title="Wine color">colour</a> can be straw-yellow, yellow-green, or yellow-gold.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is produced by the <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic fermentation">alcoholic fermentation</a> of the non-coloured <a href="/wiki/Juice_vesicles" title="Juice vesicles">pulp</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, which may have a skin of any colour. White wine has existed for at least 4,000 years. </p><p>The wide variety of white wines comes from the large number of <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varieties</a>, methods of <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>, and ratios of <a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">residual sugar</a>. White wine is mainly from "white" grapes, which are green or yellow in colour, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>. Some white wine is also made from grapes with coloured skin, provided that the obtained <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> is not stained. <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, for example, is commonly used to produce <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a>. </p><p>Among the many types of white wine, dry white wine is the most common. More or less aromatic and tangy, it is derived from the complete fermentation of the <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a>. Sweet wines, on the other hand, are produced by interrupting the fermentation before all the grape sugars are converted into alcohol; this is called <i>Mutage</i> or fortification. The methods of enriching wort with sugar are multiple: on-ripening on the vine, <i>passerillage</i> (straining), or the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">noble rot</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling wines</a>, which are mostly white, are wines where the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> from the fermentation is kept dissolved in the wine and becomes gas when the bottle is opened. </p><p>White wines are often used as an <i><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif" class="mw-redirect" title="Apéritif">apéritif</a></i> before a meal, with <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert</a>, or as a refreshing drink between meals. White wines are often considered more refreshing and lighter in both style and taste than the majority of their <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a> counterparts. Due to their <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aroma</a> and ability to soften meat and deglaze cooking juices, white wines are often used in cooking. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warpalawa_Ivris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The photograph shows a sculpted rock: a bas-relief appears in grey-beige on a blue-gray rock stained with dark grey streaks. The Hittite king is on the left. He is bearded and holding a branch with two grapes. Facing him, the god has lost his head and his feet because of the ravages of time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Warpalawa_Ivris.jpg/180px-Warpalawa_Ivris.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Warpalawa_Ivris.jpg/270px-Warpalawa_Ivris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Warpalawa_Ivris.jpg/360px-Warpalawa_Ivris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> King <a href="/wiki/Warpalawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Warpalawa">Warpalawa</a> offering a bunch of grapes to the god <i>Tarhunta</i>. A <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> in rock at <a href="/wiki/Ivriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivriz">Ivriz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first trace of wine that has been found dates to 7500 years ago, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the results of archaeological excavations have not been able to determine from which time wine began to be produced. <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a> tells us about the presence of wine in the Middle East: it was produced in the "High Country" (the mountain borders between <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>) and then imported into <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> especially from the 3rd millennium BC. The tablets of <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a> describes wine with the term <i>wiyana</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite language</a>, <small>GEŠTIN</small> in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>karânu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>. It could be red (<small>SA<sub>5</sub> GEŠTIN</small>), light (or maybe white: <small>KÙ.BABBAR GEŠTIN</small>), good wine (<small>DUG.GA GEŠTIN</small>), honeyed (<small>LÀL GEŠTIN</small>) new (<small>GIBIL</small>), or sour (<small>GEŠTIN EMSA</small>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> wine had already been developed and used since <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, a physician born around 460 BC who commonly prescribed it to patients. "Vinous white wine" and "bitter white wine" were used<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among his remedies – a sign of diversity in production at that time. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Roman_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman times">Roman times</a> the type of viticulture practiced by the Greeks was their model; production included white wine. Rich Roman <a href="/wiki/Patricians" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricians">patricians</a> organized banquets where the cost of the food was a sign of prestige. In the range of expensive products wine played a predominant role. The richest citizens built sumptuous villas in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Naples">Bay of Naples</a> where the vine had been cultivated since its introduction by the Greeks. The <i>aminum</i> or ancient grape produced a sweet white wine produced as <a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">mulled wine</a> resembling modern-day <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquering of regions more and more to the north encouraged the Romans to cultivate the vine and to produce lighter and less sweet wines. It also encouraged them to seek new wild varieties adaptable to these distant areas where the Mediterranean varieties showed their limits. For example, vines were planted on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to provide the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legions</a> with a healthy drink, as opposed to water which was rarely drinkable. The wine was drunk cool in summer and warm in winter, a practice which still continues in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fabrication_du_verjus_BnF_Latin_9333_fol._83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A medieval image (tacuino sanitatis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fabrication_du_verjus_BnF_Latin_9333_fol._83.jpg/170px-Fabrication_du_verjus_BnF_Latin_9333_fol._83.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fabrication_du_verjus_BnF_Latin_9333_fol._83.jpg/255px-Fabrication_du_verjus_BnF_Latin_9333_fol._83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fabrication_du_verjus_BnF_Latin_9333_fol._83.jpg/340px-Fabrication_du_verjus_BnF_Latin_9333_fol._83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>White grapes in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wine merchants failed to survive the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and viticulture declined dramatically. The Germanic tribes preferred to drink <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and did not see the value of the wine trade. The decline of viticulture was intensified when <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> cut the sea lanes in the Atlantic. In the south the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> were making <i><a href="/wiki/Ghazw" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazw">Ghazw</a></i> or raids. These campaigns in southern Europe caused <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, Southern Italy, and the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> Valley to become depopulated – the people being taken into slavery or fleeing the threat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Knowledge about the culture of grapevines was conserved by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>: Wine was necessary for the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>, and the monks planted vines at high latitudes and increased the monastic acreages. Difficult to transport and store, wine long remained a product for local consumption. The trade was re-established initially after the enrichment of the nobles and prelates because, as with the Romans, the art of the table reflected the reputation of the host.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>River trade was of great importance in the development of vineyards. The Germanic countries benefited from the navigability of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> so they could export their production. <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> contributed to this growth by enacting his <i><a href="/wiki/Capitulare_de_villis" title="Capitulare de villis">Capitulare de villis</a></i> which included a set of rules on the cultivation of the vine in all areas. It was an era of great development of the culture of white wine in Germany and Austria. The Central European vineyards reached 100,000 hectares, which was three and a half times the area in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 13th century traders distinguished <i>vinum hunicum</i> (wine of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>), which was drunk by the people, from <i>vinum francium</i> (Wine of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>) which was the wine for the wealthy aristocracy. There was recognition of varieties of <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvaner">Sylvaner</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the late Middle Ages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Part of European trade was by sea along the Atlantic coast. The English, then the Dutch and Scandinavians<sup id="cite_ref-cognac_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cognac-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from their demand for wine, created a craze for planting between <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>. Little dry white wine was produced for export from La Rochelle<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Bordeaux exported mainly wines from the hinterland received via the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a>. When wine production was introduced on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Charente_(river)" title="Charente (river)">Charente</a> in the 17th century, Charente white wines were introduced as <a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">cognac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cognac_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cognac-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the dry white wine popular with the Dutch was produced to the north, around the port of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> from the current areas of <a href="/wiki/Muscadet_AOC" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadet AOC">Muscadet AOC</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gros-plant_AOVDQS" class="mw-redirect" title="Gros-plant AOVDQS">Gros-plant AOVDQS</a></i> in the Loire Valley. Vineyards in the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley_(wine)" title="Loire Valley (wine)">Loire Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_France_(wine_region)" title="South West France (wine region)">South-west</a> had their sales network thanks to the navigability of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> greatly enriched both rival republics of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>. To supply the troops of the rich Frankish lords these republics provided them with wine from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a>. The port of <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a>, which exported a large amount of white wine, gave its name to the variety <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> also discovered <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape)" title="Muscat (grape)">Muscat</a> wine. Once back home, the rulers and wealthy aristocrats looked to buy the sweet wines they enjoyed in the East. They came from grapes that dominated the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon_wine" title="Languedoc-Roussillon wine">vineyards of Languedoc-Roussillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a>. Trade in these wines was facilitated by their high alcohol content which ensured preservation during the long journey to Northern Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrio_medieval_de_El_Muelle_de_las_Carabelas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photo showing the reconstruction of the ancient port of Palos de la frontera: transportation barrels, low buildings bordered by a covered gallery, a chariot at the very edge of the water awaiting the arrival of a boat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Barrio_medieval_de_El_Muelle_de_las_Carabelas.jpg/220px-Barrio_medieval_de_El_Muelle_de_las_Carabelas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Barrio_medieval_de_El_Muelle_de_las_Carabelas.jpg/330px-Barrio_medieval_de_El_Muelle_de_las_Carabelas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Barrio_medieval_de_El_Muelle_de_las_Carabelas.jpg/440px-Barrio_medieval_de_El_Muelle_de_las_Carabelas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the ancient port of <i>Palos de la Frontera</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1453 the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> took <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the situation of the Venetians and Genovese deteriorated. The wine trade between the eastern Mediterranean and northern Europe fell sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> had just completed their <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> and replaced the Mediterranean wine with its own, especially for English and Dutch consumers. The port of <a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</a> began to export large quantities of white wine which was the ancestor of today's <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a>. This wine was called <i>sack</i> and caused a sensation in England. Even at the height of animosity between the two countries (as in the episode of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> in 1588) the trade continued – sometimes provided by pirates who stole what they could not buy. Between 40 and 60 thousand barrels each of 500 litres left the Spanish coast annually for England and the Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (this volume of some 300,000 hectolitres represented two-thirds of today's production).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the 16th century the first European vines were planted in America: in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarija_Department" title="Tarija Department">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were in addition to the native vines that grew in Mexico, but this pre-Columbian production was not for the production of wine since the grapes were too acidic. It was used to produce <i>acachul</i> a drink sweetened with fruit and honey.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> spelt the death knell of northern viticulture. The vine disappeared from northern Germany and <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, and the maximum altitude for viticulture descended to 220 metres. Hans-Jürgen Otto noted that: "all the vineyards suffered and decreased in area".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the vine also disappeared. The less early vineyards preferred to select white varieties of grapes because, even if unripe, white grapes allowed wine that was a little sour to still be consumable, while red grapes do not give enough colour, and green tannins make the wine bitter. The interruption of the fermentation by a cold winter led to the discovery of the process of secondary fermentation of champagne.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weinkeller_Tokai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photo. Strongly embedded in the folds of a grassy valley, four small buildings in irregular stone masonry, with flat or sloped roofs, with barred doors, the entrance of the cellars are sunk into the ground. In the background the bushy land rises gently to the wooded hill which stands against a uniformly blue sky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Weinkeller_Tokai.png/220px-Weinkeller_Tokai.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Weinkeller_Tokai.png/330px-Weinkeller_Tokai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Weinkeller_Tokai.png/440px-Weinkeller_Tokai.png 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Cellars of <a href="/wiki/Tokaj" title="Tokaj">Tokaj</a> in Hungary, where the secrets of the process were kept</figcaption></figure> <p>The enrichment of some of the population created a craze for rare wines. This phenomenon, which was already responsible for the development of <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a> in England, was reproduced in Central Europe. The discovery of the benefits of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">noble rot</a> on white grapes took place around 1650<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a> for the development of <a href="/wiki/Tokaji" title="Tokaji">Tokaji</a> wine. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Johnson_(wine_writer)" title="Hugh Johnson (wine writer)">Hugh Johnson</a> declared that: "the Tokay of three centuries ago was the best sweet wine in the world, it was inherited from a long-standing winemaking tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developed with a grape whose exceptional maturity is due to a trade secret, this wine also developed its qualities through a process that long remained a secret in underground cellars of the winery. Prized by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, Tokay experienced profitable trading. Attempted imitation came to nought and the use of noble rot remained a secret. It was not until 120 years later that a method of very late harvest was experimented with on the steep banks of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. Its use in <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a> was attested in 1836 in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_La_Tour_Blanche" title="Château La Tour Blanche">Château La Tour Blanche</a> but at that time very late harvest gave a very rich wine that required several years to age in barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other regions were discovering secrets which would make them rich. So it was that <a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(monk)" title="Dom Pérignon (monk)">Dom Perignon</a> was the legendary creator of champagne.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a northern vineyard he developed a special wine that would give rise to an exceptional passion for wine produced in a climate where it could not be expected for wine to reach maturity nor sufficient colour. </p><p>The fashion of drinking cheap dry white wine started in Paris in the 18th century. To evade the excise duty, Parisians took the habit of going to drink their wine at the producers premises outside the walls of the city. <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabarets</a> opened their doors by the river, becoming <a href="/wiki/Guinguette" title="Guinguette">Guinguettes</a> (similar to taverns): so the wine that was drunk there was also called "guinguet". This is a wine from the hills of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Marne_(river)" title="Marne (river)">Marne</a>, sour, but the conditions of transport of the time did not allow it to be used prematurely.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champagne_Vineyards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A leafy hillside in Champagne, overlooking a river in the distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Champagne_Vineyards.jpg/220px-Champagne_Vineyards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Champagne_Vineyards.jpg/330px-Champagne_Vineyards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Champagne_Vineyards.jpg/440px-Champagne_Vineyards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Landscape of hills in Champagne</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a> was created in the 18th century but it was in the next century that its global expansion would occur. The crowned heads of Europe quickly made the wine stylish in their courts although its production, necessarily in bottles, made for a very expensive product. Historian Hugh Johnson<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assigns an important diplomatic role to champagne: <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a> would have offered this wine at the negotiating table of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, using it to relax his partners in the discussions. The occupation of <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine region)">Champagne</a> by Russian troops in 1815 publicized the sparkling wine to the Russian aristocracy. The <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Clicquot_Ponsardin" title="Madame Clicquot Ponsardin">Veuve Clicquot</a></i> (Widow Clicquot) booked her wine to her occupants saying "they drink today, tomorrow they will pay..."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The progress of the glass industry (especially from the use of coal) helped to democratize the use of the glass bottle. The production of sparkling wine increased dramatically and spread to the American continent. The technique of manufacturing was industrialized and other regions were inspired but the reputation of champagne suffered. The commercial flight of champagne was a product of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> that allowed it to be within the financial reach of the emerging middle classes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schweicher_Annaberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The steep slopes of the Moselle in German vineyards. In the foreground, there are leaves and tendrils of Vitis vinifera; green vines are planted on slopes, alternated with retaining walls and paths in a zig-zag pattern. In the valley, the Moselle flows under a bridge next to a village" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Schweicher_Annaberg.jpg/170px-Schweicher_Annaberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Schweicher_Annaberg.jpg/255px-Schweicher_Annaberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Schweicher_Annaberg.jpg/340px-Schweicher_Annaberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2263" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Steep slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> in a German vineyard, Annaberg at Schweich</figcaption></figure> <p>The period of the 19th century before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> was a golden age of wine. The Industrial Revolution enriched a bourgeoisie clientele for the best wines and the rural exodus to factories created a large market for mass-produced wines. A prominent example for white wines was the <a href="/wiki/Viticulture_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Viticulture in Germany">viticulture in Germany</a>. The feeling of freedom infused into the German winemakers under French occupation during the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French First Empire">First Empire</a> prevented the aristocracy and the clergy from recovering all the vineyards from which they were dispossessed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of late harvest was widespread and the more or less sweet wines gained balance against their always lively acidity. In 1872, the <a href="/wiki/Geisenheim_Grape_Breeding_Institute" title="Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute">Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute</a> was created, and it was the source of a great amount of interbreeding giving new varieties – the best known of these is the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a> adopted, along the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a>, vineyards predominantly producing white wine. </p><p>During the 20th century planting vines in countries where it was unknown was booming. However, it was shaky in places with higher temperatures during fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of larger containers creates problems during fermentation: the yeasts produce heat which cannot escape and beyond 35 °C the micro-organisms begin to suffer and fermentation slows then stops. After cooling the wine a new addition of yeast is needed to resume fermentation (not to mention the adverse effects on the wine's aromas and the risk of <i>lactic bite</i>). In California the search for temperature control of fermentation matured. Applied to white wine they revolutionized this type of wine. European wines, marked by their processes of crushing the grapes,<sup id="cite_ref-p.&nbsp;397_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.&nbsp;397-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are diametrically opposed to those very fruity wines marked by a refreshing liveliness. During the years 1960–1990, these methods of wine-making moved to Europe and the use of refrigeration equipment is now widely used in almost all regions producing white wine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;"> <caption><b>Percentage of white wine consumed by countries where the inhabitants each consume more than 7 litres per year</b> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#EBE9FF" style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left">Country</td> <td>% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>World average</b></td> <td align="center">40.6%<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text- align="><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td align="center">60% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td align="center">60% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td align="center">56% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td align="center">53% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td align="center">50% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td align="center">47% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td align="center">46,9% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td align="center">44% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td align="center">40% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td align="center">39.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td align="center">39% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td align="center">37% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td align="center">36% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td align="center">35.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td align="center">31% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td align="center">30% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td align="center">30% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td align="center">28.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td align="center">28% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td align="center">27% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td align="center">25.1% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td align="center">25% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td align="center">25% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EBF5FF"> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td align="center">21%<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">List of wine-producing regions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climatic_zones">Climatic zones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climatic zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freyburg_-_Weinberg_%C3%BCber_der_Unstrut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing German vineyards on terraces. The vine has been able to conquer this northern area with a cold climate with terraced masonry vineyards; it is managed with high fences. On top of the hill, a house with a terrace overlooks the vines." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Freyburg_-_Weinberg_%C3%BCber_der_Unstrut.jpg/220px-Freyburg_-_Weinberg_%C3%BCber_der_Unstrut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Freyburg_-_Weinberg_%C3%BCber_der_Unstrut.jpg/330px-Freyburg_-_Weinberg_%C3%BCber_der_Unstrut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Freyburg_-_Weinberg_%C3%BCber_der_Unstrut.jpg/440px-Freyburg_-_Weinberg_%C3%BCber_der_Unstrut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A German vineyard, one of the most northerly in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>Many wine-producing countries produce white wine. However, the white grape needs less heat than red grapes to ripen: The lack of maturity of <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (wine)">tannins</a> is not a problem since they are not extracted in pressing. In addition the taste balance is based on a significant liveliness due to the <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a>. The grapes for the production of dry white wine are harvested just before ripening. These production conditions can result in a more northerly or mountainous location for the vineyard producing dry white wines. </p><p>In Europe, <a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">German vineyards</a> are predominantly white (63.1% of production area in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), as are the Swiss vineyards (more than 50% of the area in production are white grapes<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> vineyards (93% of the production area in white or grey grapes<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In France the northern half produces most of the white wines (<a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jura_(department)" title="Jura (department)">Jura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a>). In Spain, paradoxically, <a href="/wiki/Castile-La_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Castile-La Mancha">Castile-La Mancha</a> accounts for 50% of the Spanish vineyards, producing mostly white wine on a very large production area in a high temperature zone. The <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> region produces a lot of white grapes, which are transformed into <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling wine</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Cava_(Spanish_wine)" title="Cava (Spanish wine)">Cava</a></i>. The producing area for Cava is 45,000 hectares<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of a total producing area of 65,600 hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Americas have developed both white and red wines, some of which are now recognized worldwide. White wines have to conquer hostile territories where red wine dominates, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> or Canada. In Canada, the technique of <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wine</a> can produce exceptional wines in a climate which is apparently unfavourable. Canada is the largest producer of ice wine in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The warmer southern areas also produce white wine, but in a lower proportion. In addition, it is more often sweet or fortified wines, natural sweet wines or "vinés" wines,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the case of vineyards around the Mediterranean (<a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape)" title="Muscat (grape)">muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">marsala</a> etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geological_zones">Geological zones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geological zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokaj,_Hungary_03944.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Terrain of Tokay. The vineyard is backed by a mountain, an ancient extinct volcano, giving a terrain of high quality for growing grapes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tokaj%2C_Hungary_03944.JPG/220px-Tokaj%2C_Hungary_03944.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tokaj%2C_Hungary_03944.JPG/330px-Tokaj%2C_Hungary_03944.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tokaj%2C_Hungary_03944.JPG/440px-Tokaj%2C_Hungary_03944.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Volcanic terrain of Tokaj</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Claude and Lydia Bourguignon,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> red wines are well suited to soil based on <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> while the best white wines are produced on soils over <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">metamorphic</a> rocks (<a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anjou_wine" title="Anjou wine">Anjou</a>) or volcanic rocks (<a href="/wiki/Tokaj" title="Tokaj">Tokaj</a> in Hungary and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>). </p><p>In addition, white wines are also produced on land with a limestone sub-soil such as the chalky base of the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_wine_region" title="Champagne wine region">Champagne wine region</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the limestone under siliceous marl of <a href="/wiki/Chassagne-Montrachet" title="Chassagne-Montrachet">Chassagne-Montrachet</a> form the backdrop to some of the most prestigious wines in the world. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grape_varieties">Grape varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grape varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varieties</a> of grapes can be used to develop white wine. </p><p>Some have achieved a strong reputation thanks to their marketing of a wine variety: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></b>:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originating from <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_wine" title="Burgundy wine">Burgundy</a> and long sold under that name under the communal AOC or <a href="/wiki/Cru_(wine)" title="Cru (wine)">premier and grand crus</a>, it has spread to many new producing countries who sell under the name of the grape. It can be made sparkling or still. It typically has a wider-bodied and rich citrus taste compared to other white wines. A common choice of food pairing for this wine is fish or poultry. It owes its world distribution to its quality in a very wide variety of regions of climate and geology: from <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a> to the <a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></b>: originating from the centre of <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux vineyards</a>, it then spread to the vineyards of the <a href="/wiki/South_West_France_(wine_region)" title="South West France (wine region)">South-West</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley_(wine)" title="Loire Valley (wine)">Loire Valley</a>. Noticed by Anglo-Saxon consumers, it spread to growing regions in the <a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a>. It is remarkable for its typical vegetable/mineral aromas<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so tends to be flat and lack fruit qualities. The dominating flavours range from sour green fruit such as of apple, pear and gooseberry through to tropical fruit such as melon, mango and blackcurrant. A common food pairing for this wine is seafood, poultry, and salad.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></b>: originates from German vineyards (<a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace_wine" title="Alsace wine">Alsace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a>). It is a grape that can be of high quality in a variety of soils provided that yield is limited and climate tends to a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type is much lighter in comparison to other white wines and typically has a green apple aroma. Common food dishes that go well with Riesling are fish, chicken, and pork.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></b>: the most widely grown grape in Germany, which gives a fruity and well-balanced wine but that cannot be kept very long<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape)" title="Muscat (grape)">Muscat</a> </b>: a group of varieties (over 150 according to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Galet" title="Pierre Galet">Pierre Galet</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which have specific aromas. Typically made from Italian- and Austrian-grown grapes, it can offer a sweet and fruity taste. Shows best on its own without a food pairing.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Petite_Arvine" title="Petite Arvine">Petite Arvine</a></b> originated in the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a>. Historical documents reveal it has been grown since the early 17th century, around 1602.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically medium-dry, this textured wine contains a generous amount of extract from its thick-skinned berries. Highly regarded by modest vintners, it has become the most frequently grown wine in the most prominent wine-growing region of Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">variety</a> is often paired with central and northern European foods.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chardonnay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chardonnay grapes"><img alt="Chardonnay grapes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chardonnay.jpg/120px-Chardonnay.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chardonnay.jpg/180px-Chardonnay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chardonnay.jpg/240px-Chardonnay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chardonnay grapes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riesling_grapes_leaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German Riesling B grapes at maturity"><img alt="German Riesling B grapes at maturity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Riesling_grapes_leaves.jpg/120px-Riesling_grapes_leaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Riesling_grapes_leaves.jpg/180px-Riesling_grapes_leaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Riesling_grapes_leaves.jpg/240px-Riesling_grapes_leaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German Riesling B grapes at maturity</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauvignon_blanc_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sauvignon blanc"><img alt="Sauvignon blanc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sauvignon_blanc_grapes.jpg/90px-Sauvignon_blanc_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sauvignon_blanc_grapes.jpg/135px-Sauvignon_blanc_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sauvignon_blanc_grapes.jpg/180px-Sauvignon_blanc_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sauvignon blanc</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelber_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060908.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Small white grapes of Muscat B"><img alt="Small white grapes of Muscat B" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gelber_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060908.jpg/80px-Gelber_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060908.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gelber_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060908.jpg/120px-Gelber_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gelber_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060908.jpg/160px-Gelber_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small white grapes of Muscat B</div> </li> </ul> <p>Other grape varieties are less well known because they may be marketed under an <i>Appellation</i> or mixed with other varieties: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></b>: a little-known variety, yet it is the most planted vat wine in the world with 390,000 hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is second only to the <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" title="Sultana (grape)">sultana</a>. Grown almost exclusively in Spain, it is planted in a low density and produces a dry white wine consumed locally</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a> bianco comune</b>: a grape from southern Italy, it gives an aromatic and high alcohol (14% of volume) wine. It is one of the varieties of grape used to produce <a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></b>: a French grape from the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley_(wine)" title="Loire Valley (wine)">Loire Valley</a>, it is also grown in <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a>. It yields a very fruity wine, sometimes mineral, dry, or sweet depending on the soil. It can be kept for a long time and take on the <a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">noble rot</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maccabeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Maccabeu">Maccabeu</a></b>: a Spanish grape, it is used to develop <a href="/wiki/Cava_(Spanish_wine)" title="Cava (Spanish wine)">Cava</a>, the Spanish sparkling wine. It is also grown in the vineyards of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon_wine" title="Languedoc-Roussillon wine">Languedoc-Roussillon</a> in France. Its wine is dry and fruity and yields a <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></b>: a grape originally from <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux vineyards</a>, it is the main variety used for sweet wines from Bordeaux and <a href="/wiki/Bergerac_wine" title="Bergerac wine">Bergerac</a> due to its ability to take the <a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">noble rot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It possesses a fig-like characteristic and is often paired with <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> to mellow its strong berry-like flavours.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a> bianco or Ugni Blanc</b>: an Italian grape variety giving a fairly neutral wine. In France this wine is usually distilled to yield <a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">cognac</a> or <a href="/wiki/Armagnac" title="Armagnac">armagnac</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viognier" title="Viognier">Viognier</a></b>: a French grape from the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_wine" title="Rhône wine">Rhône Valley</a>, it has been planted in California since the 2000s. It yields a very fruity and complex wine<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grenache_blanc" title="Grenache blanc">Grenache blanc</a></b>: this is the white form of <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a> black N. A variety of quality, it produces fine full-bodied dry wines, albeit with sometimes deficient acidity. It also provides natural sweet wines of high quality.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AirenGrapeVine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grapevine of Airen, the most planted vat grape in the world"><img alt="Grapevine of Airen, the most planted vat grape in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AirenGrapeVine.jpg/120px-AirenGrapeVine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AirenGrapeVine.jpg/180px-AirenGrapeVine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AirenGrapeVine.jpg/240px-AirenGrapeVine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grapevine of Airen, the most planted vat grape in the world</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chasselas_B.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chasselas, for vat and table wine"><img alt="Chasselas, for vat and table wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chasselas_B.JPG/90px-Chasselas_B.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chasselas_B.JPG/135px-Chasselas_B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chasselas_B.JPG/180px-Chasselas_B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chasselas, for vat and table wine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenin_blanc_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chenin"><img alt="Chenin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chenin_blanc_grapes.jpg/107px-Chenin_blanc_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chenin_blanc_grapes.jpg/160px-Chenin_blanc_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chenin_blanc_grapes.jpg/214px-Chenin_blanc_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chenin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebbiano-Uva_bianca_per_Vino_Falerio_delle_Marche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trebbiano blanco or ugni blanc B"><img alt="Trebbiano blanco or ugni blanc B" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Trebbiano-Uva_bianca_per_Vino_Falerio_delle_Marche.jpg/120px-Trebbiano-Uva_bianca_per_Vino_Falerio_delle_Marche.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Trebbiano-Uva_bianca_per_Vino_Falerio_delle_Marche.jpg/180px-Trebbiano-Uva_bianca_per_Vino_Falerio_delle_Marche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Trebbiano-Uva_bianca_per_Vino_Falerio_delle_Marche.jpg/240px-Trebbiano-Uva_bianca_per_Vino_Falerio_delle_Marche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trebbiano blanco or ugni blanc B</div> </li> </ul> <p>Some varieties with coloured skins are also used to produce white wines: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer" title="Gewürztraminer">Gewürztraminer</a></b>: This grape has a pink skin. Vinified in white, this is a very aromatic grape with typical aromas reminiscent of pink flowers and <a href="/wiki/Lychee" title="Lychee">lychees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is grown all over the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. It is an aromatic <a href="/wiki/Mutation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutation (wine)">mutation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Traminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Traminer">Traminer</a> (in German <i>gewürzt</i> means "spiced")</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> </b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Pinot_Meunier" title="Pinot Meunier">Pinot Meunier</a></b>: These grapes are used for the development of champagne and rose wines.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot gris</a></b> (Pinot grigio) is planted extensively the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a>. The colour of these grapes range from a copper yellow to light pink. It typically has a crisp fruity flavour which allows for a versatile food pairing.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_gris" title="Sauvignon gris">Sauvignon gris</a></b>: used to make rosé from <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a>, it has a superior richness in sugar and heavier aromas. It is particularly well suited to the production of sweet wines<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grenache_Gris" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenache Gris">Grenache Gris</a></b>: this is the rosé form of <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>. It is used in the amber versions of Grenache from <a href="/wiki/Rivesaltes_AOC" title="Rivesaltes AOC">Rivesaltes AOC</a>, a natural sweet wine white with a darker colour from oxidation.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gew%C3%BCrztraminer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gewurztraminer grape variety with a pink skin, which produces a white wine"><img alt="The Gewurztraminer grape variety with a pink skin, which produces a white wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer.jpg/80px-Gew%C3%BCrztraminer.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer.jpg/120px-Gew%C3%BCrztraminer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer.jpg/160px-Gew%C3%BCrztraminer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Gewurztraminer grape variety with a pink skin, which produces a white wine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinot_Meunier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinot Meunier, a black grape widely used for white or rosé champagne"><img alt="Pinot Meunier, a black grape widely used for white or rosé champagne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pinot_Meunier.jpg/101px-Pinot_Meunier.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pinot_Meunier.jpg/152px-Pinot_Meunier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pinot_Meunier.jpg/202px-Pinot_Meunier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pinot Meunier, a black grape widely used for white or rosé <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_Pinot_Noir_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinot Noir, a black grape used for the production of white wine"><img alt="Pinot Noir, a black grape used for the production of white wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/IMG_Pinot_Noir_1.JPG/75px-IMG_Pinot_Noir_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/IMG_Pinot_Noir_1.JPG/112px-IMG_Pinot_Noir_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/IMG_Pinot_Noir_1.JPG/150px-IMG_Pinot_Noir_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="1079" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pinot Noir, a black grape used for the production of white wine</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_of_the_grape_and_the_must">Components of the grape and the must</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Components of the grape and the must"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_stalk">The stalk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The stalk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stalk (or <i>rafle</i>) is the herbaceous branch that bears the grapes. It consists of about 80% water, soluble minerals (nearly 3% with half of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>. The polyphenols are mainly <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (wine)">tannins</a> and are responsible for the bitter taste and the sensation of <a href="/wiki/Astringency" class="mw-redirect" title="Astringency">astringency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the production of a white wine, the stalk does not contain any useful part: its moisture can cause dilution and the presence of tannins is not desirable in the wine. This is why it is quickly isolated from the rest of the harvest, either by shaking or by <a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">pressing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_grape_berry">The grape berry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The grape berry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raisin_noir_%C3%A0_jus_blanc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three grains of black grapes. Two are tied together with a residue of the stalk, the third has been cut in half to show that the berry of the black grape with white juice has a colourless pulp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Raisin_noir_%C3%A0_jus_blanc.png/170px-Raisin_noir_%C3%A0_jus_blanc.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Raisin_noir_%C3%A0_jus_blanc.png/255px-Raisin_noir_%C3%A0_jus_blanc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Raisin_noir_%C3%A0_jus_blanc.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Section of a grape berry with white juice and coloured skin</figcaption></figure> <p>The grape berry is made of skin, flesh (or pulp), and seeds. The <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> are hard and are 2 to 5% by weight of the berry. The seeds contain 25-45% water, 34-36% carbohydrates, 13-20% fat (the <a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">grape seed oil</a>), 4-6% tannins, 4-6.5% protein, 2-4% minerals, and 1% fatty acids.<sup id="cite_ref-raisin_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raisin-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their contribution in white wine is zero since they are removed in the pressing, in addition, the pressure is insufficient to extract anything from the seed. </p><p>The skin is 6-12% by weight of the grape. It is coated on the surface with <a href="/wiki/Pruinescence" title="Pruinescence">Pruinescence</a>, a waxy coating that gives a matte finish to the colour of the grape and contains the yeast responsible for fermentation. The grape skin also contains volatile compounds in its deeper layers. These are responsible for the aroma of the grape and for the molecules that become the <a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">aroma of wine</a> during fermentation: They are the "aroma precursors". In red grapes, the film also contains <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a> or coloured matter, which is from bright to purplish red. To produce white wine from red grapes, it is necessary not to <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">macerate</a> the grapes, nor to press too hard on the harvest to avoid the dissolving of the anthocyanins in the grape juice. The skin contains a lot of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, insoluble <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a>: <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric</a> acids. The skin of the <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> B grape has a pH of about 4.15. It also contains between 2 and 3% tannins.<sup id="cite_ref-raisin_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raisin-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flesh of the grape is the most important part – it is between 75 and 85% of the weight of the grape. It consists of large polygonal cells which are very thin-walled. With a low pressure the cells leak their contents: the <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a>. The flesh of the grape contains mainly water. The organic components are fermentable sugars (between 170-230 grams for a dry wine and between 200 and 300 grams per litre or even more for <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified wines">Fortified wines</a>) and organic acids, especially <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-raisin_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raisin-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acids occur in larger amounts in the centre of the berry while the sugars are in greater proportion at the periphery. This heterogeneity in the distribution of sugars, acids, and inorganic compounds in the berry is used during pressing, especially in <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a> pressing. This process separates them as it happens and uses them to measure the progress of the "vintage", the first and second <i>tailles</i>, and finally the <i>rebêches</i> of insufficient quality to be made into <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">AOC</a> wine. </p><p>The flesh is the major element of the wine, as it is the part that contains the highest proportion of liquid. The flavours are much less present than in the skin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_wort">The wort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The wort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of white winemaking, the <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> is simply the <a href="/wiki/Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">grape juice</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">pressing</a> of grape berries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_sugars">The sugars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The sugars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar_2xmacro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing crystals of refined sucrose. A millimetre ruler down the picture shows the scale of the grains is between 0.5 and 1 millimetre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/220px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/330px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/440px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Crystals of refined <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> (sugar used in <a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sugars are <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> is made in the leaves and flows into the plant, where it is broken down into <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accumulates in the berry, where it is a characteristic of the maturation of the grapes. Many different sugars coexist: the most common are glucose and fructose which will be consumed by anaerobic yeast to convert it to alcohol during fermentation. They are in substantially equal amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-raisin_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raisin-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To verify the completion of the fermentation they can be quantified by chemical assay (glucose and fructose are "reducing" sugars that react with an alkaline copper solution called <a href="/wiki/Fehling%27s_solution" title="Fehling's solution">Fehling's solution</a>), an enzymatic method, or by <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a>. </p><p>Other sugars are not fermentable at all. After consumption by the yeast, the ratio of non-fermentable sugars (the ones that are not consumed by yeast: <a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">arabinose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a>) is between 0.5 and 1.7 grams per litre. Sugars exercise a control over the taste – they balance the spiciness of the acidity and the burning of the alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_organic_acids">The organic acids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The organic acids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso-Weins%C3%A4ure_Spiegel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing the structural formula of the form of an "L" of tartaric acid, the major organic acid in wine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meso-Weins%C3%A4ure_Spiegel.svg/170px-Meso-Weins%C3%A4ure_Spiegel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meso-Weins%C3%A4ure_Spiegel.svg/255px-Meso-Weins%C3%A4ure_Spiegel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meso-Weins%C3%A4ure_Spiegel.svg/340px-Meso-Weins%C3%A4ure_Spiegel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>The 'L' shape of <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric acid</a> which is the main organic acid in wine</figcaption></figure> <p>The organic acids are mainly malic and tartaric acids. <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">Tartaric acid</a> is a characteristic of grapes; in its leaves, its content ranges from 5 to 7 grams per litre. <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">Malic acid</a> is present in green grapes, and its ratio decreases with maturation to give between 2 and 7 grams per litre at harvest. The range is very wide depending on the variety and soil with hot climates giving lower rates as the heat accelerates its degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many other acids in small quantities: <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a>, α-ketoglutaric, <a href="/wiki/Fumaric_acid" title="Fumaric acid">fumaric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galacturonic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Galacturonic acid">galacturonic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coumaric_acid" title="Coumaric acid">coumaric acid</a>, etc. Their variable quantity varies the pH of the wort. The <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> of white wine is generally more acidic than red grape must simply because the grape maturity is less advanced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vitamins">Vitamins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vitamins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vitamin C (or <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a>) is present in the grape and the <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> up to 50 milligrams per litre. It is a protection in the wort against the oxidation phenomenon. In the presence of oxygen it produces <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>; by this reaction it deprives the <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> in the wort of oxygen that is necessary to oxidize the wine. Since 1962 the addition of vitamin C in the wine has been allowed to a maximum of 15 grams per hectolitre at the time of packaging to stabilize the wine. Experiments in the late 2000s tried to determine a method to add it to fresh harvests or in the wort.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vitamin B1 or <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a> is present at a concentration between 0.2 and 0.5 milligrams per litre. This vitamin is necessary for the proper growth of yeasts that ensure alcoholic fermentation. In the <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> of healthy grapes, the natural quantity is sufficient for the yeast. On the other hand, for a degraded harvest (by gray mold), the degradation of this vitamin leads the winemaker to add it to the must to ensure a trouble-free fermentation. In the case of a harvest with a very clear wort and low temperature the yeast works in a limited way and the addition of thiamine can help avoid a difficult end of fermentation. Legislation limits the amount added to 30 milligrams per hectolitre.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_mineral_elements">The mineral elements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The mineral elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> also contains minerals. <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> are most common. Potassium and also <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> can form <a href="/wiki/Salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Salts">salts</a> with the tartaric acid: Potassium bitartrate and the neutral calcium tartrate at the pH of the wine. For these, when their solubility threshold is reached, they settle and contribute to de-acidify the wort.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southern regions where acidity is sometimes a little lacking this may be a cause of failure of extra acidity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winemaking">Winemaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Winemaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White winemaking is broadly similar to red winemaking although details differ when making the two types.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White wine is made from white or black grapes (but always with white flesh; the grapes with coloured flesh are called <i><a href="/wiki/Teinturier" class="mw-redirect" title="Teinturier">Teinturier</a></i>, meaning coloured juice). Once harvested, the grapes are pressed, and only the juice, called <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a>, is extracted. The wort is put into tanks for fermentation where sugar is transformed into alcohol by yeast present on the grapes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_grape_harvest">The grape harvest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The grape harvest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A harvesting machine that empties its harvest in the yellow bucket into an orange trailer hitched to a tractor. It is white grapes flowing from one of the buckets. The grass around the vines is high and yellowed by drought but the vines are still green, although showing some yellowing, a sign of change from summer to autumn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg/220px-Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg/330px-Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg/440px-Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>The harvest from the harvesting machine is emptied into a trailer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Grape maturity depends on the requirement of the final product. For a sweet white wine, whether fortified or natural, sugar is the key criterion. For a dry white wine, technological maturity is calculated and the fruit is harvested just before (usually eight days<sup id="cite_ref-berger_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) the maturity of the sugar. At this point the relationship between sugar and acid is optimal. Further, low acidity will cause the future wine to be unbalanced with excess alcohol and lack of liveliness. In addition, the flavour will be less fresh and less vivid. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A harvester at work in Champagne. This operator places rows of plastic crates full of white grapes on the trailer of a tractor. The golden hues of ripe grapes can be seen. In the background, a wire frame supports the foliage of the vine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg/130px-Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg/195px-Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg/260px-Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Manual harvest in Champagne</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional hand harvesting of whole bunches has been increasingly challenged by the harvesting machine for dry white wines, an economic choice but not always a qualitative one.<sup id="cite_ref-berger_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fragility of the grape requires either a rapid transfer to the <a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">winery</a><sup id="cite_ref-berger_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or protection from oxidation. When the transport time between vine and winery is long, the harvest can be refrigerated and kept away from oxygen using nitrogen or dry ice.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, for some sweet wines, a successful harvest requires manual work and training for pickers to pick only clusters where the berries have reached optimum ripeness or have been affected by <a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">noble rot</a> (for the <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lection_de_Grains_Nobles" title="Sélection de Grains Nobles">Sélection de Grains Nobles</a></i>). Handpicking is recommended for sparkling wines and absolutely necessary for white wines from grapes with coloured skin.<sup id="cite_ref-berger_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatments_before_fermentation">Treatments before fermentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Treatments before fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VINO18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Italian winemaker emptying perforated crates of white grapes into a de-stemmer. The berries are evacuated to the press and stalks fall to the front in a crate. In the background are stainless steel tanks used for fermentation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/VINO18.jpg/220px-VINO18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/VINO18.jpg/330px-VINO18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/VINO18.jpg/440px-VINO18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A small <i>shaker</i> for de-stemming</figcaption></figure> <p>The first step in processing the grapes at the winery is to separate the components of the <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> that are needed from the unwanted parts.<sup id="cite_ref-berger_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process followed at this stage will largely determine the future quality of the wine. For this, the clusters are generally shaken then trampled. The practice of moderate trampling allows the grains to burst, releasing the juice and pulp (it cannot be used for white wine from black grapes because the premature bursting of the berries would cause a coloured <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a>). The practice of shaking or stalking has the advantage of separating the stems from the <a href="/wiki/Cluster_of_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster of grapes">cluster of grapes</a> and avoids giving the wine an herbaceous taste at pressing. The skin is not macerated and the transparent yellow colour is retained. </p><p>The winemaker can soak the skins of white grapes and practice <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">maceration</a> if the quality of the grapes is good. Pre-fermentation Maceration is generally performed at a controlled temperature to delay the onset of fermentation. This technique improves the extraction of varietal aromas and their precursors which are mainly located in the skin. Acidity decreases as does the ratio of <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloids</a> (large <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> type molecules) and aging potential. To be implemented, this process requires a perfect de-stalking, moderate crushing and sulphite to protect the wort from oxidation. The duration (typically 5 to 18 hours at 18 °C (64 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubourdieu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) depends on the variety, the temperature of maceration, the maturity of the grape, and the quality of the soil. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machinerie_3_-_Beaumes_de_Venise_-_par_JM_Rosier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photo showing a battery of five screw presses in a cooperative. Above, an endless stainless steel screw used to bring the harvest in the press. The selection of each unit is done by means of an automatic door. The winery is very clean: white walls, machines and media access in painted steel and concrete floor gallery and coated with a washable paint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Machinerie_3_-_Beaumes_de_Venise_-_par_JM_Rosier.JPG/130px-Machinerie_3_-_Beaumes_de_Venise_-_par_JM_Rosier.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Machinerie_3_-_Beaumes_de_Venise_-_par_JM_Rosier.JPG/195px-Machinerie_3_-_Beaumes_de_Venise_-_par_JM_Rosier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Machinerie_3_-_Beaumes_de_Venise_-_par_JM_Rosier.JPG/260px-Machinerie_3_-_Beaumes_de_Venise_-_par_JM_Rosier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>Battery of <a href="/wiki/Wine_presses" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine presses">wine presses</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wine_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine Press">Wine Press</a></div> <p>The trampled and de-stemmed harvest is then pressed. The type of <a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">wine press</a> also affects the potential quality of the wine. Since the 1980s, pneumatic presses have improved the work involved by working in airtight conditions and allowing a fine control of the pressure to extract the juice without damaging the grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The juice or <i>moût de goutte</i> (Must of Drops) is the juice that flows naturally from the berries crushed under their own weight prior to pressing (on the way to the press). Trampling increases its proportion and makes the material profitable by processing a higher tonnage of grapes at the same time. The <i>moût de presse</i> ("must of the press") is the juice flowing from the press from the pressure on the grapes. It concentrates the grape's qualities or defects: It is rich in aromas, colloids, or phenolic compounds. However, it can also be marked by <a href="/wiki/Olfactory" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory">olfactory</a> defects, such as the smell of fungus on spoiled grapes or the vegetable smell of a harvest with insufficient maturity. The blending or not of the <i>moût de goutte</i> and the <i>moût de presse</i> musts and release depends on the health of the grapes, the method of pressing, and the style of wine intended.<sup id="cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubourdieu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manipulation of the grape before pressing increases the amount of <a href="/wiki/Lees_(fermentation)" title="Lees (fermentation)">lees</a> and complicates pressing. For the development of a quality wine, their use is excluded or very limited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_settling">The settling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The settling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Settling" title="Settling">settling</a> is intended to clarify the <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> by removing the <a href="/wiki/Lees_(fermentation)" title="Lees (fermentation)">lees</a> from it. The lees are <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a> in suspension, debris from the skins or pulp, and exogenous debris (soil). </p><p>Static settling consists of leaving the <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> to let the debris settle: after pressing, the must is left to stand in a tank away from air. Suspended particles <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitate</a> to the bottom of the tank. This is facilitated by the addition of pectolytic <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> which are long chain carbons composed of pectic compounds. These <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectins</a> give a high viscosity to the juice, cut the suspended particles into shorter chains, and accelerate precipitation. Refrigeration of the wort is needed: if the fermentation starts, the release of bubbles of carbon dioxide would spread suspended particles throughout the wort preventing their deposition. After the wort is clarified it is decanted for fermenting.<sup id="cite_ref-débourbage_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-débourbage-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dynamic settling is performed with a machine that accelerates the separation of the wort from the lees. The centrifuge removes the largest particles but does not achieve a high level of clarity. </p><p>Settling by flotation is a technique where the introduction of a gas at the bottom of the tank creates bubbles which cause the particles to rise to the surface where they are removed by a scraper. Filtration with a rotary vacuum filter is relatively slow but effective. It is often used to recover clear wort in the lees exiting the centrifuge.<sup id="cite_ref-débourbage_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-débourbage-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> treatment can improve the settling of the <a href="/wiki/Finings" title="Finings">Finings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">Bentonite</a> plays a mechanical role of ballast to settle the colloids – it accelerates the sedimentation rate.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">Gelatin</a> is also used to <a href="/wiki/Flocculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocculate">flocculate</a> the suspended tannins extracted by the press. Often associated with a bitter taste, their removal is generally beneficial for white wine.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone or "<a href="/wiki/PVPP" class="mw-redirect" title="PVPP">PVPP</a>" allows the fixing of polyphenols and eliminating them. These molecules are responsible for the browning of wine and their removal gives an element of stability in the future drink.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the "stabilisation of lees" (liquid cold stabilization) the winemaker regularly adds lees in suspension for several days so they do not settle immediately. Then he proceeds to a conventional settling as indicated above. This technique allows the enrichment of the wort with precursors of "<a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiol</a>" (passion fruit, citrus ...) which are naturally very soluble in the wort and are particularly suitable for some varieties such as Sauvignon and <a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a>. In the "maceration of lees", the lees from the static settling are gathered in a refrigerated tank and agitated for several days. After filtration and fermentation they give a white wine also rich in <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiols</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Five stages of making <a href="/wiki/Muscadet" title="Muscadet">Muscadet</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W0466-Muscadet_1_Raisain_15255.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 1: grape berries"><img alt="Step 1: grape berries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/W0466-Muscadet_1_Raisain_15255.JPG/120px-W0466-Muscadet_1_Raisain_15255.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/W0466-Muscadet_1_Raisain_15255.JPG/180px-W0466-Muscadet_1_Raisain_15255.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/W0466-Muscadet_1_Raisain_15255.JPG/240px-W0466-Muscadet_1_Raisain_15255.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 1: grape berries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W0467-Muscadet_2_JusDePresse_15249.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 2: grape juice"><img alt="Step 2: grape juice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/W0467-Muscadet_2_JusDePresse_15249.JPG/120px-W0467-Muscadet_2_JusDePresse_15249.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/W0467-Muscadet_2_JusDePresse_15249.JPG/180px-W0467-Muscadet_2_JusDePresse_15249.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/W0467-Muscadet_2_JusDePresse_15249.JPG/240px-W0467-Muscadet_2_JusDePresse_15249.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 2: grape juice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W0468-Muscadet_3_Filtr%C3%A9NonD%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15240.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 3: juice, filtered, not decanted."><img alt="Step 3: juice, filtered, not decanted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/W0468-Muscadet_3_Filtr%C3%A9NonD%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15240.JPG/120px-W0468-Muscadet_3_Filtr%C3%A9NonD%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15240.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/W0468-Muscadet_3_Filtr%C3%A9NonD%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15240.JPG/180px-W0468-Muscadet_3_Filtr%C3%A9NonD%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15240.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/W0468-Muscadet_3_Filtr%C3%A9NonD%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15240.JPG/240px-W0468-Muscadet_3_Filtr%C3%A9NonD%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15240.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 3: juice, filtered, not decanted.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W0469-Muscadet_4_D%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15235.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 4: juice, filtered and decanted."><img alt="Step 4: juice, filtered and decanted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/W0469-Muscadet_4_D%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15235.JPG/120px-W0469-Muscadet_4_D%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15235.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/W0469-Muscadet_4_D%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15235.JPG/180px-W0469-Muscadet_4_D%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15235.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/W0469-Muscadet_4_D%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15235.JPG/240px-W0469-Muscadet_4_D%C3%A9bourb%C3%A9_15235.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 4: juice, filtered and decanted.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W0470-Muscadet_5_Bourbes_15342.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 5: the lees: to be filtered."><img alt="Step 5: the lees: to be filtered." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/W0470-Muscadet_5_Bourbes_15342.JPG/120px-W0470-Muscadet_5_Bourbes_15342.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/W0470-Muscadet_5_Bourbes_15342.JPG/180px-W0470-Muscadet_5_Bourbes_15342.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/W0470-Muscadet_5_Bourbes_15342.JPG/240px-W0470-Muscadet_5_Bourbes_15342.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 5: the lees: to be filtered.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_making_of_the_wine">The making of the wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The making of the wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FermentationVessels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photo showing stainless steel fermentation tanks in the UK. The tanks are located on both sides of an aisle at the bottom of which oak barrels for aging, stacked on a bracket against the wall can be seen. The floor is painted and pitched to a drainage channel in the middle of the winery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/FermentationVessels.jpg/220px-FermentationVessels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/FermentationVessels.jpg/330px-FermentationVessels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/FermentationVessels.jpg/440px-FermentationVessels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Fermentation in stainless steel tanks in the UK</figcaption></figure> <p>The wort is then placed in a tank to undergo fermentation. These fermentation tanks can be of several types: oak, cement coated with <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a>, stainless or enamelled <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, or epoxy resin.<sup id="cite_ref-Sopexa19_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sopexa19-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For large volume tanks the control of temperature, which typically is around 18 °C,<sup id="cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubourdieu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becomes necessary. The majority of aromatic components (acetates of alcohol and ethyl <a href="/wiki/Esters" class="mw-redirect" title="Esters">esters</a> of fatty acids) are synthesized by the yeast during fermentation of light juice below 18 °C. However, clarity and low temperatures are factors which slow fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-berger_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recourse to the addition of selected yeasts for these difficult working conditions becomes crucial.<sup id="cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubourdieu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast some producers grow their vines organically or biodynamically: the lees are of good quality without synthetic chemicals harmful to yeast so they are kept in the wine. Turbidity of the must ensures a good supply of yeasts and fermentation in small tanks or in barrels then does not require mastery of cold. </p><p>Fermentation starts spontaneously under the action of the natural yeasts from the grapes. The winemaker can choose to use a commercially available active dry yeast. It can help to express the characteristics of a variety or a method of manufacture. For a dry white wine fermentation continues until the sugar runs out. The wine is then usually decanted to eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Lees_(fermentation)" title="Lees (fermentation)">lees</a>. When fermentation is done in barrels the temperature often exceeds 20 °C or even 25 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubourdieu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of fermentation, the wine may also have <a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">malolactic fermentation</a> or FML. This second fermentation carried out by bacteria deacidifies the wine: it transforms the <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic acid</a>, which has two <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl group">carboxyl groups</a>, into <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>. This operation, which reduces the biting acidity of the wine, is not always desirable nor practiced. In southern areas the acidity is carefully preserved to give the wine its liveliness for refreshing <a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">aroma of wine</a>. During the fermentation of the grapes, <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> aromas are reduced in favour of an increase in roundness and volume in the mouth of the wine during ageing in oak barrels. It gives a better biological stability in champagne wines.<sup id="cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubourdieu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a sweet wine, fermentation is stopped before its end to keep some of the sugar: this is the <i>Mutage</i> (fortification). The fermentation can be stopped by adding <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> (SO<sub>2</sub>) (sterilisation of wine), by sudden cooling (anaesthesia of yeasts), by sterile filtration (capturing the yeasts in a very fine mesh filter), or a combination of several of these methods.<sup id="cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubourdieu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rule of thumb for determining the point of <i>mutage</i>, which allows a good balance of acquired alcohol and residual sugar, is to leave as many potential degrees as the degrees acquired over 10% by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For sweeter dessert wines fermentation stops spontaneously by excess sugar and alcohol: Alcohol is waste from the yeast and it is poisonous in large doses. In the case of sweet wines an addition of wine alcohol stops the fermentation. FML is not done for sweet wines as the lactic bacteria preferentially degrades sugar which would give a lactic bite (sweet and sour wine). In addition, the balance of acidity and sugar in the wine supports vivacity. </p><p>A winemaking technique called "reducing" or "technology" has been developed. Very fashionable in Australia and New Zealand, this technique seeks highly aromatic white wines and is very interesting on aromatic varieties such as Sauvignon B, Colombard B, and Riesling B, although less so for varieties such as Chardonnay B. It works by limiting <a href="/wiki/Premature_oxidation" title="Premature oxidation">premature oxidation</a> in the must or the wine at all stages of development. The use of inert gases such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) isolates the grapes from oxygen from the air, and cold partially inhibits the action of oxidative enzymes in the must. <a href="/wiki/Tyrosinase" title="Tyrosinase">Tyrosinase</a>, a natural enzyme in the grape, and <a href="/wiki/Laccase" title="Laccase">laccase</a>, an enzyme coming from the <i>gray mold</i>, are very active in oxidation. Laccase can be eliminated by sorting the grapes. Strong limitation on the amount of <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a> in the wine by reducing the time between harvest and pressing is another technique that aims to make a very light wine, protected from yellowing.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation_of_wine_before_packaging">Preparation of wine before packaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Preparation of wine before packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RayLafon12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photo showing an aging cellar for Sauternes (sweet white wine). The barrels are aligned in three rows against the walls and they are stacked on two levels with a row in the middle one barrel high. The light coloured barrels are newer barrels. The floor is tiled, the walls are stone, covered in grey mould, and the ceiling is white supported by dark coloured beams. The wall lighting is reminiscent of medieval torches." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/RayLafon12.jpg/220px-RayLafon12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/RayLafon12.jpg/330px-RayLafon12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/RayLafon12.jpg/440px-RayLafon12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A Wine warehouse aging sweet white wine (<a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vin_Jaune2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A barrel with a glass bottom revealing the layer of yeast on the surface under which the yellow wine is ageing. This yeast is in the form of an irregular white layer – it forms small stalactites that sink a few millimetres into the wine which is already dark yellow wine. The wall in the background is grey, probably coated in grey mould." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vin_Jaune2.jpg/220px-Vin_Jaune2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vin_Jaune2.jpg/330px-Vin_Jaune2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vin_Jaune2.jpg/440px-Vin_Jaune2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Aging <a href="/wiki/Vin_jaune" title="Vin jaune">vin jaune</a> under a layer of yeast</figcaption></figure> <p>After fermentation all wine requires constant care to be fit for consumption. All of these practices before bottling are known as <i>élevage</i> or <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Maturing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oenologie_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oenologie-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maturing">Maturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Maturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maturing can be done in a vat. It takes little time to clarify and to prepare the packaging (<a href="/wiki/Bottling" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottling">bottling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bag-In-Box" class="mw-redirect" title="Bag-In-Box">Bag-In-Box</a>) but this may be extended by maturing of <a href="/wiki/Lees_(fermentation)" title="Lees (fermentation)">lees</a>. This type of maturing consists of regularly adding fine lees in suspension in the wine. The dead yeast is used for the fine lees which digests itself (<a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">autolysis</a>) giving the wine volume and body to support the fruitiness. This operation is called <i>Bâtonnage</i> or stirring and is traditionally done with a stick to agitate the lees at the bottom of the barrel.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique needs to be well controlled, however, otherwise the wine may take on a <i>Goût de réduit</i> (Reduced taste) due to the activity of <a href="/wiki/Reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductase">reductase</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulphite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphite">sulphite</a> from the yeast.<sup id="cite_ref-Maturing_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maturing-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This operation can be done in vats, as in <a href="/wiki/Muscadet" title="Muscadet">Muscadet</a>, barrels as in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_wine" title="Burgundy wine">Burgundy</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">chardonnays</a>, or bottles as in <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maturing_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maturing-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maturing can also be done in barrels. The wine is put in barrels after fermentation but fermentation itself may also occur in the barrel. The barrel has a dual role: it flavours the wine giving it a scent of toast, butter, and vanilla but it also helps to mature it by providing a very small regular quantity of oxygen through the wooden walls. This oxygen helps to polymerize the components of the wine making it less aggressive and more balanced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blending">Blending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Blending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blending consists of mixing different wines in order to obtain the desired final blend.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This assembly can be of <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietals</a> (in the case of Bordeaux wines<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or wines from the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon" title="Languedoc-Roussillon">Languedoc-Roussillon</a>), or blending of a vintage with varieties (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a>). </p><p>This blending may be purely quantitative: various vintages can be blended to achieve the desired volume. It can also be qualitative; the taster or a team of tasters (cellar master, winemaker, owner of the estate, etc.) determine the amount of each wine to mix together in the final blend to obtain optimum quality. In winemaking blending is always empirical, it cannot be predicted that the combination of two or more vintages will give the expected product. The only secure values are analytical values (<a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic strength">alcoholic strength</a>, acidity, pH, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clarification">Clarification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Clarification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sediment_at_bottom_of_wine_barrel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photo showing the deposit of lees in barrel through a transparent bottom. Lees looks like a layer of mud a few millimetres thick of a creamy white colour. The light that passes through the wine is still cloudy suggesting that light should be placed against another background. The barrel rests on metal industrial shelving." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sediment_at_bottom_of_wine_barrel.jpg/220px-Sediment_at_bottom_of_wine_barrel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sediment_at_bottom_of_wine_barrel.jpg/330px-Sediment_at_bottom_of_wine_barrel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sediment_at_bottom_of_wine_barrel.jpg/440px-Sediment_at_bottom_of_wine_barrel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Deposit of <a href="/wiki/Lees_(fermentation)" title="Lees (fermentation)">lees</a> at the bottom of a barrel</figcaption></figure> <p>Clarification consists of removing insoluble particles in suspension in the water-alcohol solution that is the wine and stabilization is to maintain the solubility of the elements dissolved in the wine throughout the retention period in the bottle and consumption at the table. </p><p>To clarify wine, it is necessary to wait for particle deposition at the bottom of the wine container but this can be accelerated by the use of oenological adhesives. These additives bind to the insoluble particles and fall to the bottom. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">Tannic acid</a> (or gallotannic) C76-H52-O46 is used for the clarification of white wine, using <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Isinglass" title="Isinglass">Isinglass</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stabilisation">Stabilisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Stabilisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of wine components are dissolved in the wine: certain components, however, may take an insoluble form during ageing or storage of wine – this is the case with <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric acid</a>. A salt containing potassium, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bitartrate" title="Potassium bitartrate">potassium bitartrate</a> is in the form of crystals at the bottom of the bottle. This is a natural phenomenon but many producers seek to avoid this as dealers and uninformed consumers take these crystals as a fault. It is caused or accelerated by cold storage: low temperature reduces its solubility. The habit of refreshing white wine makes this wine particularly sensitive to this phenomenon. </p><p>Several solutions are available to stabilize the wine: </p><p>The first is to cool the wine to a negative temperature near freezing for several weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potassium bitartrate crystals precipitate and can be removed by filtration prior to packaging in bottles or bag-in-boxes. This solution is costly in refrigeration energy and can negatively affect the <a href="/wiki/Organoleptic" title="Organoleptic">organoleptic</a> qualities of the wine. </p><p>Another solution is to introduce Metatartaric acid, a tartaric acid polymer, into the wine. Its mode of action is still unknown but it prevents microscopic crystals from growing. However, the effect is not sustainable in the long term (between 6 and 18 months) because it hydrolyzes when warm. </p><p>A third way is <a href="/wiki/Electrodialysis" title="Electrodialysis">electrodialysis</a>: an electric current between two plates attracts the wine ions and eliminates them. However, this solution not only acts on tartaric acid but also other compounds especially <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> which is responsible for the formation of insoluble bitartrate and also modifies the organoleptic qualities. However, it does allow a definitive stabilization. Reports of high tartaric stability in white wines matured on lees has led to research in this area. A protein from the hydrolyzate of the yeast (mannoproteins) allows salts of tartar to keep their solubility. The addition of this compound industrially permits a good quality stabilization. This solution is the least expensive for energy and refrigeration equipment and does not alter the aromatic perception of wine.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, tests conducted by the Cooperative Institute for Wine of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon_wine" title="Languedoc-Roussillon wine">Languedoc-Roussillon</a> did not show conclusive effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally the study of the addition of cellulose gum or <a href="/wiki/Carboxymethylcellulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxymethylcellulose">carboxymethylcellulose</a> (CMC) conducted in recent years<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to its approval in 2009 (EC Regulation 606/2009<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Some producers who sell their own products directly to the consumer, explain these natural phenomena to the customer who then serve the wine gently in order to prevent the crystals forming in the bottom of the bottle. </p><p>The presence of unstable proteins that can create a visual problem (protein breakdown) in the wine also requires stabilization. Treatment with <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a> allows the precipitation of unstable proteins which can then be removed by filtration and extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proteins can also react with Metatartaric acid added to wine to prevent tartaric precipitation: the wine then loses its shine and becomes opalescent like <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varieties</a> are naturally high in protein (muscat. ..) but levels also vary depending on the vintage and maturity levels. </p><p>Finally some white wines can be victims of <i>Rosissement</i> (pinking). This phenomenon manifests itself in a light rosé colouration of the wine and takes the appearance of a "stained" wine or one that is contaminated by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a> from red wine. Yet this is not so: the phenomenon is due to the presence of a normally colourless dissolved <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenol</a> which turns pink due to oxidation. An infusion of <a href="/wiki/PVPP" class="mw-redirect" title="PVPP">PVPP</a> generally eliminates the substrate of oxidation. Some varieties are particularly sensitive to pinking: <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viognier" title="Viognier">Viognier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a> B... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_SO2">Use of SO<sub>2</sub></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Use of SO2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SO<sub>2</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> or dioxide of sulphur is used in all winemaking operations from harvesting to packaging. It plays a protective role in the wine against the phenomena of oxidation, oxidase enzyme action (enzymes that oxidize the <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a> in wine), and the control of microbial populations in yeasts and bacteria (antiseptic effect).<sup id="cite_ref-anhydride_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anhydride-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maximum allowable doses depend on the sugar content of the wine: the residual sugar is susceptible to attack by microorganisms which would cause a restart of fermentation. In France the dose is limited to 150 mg/litre for <a href="/wiki/Vin_de_Pays" class="mw-redirect" title="Vin de Pays">Vin de Pays</a> (country wines), 185 mg/L for Sparkling wines, 200 mg/L for <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wines</a>, 200 mg/L for dry white wines, 250 mg/L for white wines with residual sugar greater than 5 g/litre (Moelleux wines), and 300 mg/L for liquoreux sweet wines.<sup id="cite_ref-anhydride_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anhydride-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filtration_and_conditioning">Filtration and conditioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Filtration and conditioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For sale to individuals or restaurants the wine is filtered if necessary, then conditioned. The <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a> consists of passing the wine through a filter element for retaining fine particles suspended in the wine. It may be fine earth (<a href="/wiki/Kieselguhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kieselguhr">Kieselguhr</a>), cardboard sheets, <a href="/wiki/Membrane" title="Membrane">membranes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_filtration" title="Cross-flow filtration">Cross-flow filtration</a>. </p><p>Packaging wine has historically varied. In one early method, wine merchants kept their stock in barrels or casks and the client would fill their pitcher or bottle. Glass bottles revolutionized the wine industry. The absence of transfer and thus contact with the oxygen in the air has made a significant improvement to the quality of the product. Other containers have emerged: aluminum cans, <a href="/wiki/Tetra_Pak" title="Tetra Pak">Tetra Pak</a> cartons, plastic bottles, and the <a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">bag-in-box</a>. Their quality is in their chemical inertness in relation to wine and their hermetic character against oxygen. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">wine bottle</a> has been given certain shapes dedicated to wine. The most emblematic is the bottle of sparkling wine: because of the pressure inside it is a fairly thick glass. Many countries have adopted this shape for bottles of white wine – a more streamlined form than red wine bottles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_tasting">Wine tasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Wine tasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colour">Colour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Colour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colour of white wine is as varied as the types of wines. The term most commonly cited is yellow. However, the richness of vocabulary leaves free space for visual analysis between the actual colour and the hue (the range of colour is often different at the joint between the wine and the glass).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the end of the 20th century the components of the wine which made the colour were still not clearly identified. Over the ages, the <i>flavones</i> in the grapes were considered responsible for the yellow colour, but their very low dissolution in wine, due to short <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">maceration</a>, led to a search for other molecules. A thesis by Biau in 1995<sup id="cite_ref-peynaud_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peynaud-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alluded to the influence of polysaccharides, proteins, and some phenolic acids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Léglise specified that: "the term <i>gold</i> is used if the appearance is very bright and full of reflections, in the definition of the various nuances specific to the metal (...) If, with proper clarity, the wine does not shed light and does not radiate reflection, we will give only the term yellow".<sup id="cite_ref-peynaud_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peynaud-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a colour scale white wine can be almost colourless white. When young it usually takes on a pale greenish or pale yellow tint. Its yellow colour darkens with age and maturing becoming gold, then copper, and finally amber. One of the darkest wines in the world is achieved with a white grape: the <i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ximenez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Ximenez">Pedro Ximenez</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-peynaud_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peynaud-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio of sugar also affects the colour of the wine, making the colour more sustained, depending on the nature of the grape <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux</a> <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Muscadet" title="Muscadet">Muscadet</a> <a href="/wiki/Melon_de_Bourgogne" title="Melon de Bourgogne">Melon</a> have a greenish tint while <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Traminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Traminer">Traminer</a> grown and vinified under comparable conditions will be yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-peynaud_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peynaud-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catavino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glass of catavino (Sherry)"><img alt="Glass of catavino (Sherry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Catavino.jpg/70px-Catavino.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Catavino.jpg/105px-Catavino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Catavino.jpg/140px-Catavino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glass of catavino (<a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chardonnay-UVa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chardonnay"><img alt="Chardonnay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chardonnay-UVa.jpg/120px-Chardonnay-UVa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chardonnay-UVa.jpg/180px-Chardonnay-UVa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chardonnay-UVa.jpg/240px-Chardonnay-UVa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chardonnay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_glass_of_Tokaji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glass of Tokaji"><img alt="Glass of Tokaji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/A_glass_of_Tokaji.jpg/80px-A_glass_of_Tokaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/A_glass_of_Tokaji.jpg/120px-A_glass_of_Tokaji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/A_glass_of_Tokaji.jpg/160px-A_glass_of_Tokaji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glass of <a href="/wiki/Tokaji" title="Tokaji">Tokaji</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aged_white_wine_with_brown_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aged white wine (Madeira)"><img alt="Aged white wine (Madeira)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aged_white_wine_with_brown_color.jpg/90px-Aged_white_wine_with_brown_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aged_white_wine_with_brown_color.jpg/135px-Aged_white_wine_with_brown_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Aged_white_wine_with_brown_color.jpg/180px-Aged_white_wine_with_brown_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aged white wine (<a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aromas">Aromas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Aromas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aromas from white wine cover almost the whole palette of <a href="/wiki/Wine_aromas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine aromas">wine aromas</a>. </p><p>The fruity aromas include citrus fruit such as lemon and grapefruit, white fruit such as apple, quince, peach and apricot, and nuts such as walnut and hazelnut. Exotic fruits are also present: pineapple, mango, and lychee. Obviously the aromatic palette includes these cooked flavours: apple, jam, candied fruit, etc. White wines may also convey floral aromas of acacia, honeysuckle, verbena, violet, etc.. (Scents of honey can also be assimilated). </p><p>Ageing also brings other flavours to the wine. Barrel ageing creates scents of vanilla, butter, brioche, toast, caramel, etc. The long maturing wines like <a href="/wiki/Vin_jaune" title="Vin jaune">yellow wine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a> have typical aromas of fresh walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally the soil can impart a flavour characteristic of a region. Thus, the mineral aromas of <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> (odour of flint or of light stone) well expressed in <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> B<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">sauvignon</a> B,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the scent of oil is typical of old Alsatian <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Rieslings</a> B.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Same aromas that may be thought to be confined to red wines are found in white wines. This is the case especially in some white champagne wines partly made from black grapes and reminiscent of red fruit<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (strawberry, raspberry,<sup id="cite_ref-forget_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forget-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blueberry,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gooseberry,<sup id="cite_ref-forget_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forget-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taste">Taste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Taste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When placed in the mouth white wine has a balance different from red wine from which the <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (wine)">tannic</a> structure is removed. The balance is no longer based only on alcohol and acidity: this is the factor that explains the difficulty of making a white wine. </p><p>For sweet and fortified white wines the presence of sugar adds a parameter to balance the alcohol and acidity. </p><p>Maturing in the barrel gives wine a wooded touch and tannins from the oak give it structure. The strongest wines, as in some <a href="/wiki/Cru_(wine)#Grand_cru" title="Cru (wine)">grand crus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem" title="Château d'Yquem">Château d'Yquem</a> for example<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) even support ageing in new wood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glasses_for_white_wine">Glasses for white wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Glasses for white wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ever since glass containers have existed, specialised glasses for each type of wine were created. Many glasses specific to white wine exist in many wine-producing regions.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glass must be perfectly clear and colourless to properly appreciate the colour of the wine. However, designers and manufacturers of tableware have created white wine glasses with green or blue feet. These colours flatter the wine – they give an artificial colour in the shade (a reflection barrier which emphasizes the separation between the glass and the wine) – rejuvenating the perceived impression. </p><p>Sparkling wines are served in particular glasses such as the flute and the coupe. The flute is the preferred glass for professional tasters: the shape concentrates the aromas to the nose of the taster and its height allows appreciation of the fine bubbles that rise to the surface. The coupe is not recommended because of its too flared shape: it does not preserve the layer of foam, and the gas and aromas escape too fast.<sup id="cite_ref-champagne_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champagne-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend, this type of glass was developed based on the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Marquise_de_Pompadour" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquise de Pompadour">Marquise de Pompadour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coupe dates from a time when the wines were mostly sweeter and less aromatic. Since the 1930s and with the habit to consume drier sparkling wines, the flute has taken the place of the coupe.<sup id="cite_ref-champagne_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champagne-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coupe is also used in mixtures which have an olive in a bubbly cocktail and in the spectacular pyramids of glasses that crown festivities. </p><p>Besides this range of glasses, the work of a team of tasters, including <a href="/wiki/Jules_Chauvet" title="Jules Chauvet">Jules Chauvet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/INAO" class="mw-redirect" title="INAO">INAO</a> in France, led to the creation in 1970 of the <i>INAO glass</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This glass has a thin glass wall and curve calculated to be able to taste all wines. This glass is used, among others, during the approval tastings – the gateway for the wines to be entitled to bear the name of an <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">appellation d'origine contrôlée</a> (AOC). This simple but elegant glass can also be used to serve wine at the table. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_Glass_(White).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="White wine glasses generally are taller and thinner than red wine glasses."><img alt="White wine glasses generally are taller and thinner than red wine glasses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wine_Glass_%28White%29.svg/48px-Wine_Glass_%28White%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wine_Glass_%28White%29.svg/73px-Wine_Glass_%28White%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wine_Glass_%28White%29.svg/97px-Wine_Glass_%28White%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White wine glasses generally are taller and thinner than red wine glasses.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copita-of-amontillado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="INAO glass of sherry amontillado"><img alt="INAO glass of sherry amontillado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Copita-of-amontillado.jpg/68px-Copita-of-amontillado.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Copita-of-amontillado.jpg/102px-Copita-of-amontillado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Copita-of-amontillado.jpg/136px-Copita-of-amontillado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="2095" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">INAO glass of <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a> amontillado</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Verre-alsacien3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alsatian glass: the coloured foot is not recommended to properly assess the colour of the wine."><img alt="Alsatian glass: the coloured foot is not recommended to properly assess the colour of the wine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Verre-alsacien3.jpg/58px-Verre-alsacien3.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Verre-alsacien3.jpg/86px-Verre-alsacien3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Verre-alsacien3.jpg/115px-Verre-alsacien3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alsatian glass: the coloured foot is not recommended to properly assess the colour of the wine.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roemer_Waldglas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German wine glass (Römer) from the 17th century"><img alt="German wine glass (Römer) from the 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Roemer_Waldglas.jpg/60px-Roemer_Waldglas.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Roemer_Waldglas.jpg/90px-Roemer_Waldglas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Roemer_Waldglas.jpg/120px-Roemer_Waldglas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German wine glass (Römer) from the 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_Cava.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A flute of cava"><img alt="A flute of cava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Glass_of_Cava.jpg/42px-Glass_of_Cava.jpg" decoding="async" width="42" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Glass_of_Cava.jpg/63px-Glass_of_Cava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Glass_of_Cava.jpg/84px-Glass_of_Cava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A flute of <a href="/wiki/Cava_(Spanish_wine)" title="Cava (Spanish wine)">cava</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flute_Glass.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A flute for Sparkling wine"><img alt="A flute for Sparkling wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flute_Glass.svg/33px-Flute_Glass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flute_Glass.svg/50px-Flute_Glass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flute_Glass.svg/67px-Flute_Glass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A flute for <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling wine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Margarita_Glass_(Saucer).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A coupe can be used for Sparkling wine."><img alt="A coupe can be used for Sparkling wine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Margarita_Glass_%28Saucer%29.svg/95px-Margarita_Glass_%28Saucer%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Margarita_Glass_%28Saucer%29.svg/143px-Margarita_Glass_%28Saucer%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Margarita_Glass_%28Saucer%29.svg/191px-Margarita_Glass_%28Saucer%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A coupe can be used for Sparkling wine.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bigest_champagne_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dramatic effect of a pyramid of coupes"><img alt="Dramatic effect of a pyramid of coupes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bigest_champagne_tower.jpg/80px-Bigest_champagne_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bigest_champagne_tower.jpg/120px-Bigest_champagne_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bigest_champagne_tower.jpg/160px-Bigest_champagne_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dramatic effect of a pyramid of coupes</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dry_white_wine">Dry white wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Dry white wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dry white wine is a wine without sugar (the sugar ratio is generally less than 4 grams per litre). It is a wine very difficult to develop because the balance of the wine is based on only two parameters: acidity and alcohol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Before the 1950s, the traditional European wine was made in small containers where the temperature did not rise high enough to interfere with the fermentation but this method of vinification gave wine structure and roundness but was not aromatic.<sup id="cite_ref-p.&nbsp;397_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.&nbsp;397-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California and Australia, the need to cool the grapes and wine during fermentation led winemakers to equip their cellars with adequate equipment: refrigeration units, circuits of pipes to carry the liquid refrigerant, and vats temperature-regulated by coils in the walls of the vessel or flag (a thin welded coil shaped like a flat plate with a high heat exchange capability). This mode of production happened in Europe at the same time as new techniques of treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> (accelerated settling, use of selected yeasts, addition of glues and yeast enzymes, the practice of maceration). In wine jargon, all of these practices give a "technological wine". This is very fragrant, crisp on the palate, and does not require ageing. The "old" type of European white wines were well suited to this type of wine – it was the <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon</a> B grape <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> that was first used in this manner, which allowed it to be blended with <a href="/wiki/Semillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Semillon">Semillon</a> B. There has also been a decrease in growing areas in the last thirty years. In <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_wine" title="Burgundy wine">Burgundy</a> these practices may face the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Premature_oxidation" title="Premature oxidation">premature oxidation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RVF_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RVF-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> is the archetype of the great wine that can be produced with old-fashioned methods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The photo below compares the colours of two <a href="/wiki/Chenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenin">Chenins</a> B and illustrates the visual difference between a South African "technologic" wine and a "classic" French wine from the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Loire Valley wine">Loire Valley</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarity_and_brightness_of_chablis_wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glass of Chablis"><img alt="Glass of Chablis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Clarity_and_brightness_of_chablis_wine.jpg/105px-Clarity_and_brightness_of_chablis_wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Clarity_and_brightness_of_chablis_wine.jpg/157px-Clarity_and_brightness_of_chablis_wine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Clarity_and_brightness_of_chablis_wine.jpg/210px-Clarity_and_brightness_of_chablis_wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glass of <a href="/wiki/Chablis_wine" title="Chablis wine">Chablis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Chenin_Blanc_wines_in_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of colour between a South African chenin (a stellenbosch at left) and a French one (a savennières on the right)"><img alt="Comparison of colour between a South African chenin (a stellenbosch at left) and a French one (a savennières on the right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Two_Chenin_Blanc_wines_in_glass.jpg/120px-Two_Chenin_Blanc_wines_in_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Two_Chenin_Blanc_wines_in_glass.jpg/180px-Two_Chenin_Blanc_wines_in_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Two_Chenin_Blanc_wines_in_glass.jpg/240px-Two_Chenin_Blanc_wines_in_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="1696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparison of colour between a South African <a href="/wiki/Chenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenin">chenin</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">stellenbosch</a> at left) and a French one (a <a href="/wiki/Savenni%C3%A8res_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Savennières (AOC)">savennières</a> on the right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riesling_vines_in_Washington_state.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riesling vines in Washington, United States"><img alt="Riesling vines in Washington, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Riesling_vines_in_Washington_state.jpg/80px-Riesling_vines_in_Washington_state.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Riesling_vines_in_Washington_state.jpg/120px-Riesling_vines_in_Washington_state.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Riesling_vines_in_Washington_state.jpg/160px-Riesling_vines_in_Washington_state.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> vines in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_Marlborough_Sauvignon_blanc_in_Iittala_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sauvignon blanc from New Zealand"><img alt="Sauvignon blanc from New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Montana_Marlborough_Sauvignon_blanc_in_Iittala_Glass.jpg/82px-Montana_Marlborough_Sauvignon_blanc_in_Iittala_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Montana_Marlborough_Sauvignon_blanc_in_Iittala_Glass.jpg/123px-Montana_Marlborough_Sauvignon_blanc_in_Iittala_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Montana_Marlborough_Sauvignon_blanc_in_Iittala_Glass.jpg/164px-Montana_Marlborough_Sauvignon_blanc_in_Iittala_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweet_and_fortified_white_wine">Sweet and fortified white wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sweet and fortified white wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a></div> <p>There is a wide variety of sweet wines, from slightly sweet all the way to Fortified wine with the consistency of syrup.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The origin of the sugar is from the grape. The fermentation is stopped before it ends, although the practice of <a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">chaptalization</a> has changed the practice in certain wine regions. Many techniques exist to concentrate the sugar: </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Passerillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerillage">Passerillage</a> with straining" or "late harvest" consists of leaving the grapes on the vine to concentrate the sun. The sugar no longer builds up once reaching maturity but the water evaporates which lowers the yield but increases the concentration of sugar. This is the oldest and most common method. It can be improved by plucking the stems: the winemaker prevents sap reaching the cluster and so it dries faster. The annular incision, long practiced, involves removing a ring of bark on the branch below the clusters. The sweet sap cannot descend and is concentrated in the grapes, while the sap continues to feed the upper branch. Another quick method is to cut a portion of the stem. The grape is dried upstream, but the downstream section progresses normally. The blending in the vat or the press of two types of grapes improves the final result.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Passerillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerillage">Passerillage</a> without straining" is a practice of concentrating the grapes before pressing. The grapes are hung in an attic or on trays for the time it takes for some of the water they contain to evaporate. This method is the raw material of straw wine</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">noble rot</a>" is a method of concentration depending on climatic conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a> creates microscopic perforations of the grape skin through which water is allowed to evaporate while maintaining the other components. The action of botrytis induces different flavours in the grape related to chemical reactions in the berry. The precocity of the varietal-land and low vigour of the vine are favourable to the action of noble rot and helps prevent gray rot.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of grape is used for the production of Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Tokaji" title="Tokaji">Tokaji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wines</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_West_France_(wine_region)" title="South West France (wine region)">Aquitaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barsac,_Gironde" title="Barsac, Gironde">Barsac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loupiac,_Gironde" title="Loupiac, Gironde">Loupiac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monbazillac" title="Monbazillac">Monbazillac</a>, etc.), and some selections of noble rot berries in <a href="/wiki/Alsace_wine" title="Alsace wine">Alsace</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="German wines">Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trockenbeerenauslese" title="Trockenbeerenauslese">Trockenbeerenauslese</a>.</li> <li>"Freezing of grapes" and cold pressing are used to squeeze the liquid part of the berries. The flakes of frozen water remain in the press and only the sweet juice flows.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the principle of ice wine. <a href="/wiki/Cryoextraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryoextraction">Cryoextraction</a> is a recent technique invented to reproduce the phenomenon in regions that are not cold enough: The grapes are artificially frozen before being pressed. This method overcomes the climate, and harvesting work can continue without waiting for the frosts (risk of loss of the grapes by weather accident or attack by hungry sparrows), but shortening the maturation does not give the same flavour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riesling_met_botrytis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noble rot on a Riesling B grapevine"><img alt="Noble rot on a Riesling B grapevine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Riesling_met_botrytis.jpg/120px-Riesling_met_botrytis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Riesling_met_botrytis.jpg/180px-Riesling_met_botrytis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Riesling_met_botrytis.jpg/240px-Riesling_met_botrytis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> B grapevine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasas_de_M%C3%A1laga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Passerillage without straining at Málaga; the drying gives a reddish-brown colour to the white grape."><img alt="Passerillage without straining at Málaga; the drying gives a reddish-brown colour to the white grape." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pasas_de_M%C3%A1laga.jpg/120px-Pasas_de_M%C3%A1laga.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pasas_de_M%C3%A1laga.jpg/180px-Pasas_de_M%C3%A1laga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pasas_de_M%C3%A1laga.jpg/240px-Pasas_de_M%C3%A1laga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Passerillage without straining at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_and_Sierras_de_M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga and Sierras de Málaga">Málaga</a>; the drying gives a reddish-brown colour to the white grape.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Passito_z02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Passerillage without straining of grapes in Slovenia"><img alt="Passerillage without straining of grapes in Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Passito_z02.JPG/120px-Passito_z02.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Passito_z02.JPG/180px-Passito_z02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Passito_z02.JPG/240px-Passito_z02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Passerillage without straining of grapes in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenia wine">Slovenia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slovak_tokaj_wineyard.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A misty vineyard at Tokay in Slovakia"><img alt="A misty vineyard at Tokay in Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Slovak_tokaj_wineyard.png/120px-Slovak_tokaj_wineyard.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Slovak_tokaj_wineyard.png/180px-Slovak_tokaj_wineyard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Slovak_tokaj_wineyard.png/240px-Slovak_tokaj_wineyard.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A misty vineyard at <a href="/wiki/Tokaj_(Slovakia)" title="Tokaj (Slovakia)">Tokay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_wine_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frozen grapes to be made into ice wine"><img alt="Frozen grapes to be made into ice wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ice_wine_grapes.jpg/120px-Ice_wine_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ice_wine_grapes.jpg/180px-Ice_wine_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ice_wine_grapes.jpg/240px-Ice_wine_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frozen grapes to be made into <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokajska_pivnica.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cellar for ageing at Tokay in Slovakia"><img alt="Cellar for ageing at Tokay in Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tokajska_pivnica.png/120px-Tokajska_pivnica.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tokajska_pivnica.png/180px-Tokajska_pivnica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tokajska_pivnica.png/240px-Tokajska_pivnica.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cellar for ageing at <a href="/wiki/Tokaj_(Slovakia)" title="Tokaj (Slovakia)">Tokay</a> in Slovakia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yquem_73.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bottle of Sauternes, a great Fortified wine"><img alt="A bottle of Sauternes, a great Fortified wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yquem_73.jpg/80px-Yquem_73.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yquem_73.jpg/120px-Yquem_73.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yquem_73.jpg/160px-Yquem_73.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bottle of <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>, a great <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Amber colour in an old German riesling opened after 32 years in the bottle"><img alt="Amber colour in an old German riesling opened after 32 years in the bottle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass-2.JPG/81px-Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass-2.JPG/122px-Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass-2.JPG/162px-Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="2271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amber colour in an old German riesling opened after 32 years in the bottle</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sparkling_wine">Sparkling wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling wine</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Top producers of sparkling wine<span class="nowrap"> </span>(2003)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Millions of barrels </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>France</td> <td>480-510 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Germany</td> <td>400-430 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Spain</td> <td>190-220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span>Italy</td> <td>180-210 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Russia</td> <td>170-200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States</td> <td>85-110 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Thailand</td> <td>70-80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Ukraine</td> <td>50-70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Poland</td> <td>40-54 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span>Australia</td> <td>40-52 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Festive Wines par excellence is the prestigious image conveyed by <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a> but sparkling wine can come from very different practices. In contrast to sparkling wines, wines without foam are called "still wines".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sparkling wine is mostly white and contains fermentation gases (carbon dioxide). The first sparkling wine dates back to the very first winemaking. During alcoholic fermentation of all wines yeast produces carbon dioxide so during fermentation all wines are sparkling. For most of them the gas escapes and does not remain dissolved. Methods of production of sparkling wines are therefore intended to maintain the CO<sub>2</sub> dissolved in the wine which is responsible for the bubbles:<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the <b>traditional method</b> which was once called <b>méthode champenoise</b> consists of vinifying white or rosé wine as for a still wine. A <i>liqueur de <a href="/wiki/Tirage" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirage">tirage</a></i> (sugar) is then added to the wine and bottled. A second fermentation then occurs in the bottle from yeast and the sugar from the liqueur de tirage. The wine is then <i> dégorgé</i> or disgorged and a <i>liqueur de dosage</i> or mix (liquor more or less sweet depending on the desired final product: brut, demi-sec, or doux).</li> <li>the <b>rural method</b> or <b>craft method</b> for a wine in which the fermentation was stopped by cold (in the past it was the arrival of winter blocking fermentation). The remaining sugar finishes fermenting in the bottle, producing dissolved gas. This is the method developed by the producers of <a href="/wiki/Gaillac_AOC" title="Gaillac AOC">Gaillac AOC</a><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Blanquette_de_Limoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanquette de Limoux">Blanquette de Limoux</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <b>transfer method</b> uses the traditional method but after fermentation the bottles are uncorked and the wine is blended in a closed pressure vessel. It is filtered before being returned to the bottle</li> <li>the <b>Dioise method</b>: after fermentation using the standard rural method, the wine is filtered in a vat similar to the transfer method</li> <li>the <b>closed vat method</b>: the second fermentation takes place in closed vats. The wine is filtered then bottled under pressure<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <b>continuous method</b> or <b>Russian method</b>: the wine passes from one closed vat to another. Previously the yeasts were fixed with oak chips. After filtration the wine is bottled under pressure</li> <li>the <b>method by gasification</b>: a <i>liqueur de dosage</i> is added to the wine then carbon dioxide is injected into the vat. The wine is bottled under pressure. This is the method of production for flavoured sparkling wines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Made famous by the champagne used to christen large ships at launch, sparkling white wine is produced in almost all wine-producing countries and has become a benchmark for providing a festive and commemorative spirit to an event. This unique side is found in the labelling of the bottle. Firstly the gas pressure requires a heavier bottle,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then the plug with its mushroom shape must be retained by a <a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a>, and finally the top of the bottle is covered with a metallic foil shell gold or silver coloured.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonnaire_Grand_Cru_Blanc_de_Blancs_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bottle of sparkling wine with its characteristic covering"><img alt="Bottle of sparkling wine with its characteristic covering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bonnaire_Grand_Cru_Blanc_de_Blancs_2004.jpg/39px-Bonnaire_Grand_Cru_Blanc_de_Blancs_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="39" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bonnaire_Grand_Cru_Blanc_de_Blancs_2004.jpg/59px-Bonnaire_Grand_Cru_Blanc_de_Blancs_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bonnaire_Grand_Cru_Blanc_de_Blancs_2004.jpg/78px-Bonnaire_Grand_Cru_Blanc_de_Blancs_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="2776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bottle of sparkling wine with its characteristic covering</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hip,_Hip,_Hurrah!_Artists%E2%80%99_Party,_Skagen_(Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer)_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Sparkling wine, festival wine by Peder Severin Krøyer, 1888, Gothenburg Museum of Art"><img alt="Sparkling wine, festival wine by Peder Severin Krøyer, 1888, Gothenburg Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6478" data-file-height="5280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sparkling wine, festival wine by <a href="/wiki/Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer" title="Peder Severin Krøyer">Peder Severin Krøyer</a>, 1888, <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art" title="Gothenburg Museum of Art">Gothenburg Museum of Art</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortified_wine">Fortified wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Fortified wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a></div> <p>A fortified wine is a wine in which there has been an addition of alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This category includes three types of wine products depending on the fermentation stage where the fortification took place: </p> <ul><li>The <i>mistelles</i> or dessert wines are grape juices whose fermentation has been prevented by fortification with alcohol. Although the absence of fermentation can lead to discussion of their qualification as wine, it is nevertheless an alcoholic grape product. The <a href="/wiki/Pineau_des_Charentes" title="Pineau des Charentes">Pineau des Charentes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Floc_de_Gascogne" title="Floc de Gascogne">floc de Gascogne</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Macvin_du_Jura" class="mw-redirect" title="Macvin du Jura">macvin du Jura</a> are three <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">AOC</a> French mistelles.</li> <li>The <i>Vin doux naturel</i> or sweet wines are wines where fermentation was stopped before completion. The added alcohol retains the grape sugar and guarantees its smooth taste. The majority of muscat wines fall into this category (<a href="/wiki/Muscat_de_Beaumes-de-Venise" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise">Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscat_de_Rivesaltes" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat de Rivesaltes">Muscat de Rivesaltes</a>, Muscat de Mireval, <a href="/wiki/Moscatell" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatell">Moscatell</a> Catalan, <a href="/wiki/Moscato_d%27Asti" title="Moscato d'Asti">Moscato d'Asti</a> etc.) as do <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">white port</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>.</li> <li>The <i>vins mutés secs</i> or dry fortified wines are dry wines (without sugar) whose fermentation was completed. A quantity of alcohol is added to increase their alcohol content. They age for a long time giving wines with the ability to be kept for a very long time. These wines are the <a href="/wiki/Sherries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherries">sherries</a> and some dry white <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">ports</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roter_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muscat Rose grapes with small berries Rs"><img alt="Muscat Rose grapes with small berries Rs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Roter_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg/80px-Roter_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Roter_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg/120px-Roter_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Roter_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg/160px-Roter_Muskateller_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rose_%C3%A0_petits_grains" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat rose à petits grains">Muscat Rose grapes with small berries</a> Rs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ampolles_de_moscat_de_Rivesaltes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bottles of Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC"><img alt="Bottles of Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ampolles_de_moscat_de_Rivesaltes.jpg/115px-Ampolles_de_moscat_de_Rivesaltes.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ampolles_de_moscat_de_Rivesaltes.jpg/172px-Ampolles_de_moscat_de_Rivesaltes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ampolles_de_moscat_de_Rivesaltes.jpg/229px-Ampolles_de_moscat_de_Rivesaltes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bottles of <a href="/wiki/Muscat_de_Rivesaltes_AOC" title="Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC">Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_Tasting_at_Marsala_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuances in the colour of marsala"><img alt="Nuances in the colour of marsala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wine_Tasting_at_Marsala_2.jpg/120px-Wine_Tasting_at_Marsala_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wine_Tasting_at_Marsala_2.jpg/180px-Wine_Tasting_at_Marsala_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wine_Tasting_at_Marsala_2.jpg/240px-Wine_Tasting_at_Marsala_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nuances in the colour of <a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">marsala</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celeb-ValdiviaJerez60.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ageing of Sherry in solera"><img alt="Ageing of Sherry in solera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Celeb-ValdiviaJerez60.jpg/120px-Celeb-ValdiviaJerez60.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Celeb-ValdiviaJerez60.jpg/180px-Celeb-ValdiviaJerez60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Celeb-ValdiviaJerez60.jpg/240px-Celeb-ValdiviaJerez60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ageing of <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a> in <i>solera</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_aspects">Culinary aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Culinary aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temperature of service is a criterion to put wine in the best condition for drinking. The wine must be chilled but not be served with ice.<sup id="cite_ref-p.&nbsp;52-53_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.&nbsp;52-53-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 8 and 9 °C, the chill will accentuate the liveliness of the bubbles and reduce the sweetness of a sweet or Fortified wine. For an aromatic dry wine service between 10 and 12 °C stimulates vivacity and gives freshness to the flavours. Finally, the great white wines are best at a temperature between 12 and 14 °C which allows the flavours and the structure to be revealed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pairing_white_wine_and_food">Pairing white wine and food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Pairing white wine and food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The acidity of dry white wine is reduced by slightly salty or sweet dishes while the wine accentuates the salty side of food and tempers heavy fatty foods. Sweet wine goes well with sweet and savoury dishes to mitigate the heavy sugar and stimulate the fruitiness.<sup id="cite_ref-nul_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nul-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For an aperitif, flavoured dry wine or sparkling wine goes with all meals. Specialists in tasting<sup id="cite_ref-p.&nbsp;52_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.&nbsp;52-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consider that the sugar or alcohol in some wines has a saturating effect on the taste buds, by contrast the fruity liveliness awakens them to the meal to come. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moules_et_vin_blanc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Moules_et_vin_blanc.jpg/220px-Moules_et_vin_blanc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Moules_et_vin_blanc.jpg/330px-Moules_et_vin_blanc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Moules_et_vin_blanc.jpg/440px-Moules_et_vin_blanc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mussels and white wine</figcaption></figure> <p>At mealtimes very dry wines with little minerals are recommended with oysters and seafood: their acidity reveals the salinity of the shellfish. The most fragrant wines go well with shellfish, fish, or poached white meat.<sup id="cite_ref-p.&nbsp;52-53_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.&nbsp;52-53-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For stews the acidity of white wine counterbalances the weight of fat. If the sauce is well balanced with an intense ingredient (lemon juice or mustard) a more opulent wine can be recommended: sweet or dry wine aged in barrels. Sweet wines, either just sweet or fortified, are a good option for exotic dishes with sweet spices (dishes with cinnamon, vanilla etc.). Fortified white wines are recommended with <a href="/wiki/Foie_gras" title="Foie gras">foie gras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p.&nbsp;52_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.&nbsp;52-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sparkling wines can be taken at any time during the meal, their diversity allows this. A choice of sparkling wine also allows the retention of the same wine from the beginning to the end of the meal. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gourmet" title="Gourmet">Gourmets</a> generally prefer white wine to red to accompany <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> as its acidity agrees well with the fat in dairy products.<sup id="cite_ref-p.&nbsp;55_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.&nbsp;55-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry wines with mineral aromas such as <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">chardonnay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">sauvignon blanc</a> bring out the milky taste of <a href="/wiki/Goat_cheese" title="Goat cheese">goat cheese</a>. Aromatic wines, such as <a href="/wiki/Gewurztraminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gewurztraminer">Gewurztraminer</a> and some sparkling wines support the strong taste of <a href="/wiki/Washed-rind" class="mw-redirect" title="Washed-rind">Washed-rind</a> cheeses (<a href="/wiki/Maroilles_cheese" title="Maroilles cheese">Maroilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89poisses" title="Époisses">Époisses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munster_cheese" title="Munster cheese">Munster</a>, etc.). Neutral white wines (Castilla-La Mancha, Italian <a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a>) are well suited to <a href="/wiki/Ossau-Iraty" title="Ossau-Iraty">sheep cheese</a> and there are also <a href="/wiki/Manchego" title="Manchego">Manchego</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pecorino_romano" title="Pecorino romano">pecorino romano</a> for a little spicy. The cooked pressed cheeses require a bold wine, woodland. There is perfect agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_cheese" title="Comté cheese">Comté cheese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vin_jaune" title="Vin jaune">yellow wine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jura_(department)" title="Jura (department)">Jura</a>. Fortified wines are recommended with veined cheeses (Blue or <a href="/wiki/Roquefort" title="Roquefort">Roquefort</a>). In this case, the cheese mould (<a href="/wiki/Penicillium_roqueforti" title="Penicillium roqueforti">Penicillium roqueforti</a>) and the wine (<a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">noble rot</a>) form a harmonious whole. </p><p>White wine is also a dessert wine. All choices are allowed even if the sweet and fortified wines are more suitable for this. Perfumed wines (<a href="/wiki/Gewurztraminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gewurztraminer">Gewurztraminer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape)" title="Muscat (grape)">Muscat</a>), sparkling, and sweet wines accord well with fruit desserts (salad, tart). The fortified and sparkling wines support rich desserts made with cream or butter.<sup id="cite_ref-p.&nbsp;55_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.&nbsp;55-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crèmes brûlées or caramel which combine sugar and cream can be eaten with a sweet and lively wine such as <a href="/wiki/Juran%C3%A7on_(grape)" title="Jurançon (grape)">Jurançon</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Late_harvest" class="mw-redirect" title="Late harvest">late harvest</a> wine. Chocolate requires a very powerful wine so white wine selection is quite limited: a natural amber sweet wine is the best compromise. </p><p>More than other wines, white wine is a wine that can be consumed between meals. The habits of the Anglo-Saxons and Germans require a sweet wine or a dry and fruity wine. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:As_coq.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bresse Chicken with morels and Yellow wine"><img alt="Bresse Chicken with morels and Yellow wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/As_coq.jpg/120px-As_coq.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/As_coq.jpg/180px-As_coq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/As_coq.jpg/240px-As_coq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bresse Chicken with morels and <a href="/wiki/Vin_jaune" title="Vin jaune">Yellow wine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foie gras and fortified wine"><img alt="Foie gras and fortified wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg/80px-Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg/120px-Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg/160px-Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="3234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foie gras and fortified wine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vin_Jaune.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yellow wine, Comté cheese, and nuts"><img alt="Yellow wine, Comté cheese, and nuts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vin_Jaune.jpg/120px-Vin_Jaune.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vin_Jaune.jpg/180px-Vin_Jaune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vin_Jaune.jpg/240px-Vin_Jaune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="979" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vin_jaune" title="Vin jaune">Yellow wine</a>, Comté cheese, and nuts</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_wine_as_an_ingredient">White wine as an ingredient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: White wine as an ingredient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White wine is regularly used as an ingredient. Its acidity balances well with fat, taking away excess heaviness.<sup id="cite_ref-nul_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nul-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This acidity also refines the meat or fish and it helps to break down the fibres of the meat to make it tender.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of white wine is similar to that of lemon juice used under the same conditions: once <a href="/wiki/Verjuice" title="Verjuice">verjuice</a> also fulfilled this function. The <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> combines acidity with a burning sensation that gives recipes where it is used a bittersweet side characteristic. </p><p>As a means to balance the fat, white wine is involved in the preparation of sauces such as ravigote sauce, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnaise_sauce" title="Béarnaise sauce">béarnaise sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marinara_sauce" title="Marinara sauce">marinara sauce</a>, etc. The drippings of cooking juices is also a role that white wine can be used in; made with a sweet white wine and giving a sour-sweet or sweet-salt sauce. In <a href="/wiki/Cheese_fondue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese fondue">cheese fondue</a> the liveliness of dry white wine is balanced with the fat of the cheese. The freshness of the wine as a table drink contrasts the heat of the fondue. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Marinade" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinade">marinades</a> its power to soften the protein fibre is used. Sometimes it can even happen in cooking such as in Italian-style tuna carpaccio.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White wine is also used as a wetting agent for slow cooking. In this type of dish it combines the flexibility of the meat and balances the fat from the sauce. It plays this role in the case of <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baeckeoffe" title="Baeckeoffe">baeckeoffe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risotto</a>, and in the gravy in the preparation of white meat as in <a href="/wiki/Osso_buco" class="mw-redirect" title="Osso buco">osso buco</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blanquette_de_veau" title="Blanquette de veau">blanquette de veau</a> (veal stew), Chicken with morels and its variants, Chicken à la comtoise and Yellow <a href="/wiki/Coq_au_vin" title="Coq au vin">coq au vin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a> or with charcuterie such as <a href="/wiki/Diot" title="Diot">diots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">tripe</a>. It can also be used to prepare fish and seafood dishes such as <i>pôchouse</i> with Burgundy wine, <a href="/wiki/Monkfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkfish">monkfish</a> stew,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a> stew,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mussels in white wine, or a Seafood <a href="/wiki/Pot-au-feu" title="Pot-au-feu">Pot-au-feu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common rule by gourmets is to serve at table the same wine that has been used in cooking. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baeckeoffe_dans_l%27assiette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baeckeoffe cooked in white wine"><img alt="Baeckeoffe cooked in white wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Baeckeoffe_dans_l%27assiette.jpg/120px-Baeckeoffe_dans_l%27assiette.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Baeckeoffe_dans_l%27assiette.jpg/180px-Baeckeoffe_dans_l%27assiette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Baeckeoffe_dans_l%27assiette.jpg/240px-Baeckeoffe_dans_l%27assiette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baeckeoffe" title="Baeckeoffe">Baeckeoffe</a> cooked in white wine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moules_Frites.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mussels in white wine and chips"><img alt="Mussels in white wine and chips" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Moules_Frites.jpg/120px-Moules_Frites.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Moules_Frites.jpg/180px-Moules_Frites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Moules_Frites.jpg/240px-Moules_Frites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mussels in white wine and chips</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_marsala_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicken marsala"><img alt="Chicken marsala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chicken_marsala_09.jpg/120px-Chicken_marsala_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chicken_marsala_09.jpg/180px-Chicken_marsala_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chicken_marsala_09.jpg/240px-Chicken_marsala_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chicken marsala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripouxfrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aveyron tripe"><img alt="Aveyron tripe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tripouxfrance.JPG/120px-Tripouxfrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tripouxfrance.JPG/180px-Tripouxfrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tripouxfrance.JPG/240px-Tripouxfrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aveyron tripe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Risotto_alla_Marinara_con_Gamberi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Risotto with Prawns"><img alt="Risotto with Prawns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Risotto_alla_Marinara_con_Gamberi.jpg/120px-Risotto_alla_Marinara_con_Gamberi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Risotto_alla_Marinara_con_Gamberi.jpg/180px-Risotto_alla_Marinara_con_Gamberi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Risotto_alla_Marinara_con_Gamberi.jpg/240px-Risotto_alla_Marinara_con_Gamberi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Risotto with Prawns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choucroute-p1030190.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alsatian sauerkraut"><img alt="Alsatian sauerkraut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Choucroute-p1030190.jpg/120px-Choucroute-p1030190.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Choucroute-p1030190.jpg/180px-Choucroute-p1030190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Choucroute-p1030190.jpg/240px-Choucroute-p1030190.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alsatian sauerkraut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fondue_p1150668.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swiss Cheese Fondue"><img alt="Swiss Cheese Fondue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fondue_p1150668.jpg/90px-Fondue_p1150668.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fondue_p1150668.jpg/135px-Fondue_p1150668.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fondue_p1150668.jpg/180px-Fondue_p1150668.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swiss Cheese Fondue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ossobuco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osso bucco"><img alt="Osso bucco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ossobuco.jpg/120px-Ossobuco.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ossobuco.jpg/180px-Ossobuco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ossobuco.jpg/240px-Ossobuco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Osso_bucco" class="mw-redirect" title="Osso bucco">Osso bucco</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition_facts">Nutrition facts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Nutrition facts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Nutrition </th> <th scope="col">Unit </th> <th scope="col">Value for 100 g </th></tr> <tr> <td>Water </td> <td>g </td> <td>~ 86.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy </td> <td>kcal </td> <td>~ 82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Protein </td> <td>g </td> <td>~ 0.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total Lipid (Fat) </td> <td>g </td> <td>0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carbohydrates </td> <td>g </td> <td>~ 2.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sugars </td> <td>g </td> <td>~ 0.96 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031010454/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4125">US government</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painted_or_drawn_white_wine">Painted or drawn white wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Painted or drawn white wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Middle Ages white wine has inspired many painters to include it in <a href="/wiki/Still_lifes" class="mw-redirect" title="Still lifes">still lifes</a> or for the representation of the everyday life, party life, or life to excess. An abundance of English, Dutch and German paintings from the 17th century depicted a high consumption of white wine at that time<sup id="cite_ref-cognac_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cognac-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replacing the consumption of beer in the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:19-alimenti,vino_bianco,Taccuino_Sanitatis,_Casanatense_4182.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis, 14th century"><img alt="Tacuinum Sanitatis, 14th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/19-alimenti%2Cvino_bianco%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg/108px-19-alimenti%2Cvino_bianco%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/19-alimenti%2Cvino_bianco%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg/162px-19-alimenti%2Cvino_bianco%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/19-alimenti%2Cvino_bianco%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg/216px-19-alimenti%2Cvino_bianco%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1109" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a></i>, 14th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Claesz_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieter Claesz, Still life with a glass of roemer, 1645"><img alt="Pieter Claesz, Still life with a glass of roemer, 1645" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pieter_Claesz_004.jpg/120px-Pieter_Claesz_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pieter_Claesz_004.jpg/180px-Pieter_Claesz_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pieter_Claesz_004.jpg/240px-Pieter_Claesz_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1209" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Claesz" title="Pieter Claesz">Pieter Claesz</a>, Still life with a glass of roemer, 1645</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_de_Hooch_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieter de Hooch, Wife and Husband toasting, 1658"><img alt="Pieter de Hooch, Wife and Husband toasting, 1658" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pieter_de_Hooch_009.jpg/103px-Pieter_de_Hooch_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pieter_de_Hooch_009.jpg/154px-Pieter_de_Hooch_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pieter_de_Hooch_009.jpg/205px-Pieter_de_Hooch_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1467" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_Hooch" title="Pieter de Hooch">Pieter de Hooch</a>, <i>Wife and Husband toasting</i>, 1658</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakob_Jordaens_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacob Jordaens, The King drinks, 17th century"><img alt="Jacob Jordaens, The King drinks, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jakob_Jordaens_001.jpg/120px-Jakob_Jordaens_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jakob_Jordaens_001.jpg/180px-Jakob_Jordaens_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jakob_Jordaens_001.jpg/240px-Jakob_Jordaens_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Jordaens" title="Jacob Jordaens">Jacob Jordaens</a>, <i>The King drinks</i>, 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luttichuys,_Simon_and_Heem,_Cornelis_de_-_A_%27Roemer%27_with_white_wine,_a_partially_peeled_lemon,_cherries_and_other_fruit_on_a_silver_plate_with_a_rose_and_grapes_on_a_stone_ledge_-_17th_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simon Luttichuys and Cornelis de Heem, Still life, 17th century"><img alt="Simon Luttichuys and Cornelis de Heem, Still life, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luttichuys%2C_Simon_and_Heem%2C_Cornelis_de_-_A_%27Roemer%27_with_white_wine%2C_a_partially_peeled_lemon%2C_cherries_and_other_fruit_on_a_silver_plate_with_a_rose_and_grapes_on_a_stone_ledge_-_17th_c.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luttichuys%2C_Simon_and_Heem%2C_Cornelis_de_-_A_%27Roemer%27_with_white_wine%2C_a_partially_peeled_lemon%2C_cherries_and_other_fruit_on_a_silver_plate_with_a_rose_and_grapes_on_a_stone_ledge_-_17th_c.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luttichuys%2C_Simon_and_Heem%2C_Cornelis_de_-_A_%27Roemer%27_with_white_wine%2C_a_partially_peeled_lemon%2C_cherries_and_other_fruit_on_a_silver_plate_with_a_rose_and_grapes_on_a_stone_ledge_-_17th_c.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simon Luttichuys and <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Heem" title="Cornelis de Heem">Cornelis de Heem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a>, 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Lancret_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolas Lancret, Lunch of Ham, 1735"><img alt="Nicolas Lancret, Lunch of Ham, 1735" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nicolas_Lancret_002.jpg/97px-Nicolas_Lancret_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nicolas_Lancret_002.jpg/146px-Nicolas_Lancret_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nicolas_Lancret_002.jpg/194px-Nicolas_Lancret_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nicolas Lancret, <i>Lunch of Ham</i>, 1735</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hip,_Hip,_Hurrah!_Artists%E2%80%99_Party,_Skagen_(Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer)_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peder Severin Krøyer, Hip hip hurra! - Festival of Painters at Skagen, 1888"><img alt="Peder Severin Krøyer, Hip hip hurra! - Festival of Painters at Skagen, 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.jpg/120px-Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.jpg/180px-Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.jpg/240px-Hip%2C_Hip%2C_Hurrah%21_Artists%E2%80%99_Party%2C_Skagen_%28Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer%29_-_Gothenburg_Museum_of_Art_-_F_62.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6476" data-file-height="5278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer" title="Peder Severin Krøyer">Peder Severin Krøyer</a>, <i>Hip hip hurra! - Festival of Painters at Skagen</i>, 1888</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Faverot_-_L%27ivresse_de_Polichinelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Faverot, The Drunken buffoon, 1894"><img alt="Joseph Faverot, The Drunken buffoon, 1894" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joseph_Faverot_-_L%27ivresse_de_Polichinelle.jpg/97px-Joseph_Faverot_-_L%27ivresse_de_Polichinelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joseph_Faverot_-_L%27ivresse_de_Polichinelle.jpg/145px-Joseph_Faverot_-_L%27ivresse_de_Polichinelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Joseph_Faverot_-_L%27ivresse_de_Polichinelle.jpg/194px-Joseph_Faverot_-_L%27ivresse_de_Polichinelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Joseph Faverot, <i>The Drunken buffoon</i>, 1894</div> </li> </ul> <p>White wine has also inspired designers, cartoonists, advertising etc. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YellowKid.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The comic artist also used white wine in his illustrations."><img alt="The comic artist also used white wine in his illustrations." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/YellowKid.jpeg/95px-YellowKid.jpeg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/YellowKid.jpeg/142px-YellowKid.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/YellowKid.jpeg/189px-YellowKid.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The comic artist also used white wine in his illustrations.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrWIV-Karikatur-1849-Farbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German caricature of 1849"><img alt="German caricature of 1849" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/FrWIV-Karikatur-1849-Farbe.jpg/89px-FrWIV-Karikatur-1849-Farbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/FrWIV-Karikatur-1849-Farbe.jpg/134px-FrWIV-Karikatur-1849-Farbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/FrWIV-Karikatur-1849-Farbe.jpg/179px-FrWIV-Karikatur-1849-Farbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1018" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German caricature of 1849</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mucha-Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon_White_Star-1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Advertising in the Belle Époque"><img alt="Advertising in the Belle Époque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mucha-Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon_White_Star-1899.jpg/45px-Mucha-Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon_White_Star-1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mucha-Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon_White_Star-1899.jpg/68px-Mucha-Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon_White_Star-1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mucha-Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon_White_Star-1899.jpg/90px-Mucha-Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon_White_Star-1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="1681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Advertising in the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mucha-Heidsieck_and_Co.-1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Advertising in 1901"><img alt="Advertising in 1901" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mucha-Heidsieck_and_Co.-1901.jpg/88px-Mucha-Heidsieck_and_Co.-1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mucha-Heidsieck_and_Co.-1901.jpg/133px-Mucha-Heidsieck_and_Co.-1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mucha-Heidsieck_and_Co.-1901.jpg/177px-Mucha-Heidsieck_and_Co.-1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Advertising in 1901</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Blanc-Sec" class="mw-redirect" title="Adèle Blanc-Sec">Adèle Blanc-Sec</a>, heroine of <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> winked at the beverage. She also has cinematic posterity with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Ad%C3%A8le_Blanc-Sec_(film)" title="The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec (film)">The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of authors, poets, and philosophers have celebrated wine in general but the quotes are become much more rare when it comes to include colour. Authors in all eras have spoken using white wine to illustrate their point. Serious or tinged with humour white wine is present in all kinds of works, novels, poetry, and philosophy itself. The white wine most commonly cited in literature is French <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>, an angevin <i>bon vivant</i>, repeatedly celebrated the white wine of <a href="/wiki/Anjou_wine" title="Anjou wine">Anjou</a> that he liked and it was appreciated by his literary heroes. </p><p>"Jumping, dancing, touring – and drinking white wine and rose – and do nothing every day – What counts as crowns of the sun" - François Rabelais </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Casanova">Casanova</a> celebrated wine parties, drunk at fine tables. </p><p>"Every guest had at his right a bottle that could be white wine or <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a>. I know I drank ... of the excellent white burgundy" - Casanova<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"From this fresh wine the sparkling foam<br /> For our French it is a brilliant image" - Voltaire </p><p>White wine is also used in humour, in a drama with <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Pagnol" title="Marcel Pagnol">Marcel Pagnol</a> or in a gossip radio show for <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Desproges" title="Pierre Desproges">Pierre Desproges</a>. </p><p>"Serve me a bottle of white wine if it is fresh.<br /> - If it is fresh? Touch me there! Looks like it comes from the vineyards of the North Pole!" - Marcel Pagnol </p><p>"In June at the fish market, one does not loiter anymore: one strolls. Behind the port, the cherry tomato is nowhere to be seen at the farmers market stall. One munches them with salt on the sand with a basil branch and a glass of Brem iced white wine" - Pierre Desproges<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a> has written a book based on the <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>. Partly on wine and its land, its philosophical reflection outweighs the viticultural theme.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_song">In song</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: In song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White wine celebrated by poets was sometimes set to music. The most famous white wine in relation to a song is probably: <i>Ah! the white wine</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dr%C3%A9jac" title="Jean Dréjac">Jean Dréjac</a> and Charles Borel-Clerc. </p><p><i>A touch of champagne</i> is a song by Harry Fragson written about 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>I am Drunk</i>, sung by Louis Byrec and written by <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Guilbert" title="Yvette Guilbert">Yvette Guilbert</a> in 1895 gave the best part to knowledge of sparkling wines: </p><p>"I come to the wedding of my sister Annette<br /> And, when the champagne is flowing,<br /> I could not hold you, I am tipsy,<br /> and I pinched my little tuft.<br /> I feel flageoler I feel my legsM<br /> I have the heart guil'ret, the pleasing air<br /> I am ready to cavort<br /> When I drank Moet et Chandon". </p><p>Even some varieties are mentioned in song such as the song entitled <i>Sauvignon</i> by Hubert Lapaire in 1926:<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"I dounn'rais the burgundy vou the Burgundian<br /> And all your sacred champagne wines<br /> for a little keg of sauvignon<br /> Who gilds the cotiau of nout campaign<br /> It is v'louteux it is blondin<br /> It is of the little wine franch'ment kind ...<br /> If bin before St. Martin J'mettrons the throat under the champ'lure" </p><p>Closer to home <a href="/wiki/Boris_Vian" title="Boris Vian">Boris Vian</a> celebrated "Muscadet in green glasses, a fresh wine, What cheers" in his song <i>Mechanical Music</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Higelin" title="Jacques Higelin">Jacques Higelin</a> wrote the song <i>Champagne</i> on his album <i>Champagne for everyone</i>: </p><p>"Seek me without delay the friend who treats and cures the madness with me and has never betrayed me. Champagne!!" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Proverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consumption of white wine is also mentioned in proverbs: </p> <ul><li>"White then red, nothing moves, red then white, all bugger off" It means that drinking white wine after a few glasses of good red wine inevitably some physical discomfort of<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>"In the morning, drink the white wine. Red in the evening for blood" is a bourguignon proverb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its shorter maceration, white wine contains very little <a href="/wiki/Tannin_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (wine)">tannin</a> and therefore little <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> that make red wine so interesting medically speaking. However, a team of researchers from <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> has developed a white wine enriched with <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> additive commonly used in wine is not harmful in the amounts used but its effects are feared among <a href="/wiki/Asthmatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthmatic">asthmatics</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it can cause the onset of a crisis<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Difficulty breathing). Symptoms such as difficulty breathing, migraine, or stomach heat sensation may indicate an intolerance. A reaction caused by a deficiency of sulphite oxidase (the enzyme that breaks down <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_Dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur Dioxide">Sulphur Dioxide</a>) is very rare. Studies are underway to investigate whether some of the symptoms attributed to Sulphur Dioxide could not come from another molecule present in the wine.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White wine is an acidic beverage with a pH ranging from 2.8 to 3.6.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This acidity is an aggressive element to tooth enamel.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition it contains alcohol which is expressed in degrees or percentage. This alcohol can be responsible for <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>. This disease can occur from a regular consumption of 20 grams per day for women and 40 grams per day for men.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some studies in California may indicate beneficial effect of wine at a low daily dose for non-alcoholic cirrhosis.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent studies white wine was indicated to have some <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, white wine contains <a href="/wiki/Antioxidants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioxidants">antioxidants</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a> contains higher levels of antioxidants.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both white and red wines are effective in preventing LDL oxidation.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Price">Price</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Price"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having been lost in a shipwreck, a case of 1907 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Heidsieck_(Champagne)" title="Charles Heidsieck (Champagne)">Heidsieck</a> was discovered in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At auction each bottle made $275,000 making them the most expensive bottles of white wine ever sold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Champagne_vineyards" title="Classification of Champagne vineyards">Classification of Champagne vineyards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">List of grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">List of wine-producing countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a> (Links to many other related articles)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Yves Renouil (dir.), <i>Dictionary of Wine</i>, Féret et fils, Bordeaux, 1962</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Sopexa, <i>Wine and Spirits of France</i>, Le Carrousel, Paris, 1989, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-907504-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-907504-00-2">2-907504-00-2</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Collective work, <i>The Vine and the Wine</i>, Éditions la manufacture et la cité des sciences et de l'industrie, 1988, Lyon, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7377-0120-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7377-0120-1">2-7377-0120-1</a>, Part "Vinification in white" written by Denis Dubourdieu, p. 170 and 171</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Jean-Luc Berger, <i>The Procedures of Wine-making, The vine and the wine</i>, pages 76–77, No. 155, Science & Vie magazine, September 1986, Éditions Exelsior, Paris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0151-0282">0151-0282</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Pascal Ribéreau-Gayon, Yves Glories, Alain Maujean, Denis Dubourdieu; <i>Traits of <a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a> : Chemistry of Wine, stabilisation and treatments</i>, Dunod, October 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-10-003948-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-10-003948-2">2-10-003948-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A convention in <a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a> is to transcribe <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> in capitals and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> in small italic letters to differentiate them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Wine viné" is one in which alcohol is added after fermentation, wine "muté" has alcohol added during fermentation, and the wine "liqueur" has alcohol added before. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.granddictionnaire.com/BTML/FRA/r_Motclef/index800_1.asp">"Wine muté"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20030402061812/http://www.granddictionnaire.com/btml/fra/R_MotClef/index800_1.asp">Archived</a> 2003-04-02 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Grand Terminological Dictionary, Office québécois de la langue française, 2006, consulted on 27 December 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The International code designating the variety indicates the colour of the grape:: B = white (blanc), N = black (noir), Rs = rose, G = grey.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: for a must with a potential measure of 16% vol, the mutage will be when the fermentation produces 13% vol of alcohol and there will remain 3% vol potential in the form of sugar: so 3 × 16.83 = 50 grams of sugar L to the power of -1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The freezing temperature of wine is approximately half of its alcohol content by volume, expressed as a negative value. For example, a wine of 10% by volume freezes around –5°C, a wine of 12% by volume at around –6°C</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Main_Sources">Main Sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Main Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <i>Guide to Grape Varieties, 300 varieties and their vines</i>, Ambrosi, Dettweiler-Münch, Rühl, Schmid, and Schuman; ULMER, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84138-059-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-84138-059-9">2-84138-059-9</a>, 320 pages</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 12-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 230-231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 220-221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 172-173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 96-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 235-236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 256-257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 269.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Johnson_(wine_writer)" title="Hugh Johnson (wine writer)">Hugh Johnson</a>, A World History of Wine from Antiquity to Modern Times, Hachette, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-01-015867-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-01-015867-9">2-01-015867-9</a>, 464 pages</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 129-137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 141-142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 153-154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 450</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.&nbsp;397-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.&nbsp;397_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.&nbsp;397_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 397</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Collective work, <i>The Hachette Guide to the Wines of France 2010</i>, Hachette pratique, August 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7">978-2-01-237514-7</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-p.&nbsp;52-53-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.&nbsp;52-53_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.&nbsp;52-53_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 52-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.&nbsp;52-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.&nbsp;52_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.&nbsp;52_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.&nbsp;55-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.&nbsp;55_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.&nbsp;55_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 55</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <i>Catalogue of varieties and clones of grapevines grown in France</i>, ENTAV – <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_recherche_agronomique" title="Institut national de la recherche agronomique">INRA</a> – ENSAM – <a href="/wiki/ONIVINS" class="mw-redirect" title="ONIVINS">ONIVINS</a>, ENTAV and Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9509682-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-9509682-0-1">2-9509682-0-1</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 234</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winefolly.com/tutorial/white-wines-by-color/">"Characterize Types of White Wine by Color"</a>. 27 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Characterize+Types+of+White+Wine+by+Color&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwinefolly.com%2Ftutorial%2Fwhite-wines-by-color%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/journal/2408.htm"><i>A nectar for 7500 years</i></a>, Philippe Testard-Vaillant, <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a>, consulted on 4 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Pierre Brun, <i>Archeology of Wine and Oil in Prehistory in the Hellenistic era</i>, Éditions Errance, Hespérides collection, Paris, September 2004, 588 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87772-285-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-87772-285-6">2-87772-285-6</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Bottéro, <i>The oldest cuisine in the world</i>, Points, Points History collection, Paris, 12 October 2006, 208 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84749-000-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-84749-000-0">2-84749-000-0</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cognac-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cognac_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cognac_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cognac_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cognac.fr/cognac/_fr/2_cognac/index.aspx?"><i>History of cognac</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701042754/http://www.cognac.fr/cognac/_fr/2_cognac/index.aspx">Archived</a> 2015-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac, consulted on 29 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winealley.com/index_v4.php?valid=OK&mode=efp&art_id=50265"><i>The Wine Market in Argentina</i></a>, 2009, winealley.com, consulted on 29 December 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winealley.com/fiche_pays_48643_fr.htm"><i>The Wine Market in Chile</i></a>, 2005, winealley.com, consulted on 29 December 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winealley.com/fiche_pays_50396_en.htm">The Wine Market in Mexico</a>, 2010, winealley.com, consulted on 29 December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Os7vZ_W31-gC&pg=PA54"><i>Forest Ecology</i></a>, Hans-Jürgen Otto and Matthis Kempf, 1 December 1998, Google Books, Institut forestier pour le développement, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9047%2B40-65-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-9047+40-65-1">2-9047 40-65-1</a>, page 54, consulted on 4 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/12/03/le-bubbly-a-l-egal-du-champagne"><i>The "bubbly", the equal of champagne</i></a>, Marco Evers, 3 December 2009, consulted on 4 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberpresse.ca/sciences/200912/31/01-935298-les-mysteres-petillants-du-champagne.php"><i>The Sparkling mysteries of champagne</i></a>, Mathieu Perreault, 31 December 2009, cyberpresse.ca, on line 31 December 2009, consulted on 4 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://segolene.ampelogos.com/news/cabarets-et-guinguettes"><i>Cabarets and guinguettes</i></a>, Boire et manger, quelle histoire!, consulted on 20 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vin-pratique.fr/article-79.html">Perspectives on the market in 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172141/http://www.vin-pratique.fr/article-79.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, consulted on 30 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lafranceagricole.fr/actualite-agricole/vins-tranquilles-davantage-de-francais-ont-achete-des-vins-etrangers-en-2008-2009-franceagrimer-23854.html"><i>Disadvantages of France to export wine</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526232118/http://www.lafranceagricole.fr/actualite-agricole/vins-tranquilles-davantage-de-francais-ont-achete-des-vins-etrangers-en-2008-2009-franceagrimer-23854.html">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2008–2009, FranceAgriMer, consulted on 5 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutscheweine.de/icc/Internet-DE/med/1a6/1a64f607-a3e5-5117-3d28-952196117f51,11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111.pdf"><i>Statistics on the production of wine in Germany</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920194632/http://www.deutscheweine.de/icc/Internet-DE/med/1a6/1a64f607-a3e5-5117-3d28-952196117f51%2C11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-09-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, German Institute of Wine Statistics, consulted on 17 Aug 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120904112241/http://www.landwirtschaft.ch/fr/infos/plantes/viticulture/"><i>Swiss Agriculture: the grape</i></a>, Agriculture suisse, consulted on 3 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winealley.com/fiche_pays_49860_en.htm"><i>The Wine market in Luxembourg</i></a>, 2010, winealley.com, consulted on 3 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadrescatalans.com/toulouse/article/accueil/vins_catalogne_sud.php">The wines of South Catalonia the Appellations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165631/http://www.cadrescatalans.com/toulouse/article/accueil/vins_catalogne_sud.php">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Association des cadres catalans de Toulouse, consulted on 3 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msha.fr/cervin/index.php?mod=articles&ac=commentaires&id=4"><i>Study of the geography of the vine and the wine: Catallonia as a scale of study</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024004713/http://www.msha.fr/cervin/index.php?mod=articles&ac=commentaires&id=4">Archived</a> 2007-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gemma Mollevi Bortolo, 2007, Centre d'études et de recherche sur la vigne et le vin, consulted on 3 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vin-de-glace.com/Ice.Wine.Canada.php"><i>Ice wine in Canada</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320043551/http://www.vin-de-glace.com/Ice.Wine.Canada.php">Archived</a> 2016-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kanata, le Québec en France, consulted on 13 January 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2KsiSUy5CwC&q=claude+bourguignon">The Sun, the terrain, and the fields: to discover good agriculture</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Ecology Files, Claude Bourguignon and Lydia Bourguignon, 2008, Sang de la Terre, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/286985188X" title="Special:BookSources/286985188X">286985188X</a>, page 171, <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.champagne.fr/fr/terroir.aspx"><i>The Soil and the sub-soil of the Champagne vineyards</i></a>, Official website of Champagne, consulted on 4 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chardonnay-du-monde.com/Fr/80_chard/index.fr.html">The success of Chardonnay in the world, a subject for thought</a>, Chardonnay du monde, consulted on 2 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-white-wines">"The 7 major types of white wines"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+7+major+types+of+white+wines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchscout.com%2Ftypes-of-white-wines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muscats-du-monde.com/Pages/Fr/InfoMuscat/InfoMuscat.fr.html">Muscat</a>, Muscats du monde, consulted on 2 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140817124200/http://www.museevalaisanduvin.ch/histoire_arvine_vin_valais_suisse.html">"Histoire Petite Arvine Vigne Valais Suisse Schweiz Switzerland Swizzera"</a>. <i>www.museevalaisanduvin.ch</i>. Musée Valaisan de la vigne et du vin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museevalaisanduvin.ch/histoire_arvine_vin_valais_suisse.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museevalaisanduvin.ch&rft.atitle=Histoire+Petite+Arvine+Vigne+Valais+Suisse+Schweiz+Switzerland+Swizzera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museevalaisanduvin.ch%2Fhistoire_arvine_vin_valais_suisse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myswitzerland.com/en-ch/petite-arvine.html">"MySwitzerland"</a>. <i>www.myswitzerland.com</i>. Office for Swiss Tourism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.myswitzerland.com&rft.atitle=MySwitzerland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myswitzerland.com%2Fen-ch%2Fpetite-arvine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chardonnay-du-monde.com/Fr/80_chard/index.fr.html">Chardonnay, universal variety</a>, Chardonnay du monde, consulted on 2 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abcduvin.com/index.php/term/,6c53ad9f5fa7ae706e53aea5b0a3.xhtml">The catarratto bianco comune</a>, abc du vin, consulted on 29 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cepage.75cl.com/maccabeu_blanc.htm">Maccabeu or maccabeo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309000112/http://cepage.75cl.com/maccabeu_blanc.htm">Archived</a> 2011-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 75 cl, consulted on 2 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-white-wines">"Major types of white wine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+types+of+white+wine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchscout.com%2Ftypes-of-white-wines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOngAcree1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ong, Peter K. C.; Acree, Terry E. (1999). "Similarities in the Aroma Chemistry of Gewürztraminer Variety Wines and Lychee (Litchi chinesisSonn.) Fruit". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 665–670. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf980452j">10.1021/jf980452j</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10563950">10563950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Similarities+in+the+Aroma+Chemistry+of+Gew%C3%BCrztraminer+Variety+Wines+and+Lychee+%28Litchi+chinesisSonn.%29+Fruit&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=665-670&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf980452j&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10563950&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.aufirst=Peter+K.+C.&rft.au=Acree%2C+Terry+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vinsduroussillon.com/civr-2100.php?CatID=49">AOC Rivesaltes, a very great and very old appellation</a>, Conseil interprofessionnel des vins du Roussillon (CIVR), consulted on 16 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viticulture-oenologie-formation.fr/vitioenoformlycee/lexique/r/rafle.html"><i>Stalk of the bunch of grapes</i></a>, viticulture-oenologie-formation.fr, Site technique et pédagogique du lycée viticole de la Champagne, consulted on 3 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBbIZIwuE2QC&pg=PA226"><i>Culture of the Vine and winemaking</i></a>, Jules Guyot, 2006, Google Books, Élibrons classics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0543934454" title="Special:BookSources/0543934454">0543934454</a>, pages 226-228, consulted on 3 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raisin-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raisin_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raisin_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raisin_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raisin_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/doc/t/chimie/d/la-chimie-du-vin_381/c3/221/p3/"><i>Chemistry of the Vine. The essential material: the grape</i></a>, Pascal-Antoine Christin, 2004, futura-science, consulted on 19 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.swing.be/john/vignevin/c4matpr.html"><i>Primary material: the bunch of grapes</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040224031143/http://users.swing.be/john/vignevin/c4matpr.html">Archived</a> 2004-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, De la vigne au vin, consulted on 3 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oenologie.fr/oenologie/chimie/constituants.shtml"><i>The sugars on the Vine</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224023233/http://www.oenologie.fr/oenologie/chimie/constituants.shtml">Archived</a> 2011-02-24 at Wikiwix, Philippe Bavis, CFA de Rouffach, Œnologie.fr, consulted on 3 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/acides-organiques-raisin.php"><i>The organic acids of grapes</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224111420/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/acides-organiques-raisin.php">Archived</a> 2011-02-24 at Wikiwix, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, consulted on 12 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/acide-ascorbique.php"><i>Ascorbic Acid</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080812162849/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/acide-ascorbique.php">Archived</a> 2008-08-12 at Wikiwix, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, consulted on 12 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/vitamines.php"><i>The Vitamins in Wine</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224111420/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/vitamines.php">Archived</a> 2011-02-24 at Wikiwix, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, consulted on 12 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/stabilisation-tartrique.php"><i>Tartaric stabilisation of wine</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080812154051/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/stabilisation-tartrique.php">Archived</a> 2008-08-12 at Wikiwix, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, consulted on 31 December 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winetourism.com/ultimate-guide-to-white-wines/">"Ultimate Guide to White Wines"</a>. <i>www.winetourism.com</i>. 2022-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.winetourism.com&rft.atitle=Ultimate+Guide+to+White+Wines&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winetourism.com%2Fultimate-guide-to-white-wines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berger-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berger_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berger_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berger_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berger_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berger_78-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berger_78-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Procedures of Winemaking</i>, Science & Vie, No. 155, quarterly series, Jean-Luc Berger, September 1986, Éditions Exelsior, Paris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0151-0282">0151-0282</a>, pages 76-77, <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glaco2.fr/vendange.htm">Publicity for Dry Ice</a>, consulted on 3 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubourdieu-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dubourdieu_80-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Vine and the Wine</i>, Denis, Debourdieu, Chapter: White Wine making, Éditions la manufacture et la cité des sciences et de l'industrie, 1988, Lyon, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7377-0120-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7377-0120-1">2-7377-0120-1</a>, p. 170-171 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnex1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anex, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bberL1wEVoEC&q=avantages+Pressoir+pneumatique&pg=PA51"><i>Arts et Métiers du Vin</i></a> [<i>Arts and Crafts of Wine</i>] (in French) (3rd ed.). Yens: Éditions Cabédita. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88295-123-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-88295-123-X"><bdi>2-88295-123-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+et+M%C3%A9tiers+du+Vin&rft.place=Yens&rft.pages=51-52&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Cab%C3%A9dita&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=2-88295-123-X&rft.aulast=Anex&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbberL1wEVoEC%26q%3Davantages%2BPressoir%2Bpneumatique%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-débourbage-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-débourbage_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-débourbage_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domainedupossible.free.fr/glossaire/jeu&cadre/glossaire.htm">Settling</a>, consulted on 1 January 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/stabilite-proteique-bentonite.php"><i>Protein Stability and Finings from bentonite</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224111420/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/stabilite-proteique-bentonite.php">Archived</a> 2011-02-24 at Wikiwix, Institut de la vigne et vins du sud-ouest, consulted on 12 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeno.tm.fr/extraits/wod/clst/2571x2821n2852_vRub/2571x2821x2847x2848x2852.html">The Finings from Gelatin between science and tradition</a>, Barbara Scotti, 1997, La revue des œnologues No. 85, consulted on 7 January 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/PVPP.php">PVPP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224111420/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/PVPP.php">Archived</a> 2011-02-24 at Wikiwix, Institut de la vigne et vins du sud-ouest, consulted on 12 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sopexa19-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sopexa19_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sopexa, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/vinification-vins-blancs-conditions-reductrices.php"><i>Making white wine in reduced conditions</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224111420/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/vinification-vins-blancs-conditions-reductrices.php">Archived</a> 2011-02-24 at Wikiwix, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, consulted on 31 December 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oenologie-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oenologie_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oenologie.fr/oenologie/elevage/elevageintro.shtml"><i>What is élevage</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505053916/http://www.oenologie.fr/oenologie/elevage/elevageintro.shtml">Archived</a> 2010-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Œnologie.fr, consulted on 4 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavesa.ch/definition/batonnage,1152.html"><i>Definition: bâtonnage</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160917205522/http://www.cavesa.ch/definition/batonnage,1152.html">Archived</a> 2016-09-17 at Wikiwix, Club des amateurs de vins exquis, consulted on 9 January 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maturing-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maturing_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maturing_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/compte-rendus-recherche/compte-rendu.php?id=10"><i>Maturing of white wines with lees</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204522/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/compte-rendus-recherche/compte-rendu.php?id=10">Archived</a> 2017-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, vignevin-sudouest.com, consulted on 6 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hachette-vins.com/vin-pratique/dictionnaire/assemblage-17-A.html"><i>Glossary of Wine: the blending</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110223194508/http://www.hachette-vins.com/vin-pratique/dictionnaire/assemblage-17-A.html">Archived</a> 2011-02-23 at Wikiwix, Hachette vins.com, consulted on 4 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordeaux.com/uk/vineyard/bordeaux-grape-varieties"><i>Grape Varieties</i></a>, Official website for Bordeaux wines, consulted on 18 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesvignes.com/blog/faire-le-vin/oenologie-faire-le-vin/assemblage-vin/"><i>The Blending, the quest for harmony</i> (1/2)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608225058/http://www.mesvignes.com/blog/faire-le-vin/oenologie-faire-le-vin/assemblage-vin/">Archived</a> 2010-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sophie Surullo, 2009, Mes vignes.com, consulted on 6 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesvignes.com/blog/faire-le-vin/lassemblage-la-quete-de-lharmonie-22/"><i>The Blending, the quest for harmony</i> (2/2)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627044005/http://www.mesvignes.com/blog/faire-le-vin/lassemblage-la-quete-de-lharmonie-22/">Archived</a> 2010-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sophie Surullo, 2009, Mes vignes.com, consulted on 6 June 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Gr5RNIm9tXkJ:www.bordeaux-expo.com/vinitech/chine/pdf_center/stabilisation_precip_tartriq.pdf+acide+m%C3%A9tatartrique&hl=en&gl=fr&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgpcIvVf4nPaLjh3N6USls6SyFk5X0SELK4DU28Dc1YYE84Lk6qtZ-BDAUUmvXMmzY-d9-lk6V_yh0yPWJ9j8lIkmjGYEVvUmBrQ8aZxMARoPv2XxXx7WV0hdgSjSTfB0Pfw2e_&sig=AHIEtbTyGWIOaH2MO_eLNSMemQwpp1yvcA">Conference on the stabilisation of tartaric precipitations</a>, Virginie Moine-Ledoux, Denis Dubourdieu and Dominique Trioné; 2005, Salon Vinitech, at <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a> (China), consulted on 10 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Report on experimental grape-harvest 2006: Evaluation of the addition of mannoproteins on the tartaric stability of wines and the validity of the tartaric stabilisation test</i>, L. Blateyron, R&D de l'ICV à Lattes. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130818031414/http://www.vignevin.com/recherche/vin-et-marche/maitrise-des-intrants-en-oenologie/stabilisation-tartrique/resultats-acquis.html?0="><i>Tartaric Stabilisation</i></a>, 2012, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, consulted on 18 August 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:193:0001:0059:EN:PDF">Commission Regulation (EC) No. 606/2009</a>, consulted on 18 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130818031414/http://www.vignevin.com/recherche/vin-et-marche/maitrise-des-intrants-en-oenologie/stabilite-proteique/interet-pour-la-filiere.html"><i>Protein stability and treatment by bentonite of dry white wines and rosés</i></a>, Eric Meistermann, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, consulted on 18 August 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anhydride-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anhydride_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anhydride_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/SO2.php"><i>Inputs in Oenology: SO<sub>2</sub> or Sulphur Dioxide</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201154641/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/fiches-pratiques/SO2.php">Archived</a> 2019-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, consulted on 9 January 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peynaud-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peynaud_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peynaud_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peynaud_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peynaud_103-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Peynaud" title="Émile Peynaud">Émile Peynaud</a> and Jacques Blouin, <i>The taste of Wine: the great book of taste</i>, Dunod, Paris, 2006, 237 pages, p. 159-161, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-10-049598-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-10-049598-4">2-10-049598-4</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Hachette Guide to Wines 2010</i>, Hachette, 2009, 1402 pages, p. 669, Tasting of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Chalon_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Château-Chalon (AOC)">Château-Chalon</a> at the winery of <i>Denis and Maris Chevassu</i> 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7">978-2-01-237514-7</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Hachette Guide to Wines 2010</i>, Hachette, 2009, 1402 pages, p. 669, Tasting of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Chalon_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Château-Chalon (AOC)">Château-Chalon</a> at the winery of <i>Macle</i> 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7">978-2-01-237514-7</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oovin.com/detailcepage-type--cepage0-158-cepage1--arome-85.html">Chardonnay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121184720/http://www.oovin.com/detailcepage-type--cepage0-158-cepage1--arome-85.html">Archived</a> 2008-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oovin.com, consulted on 28 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oovin.com/detailcepage-cepage0-177.html">Sauvignon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119011952/http://www.oovin.com/detailcepage-cepage0-177.html">Archived</a> 2010-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oovin.com, 28 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oenitude.com/Decouverte-des-vignobles/Fiches-vignobles/alsace-riesling.html?4bab509ae8230fbd811a475b46a37295=b9fbf3f3228d7577e47895fb74c58f02">Alsace riesling</a>, Œnotude.com, consulted on 28 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Hachette Guide to Wines 2010</i>, Hachette, 2009, 1402 pages, p. 617, tasting of <i>Fresnet-Baudot</i> champagne 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7">978-2-01-237514-7</a>, <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Hachette Guide to Wines 2010</i>, Hachette, 2009, 1402 pages, p. 622, tasting of <i>Guy de Forez</i> champagne 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7">978-2-01-237514-7</a>, <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forget-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forget_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forget_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Hachette Guide to Wines 2010</i>, Hachette, 2009, 1402 pages, p. 616, tasting of <i>Jean Forget</i> champagne, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7">978-2-01-237514-7</a>, <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Hachette Guide to Wines 2010</i>, Hachette, 2009, 1402 pages, p. 611, tasting of <i>Deutz</i> champagne 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-237514-7">978-2-01-237514-7</a>, <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yquem.fr/yquem.php?lang=fr">The mystery of fermentation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510083944/http://www.yquem.fr/yquem.php?lang=fr">Archived</a> 2011-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Yquem.fr, consulted on 30 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saveursdumonde.net/article/details/adapter-le-verre-au-vin-servi"><i>Adapt the Glass to the wine served</i></a>, Saveurs du monde.net, consulted on 18 August 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-champagne-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-champagne_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-champagne_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.champagne.fr/fr/servir.aspx"><i>Service of Champagne</i></a>, Site officiel du champagne, consulted on 8 May 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesuiscultive.com/spip.php?article358">Legend of the first Champagne coupe</a>, Je suis cultivé.com, consulted on 8 May 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edsoon.com/the-inao-glass-the-objective-standard-adopted-by-the-industry/"><i>The INAO Glass</i></a>, edsoon.com, consulted on 18 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RVF-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RVF_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larvf.com/,oxydation-bourgognes-blancs-etienne-de-montille-montreal-passion-vin,10343,1114971.asp"><i>Oxydation of Burgundy whites</i></a>, Denis Saverot, La Revue du vin de France, 25 January 2010, consulted on 10 February 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/compte-rendus-recherche/compte-rendu.php?id=65">Passerillage, éclaircissage sur souche</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143715/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/publications/compte-rendus-recherche/compte-rendu.php?id=65">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, consulted on 15 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin.com/fileadmin/users/ifv/publications/A_telecharger/Mutage_Itin09.pdf"><i>The mutage of wines of residual sugar</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424021727/http://www.vignevin.com/fileadmin/users/ifv/publications/A_telecharger/Mutage_Itin09.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Collective work, Les cahiers itinéraires d'ITV France, November 2005, 20 pages <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vin-de-glace.com/vinification.vin.de.glace.php"><i>Ice Wine: vinification</i></a>, Vin de glace website, consulted in January 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Review of œnology, Special No. 107, April 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.effervescents-du-monde.com/pages/80_efferv/index.en.html"><i>A Sparkling Success World-Wide: An Example to Reflect On</i></a>, Effervescents du monde, consulted on 18 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressions-fermieres.com/boutique/fiche_produit.cfm?ref=gaillac-effervescent">Sparkling Gaillac</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912071839/http://www.expressions-fermieres.com/boutique/fiche_produit.cfm?ref=gaillac-effervescent">Archived</a> 2009-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "méthode gaillacoise", expressions-fermières.com, consulted on 6 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limoux-aoc.com/la_blanquette_methode_ancestrale.asp"><i>The ancestral blanquette de limoux</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619223353/http://www.limoux-aoc.com/la_blanquette_methode_ancestrale.asp">Archived</a> 2010-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Site de la blanquette de Limoux, consulted on 6 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.effervescents-du-monde.com/pages/80_efferv/meth_CuveClose.en.html"><i>Closed Tank Method for sparkling wine</i></a>, Effervescents du monde, consulted on 18 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclo-ecolo.com/Bouteille_de_champagne"><i>The bottles for champagne</i></a>, Encyclo-écolo, consulted on 6 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/services-professionnels/formulaires-calcul/mistelle.php"><i>Calculation formula for the production of mistelle</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005819/http://www.vignevin-sudouest.com/services-professionnels/formulaires-calcul/mistelle.php">Archived</a> 2013-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Institut français de la vigne et du vin, consulted on 13 March 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nul-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nul_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nul_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed McCarthy (Author), Mary Ewing-Mulligan (Author), Ivan-Paul Cassetari (Adapted by), Laure Liger (Adapted by); <i>Wine for Idiots</i>, First Éditions générales, Pour les Nuls, 2007, 540 pages, p. 379-382, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2754009612" title="Special:BookSources/2754009612">2754009612</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Casamayor, <i>The School of Alliances, Dishes and Wines</i>, Hachette pratique, October 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2012364616" title="Special:BookSources/2012364616">2012364616</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metro.ca/conseil-expert/boucher/cuisson-barbecue-marinades/secrets-marinade.fr.html">"Secrets of marinades"</a>, <i>Métro</i>, mon épicier, consulted on 30 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428013150/http://www.saveurs-italiennes.com/Carpaccio-de-thon-a-l-italienne.html">Italian Tuna Carpaccio</a>, <i>Recettes et saveur d'Italie</i>, consulted on 30 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuisineetvinsdefrance.com/,navarin-de-lotte,24109,10836.asp">Navarin de lotte</a>, Cuisine et vins de France, consulted on 30 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuisineetvinsdefrance.com/,blanquette-de-limande,24109,11631.asp">Blanquette de limande</a>, <i>Cuisine et vins de France</i>, consulted on 30 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuisineetvinsdefrance.com/,pot-au-feu-de-la-mer-chantilly-a-l-estragon,24109,10574.asp">Seafood Pot-au-feu with cream and tarragon</a>, <i>Cuisine et vins de France</i>, consulted on 30 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Giacomo Casanova</a>, <i>History of my Life</i>, Robert Laffont, Bouquins collection, Poche, (1999, reprint of 1826), Vol. 2, 1220 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782221065235" title="Special:BookSources/9782221065235">9782221065235</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Desproges" title="Pierre Desproges">Pierre Desproges</a>, <i>Chronicles of an ordinary aversion</i>, Éditions du Seuil, Points collection, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782020320412" title="Special:BookSources/9782020320412">9782020320412</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a>, <i>The shape of the times, theory of sauternes</i>, Éditions Lgf, 26 August 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/225308297X" title="Special:BookSources/225308297X">225308297X</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignobletiquette.com/padv/chans/c__pointchamp.htm">Une pointe de champagne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120411212209/http://www.vignobletiquette.com/padv/chans/c__pointchamp.htm">Archived</a> 2012-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vignoble étiquette.com, consulted on 13 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vignobletiquette.com/padv/chans/c__lesauv.htm">Le sauvignon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120411034501/http://www.vignobletiquette.com/padv/chans/c__lesauv.htm">Archived</a> 2012-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, vignobles et étiquettes, consulted on 13 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hachette-vins.com/vin-pratique/questions-vin/degustation/blanc-sur-rouge-rien-ne-bouge-rouge-sur-blanc-tout-fout-le-camp-est-ce-exact--28.html">The wine in question</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010185126/http://www.hachette-vins.com/vin-pratique/questions-vin/degustation/blanc-sur-rouge-rien-ne-bouge-rouge-sur-blanc-tout-fout-le-camp-est-ce-exact--28.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hachette-vins.com, consulted on 12 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitisphere.com/dossier-49225-Un-vin-blanc-enrichi-en-polyphenol.html">A white wine enriched with polyphenols</a>, vitisphère website, consulted on 18 August 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/pubs/securit/2012-allergen_sulphites-sulfites/index-eng.php"><i>Sulphites, one of the ten priority food allergens</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160707082205/http://hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/pubs/securit/2012-allergen_sulphites-sulfites/index-eng.php">Archived</a> 2016-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Health Canada website, consulted on 18 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/basics-food-additives/"><i>Food Additives</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501051723/http://www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/basics-food-additives/">Archived</a> 2013-05-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, June 2006, EUFIC : The European Food Information Council, consulted on 18 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vulgaris-medical.com/encyclopedie/vin-intolerance-4804.html">Wine (intolerance)</a>, <i>Vulgaris-Médical, encyclopédie médicale</i>, consulted on 9 January 2011 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e.m.c.2.free.fr/durete.htm">Hardness and pH of water</a>, E=MC², consulted on 26 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/sante/2009/10/21/001-denture-email-vin.shtml">"A tooth against white wine"</a>, Radio Canada, consulted on 26 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutdanone.org/objectif-nutrition/nutrition-alcool-et-cirrhose/dossier-nutrition-alcool-et-cirrhose/">Nutrition, Alcohol and cirrhosis</a>, Institut Danone website, consulted on 18 August 2013 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/news/t/medecine/d/un-verre-de-vin-par-jour-pour-un-foie-en-bonne-sante_15876/">A glass of wine a day for liver and good health</a>, futura-sciences website, consulted on 26 April 2010 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/05/020521072618.htm">"Drinking Wine, Particularly White Wine, May Help Keep Lungs Healthy, University At Buffalo Study Finds"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drinking+Wine%2C+Particularly+White+Wine%2C+May+Help+Keep+Lungs+Healthy%2C+University+At+Buffalo+Study+Finds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2002%2F05%2F020521072618.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livestrong.com/article/377858-the-health-benefits-of-white-wine/">"The Health Benefits of White Wine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Health+Benefits+of+White+Wine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livestrong.com%2Farticle%2F377858-the-health-benefits-of-white-wine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTselepisEvangelia_S._LouridaPanagiotis_C._TzimasIoannis_G._Roussis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tselepis, Alexandros D.; Evangelia S. Lourida; Panagiotis C. Tzimas; Ioannis G. Roussis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130818054158/http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Publication/42823680/comparative-antioxidant-effectiveness-of-white-and-red-wine-and-their-phenolic-extracts-towards">"Comparative Antioxidant Effectiveness of White and Red Wine and Their Phenolic Extracts Towards Low"</a>. <i>Food Biotechnology</i>. <b>19</b> (1–14). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081%2FFBT-200049045">10.1081/FBT-200049045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83958336">83958336</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Publication/42823680/comparative-antioxidant-effectiveness-of-white-and-red-wine-and-their-phenolic-extracts-towards">the original</a> on 18 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Comparative+Antioxidant+Effectiveness+of+White+and+Red+Wine+and+Their+Phenolic+Extracts+Towards+Low&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1%E2%80%9314&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1081%2FFBT-200049045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83958336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tselepis&rft.aufirst=Alexandros+D.&rft.au=Evangelia+S.+Lourida&rft.au=Panagiotis+C.+Tzimas&rft.au=Ioannis+G.+Roussis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.research.microsoft.com%2FPublication%2F42823680%2Fcomparative-antioxidant-effectiveness-of-white-and-red-wine-and-their-phenolic-extracts-towards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/10/most-expensive-wine_n_1084988.html#slide=463371">"12 of The World's Most Expensive Wines"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. 10 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=12+of+The+World%27s+Most+Expensive+Wines&rft.date=2011-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F11%2F10%2Fmost-expensive-wine_n_1084988.html%23slide%3D463371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_wine&action=edit&section=58" 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" 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