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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Acute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Chronic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Medical uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Medical uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amphetamines_(class)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphetamines_(class)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Amphetamines (class) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphetamines_(class)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cocaine_analogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cocaine_analogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cocaine analogs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cocaine_analogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Mechanisms of action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_stimulants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_stimulants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable stimulants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_stimulants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable stimulants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_stimulants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amphetamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphetamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Amphetamine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphetamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caffeine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caffeine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Caffeine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caffeine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ephedrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ephedrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ephedrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ephedrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MDMA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MDMA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 MDMA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MDMA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MDPV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MDPV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 MDPV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MDPV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mephedrone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mephedrone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Mephedrone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mephedrone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methamphetamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methamphetamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Methamphetamine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methamphetamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methylphenidate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methylphenidate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Methylphenidate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methylphenidate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cocaine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cocaine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Cocaine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cocaine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicotine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicotine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Nicotine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicotine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenylpropanolamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenylpropanolamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Phenylpropanolamine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenylpropanolamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lisdexamfetamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lisdexamfetamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 Lisdexamfetamine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lisdexamfetamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudoephedrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoephedrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.13 Pseudoephedrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoephedrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catha_edulis_(Khat)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catha_edulis_(Khat)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.14 Catha edulis (Khat) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catha_edulis_(Khat)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modafinil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modafinil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.15 Modafinil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modafinil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pitolisant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitolisant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.16 Pitolisant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitolisant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_use_and_issues_of_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_use_and_issues_of_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Recreational use and issues of abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_use_and_issues_of_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_for_misuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_for_misuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Treatment for misuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_for_misuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Stimulant</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="منبه (مادة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منبه (مادة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psixostimulyatorlar" title="Psixostimulyatorlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Psixostimulyatorlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8ng-h%C3%B9n-che" title="Hèng-hùn-che – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hèng-hùn-che" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Стимулант – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стимулант" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimulant" title="Estimulant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estimulant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulans" title="Stimulans – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stimulans" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulans" title="Stimulans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stimulans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulans" title="Stimulans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stimulans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erguti" title="Erguti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erguti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimulante" title="Estimulante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estimulante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9_(%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88)" title="محرک (دارو) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محرک (دارو)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stimulant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreagthach" title="Spreagthach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spreagthach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimulantes" title="Estimulantes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estimulantes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%81%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%9C" title="각성제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="각성제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հոգեխթանիչներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգեխթանիչներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" title="उद्दीपक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उद्दीपक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulans" title="Stimulans – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stimulans" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulan" title="Stimulan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stimulan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimolante" title="Stimolante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stimolante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חומרים ממריצים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומרים ממריצים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulanti" title="Stimulanti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stimulanti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimuliantas" title="Stimuliantas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stimuliantas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszichostimul%C3%A1nsok" title="Pszichostimulánsok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pszichostimulánsok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangsang" title="Perangsang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perangsang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B4%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Өдөөгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өдөөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulantia" title="Stimulantia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stimulantia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E8%96%AC" title="精神刺激薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="精神刺激薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentralstimulerende_midler" title="Sentralstimulerende midler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sentralstimulerende midler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulantia" title="Stimulantia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stimulantia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stymulanty" title="Stymulanty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stymulanty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimulante" title="Estimulante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estimulante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stimulant" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Психостимуляторы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Психостимуляторы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stimulant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95_(%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="وریاکەرەوە (دەرمان) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وریاکەرەوە (دەرمان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Психостимуланс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Психостимуланс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihostimulans" title="Psihostimulans – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Drug that increases activity of central nervous system</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritalin-SR-20mg-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ritalin-SR-20mg-full.jpg/200px-Ritalin-SR-20mg-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ritalin-SR-20mg-full.jpg/300px-Ritalin-SR-20mg-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ritalin-SR-20mg-full.jpg/400px-Ritalin-SR-20mg-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ritalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritalin">Ritalin</a>: 20 mg <a href="/wiki/Modified-release_dosage" title="Modified-release dosage">sustained-release</a> (SR) tablets</figcaption></figure> Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical performance</a>. Some of the most common stimulants are <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamines">amphetamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a>. Stimulants work by affecting the levels of certain <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapses</a> between <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>. Stimulants sometimes also work by binding to the <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a> for neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters regulate various functions, such as <a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">arousal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>. By increasing their availability, stimulants can produce a range of effects, from mild stimulation to <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, depending on the specific drug, dose, route of administration, and individual factors. Stimulants have a long history of use, both for medical and non-medical purposes. They have been used to treat various conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>. They have also been used as <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drugs">recreational drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance-enhancing substances">performance-enhancing substances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_enhancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive enhancers">cognitive enhancers</a>, by various groups of people, such as students, athletes, artists, workers, and soldiers. However, stimulants also have potential risks and side effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular problems">cardiovascular problems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a>. The misuse and abuse of stimulants can lead to serious health and social consequences, such as <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. Therefore, the use of stimulants is regulated by laws and policies in most countries, and requires medical supervision and prescription in some cases. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> A stimulant is an overarching term that covers many <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> including those that increase the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> and the body,<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-stimulant-def-1">[1]</a> drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">sympathomimetic</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-NBK64328-2">[2]</a> Sympathomimetic effects are those effects that mimic or copy the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>. The sympathetic nervous system is a part of the nervous system that prepares the body for action, such as increasing the heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. Stimulants can activate the same receptors as the natural chemicals released by the sympathetic nervous system (namely <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>) and cause similar effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36551221-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute">Acute</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Acute">edit</a>]</div> Stimulants in therapeutic doses, such as those given to patients with <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), increases ability to focus, vigor, sociability, libido and may elevate mood. However, in higher doses, stimulants may actually decrease the ability to focus, a principle of the <a href="/wiki/Yerkes-Dodson_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerkes-Dodson Law">Yerkes-Dodson Law</a>. The Yerkes-Dodson Law is a psychological theory that describes how stress affects performance.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32597132-4">[4]</a> The theory says that there is an optimal level of stress that helps people perform better, but too much or too little stress can impair performance. The theory can be illustrated by an upside-down U-shaped curve, where the peak of the curve represents the optimal level of stress and performance.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32597132-4">[4]</a> The theory was developed by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson in 1908, based on experiments with mice.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32597132-4">[4]</a> Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system, such as those used to treat ADHD, can improve the ability to focus and other aspects of mood and behavior when taken in appropriate doses. However, when taken in higher doses, these drugs can have the opposite effect and reduce the ability to focus. This is because the higher doses cause too much stress, which exceeds the optimal level and harms performance. In higher doses, stimulants may also produce euphoria, vigor, and a decreased need for sleep. Many, but not all, stimulants have <a href="/wiki/Ergogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergogenic">ergogenic</a> effects. The term "ergogenic" means "enhancing physical performance".<a href="#cite_note-mw-ergogenic-5">[5]</a> Ergogenic effects are those effects that improve physical performance or endurance. For example, if a drug allows its user to run faster, lift heavier, or last longer, it is said to have ergogenic effects. Drugs such as ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, amphetamine and methylphenidate have well documented ergogenic effects, while cocaine has the opposite effect.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16799095-6">[6]</a> Neurocognitive enhancing effects of stimulants, specifically <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a>, amphetamine and methylphenidate have been reported in healthy adolescents by some studies,<a href="#cite_note-pmid24749160-7">[7]</a> and is a commonly cited reason among illicit drug users for use, particularly among college students in the context of studying.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24749160-7">[7]</a> Still, results of these studies is inconclusive: assessing the potential overall neurocognitive benefits of stimulants among healthy youth is challenging due to the diversity within the population, the variability in cognitive task characteristics, and the absence of replication of studies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24749160-7">[7]</a> Research on the cognitive enhancement effects of modafinil in healthy non-sleep-deprived individuals has yielded mixed results, with some studies suggesting modest improvements in attention and executive functions while others show no significant benefits or even a decline in cognitive functions.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36056861-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32341841-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meulen-2017-10">[10]</a> In some cases, psychiatric phenomena may emerge such as <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">stimulant psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidal ideation</a>. Acute toxicity has been reportedly associated with homicide, paranoia, aggressive behavior, motor dysfunction, and <a href="/wiki/Punding" title="Punding">punding</a>. The violent and aggressive behavior associated with acute stimulant toxicity may partially be driven by paranoia.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15014637-11">[11]</a> Most drugs classified as stimulants are sympathomimetics, that is they stimulate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. This leads to effects such as <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">mydriasis</a>, increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and body temperature.<a href="#cite_note-NBK64328-2">[2]</a> When these changes become pathological, they are called <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>, and may lead to <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>. However, given the complexity of the mechanisms that underlie these potentially fatal outcomes of acute stimulant toxicity, it is impossible to determine what dose may be lethal.<a href="#cite_note-US-1999-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic">Chronic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chronic">edit</a>]</div> Assessment of the effects of stimulants is relevant given the large population currently taking stimulants. A systematic review of cardiovascular effects of prescription stimulants found no association in children, but found a correlation between prescription stimulant use and <a href="/wiki/Ischemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic">ischemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22682429-13">[13]</a> A review over a four-year period found that there were few negative effects of stimulant treatment, but stressed the need for longer-term studies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22917983-14">[14]</a> A review of a year long period of prescription stimulant use in those with <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a> found that cardiovascular side effects were limited to transient increases in blood pressure only.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25648243-15">[15]</a> However, a 2024 systematic review of the evidence found that stimulants overall improve ADHD symptoms and broadband behavioral measures in children and adolescents, though they carry risks of side effects like appetite suppression and other adverse events.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Initiation of stimulant treatment in those with ADHD in early childhood appears to carry benefits into adulthood with regard to social and cognitive functioning, and appears to be relatively safe.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14658920-17">[17]</a> Abuse of prescription stimulants (not following physician instruction) or of illicit stimulants carries many negative health risks. Abuse of cocaine, depending upon route of administration, increases risk of cardiorespiratory disease, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sor2014-18">[18]</a> Some effects are dependent upon the route of administration, with intravenous use associated with the transmission of many disease such as <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">Hepatitis C</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> and potential medical emergencies such as <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pseudoaneurysm" title="Pseudoaneurysm">pseudoaneurysm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid16682239-19">[19]</a> while inhalation may be associated with increased <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">lower respiratory tract infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, and pathological restricting of lung tissue.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11224724-20">[20]</a> Cocaine may also increase risk for autoimmune disease<a href="#cite_note-pmid6725666-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10095180-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9667555-23">[23]</a> and damage nasal cartilage. Abuse of methamphetamine produces similar effects as well as marked degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, resulting in an increased risk for <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22392347-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thrash--25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autoxidation1-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autoxidation2-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as <a href="/wiki/Prescription_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription medicine">prescription medicines</a> as well as without a prescription (either legally or <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_(drugs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition (drugs)">illicitly</a>) as <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance" title="Performance-enhancing substance">performance-enhancing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational</a> drugs. Among narcotics, stimulants produce a noticeable crash or <a href="/wiki/Comedown_(drugs)" title="Comedown (drugs)">comedown</a> at the end of their effects. In the US, the most frequently prescribed stimulants as of 2013 were <a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">lisdexamfetamine</a> (Vyvanse), <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a> (Ritalin), and <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> (Adderall).<a href="#cite_note-www.drugs.com-top-100-2013-28">[28]</a> It was estimated in 2015 that the percentage of the world population that had used <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> during a year was 0.4%. For the category "amphetamines and prescription stimulants" (with "amphetamines" including <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>) the value was 0.7%, and for <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> 0.4%.<a href="#cite_note-World-Drug-Report-2015-29">[29]</a> Stimulants have been used in medicine for many conditions including <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">sleep disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood disorders">mood disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impulse_control_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse control disorders">impulse control disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_congestion" title="Nasal congestion">nasal congestion</a> and, in case of cocaine, as <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">local anesthetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16848922-30">[30]</a> Drugs used to treat obesity are called <a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">anorectics</a> and generally include drugs that follow the general definition of a stimulant, but other drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">cannabinoid receptor antagonists</a> also belong to this group.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15823441-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16924165-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugeroic" title="Eugeroic">Eugeroics</a> are used in management of sleep disorders characterized by <a href="/wiki/Excessive_daytime_sleepiness" title="Excessive daytime sleepiness">excessive daytime sleepiness</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a>, and include stimulants such as <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitolisant" title="Pitolisant">pitolisant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-2017-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23539642-34">[34]</a> Stimulants are used in impulse control disorders such as <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a><a href="#cite_note-Research-Cf-2019-35">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> to increase <a href="/wiki/Mental_energy" title="Mental energy">energy</a>, focus and elevate mood.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22034135-36">[36]</a> Stimulants such as <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid18733372-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">salbutamol</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15778490-38">[38]</a> orally have been used to treat asthma, but inhaled <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenergic drug">adrenergic drugs</a> are now preferred due to less systemic side effects. <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a> is used to relieve nasal or sinus congestion caused by the common cold, sinusitis, hay fever and other respiratory allergies; it is also used to relieve ear congestion caused by ear inflammation or infection.<a href="#cite_note-Bicopoulos-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-PubMed_Health-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression">Depression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Depression">edit</a>]</div> Stimulants were one of the first classes of drugs to be used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, beginning after the introduction of the amphetamines in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18321627-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moncrieff2016-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid34000249-43">[43]</a> However, they were largely abandoned for treatment of depression following the introduction of conventional <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18321627-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moncrieff2016-42">[42]</a> Subsequent to this, there has been a resurgence in interest in stimulants for depression in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26906078-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17338594-45">[45]</a> Stimulants produce a fast-acting and pronounced but transient and short-lived <a href="/wiki/Mood_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood lift">mood lift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36009115-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid35431828-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26906078-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moncrieff2016-42">[42]</a> In relation to this, they are minimally effective in the treatment of depression when administered continuously.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36009115-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid35431828-47">[47]</a> In addition, tolerance to the mood-lifting effects of amphetamine has led to dose escalation and <a href="/wiki/Drug_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dependence">dependence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17338594-45">[45]</a> Although the efficacy for depression with continuous administration is modest, it may still reach <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistical significance</a> over <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> and provide benefits similar in magnitude to those of conventional antidepressants.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29028590-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28590365-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid34144366-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid34986373-51">[51]</a> The reasons for the short-term mood-improving effects of stimulants are unclear, but may relate to rapid <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36009115-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid35431828-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moncrieff2016-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15893821-52">[52]</a> Tolerance to the effects of stimulants has been studied and characterized both in animals<a href="#cite_note-pmid15893821-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30768951-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30733244-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30733244-2-55">[55]</a> and humans.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27021968-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8834422-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11441429-59">[59]</a> Stimulant <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a> is remarkably similar in its symptoms to those of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12368072-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15893821-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21161752-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16140055-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For details on stimulant classes, see <a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Substituted phenethylamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Substituted amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenylmorpholine" title="Substituted phenylmorpholine">Substituted phenylmorpholine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Substituted_cathinone" title="Substituted cathinone">Substituted cathinone</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methamphetamines.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Methamphetamines.PNG/220px-Methamphetamines.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Methamphetamines.PNG/330px-Methamphetamines.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Methamphetamines.PNG/440px-Methamphetamines.PNG 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>A chart comparing the chemical structures of different <a href="/wiki/Template:Amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Amphetamines">amphetamine derivatives</a></figcaption></figure> Classifying stimulants is difficult, because of the large number of classes the drugs occupy, and the fact that they may belong to multiple classes; for example, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">ecstasy</a> can be classified as a <a href="/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine" title="Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine">substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">substituted amphetamine</a> and consequently, a <a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">substituted phenethylamine</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Major stimulant classes include <a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">phenethylamines</a> and their daughter class <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Substituted amphetamines">substituted amphetamines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15801832-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid38154512-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphetamines_(class)">Amphetamines (class)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Amphetamines (class)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Substituted amphetamines">Substituted amphetamines</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Substituted amphetamines">Substituted amphetamines</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical class">class of compounds</a> based upon the <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> structure;<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> it includes all <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)" title="Derivative (chemistry)">derivative</a> compounds which are formed by replacing, or <a href="/wiki/Substitution_reaction" title="Substitution reaction">substituting</a>, one or more <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atoms</a> in the amphetamine core structure with <a href="/wiki/Substituent" title="Substituent">substituents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1855720-67">[67]</a> Examples of substituted amphetamines are amphetamine (itself),<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Substituted_amphetamines-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">cathinone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">phentermine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mephentermine" title="Mephentermine">mephentermine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">methoxyphenamine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">selegiline</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">amfepramone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">pyrovalerone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amphetamine_-_a_substituted_amphetamine-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> (ecstasy), and <a href="/wiki/2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">DOM</a> (STP). Many drugs in this class work primarily by activating <a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace amine-associated receptor 1">trace amine-associated receptor 1</a> (TAAR1);<a href="#cite_note-Miller-68">[68]</a> in turn, this causes <a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuptake inhibition">reuptake inhibition</a> and effluxion, or release, of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-68">[68]</a> An additional mechanism of some substituted amphetamines is the release of <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">vesicular stores</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">monoamine neurotransmitters</a> through <a href="/wiki/VMAT2" class="mw-redirect" title="VMAT2">VMAT2</a>, thereby increasing the concentration of these neurotransmitters in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>, or intracellular fluid, of the <a href="/wiki/Presynaptic_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Presynaptic neuron">presynaptic neuron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-E_Weihe-69">[69]</a> Amphetamines-type stimulants are often used for their therapeutic effects. Physicians sometimes prescribe amphetamine to treat <a href="/wiki/Major_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Major depression">major depression</a>, where subjects do not respond well to traditional <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRI</a> medications,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but evidence supporting this use is poor/mixed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17338594-45">[45]</a> Notably, two recent large <a href="/wiki/Phase_III_clinical_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase III clinical trials">phase III</a> studies of <a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">lisdexamfetamine</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> to amphetamine) as an adjunct to an <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRI</a> or <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">SNRI</a> in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> showed no further benefit relative to <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> in effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-DaleBang-Andersen2015-70">[70]</a> Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Adderall" title="Adderall">Adderall</a> (a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a>) in controlling symptoms associated with <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>. Due to their availability and fast-acting effects, substituted amphetamines are prime candidates for abuse.<a href="#cite_note-www.drugabuse.gov-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cocaine_analogs">Cocaine analogs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cocaine analogs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cocaine_analogs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cocaine analogs">List of cocaine analogs</a></div> Hundreds of cocaine analogs have been created, all of them usually maintaining a benzyloxy connected to the 3 carbon of a <a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">tropane</a>. Various modifications include substitutions on the <a href="/wiki/Benzene_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzene ring">benzene ring</a>, as well as additions or substitutions in place of the normal carboxylate on the tropane 2 carbon. Various compound with similar structure activity relationships to cocaine that aren't technically analogs have been developed as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_of_action">Mechanisms of action</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mechanisms of action">edit</a>]</div> Most stimulants exert their activating effects by enhancing <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamine</a> neurotransmission. Catecholamine neurotransmitters are employed in regulatory pathways implicated in attention, arousal, motivation, task salience and reward anticipation. Classical stimulants either <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Monoamine reuptake inhibitor">block the reuptake</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_releasing_agent" title="Monoamine releasing agent">stimulate the efflux</a> of these catecholamines, resulting in increased activity of their circuits. Some stimulants, specifically those with <a href="/wiki/Empathogen" title="Empathogen">empathogenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogenic</a> effects, also affect <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonergic</a> transmission. Some stimulants, such as some amphetamine derivatives[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] and, notably, <a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">yohimbine</a>, can decrease <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> by antagonizing regulatory <a href="/wiki/Autoreceptor" title="Autoreceptor">autoreceptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18500382-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">Adrenergic agonists</a>, such as, in part, <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a>, act by directly binding to and activating <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">adrenergic receptors</a>, producing sympathomimetic effects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are also more indirect <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanisms of action</a> by which a drug can elicit activating effects. Caffeine is an <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor_antagonist" title="Adenosine receptor antagonist">adenosine receptor antagonist</a>, and only indirectly increases catecholamine transmission in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-National_Academies_Press_(US)-2001-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitolisant" title="Pitolisant">Pitolisant</a> is an <a href="/wiki/H3_receptor_antagonist" title="H3 receptor antagonist">histamine 3 (H3)-receptor inverse agonist</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">histamine 3 (H3) receptors</a> mainly act as <a href="/wiki/Autoreceptor" title="Autoreceptor">autoreceptors</a>, pitolisant decreases negative feedback to <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histaminergic</a> neurons, enhancing histaminergic transmission. The precise <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> of some stimulants, such as modafinil, for treating symptoms of narcolepsy and other sleep disorders, remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-DrugsMonographForProfessionals-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32032921-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-2017-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19300566-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28646346-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_stimulants">Notable stimulants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable stimulants">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Amphetamine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></div> Amphetamine is a potent <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) stimulant of the <a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">phenethylamine class</a> that is approved for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD) and <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Abuse_&_OD-79">[79]</a> Amphetamine is also used off-label as a <a href="/wiki/Performance_enhancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance enhancer">performance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">cognitive enhancer</a>, and recreationally as an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">euphoriant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ergogenics-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Libido-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nonmedical-83">[83]</a> Although it is a prescription medication in many countries, unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine is often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with uncontrolled or heavy use.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Convention-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-drugpolicy-85">[85]</a> As a consequence, amphetamine is illegally manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">clandestine labs</a> to be trafficked and sold to users.<a href="#cite_note-Chawla-2006-86">[86]</a> Based upon drug and <a href="/wiki/Drug_precursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug precursor">drug precursor</a> seizures worldwide, illicit amphetamine production and trafficking is much less prevalent than that of <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chawla-2006-86">[86]</a> The first pharmaceutical amphetamine was <a href="/wiki/Benzedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzedrine">Benzedrine</a>, a brand of inhalers used to treat a variety of conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Amph_Uses-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benzedrine-88">[88]</a> Because the dextrorotary isomer has greater stimulant properties, Benzedrine was gradually discontinued in favor of formulations containing all or mostly dextroamphetamine. Presently, it is typically prescribed as <a href="/wiki/Adderall" title="Adderall">mixed amphetamine salts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">lisdexamfetamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amph_Uses-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adderall_IR-89">[89]</a> Amphetamine is a <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_releasing_agent" title="Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent">norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent</a> (NDRA). It enters neurons through <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">norepinephrine transporters</a> and facilitates neurotransmitter efflux by activating <a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a> and inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_2" title="Vesicular monoamine transporter 2">VMAT2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-68">[68]</a> At therapeutic doses, this causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in libido, increased arousal, and improved <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive control">cognitive control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Libido-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Effects-90">[90]</a> Likewise, it induces physical effects such as decreased reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength.<a href="#cite_note-Ergogenics-80">[80]</a> In contrast, supratherapeutic doses of amphetamine are likely to impair cognitive function and induce rapid <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">muscle breakdown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Abuse_&_OD-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westfall-2010-91">[91]</a> Very high doses can result in <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis#Amphetamines" title="Stimulant psychosis">psychosis</a> (e.g., delusions and paranoia), which very rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during long-term use.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stimulant_Misuse-93">[93]</a> As recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses, recreational use carries a far greater risk of serious side effects, such as dependence, which only rarely arises with therapeutic amphetamine use.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Abuse_&_OD-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westfall-2010-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caffeine">Caffeine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Caffeine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/180px-Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/270px-Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/360px-Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Roasted coffee beans, a common source of caffeine.</figcaption></figure> Caffeine is a stimulant compound belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">xanthine</a> class of chemicals naturally found in <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, and (to a lesser degree) <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">cocoa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>. It is included in many <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a>, as well as a larger amount in <a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">energy drinks</a>. Caffeine is the world's most widely used psychoactive drug and by far the most common stimulant. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily.<a href="#cite_note-demon_drink-94">[94]</a> A few jurisdictions restrict the sale and use of caffeine. In the United States, the FDA has banned the sale of pure and highly concentrated caffeine products for personal consumption, due to the risk of overdose and death.<a href="#cite_note-fda-caffeine-95">[95]</a> The Australian Government has announced a ban on the sale of pure and highly concentrated caffeine food products for personal consumption, following the death of a young man from acute caffeine toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-australia-interim-decision-ref-canada-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-australia-caffeine-97">[97]</a> In Canada, Health Canada has proposed to limit the amount of caffeine in energy drinks to 180 mg per serving, and to require warning labels and other safety measures on these products.<a href="#cite_note-australia-interim-decision-ref-canada-96">[96]</a> Caffeine is also included in some medications, usually for the purpose of enhancing the effect of the primary ingredient,<a href="#cite_note-pmid29067618-98">[98]</a> or reducing one of its side-effects (especially drowsiness).<a href="#cite_note-caffeine-drowsiness-99">[99]</a> Tablets containing standardized doses of caffeine are also widely available.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29757951-100">[100]</a> Caffeine's mechanism of action differs from many stimulants, as it produces stimulant effects by inhibiting adenosine receptors.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1356551-101">[101]</a> Adenosine receptors are thought to be a large driver of drowsiness and sleep, and their action increases with extended wakefulness.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20190965-102">[102]</a> Caffeine has been found to increase striatal dopamine in animal models,<a href="#cite_note-pmid12151508-103">[103]</a> as well as inhibit the inhibitory effect of adenosine receptors on dopamine receptors,<a href="#cite_note-pmid12804599-104">[104]</a> however the implications for humans are unknown. Unlike most stimulants, caffeine has no addictive potential. Caffeine does not appear to be a reinforcing stimulus, and some degree of aversion may actually occur, per a study on drug abuse liability published in an NIDA research monograph that described a group preferring placebo over caffeine.<a href="#cite_note-Fishchman-2016-105">[105]</a> In large telephone surveys only 11% reported dependence symptoms. However, when people were tested in labs, only half of those who claim dependence actually experienced it, casting doubt on caffeine's ability to produce dependence and putting societal pressures in the spotlight.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19428492-106">[106]</a> Coffee consumption is associated with a lower overall risk of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18834663-107">[107]</a> This is primarily due to a decrease in the risks of <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">hepatocellular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a>, but it may also have a modest effect on colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Cancer10-108">[108]</a> There does not appear to be a significant protective effect against other types of cancers, and heavy coffee consumption may increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cancer10-108">[108]</a> A protective effect of caffeine against <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> is possible, but the evidence is inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20182026-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21427489-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20182037-111">[111]</a> Moderate coffee consumption may decrease the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ding2014-112">[112]</a> and it may somewhat reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">type 2 diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dam08-113">[113]</a> Drinking 1-3 cups of coffee per day does not affect the risk of <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> compared to drinking little or no coffee. However those who drink 2–4 cups per day may be at a slightly increased risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21450934-114">[114]</a> Caffeine increases <a href="/wiki/Intraocular_pressure" title="Intraocular pressure">intraocular pressure</a> in those with <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> but does not appear to affect normal individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20706731-115">[115]</a> It may protect people from <a href="/wiki/Liver_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver cirrhosis">liver cirrhosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19825397-116">[116]</a> There is no evidence that coffee stunts a child's growth.<a href="#cite_note-Times-Books-2007-117">[117]</a> Caffeine may increase the effectiveness of some medications including ones used to treat <a href="/wiki/Headaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Headaches">headaches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21302868-118">[118]</a> Caffeine may lessen the severity of <a href="/wiki/Acute_mountain_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute mountain sickness">acute mountain sickness</a> if taken a few hours prior to attaining a high altitude.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20367483-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ephedrine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></div> Ephedrine is a <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetic">sympathomimetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a> similar in molecular structure to the well-known drugs <a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">phenylpropanolamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, as well as to the important <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> (adrenaline). Ephedrine is commonly used as a stimulant, <a href="/wiki/Appetite_suppressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Appetite suppressant">appetite suppressant</a>, concentration aid, and <a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">decongestant</a>, and to treat <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a> associated with anesthesia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In chemical terms, it is an <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">phenethylamine</a> skeleton found in various plants in the genus <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedra (genus)">Ephedra</a> (family <a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a>). It works mainly by increasing the activity of <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> (noradrenaline) on <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenergic receptors">adrenergic receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-merck-120">[120]</a> It is most usually marketed as the hydrochloride or sulfate salt. The herb má huáng (<a href="/wiki/Ephedra_sinica" title="Ephedra sinica">Ephedra sinica</a>), used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> (TCM), contains ephedrine and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> as its principal active constituents. The same may be true of other herbal products containing extracts from other Ephedra species. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MDMA">MDMA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: MDMA">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecstasy_monogram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg/240px-Ecstasy_monogram.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg/360px-Ecstasy_monogram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Tablets containing MDMA</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamines">Its parent class</a> and <a href="/wiki/3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></div> 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy, or molly) is a euphoriant, <a href="/wiki/Empathogen" title="Empathogen">empathogen</a>, and stimulant of the amphetamine class.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24648791-121">[121]</a> Briefly used by some psychotherapists as an adjunct to therapy, the drug became popular recreationally and the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a> listed MDMA as a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_substances_act#Schedule_I_controlled_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled substances act">Schedule I controlled substance</a>, prohibiting most medical studies and applications. MDMA is known for its <a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">entactogenic</a> properties. The stimulant effects of MDMA include <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">anorexia</a> (appetite loss), <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, social disinhibition, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a> (enhanced wakefulness/inability to sleep), improved <a href="/wiki/Mental_energy" title="Mental energy">energy</a>, increased arousal, and increased <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a>, among others. Relative to catecholaminergic transmission, MDMA enhances serotonergic transmission significantly more, when compared to classical stimulants like amphetamine. MDMA does not appear to be significantly addictive or dependence forming.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17382831-122">[122]</a> Due to the relative safety of MDMA, some researchers such as <a href="/wiki/David_Nutt" title="David Nutt">David Nutt</a> have criticized the scheduling level, writing a satirical article finding MDMA to be 28 times less dangerous than horseriding, a condition he termed "equasy" or "Equine Addiction Syndrome".<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph.co.uk-2009-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MDPV">MDPV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: MDPV">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></div> Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drug</a> with stimulant properties that acts as a <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor">norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NDRI).<a href="#cite_note-SimmlerBuser2012-124">[124]</a> It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim.<a href="#cite_note-US-Patent-3478050-125">[125]</a> MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004, when it was reported to be sold as a <a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">designer drug</a>. Products labeled as <a href="/wiki/Bath_salts_(drug)" title="Bath salts (drug)">bath salts</a> containing MDPV were previously sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience stores in the United States, similar to the marketing for <a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a> and <a href="/wiki/K2_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="K2 (drug)">K2</a> as incense.<a href="#cite_note-KMBC.com-2010-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-MDPV_Bath_Salts_Drug_Over_The_Counter-127">[127]</a> Incidents of psychological and physical harm have been attributed to MDPV use.<a href="#cite_note-www.nbc33tv.com-2010-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.nbc33tv.com-2011-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mephedrone">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></div> Mephedrone is a <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound#Synthetic_compounds" title="Organic compound">synthetic</a> stimulant drug of the <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">amphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substituted_cathinone" title="Substituted cathinone">cathinone</a> classes. Slang names include drone<a href="#cite_note-Cumming-130">[130]</a> and MCAT.<a href="#cite_note-bbc0803-131">[131]</a> It is reported to be manufactured in China and is chemically similar to the cathinone compounds found in the <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a> plant of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">eastern Africa</a>. It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort, or inject, producing similar effects to <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>. Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929, but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003. By 2007, mephedrone was reported to be available for sale on the Internet; by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound; and, by 2010, it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom. Mephedrone was first made illegal in Israel in 2008, followed by Sweden later that year. In 2010, it was made illegal in many European countries, and, in December 2010, the EU ruled it illegal. In Australia, New Zealand, and the US, it is considered an <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analog</a> of other illegal drugs and can be controlled by laws similar to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Analog_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Analog Act">Federal Analog Act</a>. In September 2011, the USA temporarily classified mephedrone as illegal, in effect from October 2011. Mephedrone is neurotoxic and has abuse potential, predominantly exerted on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) terminals, mimicking that of MDMA with which it shares the same subjective sensations on abusers.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26074741-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27908258-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32087112-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Methamphetamine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></div> Methamphetamine (contracted from <a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">N-methyl</a>-<a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">alpha-methylphenethylamine</a>) is a potent psychostimulant of the <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">phenethylamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">amphetamine</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical classification">classes</a> that is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD) and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malenka-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-137">[137]</a> Methamphetamine exists as two <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextrorotary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrorotary">dextrorotary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levorotary" class="mw-redirect" title="Levorotary">levorotary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuczenski-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mendelson-139">[139]</a> Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger CNS stimulant than <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">levomethamphetamine</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Westfall-2010-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuczenski-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mendelson-139">[139]</a> however, both are addictive and produce the same toxicity symptoms at high doses.<a href="#cite_note-Mendelson-139">[139]</a> Although rarely prescribed due to the potential risks, methamphetamine hydrochloride is approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (USFDA) under the trade name Desoxyn.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn-136">[136]</a> Recreationally, methamphetamine is used to <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">increase sexual desire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">lift the mood</a>, and increase <a href="/wiki/Mental_energy" title="Mental energy">energy</a>, allowing some users to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days straight.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn-136">[136]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SF_Meth-140">[140]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Methamphetamine may be sold illicitly, either as pure dextromethamphetamine or in an <a href="/wiki/Racemate" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemate">equal parts</a> mixture of the right- and left-handed molecules (i.e., 50% levomethamphetamine and 50% dextromethamphetamine).<a href="#cite_note-SF_Meth-140">[140]</a> Both dextromethamphetamine and racemic methamphetamine are <a href="/wiki/Schedule_II_Controlled_Substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Schedule II Controlled Substance">schedule II</a> controlled substances in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn-136">[136]</a> Also, the production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or illegal in many other countries due to its placement in schedule II of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a> treaty.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations-2007-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-incb-142">[142]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">levomethamphetamine</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drug</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-OTC_levmetamfetamine-145">[note 1]</a> In low doses, methamphetamine can cause an <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">elevated mood</a> and increase alertness, concentration, and energy in fatigued individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Westfall-2010-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn-136">[136]</a> At higher doses, it can induce <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Methamphetamine psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemorrhage">cerebral hemorrhage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Westfall-2010-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn-136">[136]</a> Methamphetamine is known to have a high potential for <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">addiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Westfall-2010-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desoxyn-136">[136]</a> Recreational use of methamphetamine may result in psychosis or lead to <a href="/wiki/Post-withdrawal_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-withdrawal syndrome">post-withdrawal syndrome</a>, a withdrawal syndrome that can persist for months beyond the typical withdrawal period.<a href="#cite_note-Cruickshank-2009-146">[145]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, methamphetamine is <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxic">neurotoxic</a> to humans, damaging both <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS).<a href="#cite_note-Malenka-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-137">[137]</a> Unlike the long-term use of amphetamine in prescription doses, which may improve certain brain regions in individuals with ADHD, there is evidence that methamphetamine causes brain damage from long-term use in humans;<a href="#cite_note-Malenka-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-137">[137]</a> this damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in <a href="/wiki/Gray_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray matter">gray matter</a> volume in several brain regions and adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity.<a href="#cite_note-Neuroplasticity_1-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neuroplasticity_2-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19328213-137">[137]</a> However, recreational amphetamine doses may also be neurotoxic.<a href="#cite_note-pmid6320247-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Methylphenidate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></div> Methylphenidate is a stimulant drug that is often used in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy and occasionally to treat obesity in combination with diet restraints and exercise. Its effects at therapeutic doses include increased focus, increased alertness, decreased appetite, decreased need for sleep and decreased impulsivity. Methylphenidate is not usually used recreationally, but when it is used, its effects are very similar to those of amphetamines. Methylphenidate acts as a <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor">norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NDRI), by blocking the <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">norepinephrine transporter</a> (NET) and the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine transporter</a> (DAT). Methylphenidate has a higher affinity for the dopamine transporter than for the norepinephrine transporter, and so its effects are mainly due to elevated dopamine levels caused by the inhibited reuptake of dopamine, however increased norepinephrine levels also contribute to various of the effects caused by the drug. Methylphenidate is sold under a number of brand names including Ritalin. Other versions include the long lasting tablet Concerta and the long lasting transdermal patch Daytrana. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cocaine">Cocaine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cocaine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocaine_lines_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cocaine_lines_2.jpg/180px-Cocaine_lines_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cocaine_lines_2.jpg/270px-Cocaine_lines_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cocaine_lines_2.jpg/360px-Cocaine_lines_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Lines of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, a popular stimulant</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></div> Cocaine is an <a href="/wiki/SNDRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SNDRI">SNDRI</a>. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> shrub, which grows in the mountain regions of South American countries such as <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, regions in which it was cultivated and used for centuries mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara people</a>. In Europe, North America, and some parts of Asia, the most common form of cocaine is a white crystalline powder. Cocaine is a stimulant but is not normally prescribed therapeutically for its stimulant properties, although it sees clinical use as a local anesthetic, in particular in <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avance_Psicólogos-2020-150">[149]</a> Most cocaine use is recreational and its abuse potential is high (higher than amphetamine), and so its sale and possession are strictly controlled in most jurisdictions. Other <a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">tropane</a> derivative drugs related to cocaine are also known such as <a href="/wiki/Troparil" title="Troparil">troparil</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lometopane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lometopane (page does not exist)">lometopane</a> but have not been widely sold or used recreationally.<a href="#cite_note-American_Family_Physician-1986-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicotine">Nicotine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nicotine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> is the active chemical constituent in <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, which is available in many forms, including <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chewing_tobacco" title="Chewing tobacco">chewing tobacco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">smoking cessation</a> aids such as <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_patch" title="Nicotine patch">nicotine patches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_gum" title="Nicotine gum">nicotine gum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_cigarette" title="Electronic cigarette">electronic cigarettes</a>. Nicotine is used widely throughout the world for its stimulating and relaxing effects. Nicotine exerts its effects through the agonism of <a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors">nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</a>, resulting in multiple downstream effects such as increase in activity of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward system</a>, and acetaldehyde one of the tobacco constituent decreased the expression of <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">monoamine oxidase</a> in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17382522-152">[151]</a> Nicotine is addictive and dependence forming. Tobacco, the most common source of nicotine, has an overall harm to user and self score 3 percent below cocaine, and 13 percent above amphetamines, ranking 6th most harmful of the 20 drugs assessed, as determined by a multi-criteria decision analysis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21036393-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Phenylpropanolamine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></div> Phenylpropanolamine (PPA; Accutrim; β-hydroxyamphetamine), also known as the <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomerism" title="Stereoisomerism">stereoisomers</a> norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine, is a <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drug</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">phenethylamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical class">chemical classes</a> that is used as a stimulant, <a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">decongestant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">anorectic</a> agent.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15608085-154">[153]</a> It is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription</a> and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> <a href="/wiki/Cough_and_cold_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough and cold preparation">cough and cold preparations</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>, it is used to control <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a> in dogs under <a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">trade names</a> Propalin and Proin. In the United States, PPA is no longer sold without a prescription due to a possible increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in younger women. In a few countries in Europe, however, it is still available either by prescription or sometimes over-the-counter. In Canada, it was withdrawn from the market on 31 May 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Health_Canada-2009-155">[154]</a> In India, human use of PPA and its formulations were banned on 10 February 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs-banned-India-2013-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lisdexamfetamine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></div> Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse, etc.) is an amphetamine-type medication, sold for use in treating <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-gov-2013-157">[156]</a> Its effects typically last around 14 hours.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS20192-158">[157]</a> Lisdexamfetamine is inactive on its own and is metabolized into <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a> in the body.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-57">[57]</a> Consequently, it has a lower abuse potential.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28936175-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pseudoephedrine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></div> Pseudoephedrine is a <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetic">sympathomimetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">phenethylamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">amphetamine</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical class">chemical classes</a>. It may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">nasal/sinus decongestant</a>, as a stimulant,<a href="#cite_note-pmid9018513-159">[158]</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">wakefulness-promoting agent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16531903-160">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in many <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> <a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">preparations</a>, either as a single ingredient or (more commonly) in combination with <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaifenesin" title="Guaifenesin">guaifenesin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen) or another <a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAID</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>). It is also used as a precursor chemical in the illegal production of methamphetamine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catha_edulis_(Khat)">Catha edulis (Khat)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Catha edulis (Khat)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catha_edulis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the khat plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Catha_edulis.jpg/200px-Catha_edulis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Catha_edulis.jpg/300px-Catha_edulis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Catha_edulis.jpg/400px-Catha_edulis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Catha edulis</figcaption></figure> Khat is a <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tooea-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kciy-162">[161]</a> Khat contains a <a href="/wiki/Monoamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine">monoamine</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> called <a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">cathinone</a>, a "keto-amphetamine". This alkaloid causes excitement, <a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">loss of appetite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoria (emotion)">euphoria</a>. In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) classified it as a <a href="/wiki/Drug_of_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug of abuse">drug of abuse</a> that can produce mild to moderate <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">psychological dependence</a> (less than tobacco or <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>),<a href="#cite_note-King-163">[162]</a> although the WHO does not consider khat to be seriously addictive.<a href="#cite_note-Kciy-162">[161]</a> It is banned in some countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Germany, while its production, sale, and consumption are legal in other countries, including <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, Kenya and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hafmc-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modafinil">Modafinil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modafinil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Eugeroic" title="Eugeroic">eugeroic</a> medication, which means that it promotes wakefulness and alertness. Modafinil is sold under the brand name Provigil among others. Modafinil is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Excessive_daytime_sleepiness" title="Excessive daytime sleepiness">excessive daytime sleepiness</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shift_work_sleep_disorder" title="Shift work sleep disorder">shift work sleep disorder</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer, the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31433334-165">[164]</a> Despite being a CNS stimulant, the addiction and <a href="/wiki/Drug_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dependence">dependence</a> liabilities of modafinil are considered very low.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23065655-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-2015-Provigil-Prescribing-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33435717-168">[167]</a> Although modafinil shares biochemical mechanisms with stimulant drugs, it is less likely to have <a href="/wiki/Mood_elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood elevation">mood-elevating properties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-2015-Provigil-Prescribing-167">[166]</a> The similarities in effects with <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> are not clearly established.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22375280-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Warot-1993-170">[169]</a> Unlike other stimulants, modafinil does not induce a subjective <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">feeling of pleasure or reward</a>, which is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, an intense feeling of well-being. Euphoria is a potential indicator of <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">drug abuse</a>, which is the compulsive and excessive use of a substance despite adverse consequences. In clinical trials, modafinil has shown no evidence of abuse potential, that is why modafinil is considered to have a low risk of addiction and dependence, however, caution is advised.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16741217-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30285371-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pitolisant">Pitolisant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pitolisant">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pitolisant" title="Pitolisant">Pitolisant</a></div> Pitolisant is an <a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">inverse agonist</a> (antagonist) of the <a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">histamine 3 (H3) autoreceptor</a>. As such, pitolisant is an <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine medication</a> that also belongs to the class of CNS stimulants.<a href="#cite_note-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31644012-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-pitolisant-side-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-pitolisant-list-of_CNS-176">[175]</a> Pitolisant is also considered a medication of <a href="/wiki/Eugeroic" title="Eugeroic">eugeroic</a> class, which means that it promotes wakefulness and alertness. Pitolisant is the first <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">wakefulness-promoting agent</a> that acts by blocking the <a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H3 autoreceptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31997137-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28449891-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid34546302-179">[178]</a> Pitolisant has been shown to be effective and well-tolerated for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a> with or without cataplexy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34546302-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28449891-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31997137-177">[176]</a> Pitolisant is the only non-controlled anti-narcoleptic drug in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31997137-177">[176]</a> It has shown minimal abuse risk in studies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31997137-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32941089-180">[179]</a> Blocking the <a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">histamine 3 (H3) autoreceptor</a> increases the activity of histamine <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> in the brain. The H3 autoreceptors regulate <a href="/wiki/Histaminergic" title="Histaminergic">histaminergic activity</a> in the central nervous system (and to a lesser extent, the peripheral nervous system) by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> biosynthesis and release upon binding to endogenous histamine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2172771-181">[180]</a> By preventing the binding of endogenous histamine at the H3, as well as producing a response opposite to that of endogenous histamine at the receptor (inverse agonism), pitolisant enhances histaminergic activity in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35774905-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreational_use_and_issues_of_abuse">Recreational use and issues of abuse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Recreational use and issues of abuse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use#Stimulants" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use § Stimulants</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></div> Stimulants enhance the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous systems</a>. Common effects may include increased <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakefulness" title="Wakefulness">wakefulness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">endurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">arousal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, and a diminished desire for <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a>. Use of stimulants may cause the body to reduce significantly its production of natural body chemicals that fulfill similar functions. Until the body reestablishes its normal state, once the effect of the ingested stimulant has worn off the user may feel depressed, lethargic, confused, and miserable. This is referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Comedown_(drugs)" title="Comedown (drugs)">crash</a>", and may provoke reuse of the stimulant. <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">Abuse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) stimulants is common. <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">Addiction</a> to some CNS stimulants can quickly lead to <a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric">psychiatric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> deterioration. <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">Drug tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dependence">dependence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_sensitization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug sensitization">sensitization</a> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a> syndrome can occur.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1974121-183">[182]</a> Stimulants may be screened for in animal discrimination and self-administration models which have high sensitivity albeit low specificity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24662599-184">[183]</a> Research on a progressive ratio <a href="/wiki/Self-administration" title="Self-administration">self-administration</a> protocol has found amphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, cocaine, and nicotine to all have a higher break point than placebo that scales with dose indicating reinforcing effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19086771-185">[184]</a> A progressive ratio self-administration protocol is a way of testing how much an animal or a human wants a drug by making them do a certain action (like pressing a lever or poking a nose device) to get the drug. The number of actions needed to get the drug increases every time, so it becomes harder and harder to get the drug. The highest number of actions that the animal or human is willing to do to get the drug is called the break point. The higher the break point, the more the animal or human wants the drug. In contrast to the classical stimulants such as amphetamine, the effects of modafinil depend on what the animals or humans have to do after getting the drug. If they have to do a performance task, like solving a puzzle or remembering something, modafinil makes them work harder for it than placebo, and the subjects wanted to self-administer modafinil. But if they had to do a relaxation task, like listening to music or watching a video, the subjects did not want to self-administer modafinil. This suggests that modafinil is more rewarding when it helps the animals or humans do something better or faster, especially considering that modafinil is not commonly abused or depended on by people, unlike other stimulants.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19086771-185">[184]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Dependence potentials of common stimulants<a href="#cite_note-King-163">[162]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Drug</th> <th>Mean</th> <th>Pleasure</th> <th>Psychological dependence</th> <th>Physical dependence </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></td> <td>2.39</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></td> <td>2.21</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></td> <td>1.67</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecstasy (drug)">Ecstasy</a></td> <td>1.13</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_for_misuse">Treatment for misuse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Treatment for misuse">edit</a>]</div> Psychosocial treatments, such as <a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">contingency management</a>, have demonstrated improved effectiveness when added to treatment as usual consisting of counseling and/or case-management. This is demonstrated with a decrease in dropout rates and a lengthening of periods of abstinence.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27684277-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing">Testing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Testing">edit</a>]</div> The presence of stimulants in the body may be tested by a variety of procedures. Serum and urine are the common sources of testing material although saliva is sometimes used. Commonly used tests include chromatography, immunologic assay, and mass spectrometry.<a href="#cite_note-Gian-1999-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanaleptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanaleptic">Psychoanaleptics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OTC_levmetamfetamine-145"><a href="#cite_ref-OTC_levmetamfetamine_145-0">^</a> The active ingredient in some OTC inhalers in the United States is listed as levmetamfetamine, the <a href="/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name">INN</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name" title="United States Adopted Name">USAN</a> of levomethamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_levmetamfetamine-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information-144">[144]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-stimulant-def-1"><a 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center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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"Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012TPS....17..404H">2012TPS....17..404H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tplants.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502775">22502775</a>. <q>Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3]. ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79]. ... 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Physiologic and performance effects  • Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation  • Amphetamines seem to enhance athletic performance in anaerobic conditions 39 40  • Improved reaction time  • Increased muscle strength and delayed muscle fatigue  • Increased acceleration  • Increased alertness and attention to task</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prim.+Care&rft.atitle=Nutritional+supplements+and+ergogenic+AIDS&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=487-505&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pop.2013.02.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23668655&rft.aulast=Liddle&rft.aufirst=DG&rft.au=Connor%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStimulant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malenka_2009-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenka_2009_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148127-4"><bdi>978-0-07-148127-4</bdi></a>. <q>Therapeutic (relatively low) doses of psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, improve performance on working memory tasks both in individuals with ADHD and in normal subjects...it is now believed that dopamine and norepinephrine, but not serotonin, produce the beneficial effects of stimulants on working memory. At abused (relatively high) doses, stimulants can interfere with working memory and cognitive control, as will be discussed below. It is important to recognize, however, that stimulants act not only on working memory function, but also on general levels of arousal and, within the nucleus accumbens, improve the saliency of tasks. Thus, stimulants improve performance on effortful but tedious tasks...through indirect stimulation of dopamine and norepinephrine receptors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Higher+Cognitive+Function+and+Behavioral+Control&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=318&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-148127-4&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStimulant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libido-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Libido_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libido_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery_KA2008" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomery KA (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695750">"Sexual desire disorders"</a>. Psychiatry. 5 (6): 50–55. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695750">2695750</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19727285">19727285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Sexual+desire+disorders&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=50-55&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2695750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19727285&rft.au=Montgomery+KA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2695750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStimulant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nonmedical-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Nonmedical_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilensAdlerAdamsSgambati2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Utzinger L, Fusillo S (January 2008). 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Although useful in the treatment of ADHD, stimulants are controlled II substances with a history of preclinical and human studies showing potential abuse liability.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Acad.+Child+Adolesc.+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Misuse+and+diversion+of+stimulants+prescribed+for+ADHD%3A+a+systematic+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-31&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fchi.0b013e31815a56f1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18174822&rft.aulast=Wilens&rft.aufirst=TE&rft.au=Adler%2C+LA&rft.au=Adams%2C+J&rft.au=Sgambati%2C+S&rft.au=Rotrosen%2C+J&rft.au=Sawtelle%2C+R&rft.au=Utzinger%2C+L&rft.au=Fusillo%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStimulant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Convention-84"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_Convention_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en">"Convention on psychotropic substances"</a>. 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United States Food and Drug Administration. March 2007. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926063018/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/011522s040lbl.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Adderall+IR+Prescribing+Information&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fdrugsatfda_docs%2Flabel%2F2007%2F011522s040lbl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStimulant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA_Effects-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Effects_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s024lbl.pdf">"Adderall XR Prescribing Information"</a> (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. 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Retrieved 6 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Desoxyn+Prescribing+Information&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fdrugsatfda_docs%2Flabel%2F2013%2F005378s028lbl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStimulant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19328213-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19328213_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19328213_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19328213_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19328213_137-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasnovaCadet2009" class="citation journal cs1">Krasnova IN, Cadet JL (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2731235">"Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death"</a>. Brain Res. Rev. 60 (2): 379–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2009.03.002">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2731235">2731235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19328213">19328213</a>. <q>Neuroimaging studies have revealed that METH can indeed cause neurodegenerative changes in the brains of human addicts (Aron and Paulus, 2007; Chang et al., 2007). These abnormalities include persistent decreases in the levels of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the caudate-putamen (McCann et al., 1998, 2008; Sekine et al., 2003; Volkow et al., 2001a, 2001c). The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal, and cingulate cortices of METH-dependent individuals (Sekine et al., 2006) ... Neuropsychological studies have detected deficits in attention, working memory, and decision-making in chronic METH addicts ... There is compelling evidence that the negative neuropsychiatric consequences of METH abuse are due, at least in part, to drug-induced neuropathological changes in the brains of these METH-exposed individuals ... Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in METH addicts have revealed substantial morphological changes in their brains. These include loss of gray matter in the cingulate, limbic, and paralimbic cortices, significant shrinkage of hippocampi, and hypertrophy of white matter (Thompson et al., 2004). In addition, the brains of METH abusers show evidence of hyperintensities in white matter (Bae et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2000), decreases in the neuronal marker, N-acetylaspartate (Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007), reductions in a marker of metabolic integrity, creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., 2000; Sung et al., 2007; Yen et al., 1994). 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Drug Abuse. Los Angeles, Health Information Press, 1999, pp.203–208 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stimulant&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stimulant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:stimulant">stimulant</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/upper" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:upper">upper</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stimulants" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stimulants">Stimulants</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605235801/http://www.licadd.org/aboutdrugs.htm">"Long Island Council on Alcohol & Drug Dependence – About Drugs – Stimulants"</a>. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long+Island+Council+on+Alcohol+%26+Drug+Dependence+%E2%80%93+About+Drugs+%E2%80%93+Stimulants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.licadd.org%2Faboutdrugs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStimulant" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060922202232/http://ncadistore.samhsa.gov/catalog/results.aspx?h=drugs&topic=68">"Online – Publications – Drugs of Abuse – Stimulants"</a>. Archived from the original on 22 September 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+%E2%80%93+Publications+%E2%80%93+Drugs+of+Abuse+%E2%80%93+Stimulants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncadistore.samhsa.gov%2Fcatalog%2Fresults.aspx%3Fh%3Ddrugs%26topic%3D68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStimulant" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apaic.org/">Asia & Pacific Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Information Centre (APAIC)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Stimulants" title="Template:Stimulants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stimulants" title="Template talk:Stimulants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stimulants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stimulants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stimulants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stimulants</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamantane" title="Adamantane">Adamantanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapromine" title="Adapromine">Adapromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromantane" title="Bromantane">Bromantane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-Chlorotheophylline" title="8-Chlorotheophylline">8-Chlorotheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine">8-Cyclopentyltheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Phenyltheophylline" title="8-Phenyltheophylline">8-Phenyltheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminophylline" title="Aminophylline">Aminophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-15943" title="CGS-15943">CGS-15943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethazan" title="Dimethazan">Dimethazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istradefylline" title="Istradefylline">Istradefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">Paraxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-58261" title="SCH-58261">SCH-58261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychotropic_alkylamines" title="Psychotropic alkylamines">Alkylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentamine" title="Cyclopentamine">Cyclopentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaminol" title="Heptaminol">Heptaminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhexanamine" title="Methylhexanamine">Methylhexaneamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octodrine" title="Octodrine">Octodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylhexedrine" title="Propylhexedrine">Propylhexedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuaminoheptane" title="Tuaminoheptane">Tuaminoheptane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ampakine" title="Ampakine">Ampakines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CX-516" title="CX-516">CX-516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-546" title="CX-546">CX-546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-614" class="mw-redirect" title="CX-614">CX-614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farampator" title="Farampator">CX-691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX717" title="CX717">CX-717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRA-21" title="IDRA-21">IDRA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-404,187" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-404,187">LY-404,187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-503,430" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-503,430">LY-503,430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooglutyl" title="Nooglutyl">Nooglutyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Org_26576" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 26576">Org 26576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEPA_(drug)" title="PEPA (drug)">PEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-18986" title="S-18986">S-18986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunifiram" title="Sunifiram">Sunifiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifiram" title="Unifiram">Unifiram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benocyclidine" title="Benocyclidine">Benocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phencyclamine">Phencyclamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzazepine" title="Benzazepine">Benzazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Br-APB" title="6-Br-APB">6-Br-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-77434" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-77434">SKF-77434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-81297" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-81297">SKF-81297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82958" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-82958">SKF-82958</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_cathinone" title="Substituted cathinone">Cathinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-FMC" class="mw-redirect" title="3-FMC">3-FMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MMC" class="mw-redirect" title="3-MMC">3-MMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone" title="3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone">3,4-DMMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Bromomethcathinone" title="4-Bromomethcathinone">4-BMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chloromethcathinone" title="4-Chloromethcathinone">4-CMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylbuphedrone" title="4-Methylbuphedrone">4-Methylbuphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylcathinone" title="4-Methylcathinone">4-Methylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1-ethylaminopentiophenone" title="4-Methyl-α-ethylaminopentiophenone">4-MEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylpentedrone" title="4-Methylpentedrone">4-Methylpentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzedrone" title="Benzedrone">Benzedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphedrone" title="Buphedrone">Buphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcathinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethylcathinone">Dimethylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethcathinone" title="Ethcathinone">Ethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">Flephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexedrone" title="Hexedrone">Hexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoethcathinone" title="Isoethcathinone">Isoethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxycathinone" title="Methylenedioxycathinone">Methylenedioxycathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexedrone" title="Mexedrone">Mexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylbuphedrone" title="N-Ethylbuphedrone">N-Ethylbuphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylhexedrone" title="N-Ethylhexedrone">N-Ethylhexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentedrone" title="Pentedrone">Pentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylone" title="Pentylone">Pentylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthalimidopropiophenone" title="Phthalimidopropiophenone">Phthalimidopropiophenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Cholinergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-84,543" title="A-84,543">A-84,543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-366,833" title="A-366,833">A-366,833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-202" title="ABT-202">ABT-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-418" title="ABT-418">ABT-418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-R17779" title="AR-R17779">AR-R17779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altinicline" title="Altinicline">Altinicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabasine" title="Anabasine">Anabasine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradanicline" title="Bradanicline">Bradanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianicline" title="Dianicline">Dianicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiboxidine" title="Epiboxidine">Epiboxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTS-21" title="GTS-21">GTS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispronicline" title="Ispronicline">Ispronicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHA-543,613" title="PHA-543,613">PHA-543,613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-120,596" title="PNU-120,596">PNU-120,596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozanicline" title="Pozanicline">Pozanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivanicline" title="Rivanicline">Rivanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazetidine_A" title="Sazetidine A">Sazetidine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1553A" title="SIB-1553A">SIB-1553A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSR-180,711" title="SSR-180,711">SSR-180,711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1698" title="TC-1698">TC-1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1827" title="TC-1827">TC-1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-2216" title="TC-2216">TC-2216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebanicline" title="Tebanicline">Tebanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-165" title="UB-165">UB-165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-317,538" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-317,538">WAY-317,538</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">Convulsants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMCM" title="DMCM">DMCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurothyl" title="Flurothyl">Flurothyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentetrazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujone" title="Thujone">Thujone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eugeroic" title="Eugeroic">Eugeroics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRL-40,940" class="mw-redirect" title="CRL-40,940">CRL-40,940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRL-40,941" class="mw-redirect" title="CRL-40,941">CRL-40,941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorenol" title="Fluorenol">Fluorenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxazoline" title="Oxazoline">Oxazolines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-Methylaminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clominorex" title="Clominorex">Clominorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazodone" title="Cyclazodone">Cyclazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenozolone" title="Fenozolone">Fenozolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminorex" title="Fluminorex">Fluminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">Pemoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thozalinone" title="Thozalinone">Thozalinone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylphenylisobutylamine" title="4-Methylphenylisobutylamine">1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane" title="1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane">1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Fluoroamphetamine" title="2-Fluoroamphetamine">2-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-FMA" class="mw-redirect" title="2-FMA">2-Fluoromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="2-Hydroxyphenethylamine">2-OH-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane" title="2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane">2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">2,3-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-FA" class="mw-redirect" title="3-FA">3-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluoroethamphetamine" title="3-Fluoroethamphetamine">3-Fluoroethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxyamphetamine" title="3-Methoxyamphetamine">3-Methoxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methylamphetamine" title="3-Methylamphetamine">3-Methylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-FA" class="mw-redirect" title="4-FA">4-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-FMA" class="mw-redirect" title="4-FMA">4-Fluoromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine">4-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylthioamphetamine" title="4-Methylthioamphetamine">4-MTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AL-1095" title="AL-1095">AL-1095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfetamine" title="Alfetamine">Alfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethylphenethylamine">a-Ethylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene" title="2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene">2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoindane" title="2-Aminoindane">2-Aminoindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole" class="mw-redirect" title="5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole">5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminotetralin" title="2-Aminotetralin">2-Aminotetralin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acridorex" title="Acridorex">Acridorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutamine" title="Arbutamine">Arbutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Phenylmethamphetamine" title="Β-Phenylmethamphetamine">β-Phenylmethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfluorex" title="Benfluorex">Benfluorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Benzhydrylmorpholine" title="3-Benzhydrylmorpholine">3-Benzhydrylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane" title="Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane">BPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfetamine" title="Camfetamine">Camfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">Chlorphentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilobamine" title="Cilobamine">Cilobamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamedrine" title="Cinnamedrine">Cinnamedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">Cloforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl">D-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denopamine" title="Denopamine">Denopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">Dimethoxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine" title="Dimethylamphetamine">Dimethylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">DOPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/D-DOPA" title="D-DOPA">Dextrodopa</a>, <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">Levodopa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="L-DOPS">Droxidopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinine">Epinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamine" title="Fencamine">Fencamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">Dexfenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feprosidnine" title="Feprosidnine">Feprosidnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetorex" title="Formetorex">Formetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepefrine" title="Gepefrine">Gepefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapradol" title="Hexapradol">Hexapradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine">HMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-IAI" title="5-IAI">5-Iodo-2-aminoindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Indanylaminopropane">Indanylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iofetamine">Iofetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">L-Deprenyl</a> (Selegiline)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxybutylamphetamine" title="Methylenedioxybutylamphetamine">MDBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypropylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxypropylamphetamine">MDPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephentermine" title="Mephentermine">Mephentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanephrine" title="Metanephrine">Metanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarb" title="Mesocarb">Mesocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine">MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxymethamphetamine" title="3-Methoxymethamphetamine">MMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine">N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine" title="N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine">N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoxetine" title="Nisoxetine">Nisoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenefrine" title="Norfenefrine">Norfenefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normetanephrine" title="Normetanephrine">Normetanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Norpseudoephedrine" title="L-Norpseudoephedrine">L-Norpseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortetamine" title="Ortetamine">Ortetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxifentorex" title="Oxifentorex">Oxifentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilofrine" title="Oxilofrine">Oxilofrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">PBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloromethamphetamine" title="Para-Chloromethamphetamine">PCMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpholedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norpholedrine">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentorex" title="Pentorex">Pentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenatine" title="Phenatine">Phenatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenpromethamine" title="Phenpromethamine">Phenpromethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">PIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxyamphetamine">PMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine">PMEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxymethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxymethamphetamine">PMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropylaminopentane" title="Phenylpropylaminopentane">PPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylamphetamine" title="Propylamphetamine">Propylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodrenaline" title="Theodrenaline">Theodrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiflorex" title="Tiflorex">Tiflorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenylmorpholine" title="Substituted phenylmorpholine">Phenylmorpholines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluorophenmetrazine" title="3-Fluorophenmetrazine">3-Fluorophenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbutrazate" title="Fenbutrazate">Fenbutrazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetramide" title="Fenmetramide">Fenmetramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-130" title="G-130">G-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazone" title="Morazone">Morazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-128,907" title="PD-128,907">PD-128,907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendimetrazine" title="Phendimetrazine">Phendimetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenmetrazine" title="Phenmetrazine">Phenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine" title="2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine">2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudophenmetrazine" title="Pseudophenmetrazine">Pseudophenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B-BZP" title="2C-B-BZP">2C-B-BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine" class="mw-redirect" title="1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine">3C-PEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM156" title="CM156">CM156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBL-583" title="DBL-583">DBL-583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12783" title="GBR-12783">GBR-12783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13069" title="GBR-13069">GBR-13069</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13098" title="GBR-13098">GBR-13098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13119" title="GBR-13119">GBR-13119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJC8-088" title="JJC8-088">JJC8-088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine" title="Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine">MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine" title="Methylbenzylpiperazine">MBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine" title="Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine">oMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piperidine" title="Piperidine">Piperidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine" title="1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine">1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Benzylpiperidine" title="2-Benzylpiperidine">2-Benzylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine" title="2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine">2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate" title="3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate">3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Benzylpiperidine" title="4-Benzylpiperidine">4-Benzylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethylphenidate" title="4-Fluoromethylphenidate">4-Fluoromethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethylphenidate" title="4-Methylmethylphenidate">4-Methylmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxypipradrol" title="Desoxypipradrol">Desoxypipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemetorex" title="Difemetorex">Difemetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylpyraline" title="Diphenylpyraline">Diphenylpyraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDEP-28" title="HDEP-28">Ethylnaphthidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphenidate" title="Ethylphenidate">Ethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">Methylnaphthidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropylphenidate" title="Isopropylphenidate">Isopropylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/(%2B)-CPCA" title="(+)-CPCA">Nocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Phacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylphenidate" title="Propylphenidate">Propylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-5472" title="SCH-5472">SCH-5472</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrolidine" title="Pyrrolidine">Pyrrolidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine" title="2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine">2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone">4-Cl-PVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-DBFPV" title="5-DBFPV">5-DBFPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone">α-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone">α-PBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-PCYP" title="Α-PCYP">α-PCYP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-PHiP" title="Α-PHiP">α-PHiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone">α-PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pyrrolidinoheptaphenone" title="Α-Pyrrolidinoheptaphenone">α-PHPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">α-PVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone">α-PVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylprolinol" title="Diphenylprolinol">Diphenylprolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Dimethoxy-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="3',4'-Dimethoxy-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">DMPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluoro-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinooctanophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluoro-α-Pyrrolidinooctanophenone">FPOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluoro-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluoro-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">FPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MDPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MDPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-a-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Methyl-a-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone">MPHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Methoxy-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">MOPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MOPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indapyrophenidone" title="Indapyrophenidone">Indapyrophenidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylpyrrolidine" title="Phenylethylpyrrolidine">PEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picilorex" title="Picilorex">Picilorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racetam" title="Racetam">Racetams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam" title="Phenylpiracetam">Phenylpiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam_hydrazide" title="Phenylpiracetam hydrazide">Phenylpiracetam hydrazide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-fluorotropacocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-fluorotropacocaine">4-fluorotropacocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluorococaine" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluorococaine">4'-Fluorococaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altropane" title="Altropane">Altropane (IACFT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_35428" class="mw-redirect" title="WIN 35428">CFT (WIN 35,428)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">β-CIT (RTI-55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaethylene" title="Cocaethylene">Cocaethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloropane" title="Dichloropane">Dichloropane (RTI-111)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluoropine" title="Difluoropine">Difluoropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FE-β-CPPIT">FE-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FP-β-CPPIT">FP-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioflupane_(123I)" title="Ioflupane (123I)">Ioflupane (123I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norcocaine" title="Norcocaine">Norcocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane" title="2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane">PIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(4-tolyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane">PTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-31" title="RTI-31">RTI-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-32" title="RTI-32">RTI-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-51" title="RTI-51">RTI-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-112" title="RTI-112">RTI-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-113" title="RTI-113">RTI-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-120" title="RTI-120">RTI-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-121" title="RTI-121">RTI-121 (IPCIT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-126" title="RTI-126">RTI-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-150" title="RTI-150">RTI-150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-177" title="RTI-177">RTI-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-229" title="RTI-229">RTI-229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(-)-2%CE%B2-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3%CE%B2-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-2β-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane">RTI-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-354" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI-354">RTI-354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-371" title="RTI-371">RTI-371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-386" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI-386">RTI-386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylmethylecgonine" title="Salicylmethylecgonine">Salicylmethylecgonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparil" title="Troparil">Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropoxane" title="Tropoxane">Tropoxane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(2-naphthyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane">WF-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B1-(Propanoyl)-3%CE%B2-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane" title="2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane">WF-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-%CE%B1MT" title="4-HO-αMT">4-HO-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-αET">4-Methyl-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-αMT">4-Methyl-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT" title="5-Chloro-αMT">5-Chloro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Fluoro-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Fluoro-αMT">5-Fluoro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-αET">5-MeO-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-αMT">5-MeO-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine">5-MeO-DIPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoro-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="6-Fluoro-αMT">6-Fluoro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Methyl-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="7-Methyl-αET">7-Methyl-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Ethyltryptamine" title="Α-Ethyltryptamine">αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Methyltryptamine" title="Α-Methyltryptamine">αMT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfonelic_acid" title="Amfonelic acid">Amfonelic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiphenazole" title="Amiphenazole">Amiphenazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atipamezole" title="Atipamezole">Atipamezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemegride" title="Bemegride">Bemegride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyltolylquinuclidine" title="Butyltolylquinuclidine">BTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_74,398" title="BTS 74,398">BTS 74,398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenciclan" title="Clofenciclan">Clofenciclan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cropropamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cropropamide">Cropropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotetamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotetamide">Crotetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-161" title="D-161">D-161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efaroxan" title="Efaroxan">Efaroxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamivan" title="Etamivan">Etamivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenisorex" title="Fenisorex">Fenisorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpentadiol" title="Fenpentadiol">Fenpentadiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamfexine" title="Gamfexine">Gamfexine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilutensin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilutensin">Gilutensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1360707F" title="GSK1360707F">GSK1360707F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52895" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52895">GYKI-52895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexacyclonate" title="Hexacyclonate">Hexacyclonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazoxan" title="Idazoxan">Idazoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanorex" title="Indanorex">Indanorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazabemide" title="Lazabemide">Lazabemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptacline" title="Leptacline">Leptacline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomevactone" title="Lomevactone">Lomevactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefexamide" title="Mefexamide">Mefexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamnetamine" title="Methamnetamine">Methamnetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methastyridone" title="Methastyridone">Methastyridone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiopropamine" title="Methiopropamine">Methiopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikethamide" title="Nikethamide">Nikethamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprotiline" title="Oxaprotiline">Oxaprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-99,194" title="PNU-99,194">PNU-99,194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasagiline" title="Rasagiline">Rasagiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_chloride" title="Rubidium chloride">Rubidium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setazindol" title="Setazindol">Setazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tametraline" title="Tametraline">Tametraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandamine" title="Tandamine">Tandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiopropamine" title="Thiopropamine">Thiopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothinone" title="Thiothinone">Thiothinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazium" title="Trazium">Trazium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-232" title="UH-232">UH-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-style:italic"><div><a href="/wiki/ATC_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code">ATC code</a>: <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06B" title="ATC code N06">N06B</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_drug_groups" title="Template talk:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major chemical drug groups – based upon the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>stomach acid <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H2 antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H1 antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs" title="Category:Drugs">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:ATC_codes" title="Category:ATC codes">ATC codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug production and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a 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