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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Medical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Recreational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coca_leaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coca_leaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Coca leaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coca_leaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insufflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insufflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Insufflation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insufflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Injection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Inhalation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Acute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chronic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Addiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependence_and_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependence_and_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dependence and withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependence_and_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>During pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pharmacokinetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pharmacodynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Salts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crack_cocaine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crack_cocaine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Crack cocaine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crack_cocaine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coca_leaf_infusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coca_leaf_infusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Coca leaf infusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coca_leaf_infusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1</span> <span><i>N</i>-methyl-pyrrolinium cation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_Robinson's_acetonedicarboxylate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Robinson's_acetonedicarboxylate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.2</span> <span>Robert Robinson's acetonedicarboxylate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Robinson's_acetonedicarboxylate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduction_of_tropinone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduction_of_tropinone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.3</span> <span>Reduction of tropinone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduction_of_tropinone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_clandestine_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_clandestine_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.4</span> <span>Illegal clandestine chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_clandestine_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GMO_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GMO_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>GMO synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GMO_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_in_body_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_in_body_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Detection in body fluids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_in_body_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Field analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependence_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependence_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dependence treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependence_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolation_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Isolation and naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Medicalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Popularization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Interdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trafficking_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trafficking_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Trafficking and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trafficking_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caribbean_and_Mexican_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_and_Mexican_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3.1</span> <span>Caribbean and Mexican routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_and_Mexican_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chilean_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chilean_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3.2</span> <span>Chilean route</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilean_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3.3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales_to_consumers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales_to_consumers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Sales to consumers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales_to_consumers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.5</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > 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Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koka%C3%AFen" title="Kokaïen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kokaïen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كوكايين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوكايين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="কোকেইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কোকেইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca%C3%ADna" title="Cocaína – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cocaína" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="কোকেইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোকেইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Какаін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Какаін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Какаін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Какаін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Cocaine" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кокаин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кокаин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca%C3%AFna" title="Cocaïna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cocaïna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coc%C3%AAn" title="Cocên – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cocên" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokaiin" title="Kokaiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kokaiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%90%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Κοκαΐνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοκαΐνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca%C3%ADna" title="Cocaína – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cocaína" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokaino" title="Kokaino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kokaino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokaina" title="Kokaina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kokaina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کوکائین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوکائین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca%C3%AFne" title="Cocaïne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cocaïne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3caon" title="Cócaon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cócaon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2cein" title="Còcein – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còcein" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca%C3%ADna" title="Cocaína – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cocaína" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="코카인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코카인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Կոկաին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոկաին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="कोकेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोकेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokaino" title="Kokaino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kokaino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaina" title="Cocaina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cocaina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ka%C3%ADn" title="Kókaín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kókaín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaina" title="Cocaina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cocaina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9F" title="קוקאין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוקאין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokaina" title="Kokaina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kokaina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕೊಕೇನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಕೇನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კოკაინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოკაინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کوکین – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کوکین" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кокаин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кокаин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кокаин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кокаин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocainum" title="Cocainum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cocainum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koka%C4%ABns" title="Kokaīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kokaīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokainas" title="Kokainas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kokainas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca%C3%AFne" title="Cocaïne – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cocaïne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokeyini" title="Kokeyini – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kokeyini" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaina" title="Cocaina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cocaina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кокаин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кокаин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4kainina" title="Kôkainina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kôkainina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB" title="കൊക്കെയ്ൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊക്കെയ്ൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კოკაინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოკაინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كوكايين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوكايين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کوکائین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوکائین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကိုကိန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုကိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca%C3%AFne" title="Cocaïne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cocaïne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="कोकेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोकेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="コカイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コカイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca%C3%AFna" title="Cocaïna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cocaïna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="କୋକେନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୋକେନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੋਕੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਕੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كوكايين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="كوكايين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokaina" title="Kokaina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kokaina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca%C3%ADna" title="Cocaína – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cocaína" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocain%C4%83" title="Cocaină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cocaină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кокаин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кокаин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokaina" title="Kokaina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kokaina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucaina" title="Cucaina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cucaina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cocaine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koka%C3%ADn" title="Kokaín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kokaín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کۆکایین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆکایین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кокаин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кокаин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokaiini" title="Kokaiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kokaiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கோக்கைன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோக்கைன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కొకైన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొకైన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99" title="โคเคน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โคเคน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kokain" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD" title="Кокаїн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кокаїн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کوکین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوکین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocain" title="Cocain – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cocain" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="可卡因 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="可卡因" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokayna" title="Kokayna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kokayna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="可卡因 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="可卡因" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="可卡因 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="可卡因" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="可卡因 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可卡因" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41576#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cocaine (disambiguation)">Cocaine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Cocaine">Cocaine</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kokain_-_Cocaine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kokain_-_Cocaine.svg/220px-Kokain_-_Cocaine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kokain_-_Cocaine.svg/330px-Kokain_-_Cocaine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kokain_-_Cocaine.svg/440px-Kokain_-_Cocaine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="164" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size dark_mode_safe" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png/220px-Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png/330px-Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png/440px-Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="698" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data">kə(ʊ)ˈkeɪn </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Neurocaine,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goprelto,<sup id="cite_ref-Goprelto_FDA_label_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goprelto_FDA_label-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numbrino,<sup id="cite_ref-Numbrino_FDA_label_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbrino_FDA_label-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Coke, blow, snow, yay, <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">crack</a> (in free base form)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/cons/cocaine.html">Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Cocaine">Cocaine</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence<br />liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical</a>: Low <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological</a>: High<sup id="cite_ref-Gho2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gho2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction<br />liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">High<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Topical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">insufflation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">inhalation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SNDRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SNDRI">SNDRI</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Monoamines:_Dopamine,_Norepinephrin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monoamines:_Dopamine,_Norepinephrin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulant</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N01" title="ATC code N01">N01BC01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01BC01">WHO</a></span>) <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R02" title="ATC code R02">R02AD03</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R02AD03">WHO</a></span>), <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S01" title="ATC code S01">S01HA01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=S01HA01">WHO</a></span>), <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S02" title="ATC code S02">S02DA02</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=S02DA02">WHO</a></span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_8" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S8</a> (Controlled drug)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_F1" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class F1</a> (Prohibited narcotics)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_I" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Schedule I</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Germany">DE</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_German_Narcotic_Drugs_Act#Anlage_III" title="Drugs controlled by the German Narcotic Drugs Act">Anlage III</a> (Special prescription form required)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="New Zealand">NZ</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1975#Class_A" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1975">Class A</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act#Class_A_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act">Class A</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_II_drugs" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule II</a><sup id="cite_ref-DEA2017Sched_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEA2017Sched-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Nations">UN</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs#List_of_controlled_narcotic_drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Narcotic Schedules I and III</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>: 33%<sup id="cite_ref-fattinger2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fattinger2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">Insufflated</a>: 60<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–80%<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">Nasal spray</a>: 25<sup id="cite_ref-Intranasal_and_oral_cocaine_kinetic_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intranasal_and_oral_cocaine_kinetic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–43%<sup id="cite_ref-fattinger2000_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fattinger2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norcocaine" title="Norcocaine">Norcocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzoylecgonine" title="Benzoylecgonine">benzoylecgonine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaethylene" title="Cocaethylene">cocaethylene</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Seconds to minutes<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 to 90 minutes<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">Methyl (1<i>R</i>,2<i>R</i>,3<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-36-2">50-36-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/446220">446220</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2286">2286</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00907">DB00907</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10194104.html">10194104</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/I5Y540LHVR">I5Y540LHVR</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00110">D00110</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:27958">CHEBI:27958</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL370805">ChEMBL370805</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB ligand</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>COC (<span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=COC">PDBe</a></span>, <span title="www.rcsb.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/COC">RCSB PDB</a></span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2038443">DTXSID2038443</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41576#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.030">100.000.030</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41576#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>17</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>21</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>4</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002303358000000000♠"></span>303.358</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CN1%5BC%40H%5D2CC%5BC%40%40H%5D1%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%28OC%29%3DO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28OC%28C3%3DCC%3DCC%3DC3%29%3DO%29C2">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">98 °C (208 °F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">187 °C (369 °F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.8g/L (22 °C)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@H](OC(C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)C2</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Data page</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_(data_page)" title="Cocaine (data page)">Cocaine (data page)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477165921&page2=Cocaine">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cocaine</b> (from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i> cocaïne</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i> <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a></i>, ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a> <i> kúka</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Tropane_alkaloid" title="Tropane alkaloid">tropane alkaloid</a> that acts as a <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a>. As an extract, it is mainly <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">used recreationally</a> and often <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">illegally</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">rewarding</a> effects. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_South_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous South Americans">indigenous South Americans</a> for various purposes and rarely, but more formally, as a <a href="/wiki/Local_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anaesthetic">local anaesthetic</a> or diagnostic tool by medical practitioners in more developed countries. It is primarily obtained from the leaves of two <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> species native to South America: <i><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylum_coca" title="Erythroxylum coca">Erythroxylum coca</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylum_novogranatense" title="Erythroxylum novogranatense">E. novogranatense</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pom2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pom2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After extraction from the plant, and further processing into cocaine <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloride" title="Hydrochloride">hydrochloride</a> (powdered cocaine), the drug is <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">administered</a> by being either <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">snorted</a>, applied <a href="/wiki/Topical_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical administration">topically</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>, or dissolved and <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injected</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">vein</a>. It can also then be turned into <a href="/wiki/Free_base" title="Free base">free base</a> form (typically <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">crack cocaine</a>), in which it can be heated until <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimated</a> and then the vapours can be <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">inhaled</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine stimulates the <a href="/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway" title="Mesolimbic pathway">mesolimbic pathway</a> in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Pom2012_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pom2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mental effects may include an <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">intense feeling of happiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">loss of contact with reality</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">agitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical effects may include a <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">fast heart rate</a>, sweating, and <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">dilated pupils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High doses can result in <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">high body temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onset of effects can begin within seconds to minutes of use, depending on method of delivery, and can last between five and ninety minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As cocaine also has <a href="/wiki/Topical_anesthetic" title="Topical anesthetic">numbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstrictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasoconstrictor">blood vessel constriction</a> properties, it is occasionally used during surgery on the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">throat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">inside of the nose</a> to control pain, bleeding, and <a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">vocal cord spasm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine crosses the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> via a proton-coupled <a href="/wiki/Organic_cation_transport_protein" title="Organic cation transport protein">organic cation antiporter</a><sup id="cite_ref-How_do_psychostimulants_enter_the_h_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_do_psychostimulants_enter_the_h-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Structural_Requirements_for_Uptake_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structural_Requirements_for_Uptake-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (to a lesser extent) via <a href="/wiki/Passive_transport" title="Passive transport">passive diffusion across cell membranes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine blocks the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine transporter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Reuptake" title="Reuptake">reuptake</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_cleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic cleft">synaptic cleft</a> into the pre-synaptic <a href="/wiki/Axon_terminal" title="Axon terminal">axon terminal</a>; the higher dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft increase <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">dopamine receptor</a> activation in the post-synaptic neuron,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing euphoria and arousal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine also blocks the <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">serotonin transporter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">norepinephrine transporter</a>, inhibiting reuptake of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> from the synaptic cleft into the pre-synaptic <a href="/wiki/Axon_terminal" title="Axon terminal">axon terminal</a> and increasing activation of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin receptor">serotonin receptors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine receptor">norepinephrine receptors</a> in the post-synaptic neuron, contributing to the mental and physical effects of cocaine exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Monoamines:_Dopamine,_Norepinephrin_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monoamines:_Dopamine,_Norepinephrin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A single dose of cocaine induces <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a> to the drug's effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambre1988_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambre1988-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repeated use is likely to result in <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">addiction</a>. Addicts who abstain from cocaine may experience prolonged <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">craving</a> lasting for many months.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abstaining addicts also experience modest <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">drug withdrawal</a> symptoms lasting up to 24 hours, with sleep disruption, anxiety, irritability, crashing, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decreased_libido" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreased libido">decreased libido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">decreased ability to feel pleasure</a>, and fatigue being common.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pom2012_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pom2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of cocaine increases the overall risk of death, and intravenous use potentially increases the risk of trauma and infectious diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">blood infections</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> through the use of shared <a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">paraphernalia</a>. It also increases risk of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmia</a>, lung injury (when smoked), and <a href="/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden cardiac death">sudden cardiac death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pom2012_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pom2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sor2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sor2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illicitly sold cocaine can be adulterated with <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anesthetics">local anesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levamisole" title="Levamisole">levamisole</a>, cornstarch, <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>, or sugar, which can result in additional toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Global Burden of Disease study found that cocaine use caused around 7,300 deaths annually.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <p>Coca leaves have been used by <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a> since <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">ancient times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold2009_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Valdez_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valdez-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Inca</a> culture, and through modern successor <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Andes_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes mountains">Andes mountains</a>, coca leaves are chewed, taken orally in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Coca_tea" title="Coca tea">tea</a>, or alternatively, prepared in a sachet wrapped around alkaline burnt ashes, and held in the <a href="/wiki/Buccal_pouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal pouch">mouth against the inner cheek</a>; it has traditionally been used to combat the effects of cold, hunger, and <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plant_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plant-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-Pom2012_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pom2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globally, in 2019, cocaine was used by an estimated 20 million people (0.4% of adults aged 15 to 64 years). The highest prevalence of cocaine use was in Australia and New Zealand (2.1%), followed by North America (2.1%), Western and Central Europe (1.4%), and South and Central America (1.0%).<sup id="cite_ref-WDR2021_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDR2021-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a> has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, cocaine is regulated as a Schedule II drug under the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a>, meaning that it has a high potential for abuse but has an accepted medical use.<sup id="cite_ref-DEA_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEA-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While rarely used medically today, its accepted uses are as a topical local anesthetic for the upper respiratory tract as well as to reduce bleeding in the mouth, throat and nasal cavities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3></div><p> Cocaine <a href="/wiki/Eye_drop" title="Eye drop">eye drops</a> are frequently used by <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurologists</a> when examining people suspected of having <a href="/wiki/Horner%27s_syndrome" title="Horner's syndrome">Horner syndrome</a>. In Horner syndrome, <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_innervation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic innervation">sympathetic innervation</a> to the eye is blocked. In a healthy eye, cocaine will stimulate the sympathetic nerves by inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake, and the <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a> will dilate; if the patient has Horner syndrome, the sympathetic nerves are blocked, and the affected eye will remain constricted or dilate to a lesser extent than the opposing (unaffected) eye which also receives the eye drop test. If both eyes dilate equally, the patient does not have Horner syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocaine_hydrochloride_CII_for_medicinal_use.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cocaine_hydrochloride_CII_for_medicinal_use.jpg/170px-Cocaine_hydrochloride_CII_for_medicinal_use.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cocaine_hydrochloride_CII_for_medicinal_use.jpg/255px-Cocaine_hydrochloride_CII_for_medicinal_use.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cocaine_hydrochloride_CII_for_medicinal_use.jpg/340px-Cocaine_hydrochloride_CII_for_medicinal_use.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="3198" /></a><figcaption>Cocaine <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloride" title="Hydrochloride">hydrochloride</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Topical cocaine is sometimes used as a local <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">numbing agent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstrictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasoconstrictor">vasoconstrictor</a> to help control pain and bleeding with surgery of the nose, mouth, throat or <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacrimal duct">lacrimal duct</a>. It is also used for topical airway anaesthesia for procedures such as awake fibreoptic bronchoscopy or intubation. Although some absorption and systemic effects may occur, the use of cocaine as a topical anesthetic and vasoconstrictor is generally safe, rarely causing <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> toxicity, <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">pupil dilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwyer2016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwyer2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, cocaine is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> and used topically for surgery, a formulation called <a href="/wiki/Moffett%27s_solution" title="Moffett's solution">Moffett's solution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloride" title="Hydrochloride">hydrochloride</a> (<b>Goprelto</b>), an ester local anesthetic, was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2017, and is indicated for the introduction of local anesthesia of the mucous membranes for diagnostic procedures and surgeries on or through the nasal cavities of adults.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goprelto_FDA_label_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goprelto_FDA_label-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine hydrochloride (<b>Numbrino</b>) was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Numbrino_FDA_label_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbrino_FDA_label-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common adverse reactions in people treated with Goprelto are headache and <a href="/wiki/Epistaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistaxis">epistaxis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goprelto_FDA_label_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goprelto_FDA_label-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common adverse reactions in people treated with Numbrino are hypertension, tachycardia, and sinus tachycardia.<sup id="cite_ref-Numbrino_FDA_label_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbrino_FDA_label-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational">Recreational</h3></div> <p>Cocaine is a <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> stimulant.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its effects can last from 15 minutes to an hour. The duration of cocaine's effects depends on the amount taken and the route of administration.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2007_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2007-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine can be in the form of fine white powder and has a bitter taste. <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack cocaine</a> is a smokeable form of cocaine made into small "rocks" by processing cocaine with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a> (baking soda) and water.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sordo2014_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sordo2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crack cocaine is referred to as "crack" because of the crackling sounds it makes when heated.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine use leads to increases in alertness, feelings of well-being and <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, increased energy and motor activity, and increased feelings of competence and <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Donroe2017_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donroe2017-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">correlation</a> between the use of 18 various <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive substance">psychoactive substances</a> shows that cocaine use correlates with other "<a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">party drugs</a>" (such as <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecstasy (drug)">ecstasy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamines">amphetamines</a>), as well as with <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> use, and can be considered as a bridge between the use of different groups of drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coca_leaves">Coca leaves</h4></div> <p>It is legal for people to use <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> leaves in some Andean nations, such as <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, where they are chewed, consumed in the form of tea, or are sometimes incorporated into food products.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coca leaves are typically mixed with an alkaline substance (such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">lime</a>) and chewed into a wad that is retained in the <a href="/wiki/Buccal_pouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal pouch">buccal pouch</a> (mouth between gum and cheek, much the same as <a href="/wiki/Chewing_tobacco" title="Chewing tobacco">chewing tobacco</a> is chewed) and sucked of its juices. The juices are absorbed slowly by the mucous membrane of the inner cheek and by the gastrointestinal tract when swallowed. Alternatively, coca leaves can be infused in liquid and consumed like tea. <a href="/wiki/Coca_tea" title="Coca tea">Coca tea</a>, an infusion of coca leaves, is also a traditional method of consumption. The tea has often been recommended for travelers in the Andes to prevent <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-luks_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luks-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its actual effectiveness has never been systematically studied.<sup id="cite_ref-luks_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luks-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986 an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a></i> revealed that U.S. <a href="/wiki/Health_food_store" title="Health food store">health food stores</a> were selling dried coca leaves to be prepared as an infusion as "Health Inca Tea". While the packaging claimed it had been "decocainized", no such process had actually taken place. The article stated that drinking two cups of the tea per day gave a mild <a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">stimulation</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emotional_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional mood">mood</a> elevation, and the tea was essentially harmless.<sup id="cite_ref-Siegel_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insufflation">Insufflation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocaine_lines_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cocaine_lines_2.jpg/220px-Cocaine_lines_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cocaine_lines_2.jpg/330px-Cocaine_lines_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cocaine_lines_2.jpg/440px-Cocaine_lines_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Lines of cocaine prepared for <a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">snorting</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nasal <a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">insufflation</a> (known colloquially as "snorting", "sniffing", or "blowing") is a common method of ingestion of recreational powdered cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drug coats and is absorbed through the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> lining the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_passages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal passages">nasal passages</a>. Cocaine's desired euphoric effects are delayed when snorted through the nose by about five minutes. This occurs because cocaine's absorption is slowed by its constricting effect on the blood vessels of the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insufflation of cocaine also leads to the longest duration of its effects (60–90 minutes).<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When insufflating cocaine, absorption through the nasal membranes is approximately 30–60%<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 14.6 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkow_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkow-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any damage to the inside of the nose is due to cocaine constricting blood vessels — and therefore restricting blood and oxygen/nutrient flow — to that area. </p><p>Rolled up <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">banknotes</a>, hollowed-out <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pens</a>, cut <a href="/wiki/Drinking_straw" title="Drinking straw">straws</a>, pointed ends of keys, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_spoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine spoon">specialized spoons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long <a href="/wiki/Fingernails" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingernails">fingernails</a>, and (clean) tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine. The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat, hard surface (such as a mobile phone screen, mirror, CD case or book) and divided into "bumps", "lines" or "rails", and then insufflated.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2001 study reported that the sharing of straws used to "snort" cocaine can spread blood diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Injection">Injection</h4></div> <p>Subjective effects not commonly shared with other methods of administration include a ringing in the ears moments after injection (usually when over 120 milligrams) lasting 2 to 5 minutes including <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a> and audio distortion. This is colloquially referred to as a "bell ringer". In a study of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 3.1 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkow_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkow-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The euphoria passes quickly. Aside from the toxic effects of cocaine, there is also the danger of circulatory <a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">emboli</a> from the insoluble substances that may be used to cut the drug. As with all injected <a href="/wiki/Illicit_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Illicit substances">illicit substances</a>, there is a risk of the user contracting blood-borne infections if sterile injecting equipment is not available or used. </p><p>An injected mixture of cocaine and <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, known as "<a href="/wiki/Speedball_(drug)" title="Speedball (drug)">speedball</a>", is a particularly dangerous combination, as the converse effects of the drugs actually complement each other, but may also mask the symptoms of an overdose. It has been responsible for numerous deaths, including celebrities such as comedians/actors <a href="/wiki/John_Belushi" title="John Belushi">John Belushi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Farley" title="Chris Farley">Chris Farley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitch_Hedberg" title="Mitch Hedberg">Mitch Hedberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Phoenix" title="River Phoenix">River Phoenix</a>, grunge singer <a href="/wiki/Layne_Staley" title="Layne Staley">Layne Staley</a> and actor <a href="/wiki/Philip_Seymour_Hoffman" title="Philip Seymour Hoffman">Philip Seymour Hoffman</a>. Experimentally, cocaine injections can be delivered to animals such as <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">fruit flies</a> to study the mechanisms of cocaine addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inhalation">Inhalation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack cocaine</a></div> <p>The onset of cocaine's euphoric effects is fastest with inhalation, beginning after 3–5 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives the briefest euphoria (5–15 minutes).<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine is smoked by inhaling the vapor produced when <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">crack cocaine</a> is heated to the point of sublimation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2000 Brookhaven National Laboratory medical department study, based on self-reports of 32 people who used cocaine who participated in the study, "peak high" was found at a mean of 1.4 ± 0.5 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkow_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkow-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a> products of cocaine that occur only when heated/smoked have been shown to change the effect profile, <i>i.e.</i> <a href="/wiki/Methylecgonidine" title="Methylecgonidine">anhydroecgonine methyl ester</a>, when co-administered with cocaine, increases the dopamine in CPu and NAc brain regions, and has M<sub>1</sub> — and M<sub>3</sub> — receptor affinity.<sup id="cite_ref-GarciaTorres2016_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarciaTorres2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People often freebase crack with a pipe made from a small glass tube, often taken from "<a href="/wiki/Love_rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Love rose">love roses</a>", small glass tubes with a paper rose that are promoted as romantic gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are sometimes called "stems", "horns", "blasters" and "straight shooters". A small piece of clean heavy copper or occasionally stainless steel scouring pad – often called a "brillo" (actual <a href="/wiki/Brillo_Pad" title="Brillo Pad">Brillo Pads</a> contain soap, and are not used) or "chore" (named for <a href="/wiki/Chore_Boy" title="Chore Boy">Chore Boy</a> brand copper scouring pads) – serves as a reduction base and flow modulator in which the "rock" can be melted and boiled to vapor. Crack is smoked by placing it at the end of the pipe; a flame held close to it produces vapor, which is then inhaled by the smoker. The effects felt almost immediately after smoking, are very intense and do not last long — usually 2 to 10 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When smoked, cocaine is sometimes combined with other drugs, such as <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, often rolled into a joint or <a href="/wiki/Blunt_(drug_culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunt (drug culture)">blunt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_intoxication" title="Cocaine intoxication">Cocaine intoxication</a></div> <div class="skin-invert-image"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 2010 study ranking various illegal and legal drugs based on statements by drug-harm experts in the UK. Crack cocaine and cocaine were found to be the third and fifth overall most dangerous drugs respectively.[65]"><img alt="A 2010 study ranking various illegal and legal drugs based on statements by drug-harm experts in the UK. Crack cocaine and cocaine were found to be the third and fifth overall most dangerous drugs respectively.[65]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/408px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/612px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/815px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 2010 study ranking various illegal and legal drugs based on statements by drug-harm experts in the UK. Crack cocaine and cocaine were found to be the third and fifth overall most dangerous drugs respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_timeline._Opioid_involvement_in_cocaine_overdose.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opioid involvement in cocaine overdose deaths in the US. The pale green line is cocaine without any opioid (bottom line in 2017). The yellow line is cocaine and synthetic opioids other than methadone (top line in 2017).[66]"><img alt="Opioid involvement in cocaine overdose deaths in the US. The green line is cocaine and any opioid (top line in 2017). The gray line is cocaine without any opioids (bottom line in 2017). The yellow line is cocaine and other synthetic opioids (middle line in 2017)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_timeline._Opioid_involvement_in_cocaine_overdose.jpg/420px-US_timeline._Opioid_involvement_in_cocaine_overdose.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_timeline._Opioid_involvement_in_cocaine_overdose.jpg/631px-US_timeline._Opioid_involvement_in_cocaine_overdose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_timeline._Opioid_involvement_in_cocaine_overdose.jpg/840px-US_timeline._Opioid_involvement_in_cocaine_overdose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opioid involvement in cocaine overdose deaths in the US. The pale green line is cocaine without any opioid (bottom line in 2017). The yellow line is cocaine and <a href="/wiki/Category:Synthetic_opioids" title="Category:Synthetic opioids">synthetic opioids</a> other than methadone (top line in 2017).<sup id="cite_ref-NIDA-deaths_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDA-deaths-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 338px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 336px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_bar_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs based on expert opinion in the UK. Cocaine was ranked the 2nd in dependence and physical harm and 3rd in social harm.[67]"><img alt="Delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs based on expert opinion in the UK. Cocaine was ranked the 2nd in dependence and physical harm and 3rd in social harm.[67]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_bar_plot.svg/504px-Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_bar_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="336" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_bar_plot.svg/757px-Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_bar_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_bar_plot.svg/1008px-Rational_harm_assessment_of_drugs_bar_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Delphi_method" title="Delphi method">Delphic analysis</a> regarding 20 popular recreational drugs based on expert opinion in the UK. Cocaine was ranked the 2nd in dependence and physical harm and 3rd in social harm.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute">Acute</h3></div> <p>Acute exposure to cocaine has many effects on humans, including euphoria, increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and increases in cortisol secretion from the adrenal gland.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans with acute exposure followed by continuous exposure to cocaine at a constant blood concentration, the acute tolerance to the chronotropic cardiac effects of cocaine begins after about 10 minutes, while acute tolerance to the euphoric effects of cocaine begins after about one hour.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambre1988_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambre1988-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With excessive or prolonged use, the drug can cause <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">fast heart rate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Formication" title="Formication">paranoid delusions or sensations of insects crawling on the skin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weizhao2008_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weizhao2008-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intranasal cocaine and crack use are both associated with pharmacological violence. Aggressive behavior may be displayed by both addicts and casual users. Cocaine can induce <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> characterized by paranoia, impaired <a href="/wiki/Reality_testing" title="Reality testing">reality testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>, irritability, and physical aggression. <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_intoxication" title="Cocaine intoxication">Cocaine intoxication</a> can cause hyperawareness, <a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">hypervigilance</a>, and psychomotor agitation and <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>. Consumption of large doses of cocaine can cause violent outbursts, especially by those with preexisting psychosis. Crack-related violence is also systemic, relating to disputes between crack dealers and users.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute exposure may induce cardiac arrhythmias, including <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraventricular_tachycardia" title="Supraventricular tachycardia">supraventricular tachycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia" title="Ventricular tachycardia">ventricular tachycardia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">ventricular fibrillation</a>. Acute exposure may also lead to <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine overdose may cause <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">abnormally high body temperature</a> and a marked elevation of blood pressure, which can be life-threatening,<sup id="cite_ref-weizhao2008_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weizhao2008-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">abnormal heart rhythms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nav_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nav-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and death.<sup id="cite_ref-Nav_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nav-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>, and restlessness can also occur, especially during the comedown. With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions and increased body temperature are observed.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2004_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe cardiac adverse events, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden cardiac death">sudden cardiac death</a>, become a serious risk at high doses due to cocaine's blocking effect on cardiac sodium channels.<sup id="cite_ref-Nav_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nav-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidental exposure of the eye to sublimated cocaine while smoking crack cocaine can cause serious injury to the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> and long-term loss of visual acuity.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic">Chronic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_effects_of_chronic_use_of_Cocaine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Side_effects_of_chronic_use_of_Cocaine.png/310px-Side_effects_of_chronic_use_of_Cocaine.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Side_effects_of_chronic_use_of_Cocaine.png/465px-Side_effects_of_chronic_use_of_Cocaine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Side_effects_of_chronic_use_of_Cocaine.png/620px-Side_effects_of_chronic_use_of_Cocaine.png 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2098" /></a><figcaption>Side effects of chronic cocaine use</figcaption></figure><p>Although it has been commonly asserted, the available evidence does not show that chronic use of cocaine is associated with broad cognitive deficits.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research is inconclusive on age-related loss of <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine transporter</a> (DAT) sites, suggesting cocaine has neuroprotective or neurodegenerative properties for dopamine neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to cocaine may lead to the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physical side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include <a href="/wiki/Hemoptysis" title="Hemoptysis">coughing up blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">bronchospasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">itching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, diffuse alveolar infiltrates without effusions, pulmonary and systemic <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilia" title="Eosinophilia">eosinophilia</a>, chest pain, lung trauma, sore throat, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, hoarse voice, <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a> (shortness of breath), and an aching, <a href="/wiki/Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu">flu</a>-like syndrome. Cocaine <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">constricts blood vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">dilates pupils</a>, and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It can also cause headaches and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea. A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">tooth enamel</a> and causes <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">tooth decay</a>. Cocaine can cause involuntary tooth grinding, known as <a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">bruxism</a>, which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to <a href="/wiki/Gingivitis" title="Gingivitis">gingivitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, stimulants like cocaine, methamphetamine, and even caffeine cause dehydration and <a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">dry mouth</a>. Since saliva is an important mechanism in maintaining one's oral pH level, people who use cocaine over a long period of time who do not hydrate sufficiently may experience demineralization of their teeth due to the pH of the tooth surface dropping too low (below 5.5). Cocaine use also promotes the <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">formation of blood clots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increase in blood clot formation is attributed to cocaine-associated increases in the activity of <a href="/wiki/Plasminogen_activator_inhibitor-1" title="Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1">plasminogen activator inhibitor</a>, and an increase in the number, activation, and aggregation of <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> separating the <a href="/wiki/Nostrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostrils">nostrils</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Septum_nasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Septum nasi">septum nasi</a>), leading eventually to its complete disappearance. Due to the absorption of the cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride, the remaining hydrochloride forms a dilute hydrochloric acid.<sup id="cite_ref-pagliaros_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pagliaros-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illicitly-sold cocaine may be contaminated with levamisole.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levamisole may accentuate cocaine's effects.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levamisole-adulterated cocaine has been associated with autoimmune disease.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine use leads to an increased risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sordo2014_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sordo2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine use also increases the risk of having a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Havakuk2017_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Havakuk2017-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addiction">Addiction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_cocaine_addiction" title="Epigenetics of cocaine addiction">Epigenetics of cocaine addiction</a></div> <p>Relatives of persons with cocaine addiction have an increased risk of cocaine addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine addiction">Cocaine addiction</a> occurs through <a href="/wiki/%CE%94FosB" class="mw-redirect" title="ΔFosB">ΔFosB</a> overexpression in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>, which results in altered <a href="/wiki/Transcriptional_regulation" title="Transcriptional regulation">transcriptional regulation</a> in neurons within the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>. ΔFosB levels have been found to increase upon the use of cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9668659_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9668659-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each subsequent dose of cocaine continues to increase ΔFosB levels with no ceiling of tolerance. Elevated levels of ΔFosB leads to increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (<a href="/wiki/BDNF" class="mw-redirect" title="BDNF">BDNF</a>) levels, which in turn increases the number of <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendritic</a> branches and <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_spine" title="Dendritic spine">spines</a> present on neurons involved with the nucleus accumbens and <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> areas of the brain. This change can be identified rather quickly, and may be sustained weeks after the last dose of the drug. </p><p>Transgenic mice exhibiting inducible expression of ΔFosB primarily in the nucleus accumbens and <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_striatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal striatum">dorsal striatum</a> exhibit <a href="/wiki/Drug_sensitization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug sensitization">sensitized</a> behavioural responses to cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10499584_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10499584-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They self-administer cocaine at lower doses than control,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12657709_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12657709-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have a greater likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Relapse" title="Relapse">relapse</a> when the drug is withheld.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12657709_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12657709-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11572966_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11572966-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ΔFosB increases the expression of <a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptor</a> subunit GluR2<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10499584_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10499584-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also decreases expression of <a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a>, thereby enhancing sensitivity to reward.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11572966_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11572966-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a> is increased in the brain of rodents by administration of cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24552452_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24552452-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19878142_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19878142-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> of such damages, persistent chromatin alterations may occur such as <a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">methylation of DNA</a> or the acetylation or <a href="/wiki/Histone_methylation" title="Histone methylation">methylation of histones</a> at the sites of repair.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27259203_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27259203-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These alterations can be <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic scars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">chromatin</a> that contribute to the persistent epigenetic changes found in <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_cocaine_addiction" title="Epigenetics of cocaine addiction">cocaine addiction</a>. </p><p>In humans, cocaine abuse may cause structural changes in brain connectivity, though it is unclear to what extent these changes are permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamp2019_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamp2019-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependence_and_withdrawal">Dependence and withdrawal</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine dependence</a> develops after even brief periods of regular cocaine use<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produces a <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a> state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_pregnancy">During pregnancy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" title="Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a></div> <p><i>Crack baby</i> is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> poses to the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> is now considered exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies show that prenatal cocaine exposure (independent of other effects such as, for example, alcohol, tobacco, or physical environment) has no appreciable effect on childhood growth and development.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, he <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a> of the United States warned about health risks while cautioning against stereotyping: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Many recall that "crack babies", or babies born to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off by many as a lost generation. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There are also warnings about the threat of <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>: The <a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a> said "it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk," and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor (labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy) or cause the baby to grow poorly. As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birth weight (less than 5.5 lb or 2.5 kg). Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-mod_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mod-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality">Mortality</h3></div> <p>Persons with regular or problematic use of cocaine have a significantly higher rate of death, and are specifically at higher risk of traumatic deaths and deaths attributable to infectious disease.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3></div> <p>The extent of absorption of cocaine into the systemic circulation after nasal insufflation is similar to that after oral ingestion. The rate of absorption after nasal insufflation is limited by cocaine-induced vasoconstriction of capillaries in the nasal mucosa. Onset of absorption after oral ingestion is delayed because cocaine is a weak base with a pKa of 8.6, and is thus in an ionized form that is poorly absorbed from the acidic stomach and easily absorbed from the alkaline duodenum.<sup id="cite_ref-Intranasal_and_oral_cocaine_kinetic_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intranasal_and_oral_cocaine_kinetic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rate and extent of absorption from inhalation of cocaine is similar or greater than with intravenous injection, as inhalation provides access directly to the pulmonary capillary bed. The delay in absorption after oral ingestion may account for the popular belief that cocaine bioavailability from the stomach is lower than after insufflation. Compared with ingestion, the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects. Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes. Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40–60 minutes after the peak effects are attained.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine crosses the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> via both a proton-coupled <a href="/wiki/Organic_cation_transport_protein" title="Organic cation transport protein">organic cation antiporter</a><sup id="cite_ref-How_do_psychostimulants_enter_the_h_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_do_psychostimulants_enter_the_h-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Structural_Requirements_for_Uptake_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structural_Requirements_for_Uptake-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (to a lesser extent) via <a href="/wiki/Passive_transport" title="Passive transport">passive diffusion across cell membranes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2022, the gene or genes encoding the human proton-organic cation antiporter had not been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine has a short elimination half life of 0.7–1.5 hours and is extensively <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a> esterases and also by liver <a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase" title="Cholinesterase">cholinesterases</a>, with only about 1% excreted unchanged in the urine.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metabolism is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> cleavage, so the eliminated metabolites consist mostly of <a href="/wiki/Benzoylecgonine" title="Benzoylecgonine">benzoylecgonine</a> (BE), the major <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a>, and other metabolites in lesser amounts such as ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and <a href="/wiki/Ecgonine" title="Ecgonine">ecgonine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further minor metabolites of cocaine include <a href="/wiki/Norcocaine" title="Norcocaine">norcocaine</a>, p-hydroxycocaine, m-hydroxycocaine, p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (pOHBE), and m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If consumed with <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, cocaine combines with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Cocaethylene" title="Cocaethylene">cocaethylene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have suggested cocaethylene is more <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoric</a>, and has a higher <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> toxicity than cocaine by itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> functions, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine between three and eight days. Generally speaking <a href="/wiki/Benzoylecgonine" title="Benzoylecgonine">benzoylecgonine</a> is eliminated from someone's urine between three and five days. In urine from heavy cocaine users, benzoylecgonine can be detected within four hours after intake and in concentrations greater than 150 ng/mL for up to eight days later.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detection of cocaine <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> in hair is possible in regular users until after the sections of hair grown during the period of cocaine use are cut or fall out.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">pharmacodynamics</a> of cocaine involve the complex relationships of neurotransmitters (inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Monoamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine">monoamine</a> uptake in rats with ratios of about: <a href="/wiki/5HT" class="mw-redirect" title="5HT">serotonin</a>:dopamine = 2:3, serotonin:<a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> = 2:5).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pom2012_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pom2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> is the blockade of the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine transporter</a> protein. Dopamine <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter; i.e., the transporter binds the transmitter and pumps it out of the synaptic cleft back into the <a href="/wiki/Presynaptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presynaptic">presynaptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a>, where it is taken up into storage <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (biology)">vesicles</a>. Cocaine binds tightly at the dopamine transporter forming a complex that blocks the transporter's function. The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function, and thus <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> accumulates in the <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_cleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic cleft">synaptic cleft</a>. The increased concentration of dopamine in the synapse activates post-synaptic dopamine receptors, which makes the drug <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">rewarding</a> and promotes the compulsive use of cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine affects certain serotonin (5-HT) receptors; in particular, it has been shown to antagonize the <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">ligand-gated ion channel</a>. An overabundance of 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors is reported in cocaine-conditioned rats, though 5-HT<sub>3</sub>'s role is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor</a> (particularly the subtypes <a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">5-HT<sub>2B</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT<sub>2C</sub></a>) are involved in the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine has been demonstrated to bind as to directly stabilize the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">DAT</a> transporter on the open outward-facing conformation. Further, cocaine binds in such a way as to inhibit a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> bond innate to DAT. Cocaine's binding properties are such that it attaches so this hydrogen bond will not form and is blocked from formation due to the tightly locked orientation of the cocaine molecule. Research studies have suggested that the affinity for the transporter is not what is involved in the habituation of the substance so much as the conformation and binding properties to where and how on the transporter the molecule binds.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conflicting findings have challenged the widely accepted view that cocaine functions solely as a reuptake inhibitor. To induce euphoria an intravenous dose of 0.3-0.6 mg/kg of cocaine is required, which blocks 66-70% of dopamine transporters (DAT) in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Re-administering cocaine beyond this threshold does not significantly increase DAT occupancy but still results in an increase of euphoria which cannot be explained by reuptake inhibition alone. This discrepancy is not shared with other dopamine reuptake inhbitors like <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">sibutramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">mazindol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">tesofensine</a>, which have similar or higher potencies than cocaine as dopamine reuptake inhibitors. These findings have evoked a hypothesis that cocaine may also function as a so-called "DAT inverse agonist" or "negative allosteric modifier of DAT" resulting in dopamine <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transport" title="Reverse transport">transporter reversal</a>, and subsequent dopamine release into the synaptic cleft from the axon terminal in a manner similar to but distinct from <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma receptors</a> are affected by cocaine, as cocaine functions as a sigma ligand agonist.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further specific receptors it has been demonstrated to function on are <a href="/wiki/NMDA" class="mw-redirect" title="NMDA">NMDA</a> and the D<sub>1</sub> dopamine receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine also blocks <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">sodium channels</a>, thereby interfering with the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nav_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nav-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus, like <a href="/wiki/Lignocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lignocaine">lignocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Novocaine">novocaine</a>, it acts as a local anesthetic. It also functions on the binding sites to the dopamine and serotonin <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> dependent transport area as targets as separate mechanisms from its reuptake of those transporters; unique to its local anesthetic value which makes it in a class of functionality different from both its own derived <a href="/wiki/Phenyltropane" title="Phenyltropane">phenyltropanes</a> analogues which have that removed. In addition to this, cocaine has some target binding to the site of the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid receptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine also causes <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>, thus reducing bleeding during minor surgical procedures. Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Clock_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock genes">clock genes</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in behavioral actions of cocaine. </p><p>Cocaine is known to suppress hunger and appetite by increasing co-localization of sigma σ<sub>1</sub>R receptors and ghrelin GHS-R1a receptors at the neuronal cell surface, thereby increasing ghrelin-mediated signaling of satiety<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly via other effects on appetitive hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic users may lose their <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a> and can experience severe <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> and significant weight loss. </p><p>Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CocaineHydrochloridePowder_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CocaineHydrochloridePowder_cropped.jpg/220px-CocaineHydrochloridePowder_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CocaineHydrochloridePowder_cropped.jpg/330px-CocaineHydrochloridePowder_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CocaineHydrochloridePowder_cropped.jpg/440px-CocaineHydrochloridePowder_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>A pile of cocaine hydrochloride</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CocaineHCl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CocaineHCl.jpg/220px-CocaineHCl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CocaineHCl.jpg/330px-CocaineHCl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CocaineHCl.jpg/440px-CocaineHCl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>A piece of compressed cocaine powder</figcaption></figure> <p>Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a>, typically cocaine <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloride" title="Hydrochloride">hydrochloride</a>. Street cocaine is often adulterated or "cut" with cheaper substances to increase bulk, including <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannitol" title="Mannitol">mannitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inositol" title="Inositol">inositol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procaine" title="Procaine">procaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lignocaine">lignocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">strychnine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levamisole" title="Levamisole">levamisole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a> has been increasingly found in cocaine samples,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is unclear if this is primarily due to intentional adulteration or cross contamination. </p><p>Crack cocaine looks like irregular shaped white rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms">Forms</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salts">Salts</h4></div> <p>Cocaine — a <a href="/wiki/Tropane_alkaloid" title="Tropane alkaloid">tropane alkaloid</a> — is a weakly alkaline compound, and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form salts. The <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloride" title="Hydrochloride">hydrochloride</a> (HCl) salt of cocaine is by far the most commonly encountered, although the <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) and the <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) salts are occasionally seen. Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in various solvents — the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in water.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Base">Base</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freebase_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freebase (chemistry)">Freebase (chemistry)</a></div> <p>As the name implies, "freebase" is the <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a> form of cocaine, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> form. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-soluble. </p><p>Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing <a href="/wiki/Methylecgonidine" title="Methylecgonidine">methylecgonidine</a> into the user's system due to the <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> of the substance (a side effect which <a href="/wiki/Insufflating" class="mw-redirect" title="Insufflating">insufflating</a> or injecting powder cocaine does not create). Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other <a href="/wiki/Routes_of_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Routes of administration">routes of administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of methylecgonidine's effects on lung tissue<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and liver tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution, which will precipitate non-polar basic cocaine. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent <a href="/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">liquid–liquid extraction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crack_cocaine">Crack cocaine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack cocaine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoking_Crack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Smoking_Crack.jpg/220px-Smoking_Crack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Smoking_Crack.jpg/330px-Smoking_Crack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Smoking_Crack.jpg/440px-Smoking_Crack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A woman smoking crack cocaine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocks_of_crack_cocaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rocks_of_crack_cocaine.jpg/200px-Rocks_of_crack_cocaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rocks_of_crack_cocaine.jpg/300px-Rocks_of_crack_cocaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rocks_of_crack_cocaine.jpg/400px-Rocks_of_crack_cocaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>"Rocks" of crack cocaine</figcaption></figure> <p>Crack is usually smoked in a glass pipe, and once inhaled, it passes from the lungs directly to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, producing an almost immediate "high" that can be very powerful – this initial crescendo of stimulation is known as a "rush". This is followed by an equally intense low, leaving the user craving more of the drug. Addiction to crack usually occurs within four to six weeks - much more rapidly than regular cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamar_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamar-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Powder cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride) must be heated to a high temperature (about 197 °C), and considerable decomposition/burning occurs at these high temperatures. This effectively destroys some of the cocaine and yields a sharp, acrid, and foul-tasting smoke. Cocaine base/crack can be smoked because it vaporizes with little or no decomposition at 98 °C (208 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is below the boiling point of water. </p><p>Crack is a lower purity form of free-base cocaine that is usually produced by neutralization of cocaine hydrochloride with a solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) and water, producing a very hard/brittle, off-white-to-brown colored, amorphous material that contains sodium carbonate, entrapped water, and other by-products as the main impurities. The origin of the name "crack" comes from the "crackling" sound (and hence the <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeic" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomatopoeic">onomatopoeic</a> moniker "crack") that is produced when the cocaine and its impurities (i.e. water, sodium bicarbonate) are heated past the point of vaporization.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson98_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson98-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coca_leaf_infusions">Coca leaf infusions</h4></div> <p>Coca herbal <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> (also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Coca_tea" title="Coca tea">coca tea</a>) is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as "coca tea" has been actively promoted by the governments of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> for many years as a drink having medicinal powers. In Peru, the <a href="/wiki/National_Coca_Company" title="National Coca Company">National Coca Company</a>, a state-run corporation, sells cocaine-infused teas and other medicinal products and also exports leaves to the U.S. for medicinal use.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visitors to the city of <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a> in Peru, and <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions (prepared in teapots with whole coca leaves) purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Vera_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vera-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of drinking coca tea are mild stimulation and mood lift.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been promoted as an adjuvant for the treatment of cocaine dependence. One study on coca leaf infusion used with counseling in the treatment of 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru found that the relapses rate fell from 4.35 times per month on average before coca tea treatment to one during treatment. The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days before treatment to 217.2 days during treatment. This suggests that coca leaf infusion plus counseling may be effective at preventing relapse during cocaine addiction treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Teobaldo_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teobaldo-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is little information on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of consuming coca tea. A chemical analysis by <a href="/wiki/Solid-phase_extraction" title="Solid-phase extraction">solid-phase extraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry">gas chromatography–mass spectrometry</a> (SPE-GC/MS) of Peruvian and Bolivian tea bags indicated the presence of significant amounts of cocaine, the metabolite <a href="/wiki/Benzoylecgonine" title="Benzoylecgonine">benzoylecgonine</a>, ecgonine methyl ester and trans-cinnamoylcocaine in coca tea bags and coca tea. <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a> specimens were also analyzed from an individual who consumed one cup of coca tea and it was determined that enough cocaine and cocaine-related metabolites were present to produce a positive drug test.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis_of_cocaine" title="Biosynthesis of cocaine">Biosynthesis of cocaine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropane_alkaloids_biochemistry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tropane_alkaloids_biochemistry.png/220px-Tropane_alkaloids_biochemistry.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tropane_alkaloids_biochemistry.png/330px-Tropane_alkaloids_biochemistry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tropane_alkaloids_biochemistry.png/440px-Tropane_alkaloids_biochemistry.png 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Biological source of cocaine molecule in the context of the tropane class of molecules. The biological source of each tropane alkaloid is indicated by species, and below that a phylogenetic map is provided.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first synthesis and elucidation of the cocaine molecule was by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a> in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphrey2001_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphrey2001-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willstätter's synthesis derived cocaine from <a href="/wiki/Tropinone" title="Tropinone">tropinone</a>. Since then, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. (-NO<sub>3</sub>) </p><p>The additional carbon atoms required for the synthesis of cocaine are derived from acetyl-CoA, by addition of two acetyl-CoA units to the <i>N</i>-methyl-Δ<sup>1</sup>-pyrrolinium cation.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first addition is a <a href="/wiki/Mannich_reaction" title="Mannich reaction">Mannich</a>-like reaction with the enolate anion from acetyl-CoA acting as a <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophile</a> toward the pyrrolinium cation. The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation. This produces a racemic mixture of the 2-substituted pyrrolidine, with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation. In formation of <a href="/wiki/Tropinone" title="Tropinone">tropinone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Racemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemic">racemic</a> ethyl [2,3-13C<sub>2</sub>]<sub>4</sub>(Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoate there is no preference for either stereoisomer.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cocaine biosynthesis, only the (S)-enantiomer can cyclize to form the tropane ring system of cocaine. The stereoselectivity of this reaction was further investigated through study of prochiral methylene hydrogen discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the extra chiral center at C-2.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process occurs through an oxidation, which regenerates the pyrrolinium cation and formation of an enolate anion, and an intramolecular Mannich reaction. The tropane ring system undergoes <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>, SAM-dependent methylation, and reduction via <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a> for the formation of <a href="/wiki/Methylecgonine" title="Methylecgonine">methylecgonine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Benzoyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoyl">benzoyl</a> moiety required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benzoyl-CoA then combines the two units to form cocaine. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biosynthesis_of_cocaine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Biosynthesis_of_cocaine.png/400px-Biosynthesis_of_cocaine.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Biosynthesis_of_cocaine.png/600px-Biosynthesis_of_cocaine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Biosynthesis_of_cocaine.png/800px-Biosynthesis_of_cocaine.png 2x" data-file-width="2681" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>Biosynthesis of cocaine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation"><i>N</i>-methyl-pyrrolinium cation</h5></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> begins with L-<a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a>, which is derived to L-<a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">ornithine</a> in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L-<a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> as a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">tropane</a> ring was confirmed by Edward Leete.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ornithine then undergoes a <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate" title="Pyridoxal phosphate">pyridoxal phosphate</a>-dependent decarboxylation to form putrescine. In some animals, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine. L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives <i>N</i>-carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged. A SAM-dependent <i>N</i>-methylation of putrescine gives the <i>N</i>-methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde. Schiff base formation confirms the biosynthesis of the <i>N</i>-methyl-Δ<sup>1</sup>-pyrrolinium cation. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biosynthesis_of_N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Biosynthesis_of_N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation.png/500px-Biosynthesis_of_N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Biosynthesis_of_N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation.png/750px-Biosynthesis_of_N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Biosynthesis_of_N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation.png/1000px-Biosynthesis_of_N-methyl-pyrrolinium_cation.png 2x" data-file-width="3119" data-file-height="2317" /></a><figcaption>Biosynthesis of <i>N</i>-methyl-pyrrolinium cation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Robert_Robinson's_acetonedicarboxylate"><span id="Robert_Robinson.27s_acetonedicarboxylate"></span>Robert Robinson's acetonedicarboxylate</h5></div> <p>The biosynthesis of the <a href="/wiki/Tropane_alkaloid" title="Tropane alkaloid">tropane alkaloid</a> is still not understood. Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson's acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condensation of <i>N</i>-methylpyrrolinium and acetonedicarboxylate would generate the oxobutyrate. Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinson_biosynthesis_of_tropane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Robinson_biosynthesis_of_tropane.png/500px-Robinson_biosynthesis_of_tropane.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Robinson_biosynthesis_of_tropane.png/750px-Robinson_biosynthesis_of_tropane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Robinson_biosynthesis_of_tropane.png/1000px-Robinson_biosynthesis_of_tropane.png 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Robinson biosynthesis of tropane</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reduction_of_tropinone">Reduction of tropinone</h5></div> <p>The reduction of tropinone is mediated by <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a>-dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plant species all contain two types of the reductase enzymes, tropinone reductase I and tropinone reductase II. TRI produces tropine and TRII produces pseudotropine. Due to differing kinetic and pH/activity characteristics of the enzymes and by the 25-fold higher activity of TRI over TRII, the majority of the tropinone reduction is from TRI to form tropine.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reduction_of_tropinone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Reduction_of_tropinone.png/500px-Reduction_of_tropinone.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Reduction_of_tropinone.png/750px-Reduction_of_tropinone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Reduction_of_tropinone.png/1000px-Reduction_of_tropinone.png 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Reduction of tropinone</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Illegal_clandestine_chemistry">Illegal clandestine chemistry</h5></div> <p>In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> released a report detailing the typical process in which leaves from coca plants were ultimately converted into cocaine hydrochloride by <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin American drug cartels</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-USDJ1992_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDJ1992-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the exact species of <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> to be planted was determined by the location of its cultivation, with <a href="/wiki/Erythroxylum_coca" title="Erythroxylum coca">Erythroxylum coca</a> being grown in tropical high altitude climates of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Erythroxylum_novogranatense" title="Erythroxylum novogranatense">Erythroxylum novogranatense</a> was favoured in drier lowland areas of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li>the average cocaine <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> content of a sample of coca leaf varied between 0.1 and 0.8 percent, with coca from higher altitudes containing the largest percentages of cocaine alkaloids</li> <li>the typical farmer will plant coca on a sloping hill so rainfall will not drown the plants as they reach full maturity over 12 to 24 months after being planted</li> <li>the main harvest of coca leaves takes place after the traditional <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> in March, with additional harvesting also taking place in July and November</li> <li>the leaves are then taken to a flat area and spread out on tarpaulins to dry in the hot sun for approximately 6 hours, and afterwards placed in 25 lb (11 kg) sacks to be transported to market or to a cocaine processing facility depending on location</li> <li>in the early 1990s, Peru and Bolivia were the main locations for converting coca leaf to <a href="/wiki/Coca_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Coca paste">coca paste</a> and cocaine base, while Colombia was the primary location for the final conversion for these products into cocaine hydrochloride</li> <li>the conversion of coca leaf into coca paste was typically done very close to the coca fields to minimize the need to transport the coca leaves, with a plastic lined pit in the ground used as a "pozo"</li> <li>the leaves are added to the pozo along with fresh water from a nearby river, along with <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>, then a team of several people will repeatedly stomp on the mixture in their bare feet for several hours to help turn the leaves into paste</li> <li>the cocaine alkaloids and kerosene eventually separate from the water and coca leaves, which are then drained off / scooped out of the mixture</li> <li>the cocaine alkaloids are then extracted from the kerosene and added into a dilute <a href="/wiki/Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a> solution, to which more sodium carbonate is added to cause a precipitate to form</li> <li>the acid and water are afterwards drained off and the precipitate is filtered and dried to produce an off-white putty-like substance, which is coca paste ready for transportation to cocaine base processing facility</li> <li>at the processing facility, coca paste is dissolved in a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and water, to which <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a> is then added and the solution is left to stand for 6 hours to allow to unwanted alkaloids to break down</li> <li>the solution is then filtered and the precipitate is discarded, after which <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> water is added and another precipitate is formed</li> <li>when the solution has finished reacting the liquid is drained, then the remaining precipitate is dried under <a href="/wiki/Heat_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat lamp">heating lamps</a>, and resulting powder is cocaine base ready for transfer to a cocaine hydrochloride laboratory</li> <li>at the laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> is added to the cocaine base and after it has dissolved the solution is filtered to remove undesired material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> diluted in <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a> is added to the solution, which causes the cocaine to precipitate out of the solution as cocaine hydrochloride crystals</li> <li>the cocaine hydrochloride crystals are finally dried under lamps or in microwave ovens, then pressed into 1 kg (2.2 lb) blocks and wrapped in plastic ready for export</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GMO_synthesis">GMO synthesis</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Research">Research</h5></div> <p>In 2022, a <a href="/wiki/GMO" class="mw-redirect" title="GMO">GMO</a> produced <i><a href="/wiki/N._benthamiana" class="mw-redirect" title="N. benthamiana">N. benthamiana</a></i> were discovered that were able to produce 25% of the amount of cocaine found in a coca plant.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_in_body_fluids">Detection in body fluids</h3></div> <p>Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or sudden death. Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system. Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage, and between smoking versus other routes of administration.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_analysis">Field analysis</h3></div> <p>Cocaine may be detected by law enforcement using the <a href="/wiki/Scott_reagent" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott reagent">Scott reagent</a>. The test can easily generate false positives for common substances and must be confirmed with a laboratory test.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximate cocaine purity can be determined using 1 mL 2% cupric sulfate pentahydrate in dilute HCl, 1 mL 2% potassium thiocyanate and 2 mL of <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>. The shade of brown shown by the chloroform is proportional to the cocaine content. This test is not cross sensitive to heroin, methamphetamine, benzocaine, procaine and a number of other drugs but other chemicals could cause false positives.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Global estimates of drug users in 2016<br />(in millions of users)<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Substance</th> <th>Best<br />estimate</th> <th>Low<br />estimate</th> <th>High<br />estimate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine-type_stimulants#Schedules_of_Controlled_Substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamine-type stimulants">Amphetamine-<br />type stimulants</a></td> <td>34.16</td> <td>13.42</td> <td>55.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></td> <td>192.15</td> <td>165.76</td> <td>234.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></td> <td>18.20</td> <td>13.87</td> <td>22.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></td> <td>20.57</td> <td>8.99</td> <td>32.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiates</a></td> <td>19.38</td> <td>13.80</td> <td>26.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></td> <td>34.26</td> <td>27.01</td> <td>44.54 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>According to a 2016 United Nations report, <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> are the countries with the highest rate of cocaine usage (2.4% of adults in the previous year).<sup id="cite_ref-unodc_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unodc-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries where the usage rate meets or exceeds 1.5% are Spain and Scotland (2.2%), the United States (2.1%), Australia (2.1%), Uruguay (1.8%), Brazil (1.75%), Chile (1.73%), the Netherlands (1.5%) and Ireland (1.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-unodc_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unodc-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe (behind <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>). Since the mid-1990s, overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the rise, but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries. European countries with the highest usage rates are the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, and the Republic of Ireland. </p><p>Approximately 17 million Europeans (5.1%) have used cocaine at least once and 3.5 million (1.1%) in the last year. About 1.9% (2.3 million) of young adults (15–34 years old) have used cocaine in the last year (latest data available as of 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usage is particularly prevalent among this demographic: 4% to 7% of males have used cocaine in the last year in Spain, Denmark, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3.8:1, but this statistic varies from 1:1 to 13:1 depending on country.<sup id="cite_ref-European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 London had the highest amount of cocaine in its sewage out of 50 European cities.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_in_the_United_States" title="Cocaine in the United States">Cocaine in the United States</a></div> <p>Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States (behind <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the U.S. is the world's largest consumer of cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-WFK_Illicit_drugs_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFK_Illicit_drugs-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its users span over different ages, races, and professions. In the 1970s and 1980s, the drug became particularly popular in the <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as <a href="/wiki/Studio_54" title="Studio 54">Studio 54</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dependence_treatment">Dependence treatment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_dependence#Treatment" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine dependence § Treatment</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folha_de_coca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Folha_de_coca.jpg/220px-Folha_de_coca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Folha_de_coca.jpg/330px-Folha_de_coca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Folha_de_coca.jpg/440px-Folha_de_coca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coca_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Coca leaf">Coca leaf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples of South America</a> have chewed the leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Erythroxylon coca</a></i>—a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous <a href="/wiki/Alkaloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaloids">alkaloids</a>, including cocaine—for over a thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coca leaf was, and still is, chewed almost universally by some indigenous communities. The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing.<sup id="cite_ref-mummies_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mummies-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence that these cultures used a mixture of coca leaves and saliva as an anesthetic for the performance of <a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trepanning_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trepanning-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish arrived in South America</a>, the conquistadors at first banned coca as an "evil agent of devil". But after discovering that without the coca the locals were barely able to work, the conquistadors legalized and taxed the leaf, taking 10% off the value of each crop.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1569, Spanish botanist <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Monardes" title="Nicolás Monardes">Nicolás Monardes</a> described the indigenous peoples' practice of chewing a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves to induce "great contentment": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes.<sup id="cite_ref-monardes_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monardes-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1609, <a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain" title="Military chaplain">Padre</a> <a href="/wiki/Blas_Valera" title="Blas Valera">Blas Valera</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots. And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it?<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolation_and_naming">Isolation and naming</h3></div> <p>Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca leaves had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> was not achieved until 1855. Various European scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, but none had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient, and conditions of sea-shipping from South America at the time would often degrade the quality of the cocaine in the plant samples available to European chemists by the time they arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Karch_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karch-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1855, the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gaedcke" title="Friedrich Gaedcke">Friedrich Gaedcke</a> successfully isolated the cocaine alkaloid for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Luch_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luch-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaedcke named the alkaloid "erythroxyline", and published a description in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Archiv_der_Pharmazie" title="Archiv der Pharmazie">Archiv der Pharmazie</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1856, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> asked Dr. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Scherzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Scherzer">Carl Scherzer</a>, a scientist aboard the <i><a href="/wiki/SMS_Novara_(1850)" title="SMS Novara (1850)">Novara</a></i> (an Austrian <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> sent by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph of Austria">Franz Joseph</a> to circle the globe), to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America. In 1859, the ship finished its travels and Wöhler received a trunk full of coca. Wöhler passed on the leaves to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Niemann_(chemist)" title="Albert Niemann (chemist)">Albert Niemann</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> in Germany, who then developed an improved purification process.<sup id="cite_ref-nie1860_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie1860-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niemann described every step he took to isolate cocaine in his <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> titled <i><a href="/wiki/On_a_New_Organic_Base_in_the_Coca_Leaves" title="On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves">Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern</a></i> (<i>On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves</i>), which was published in 1860 and earned him his Ph.D. He wrote of the alkaloid's "colourless transparent prisms" and said that "Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue." Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" from "coca" (from <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> "kúka") + <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">suffix</a> "ine".<sup id="cite_ref-nie1860_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nie1860-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first synthesis and elucidation of the structure of the cocaine molecule was by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a> in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphrey2001_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphrey2001-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first <a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">biomimetic</a> synthesis of an organic structure recorded in academic chemical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The synthesis started from <a href="/wiki/Tropinone" title="Tropinone">tropinone</a>, a related natural product and took five steps. </p><p>Because of the former use of cocaine as a <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">local anesthetic</a>, a suffix "-caine" was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">local anesthetics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicalization">Medicalization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocaine_for_kids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cocaine_for_kids.png/220px-Cocaine_for_kids.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cocaine_for_kids.png/330px-Cocaine_for_kids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cocaine_for_kids.png/440px-Cocaine_for_kids.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>"Cocaine toothache drops", 1885 advertisement of cocaine for <a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">dental pain</a> in children</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burnett%27s_Cocaine_for_the_hair_(advertisement,_McClure%27s_1896).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Burnett%27s_Cocaine_for_the_hair_%28advertisement%2C_McClure%27s_1896%29.jpg/220px-Burnett%27s_Cocaine_for_the_hair_%28advertisement%2C_McClure%27s_1896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Burnett%27s_Cocaine_for_the_hair_%28advertisement%2C_McClure%27s_1896%29.jpg/330px-Burnett%27s_Cocaine_for_the_hair_%28advertisement%2C_McClure%27s_1896%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Burnett%27s_Cocaine_for_the_hair_%28advertisement%2C_McClure%27s_1896%29.jpg/440px-Burnett%27s_Cocaine_for_the_hair_%28advertisement%2C_McClure%27s_1896%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement in the January 1896 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/McClure%27s" title="McClure's">McClure's</a> Magazine</i> for Burnett's Cocaine "for the hair"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottle_for_cocaine_solution_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bottle_for_cocaine_solution_2.jpg/220px-Bottle_for_cocaine_solution_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bottle_for_cocaine_solution_2.jpg/330px-Bottle_for_cocaine_solution_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bottle_for_cocaine_solution_2.jpg/440px-Bottle_for_cocaine_solution_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Bottle of cocaine solution, Germany, circa 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant. </p><p>In 1879, Vassili von Anrep, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a>, devised an experiment to demonstrate the analgesic properties of the newly discovered alkaloid. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely saltwater. He then submerged a frog's legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways. The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in saltwater.<sup id="cite_ref-anrep_frog_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anrep_frog-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Koller_(ophthalmologist)" title="Karl Koller (ophthalmologist)">Karl Koller</a> (a close associate of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, who would write about cocaine later) experimented with cocaine for <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmic</a> usage. In an infamous experiment in 1884, he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins. His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in 1884, Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> anesthetic. In 1885, <a href="/wiki/William_Halsted" class="mw-redirect" title="William Halsted">William Halsted</a> demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/James_Leonard_Corning" title="James Leonard Corning">James Leonard Corning</a> demonstrated <a href="/wiki/Peridural" class="mw-redirect" title="Peridural">peridural</a> anesthesia.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1898 saw <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Quincke" title="Heinrich Quincke">Heinrich Quincke</a> use cocaine for <a href="/wiki/Spinal_anesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal anesthesia">spinal anesthesia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularization">Popularization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariani_pope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mariani_pope.jpg/220px-Mariani_pope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mariani_pope.jpg/330px-Mariani_pope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mariani_pope.jpg/440px-Mariani_pope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> purportedly carried a hip flask of the coca-treated Vin Mariani with him, and awarded a <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Mariani_(chemist)" title="Angelo Mariani (chemist)">Angelo Mariani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1859, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Mantegazza" title="Paolo Mantegazza">Paolo Mantegazza</a>, returned from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the local indigenous peoples. He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. In this paper, he declared coca and cocaine (at the time they were assumed to be the same) as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of "a furred tongue in the morning, <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>, and whitening of the teeth." </p><p>A chemist named <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Mariani_(chemist)" title="Angelo Mariani (chemist)">Angelo Mariani</a> who read Mantegazza's paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In 1863, Mariani started marketing a <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> called <a href="/wiki/Vin_Mariani" title="Vin Mariani">Vin Mariani</a>, which had been treated with coca leaves, to become <a href="/wiki/Coca_wine" title="Coca wine">coca wine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink's effect. It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7.2 mg per ounce, to compete with the higher cocaine content of similar drinks in the United States. A "pinch of coca leaves" was included in <a href="/wiki/John_Pemberton" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pemberton">John Styth Pemberton</a>'s original 1886 recipe for <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>, though the company began using decocainized leaves in 1906 when the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a> was passed. </p><p>In 1879 cocaine began to be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> addiction. Cocaine was introduced into clinical use as a <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">local anesthetic</a> in Germany in 1884, about the same time as <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> published his work <i>Über Coca</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he wrote that cocaine causes:<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person. You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work. In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug. Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>. No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By 1885 the U.S. manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Parke-Davis" title="Parke-Davis">Parke-Davis</a> sold coca-leaf cigarettes and cheroots, a cocaine inhalant, a Coca Cordial, cocaine crystals, and cocaine solution for intravenous injection.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company promised that its cocaine products would "supply the place of food, make the coward brave, the silent eloquent and render the sufferer insensitive to pain." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BEAUTY-COMFORT_By_Madame_Falloppe_(1904).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BEAUTY-COMFORT_By_Madame_Falloppe_%281904%29.jpg/220px-BEAUTY-COMFORT_By_Madame_Falloppe_%281904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="567" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BEAUTY-COMFORT_By_Madame_Falloppe_%281904%29.jpg/330px-BEAUTY-COMFORT_By_Madame_Falloppe_%281904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BEAUTY-COMFORT_By_Madame_Falloppe_%281904%29.jpg/440px-BEAUTY-COMFORT_By_Madame_Falloppe_%281904%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>In this 1904 <a href="/wiki/Advice_column" title="Advice column">advice column</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tacoma_Times" title="The Tacoma Times">the Tacoma Times</a></i>, "Madame <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Falloppe</a>" recommended that <a href="/wiki/Cold_sores" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold sores">cold sores</a> be treated with a solution of <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>, cocaine, and <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, cocaine use had appeared as a vice in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>. For example, it was injected by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s fictional <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>, generally to offset the boredom he felt when he was not working on a case. </p><p>In early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on <a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a>, costing five or ten cents for a small boxful. Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-barlow_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barlow-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> took "Forced March" brand cocaine tablets to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, as did <a href="/wiki/Captain_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Scott">Captain Scott</a> a year later on his ill-fated journey to the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dominic_streatfeild_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominic_streatfeild-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1931 song "<a href="/wiki/Minnie_the_Moocher" title="Minnie the Moocher">Minnie the Moocher</a>", <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a> heavily references cocaine use. He uses the phrase "kicking the gong around", slang for cocaine use; describes titular character Minnie as "tall and skinny;" and describes Smokey Joe as "cokey".<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1932 comedy musical film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Broadcast" title="The Big Broadcast">The Big Broadcast</a></i>, Cab Calloway performs the song with his orchestra and mimes snorting cocaine in between verses.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the mid-1940s, amidst World War II, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of 'pep pills' for the German military, code named <a href="/wiki/D-IX" title="D-IX">D-IX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern popular culture, references to cocaine are common. The drug has a glamorous image associated with the wealthy, famous and powerful, and is said to make users "feel rich and beautiful".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition the pace of modern society − such as in finance − gives many the incentive to make use of the drug.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741,_Berlin,_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Women purchase cocaine capsules in Berlin, 1929</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marion_Barry_smoking_crack.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Marion_Barry_smoking_crack.gif/220px-Marion_Barry_smoking_crack.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Marion_Barry_smoking_crack.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>D.C. Mayor <a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a> captured on a surveillance camera smoking crack cocaine during a sting operation by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> and <a href="/wiki/D.C._Police" class="mw-redirect" title="D.C. Police">D.C. Police</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In many countries, cocaine is a popular <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drug</a>. Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood.<sup id="cite_ref-Current_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Current-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the development of <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">"crack" cocaine</a> introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market. The use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use across the 1980s and 1990s in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozel_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozel-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r084_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r084-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, from 2006 to 2010 cocaine use in the US declined by roughly half before again rising once again from 2017 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, cocaine use increased significantly between the 1990s and late 2000s, with a similar high consumption in some other European countries, including Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-HOC_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOC-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The estimated U.S. cocaine market exceeded US$70 billion in street value for the year 2005, exceeding revenues by corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocaine's status as a <a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">club drug</a> shows its immense popularity among the "party crowd".<sup id="cite_ref-Current_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Current-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995 the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute</a> (UNICRI) announced in a press release the publication of the results of the largest global study on cocaine use ever undertaken. An American representative in the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Assembly" title="World Health Assembly">World Health Assembly</a> banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine. An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, "that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems." In the sixth meeting of the B committee, the US representative threatened that "If World Health Organization activities relating to drugs failed to reinforce proven drug control approaches, funds for the relevant programs should be curtailed". This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in 2010, including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocaine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-TNI_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNI-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2010 it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue (rather than increase euphoria) by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration. Cutting or "stepping on" the drug is commonplace, using compounds which simulate ingestion effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Novocain" class="mw-redirect" title="Novocain">Novocain</a> (procaine) producing temporary anesthesia, as many users believe a strong numbing effect is the result of strong and/or pure cocaine, ephedrine or similar stimulants that are to produce an increased heart rate. The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine, or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to 'stretch' or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants, however the purity of the cocaine is subsequently lowered.<sup id="cite_ref-q884_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q884-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-t678_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t678-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adulterant of sugars allows the dealer to sell the product for a higher price because of the illusion of purity and allows the sale of more of the product at that higher price, enabling dealers to significantly increase revenue with little additional cost for the adulterants. A 2007 study by the <a href="/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction</a> showed that the purity levels for street purchased cocaine was often under 5% and on average under 50% pure.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Legal status of cocaine</a></div> <p>The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted (and illegal in most contexts) in most countries as regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances</a>. In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a>. </p><p>Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous population</a>, but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provisions as to how much a coca farmer can yield annually is protected by laws such as the Bolivian Cato accord.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some parts of Europe, the United States, and Australia allow processed cocaine for medicinal uses only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> <p>Cocaine is a Schedule 8 controlled drug in Australia under the <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">Poisons Standard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the second most popular illicit recreational drug in Australia <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Australia" title="Cannabis in Australia">behind cannabis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1981 4.0g of cocaine is the amount of prohibited drugs determining a court of trial, 2.0g is the amount of cocaine required for the presumption of intention to sell or supply and 28.0g is the amount of cocaine required for purposes of drug trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_2">United States</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_in_the_United_States" title="Cocaine in the United States">Cocaine in the United States</a></div> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg/230px-US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg/345px-US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg/460px-US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdoses</a> killed more than 70,200 Americans in 2017, with <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_intoxication" title="Cocaine intoxication">cocaine overdoses</a> making up 13,942 of those deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-NIDA-deaths_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDA-deaths-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199937_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199937-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next important federal regulation was the <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Narcotics_Tax_Act" title="Harrison Narcotics Tax Act">Harrison Narcotics Tax Act</a> of 1914. While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadge2001106_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadge2001106-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Harrison Act did not recognize addiction as a treatable condition and therefore the therapeutic use of cocaine, heroin, or morphine to such individuals was outlawed –  leading a 1915 editorial in the journal <i>American Medicine</i> to remark that the addict "is denied the medical care he urgently needs, open, above-board sources from which he formerly obtained his drug supply are closed to him, and he is driven to the underworld where he can get his drug, but of course, surreptitiously and in violation of the law."<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Harrison Act left manufacturers of cocaine untouched so long as they met certain purity and labeling standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199940_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199940-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite that cocaine was typically illegal to sell and legal outlets were rarer, the quantities of legal cocaine produced declined very little.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199940_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199940-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal cocaine quantities did not decrease until the <a href="/wiki/Narcotic_Drugs_Import_and_Export_Act" title="Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act">Jones–Miller Act</a> of 1922 put serious restrictions on cocaine manufactures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199940_215-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199940-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the early 1900s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper or middle class White person. In 1914, <i>The New York Times</i> published an article titled "Negro Cocaine 'Fiends' Are a New Southern Menace", portraying Black cocaine users as dangerous and able to withstand wounds that would normally be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1986" title="Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986">Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986</a> mandated the same prison sentences for distributing 500 grams of powdered cocaine and just 5 grams of crack cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/National_Survey_on_Drug_Use_and_Health" title="National Survey on Drug Use and Health">National Survey on Drug Use and Health</a>, white respondents reported a higher rate of powdered cocaine use, and Black respondents reported a higher rate of crack cocaine use.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interdiction">Interdiction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_Cocaine596H_061719_(48099711998).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PHL_Cocaine596H_061719_%2848099711998%29.jpg/220px-PHL_Cocaine596H_061719_%2848099711998%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PHL_Cocaine596H_061719_%2848099711998%29.jpg/330px-PHL_Cocaine596H_061719_%2848099711998%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PHL_Cocaine596H_061719_%2848099711998%29.jpg/440px-PHL_Cocaine596H_061719_%2848099711998%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>United States <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a> police inspect a seized shipment of cocaine.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Coast_Guard_Cutter_Tahoma_Cocaine_Offload_DVIDS311738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/U.S._Coast_Guard_Cutter_Tahoma_Cocaine_Offload_DVIDS311738.jpg/220px-U.S._Coast_Guard_Cutter_Tahoma_Cocaine_Offload_DVIDS311738.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/U.S._Coast_Guard_Cutter_Tahoma_Cocaine_Offload_DVIDS311738.jpg/330px-U.S._Coast_Guard_Cutter_Tahoma_Cocaine_Offload_DVIDS311738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/U.S._Coast_Guard_Cutter_Tahoma_Cocaine_Offload_DVIDS311738.jpg/440px-U.S._Coast_Guard_Cutter_Tahoma_Cocaine_Offload_DVIDS311738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. Coast Guard in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> offloading confiscated cocaine</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2004, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, 589 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> seized 188 t, the United States 166 t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world 133 t.<sup id="cite_ref-un-wdr2006_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-wdr2006-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Production">Production</h4></div> <p>Colombia is as of 2019 the world's largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NBC_Worldnews_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_Worldnews-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three-quarters of the world's annual yield of cocaine has been produced in Colombia, both from cocaine base imported from Peru (primarily the <a href="/wiki/Huallaga_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Huallaga Valley">Huallaga Valley</a>) and Bolivia and from locally grown coca. There was a 28% increase in the amount of potentially harvestable coca plants which were grown in Colombia in 1998. This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_production_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine production in Colombia">coca under cultivation</a> after the mid-1990s. Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade.<sup id="cite_ref-p625_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p625-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An interview with a coca farmer published in 2003 described a mode of production by <a href="/wiki/Acid-base_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base extraction">acid-base extraction</a> that has changed little since 1905. Roughly 625 pounds (283 kg) of leaves were harvested per <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a>, six times per year. The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement (replacing <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> from former times). Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons (190 L) of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for the remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded. Then <a href="/wiki/Battery_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery acid">battery acid</a> (weak <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>) was used, one bucket per 55 lb (25 kg) of leaves, to create a <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a> separation in which the cocaine <a href="/wiki/Free_base" title="Free base">free base</a> in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of "murky-looking smelly liquid". Once powdered <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a> was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth. The resulting material, when dried, was termed <i><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_paste" title="Cocaine paste">pasta</a></i> and sold by the farmer. The 3,750 pounds (1,700 kg) yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb (2.5 kg) of <i>pasta</i>, approximately 40–60% cocaine. Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing <i>pasta lavada</i> and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of <a href="/wiki/Defoliants" class="mw-redirect" title="Defoliants">defoliants</a> have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca-growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use. Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear. These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown, increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine. Although production fell temporarily, coca crops rebounded in numerous smaller fields in Colombia, rather than the larger plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-j011_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j011-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l275_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l275-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cultivation of coca has become an attractive economic decision for many growers due to the combination of several factors, including the lack of other employment alternatives, the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs, the eradication-related damages to non-drug farms, the spread of new strains of the coca plant due to persistent worldwide demand.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Estimated Andean region coca cultivation and potential pure cocaine production<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Net cultivation km<sup>2</sup> (sq mi)</td> <td>1,875 (724)</td> <td>2,218 (856)</td> <td>2,007.5 (775.1)</td> <td>1,663 (642)</td> <td>1,662 (642) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potential pure cocaine production (<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>)</td> <td>770</td> <td>925</td> <td>830</td> <td>680</td> <td>645 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The latest estimate provided by the U.S. authorities on the annual production of cocaine in Colombia refers to 290 metric tons. As of the end of 2011, the seizure operations of <a href="/wiki/Colombian_cocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian cocaine">Colombian cocaine</a> carried out in different countries have totaled 351.8 metric tons of cocaine, i.e. 121.3% of Colombia's annual production according to the U.S. Department of State's estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthesis_2">Synthesis</h4></div> <p>Synthesizing cocaine could eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling, replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories, as are common for illicit <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, but is rarely done. Natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine. Formation of inactive <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoisomers">stereoisomers</a> (cocaine has four chiral centres – 1<i>R</i> 2<i>R</i>, 3<i>S</i>, and 5<i>S</i>, two of them dependent, hence eight possible stereoisomers) plus synthetic by-products limits the yield and purity.<sup id="cite_ref-i893_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i893-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-y069_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y069-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trafficking_and_distribution">Trafficking and distribution</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CocaineCharango-Opened.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CocaineCharango-Opened.jpg/220px-CocaineCharango-Opened.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CocaineCharango-Opened.jpg/330px-CocaineCharango-Opened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CocaineCharango-Opened.jpg/440px-CocaineCharango-Opened.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Cocaine smuggled in a <a href="/wiki/Charango" title="Charango">charango</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized criminal</a> gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade. Most cocaine is grown and processed in South America, particularly in Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, Peru, and smuggled into the United States and Europe, the United States being the world's largest consumer of cocaine,<sup id="cite_ref-WFK_Illicit_drugs_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFK_Illicit_drugs-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is sold at huge markups; usually in the US at $80–120 for 1 gram, and $250–300 for 3.5 grams (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">8</span></span>⁠</span> of an ounce, or an "eight ball").<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Caribbean_and_Mexican_routes">Caribbean and Mexican routes</h5></div> <p>The primary cocaine importation points in the United States have been in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U.S.–Mexico border. Sixty-five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocaine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> is the most active <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartel</a> involved in smuggling illicit drugs like cocaine into the United States and trafficking them throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-DEA_2015_assessment_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEA_2015_assessment-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cocaine traffickers from Colombia and Mexico have established a labyrinth of <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida. They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> to transport the drug using a variety of smuggling techniques to U.S. markets. These include airdrops of 500 to 700 kg (1,100 to 1,500 lb) in the <a href="/wiki/Bahama_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahama Islands">Bahama Islands</a> or off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of 500 to 2,000 kg (1,100 to 4,400 lb), and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corben_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corben-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chilean_route">Chilean route</h5></div> <p>Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile, which is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile. The arid Bolivia–Chile border is easily crossed by 4×4 vehicles that then head to the seaports of <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>. While the price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and Bolivia, the final destination is usually Europe, especially Spain where drug dealing networks exist among South American immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e748_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e748-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Techniques">Techniques</h5></div> <p>Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as "<a href="/wiki/Mule_(smuggling)" title="Mule (smuggling)">mules</a>" (or "mulas"), who cross a border either legally, for example, through a port or airport, or illegally elsewhere. The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body (by swallowing or placement inside an orifice), typically known as 'bodypacking. If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will receive most of the profits. If the mule caught, gangs may sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleetwood_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleetwood-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, mules are often forced into the role, as result of coercion, violence, threats or extreme poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleetwood_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleetwood-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean–<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> area. These vessels are typically 150–250-foot (50–80 m) coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2.5 tonnes. Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations. In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as <a href="/wiki/Go-fast_boat" title="Go-fast boat">go-fast boats</a>, like those used by the local populations.<sup id="cite_ref-a110_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a110-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">drug subs</a> are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on 20 March 2008. Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sales_to_consumers">Sales to consumers</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flavcocaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flavcocaine.jpg/220px-Flavcocaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flavcocaine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Cocaine adulterated with fruit flavoring</figcaption></figure> <p>Cocaine is readily available in all major countries' metropolitan areas. According to the <i>Summer 1998 Pulse Check</i>, published by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a>, cocaine use had stabilized across the country, with a few increases reported in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a>, Miami, and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be due to a switch to <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> among some users; methamphetamine is cheaper, three and a half times more powerful, and lasts 12–24 times longer with each dose.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the number of cocaine users remain high, with a large concentration among urban youth. </p><p>In addition to the amounts previously mentioned, cocaine can be sold in "bill sizes": As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocaine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> for example, $10 might purchase a "dime bag", a very small amount (0.1–0.15 g) of cocaine. These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one's body. Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction</a> reports that the typical retail price of cocaine varied between €50 and €75 per gram in most European countries, although Cyprus, Romania, Sweden, and Turkey reported much higher values.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consumption">Consumption</h4></div> <p>World annual cocaine consumption, as of 2000, stood at around 600 tonnes, with the United States consuming around 300 t, 50% of the total, Europe about 150 t, 25% of the total, and the rest of the world the remaining 150 t or 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 1.5 million people in the United States used cocaine in 2010, down from 2.4 million in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, cocaine use appears to be increasing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> in Europe with the highest prevalences in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2012_12-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2010 UN <a href="/wiki/World_Drug_Report" title="World Drug Report">World Drug Report</a> concluded that "it appears that the North American cocaine market has declined in value from US$47 billion in 1998 to US$38 billion in 2008. Between 2006 and 2008, the value of the market remained basically stable".<sup id="cite_ref-Nations2010_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nations2010-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cocaine" title="Black cocaine">Black cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_alkaloid" title="Coca alkaloid">Coca alkaloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_eradication" title="Coca eradication">Coca eradication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_and_amphetamine_regulated_transcript" title="Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript">Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_Anonymous" title="Cocaine Anonymous">Cocaine Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_paste" title="Cocaine paste">Cocaine paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine#Crack_lung" title="Crack cocaine">Crack cocaine § Crack lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crack epidemic">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Illegal drug trade in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Legal status of cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocaine_analogues" title="List of cocaine analogues">List of cocaine analogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" title="Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypadu" title="Ypadu">Ypadu</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNordegren2002" class="citation book cs1">Nordegren T (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4yaGePenGKgC&pg=PA461"><i>The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse</i></a>. Universal-Publishers. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-404-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-404-0"><bdi>978-1-58112-404-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240708191823/https://books.google.com/books?id=4yaGePenGKgC&pg=PA461#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A-Z+Encyclopedia+of+Alcohol+and+Drug+Abuse&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58112-404-0&rft.aulast=Nordegren&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yaGePenGKgC%26pg%3DPA461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goprelto_FDA_label-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goprelto_FDA_label_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goprelto_FDA_label_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goprelto_FDA_label_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=689750b7-8e51-47d9-a428-078f3f6c9dec">"Goprelto – cocaine hydrochloride solution"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 3 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730202926/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=689750b7-8e51-47d9-a428-078f3f6c9dec">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Goprelto+%E2%80%93+cocaine+hydrochloride+solution&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D689750b7-8e51-47d9-a428-078f3f6c9dec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Numbrino_FDA_label-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Numbrino_FDA_label_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Numbrino_FDA_label_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Numbrino_FDA_label_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94f9b3f8-bce5-41ed-9453-c54ed1d6c269">"Numbrino – cocaine hydrochloride nasal solution"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 28 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730063812/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=94f9b3f8-bce5-41ed-9453-c54ed1d6c269">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Numbrino+%E2%80%93+cocaine+hydrochloride+nasal+solution&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D94f9b3f8-bce5-41ed-9453-c54ed1d6c269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gho2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gho2010_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodse2010" class="citation book cs1">Ghodse H (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYQ23OMjWbcC&pg=PA91"><i>Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment</i></a> (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48567-8"><bdi>978-1-139-48567-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234911/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYQ23OMjWbcC&pg=PA91">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghodse%27s+Drugs+and+Addictive+Behaviour%3A+A+Guide+to+Treatment&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48567-8&rft.aulast=Ghodse&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYQ23OMjWbcC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfrLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>Introduction to Pharmacology</i></a> (3 ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.atitle=Drug+Approval+Package%3A+Goprelto+%28cocaine+hydrochloride%29&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fdrugsatfda_docs%2Fnda%2F2017%2F209963Orig1s000TOC.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=209575">"Numbrino: FDA-Approved Drugs"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728172108/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=209575">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.atitle=Numbrino%3A+FDA-Approved+Drugs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcder%2Fdaf%2Findex.cfm%3Fevent%3Doverview.process%26ApplNo%3D209575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2004-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2004_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2004_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2004" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G9OhG-dZdAwC&pg=PA89"><i>Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=America%27s+First+Cocaine+Epidemic&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40257908%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11619697&rft.aulast=Musto&rft.aufirst=DF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40257908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barlow-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barlow_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1989" class="citation book cs1">Barlow W (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookingupatdowne0000barl"><i>Looking Up At Down: The Emergence of Blues Culture</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookingupatdowne0000barl/page/207">207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87722-583-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87722-583-4"><bdi>0-87722-583-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Up+At+Down%3A+The+Emergence+of+Blues+Culture&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-87722-583-4&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flookingupatdowne0000barl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dominic_streatfeild-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dominic_streatfeild_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreatfeild2003" class="citation book cs1">Streatfeild D (2003). <i>Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography</i>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42226-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42226-4"><bdi>978-0-312-42226-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocaine%3A+An+Unauthorized+Biography&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42226-4&rft.aulast=Streatfeild&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1993" class="citation magazine cs1">White T (14 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BEEAAAAMBAJ&q=billboard+minnie+the+moocher+1931&pg=PA3">"Catchin' Cab: The Magic of Calloway"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240708191810/https://books.google.com/books?id=6BEEAAAAMBAJ&q=billboard+minnie+the+moocher+1931&pg=PA3#v=snippet&q=billboard%20minnie%20the%20moocher%201931&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Catchin%27+Cab%3A+The+Magic+of+Calloway&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1993-08-14&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BEEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dbillboard%2Bminnie%2Bthe%2Bmoocher%2B1931%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCC4zlrC5rQ&t=1h20m30s"><i>The Big Broadcast (1932)</i></a> (Full Movie). 8 January 2021. Event occurs at 1:20:29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCC4zlrC5rQ&t=1h20m30s">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Big+Broadcast+%281932%29&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnCC4zlrC5rQ%26t%3D1h20m30s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amphetamines.com/nazidrug.html">"Jeevan Vasagar: cocaine-based "wonder drug" tested on concentration camp inmates"</a>. Amphetamines.com. 19 November 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110227003229/https://www.amphetamines.com/nazidrug.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jeevan+Vasagar%3A+cocaine-based+%22wonder+drug%22+tested+on+concentration+camp+inmates&rft.pub=Amphetamines.com&rft.date=2002-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famphetamines.com%2Fnazidrug.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1_191-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1_191-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyzik2007" class="citation news cs1">Ryzik M (10 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/10/fashion/10cocaine.html">"Cocaine: Hidden in Plain Sight"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811060445/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/10/fashion/10cocaine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cocaine%3A+Hidden+in+Plain+Sight&rft.date=2007-06-10&rft.aulast=Ryzik&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F10%2Ffashion%2F10cocaine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/buyers/socialhistory.html">"The Buyers – A Social History of America's Most Popular Drugs"</a>. <i>FRONTLINE</i>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170514022136/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/buyers/socialhistory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRONTLINE&rft.atitle=The+Buyers+%E2%80%93+A+Social+History+of+America%27s+Most+Popular+Drugs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fdrugs%2Fbuyers%2Fsocialhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisbaneWomble1985" class="citation book cs1">Brisbane FL, Womble M (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DA7SmDh-X5cC&pg=PA167"><i>Treatment of Black Alcoholics</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86656-403-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86656-403-8"><bdi>978-0-86656-403-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234911/https://books.google.com/books?id=DA7SmDh-X5cC&pg=PA167">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatment+of+Black+Alcoholics&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-86656-403-8&rft.aulast=Brisbane&rft.aufirst=FL&rft.au=Womble%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDA7SmDh-X5cC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldorfReinarmanMurphy1992" class="citation book cs1">Waldorf D, Reinarman C, Murphy S (June 1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cocainechangesex00wald"><i>Cocaine Changes: The Experience of Using and Quitting</i></a></span>. Temple University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cocainechangesex00wald/page/95">95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-013-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-013-2"><bdi>978-1-56639-013-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocaine+Changes%3A+The+Experience+of+Using+and+Quitting&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1992-06&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-013-2&rft.aulast=Waldorf&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Reinarman%2C+C&rft.au=Murphy%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcocainechangesex00wald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Current-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Current_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Current_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrent" class="citation book cs1">Current JD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Du2bfrO9FwC&pg=PA27">"Cocaine"</a>. <i>Pharmacology for Anesthetists</i>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cocaine&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+for+Anesthetists&rft.pages=27&rft.aulast=Current&rft.aufirst=JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Du2bfrO9FwC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozel-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kozel_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozelAdams1996" class="citation book cs1">Kozel NJ, Adams EH (July 1996). <i>Cocaine Use in America</i>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2968-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2968-1"><bdi>978-0-7881-2968-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocaine+Use+in+America&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1996-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-2968-1&rft.aulast=Kozel&rft.aufirst=NJ&rft.au=Adams%2C+EH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r084-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r084_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpillane2000" class="citation book cs1">Spillane JF (11 January 2000). <i>Cocaine</i>. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6230-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6230-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-6230-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocaine&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000-01-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6230-4&rft.aulast=Spillane&rft.aufirst=JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilmer2017" class="citation web cs1">Kilmer B (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/mixed-messages-is-cocaine-consumption-in-the-u-s-going-up-or-down/">"Mixed messages: Is cocaine consumption in the U.S. going up or down?"</a>. Brookings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629195048/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/mixed-messages-is-cocaine-consumption-in-the-u-s-going-up-or-down/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Stationery Office. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-215-54425-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-215-54425-4"><bdi>978-0-215-54425-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cocaine+trade&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft.isbn=978-0-215-54425-4&rft.au=Great+Britain%3A+Parliament%3A+House+of+Commons%3A+Home+Affairs+Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617113902/https://www.applesanity.com/fetish/blow/">"Apple Sanity – Fetish – Blow: War on Drugs VS. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Australian+Legislation&rft.atitle=Misuse+of+Drugs+Act+1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.wa.gov.au%2Flegislation%2Fprod%2Ffilestore.nsf%2FFileURL%2Fmrdoc_46172.pdf%2F%24FILE%2FMisuse%2520Of%2520Drugs%2520Act%25201981%2520-%2520%255B08-f0-00%255D.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199937-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199937_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGootenberg1999">Gootenberg 1999</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadge2001106-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadge2001106_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadge2001">Madge 2001</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA799">"Narcotic drug addiction"</a>. <i>American Medicine</i>. American-Medicine Publishing Company: 799. November 1915. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509174117/https://books.google.com/books?id=tvAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA799">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Medicine&rft.atitle=Narcotic+drug+addiction&rft.pages=799&rft.date=1915-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtvAAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199940-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199940_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199940_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGootenberg199940_215-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGootenberg1999">Gootenberg 1999</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownBarganier2018" class="citation book cs1">Brown E, Barganier G (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ChtDwAAQBAJ"><i>Race and Crime: Geographies of Injustice</i></a>. Oakland, California: University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">207–</span>209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29418-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29418-9"><bdi>978-0-520-29418-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412145040/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ChtDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Crime%3A+Geographies+of+Injustice&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29418-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Barganier%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ChtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2015" class="citation book cs1">Moore NM (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKwPBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA270"><i>The Political Roots of Racial Tracking in American Criminal Justice</i></a>. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02297-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02297-3"><bdi>978-1-107-02297-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100009/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKwPBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA270">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Roots+of+Racial+Tracking+in+American+Criminal+Justice&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02297-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=NM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKwPBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaser2015" class="citation book cs1">Glaser J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GjDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Suspect Race: Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling</i></a>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537040-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537040-9"><bdi>978-0-19-537040-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412145042/https://books.google.com/books?id=3GjDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suspect+Race%3A+Causes+and+Consequences+of+Racial+Profiling&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537040-9&rft.aulast=Glaser&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GjDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-wdr2006-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-un-wdr2006_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2006/wdr2006_chap4_cocaine.pdf">"Cocaine: Seizures, 1998–2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Drug Report 2006</i>. Vol. 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614092314/https://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2006/wdr2006_chap4_cocaine.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cocaine%3A+Seizures%2C+1998%E2%80%932003&rft.btitle=World+Drug+Report+2006&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fpdf%2FWDR_2006%2Fwdr2006_chap4_cocaine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/">"Colombia"</a>. <i>CIA World Factbook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618105825/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Colombia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcolombia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC_Worldnews-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_Worldnews_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055344/https://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/07/31/13045253-us-peru-overtakes-colombia-as-top-cocaine-producer">"Peru Overtakes Colombia as Top Cocaine Producer"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 31 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/07/31/13045253-us-peru-overtakes-colombia-as-top-cocaine-producer">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Peru+Overtakes+Colombia+as+Top+Cocaine+Producer&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldnews.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2012%2F07%2F31%2F13045253-us-peru-overtakes-colombia-as-top-cocaine-producer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p625-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p625_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiroRyderSánchez2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ciro E, Ryder M, Sánchez S (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.futures.2024.103336">"Peace and reparations in legal drug markets in Colombia"</a>. <i>Futures</i>. <b>157</b>: 103336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.futures.2024.103336">10.1016/j.futures.2024.103336</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Futures&rft.atitle=Peace+and+reparations+in+legal+drug+markets+in+Colombia&rft.volume=157&rft.pages=103336&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.futures.2024.103336&rft.aulast=Ciro&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Ryder%2C+M&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.futures.2024.103336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreatfeild2003" class="citation book cs1">Streatfeild D (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ceLzaeHsZAC&pg=PA462"><i>Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42226-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42226-4"><bdi>978-0-312-42226-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115082648/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ceLzaeHsZAC&pg=PA462">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocaine%3A+An+Unauthorized+Biography&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42226-4&rft.aulast=Streatfeild&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ceLzaeHsZAC%26pg%3DPA462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j011-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j011_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessinaDelamater2006" class="citation journal cs1">Messina JP, Delamater PL (10 January 2006). "Defoliation and the war on drugs in Putumayo, Colombia". <i>International Journal of Remote Sensing</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006IJRS...27..121M">2006IJRS...27..121M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01431160500293708">10.1080/01431160500293708</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-1161">0143-1161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Remote+Sensing&rft.atitle=Defoliation+and+the+war+on+drugs+in+Putumayo%2C+Colombia&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2006-01-10&rft.issn=0143-1161&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01431160500293708&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006IJRS...27..121M&rft.aulast=Messina&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Delamater%2C+PL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l275-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l275_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreiraSmedaDuke1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreira JF, Smeda RJ, Duke SO (1997). "Control of coca plants ( Erythroxylum coca and E. novogranatense ) with glyphosate". <i>Weed Science</i>. <b>45</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">551–</span>556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043174500088809">10.1017/S0043174500088809</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1745">0043-1745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weed+Science&rft.atitle=Control+of+coca+plants+%28+Erythroxylum+coca+and+E.+novogranatense+%29+with+glyphosate&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E556&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0043174500088809&rft.issn=0043-1745&rft.aulast=Ferreira&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Smeda%2C+RJ&rft.au=Duke%2C+SO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcela2010" class="citation journal cs1">Marcela I (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/90527/1/CRC-PEG_DP_40.pdf">"Who crops coca and why? The case of Colombian farmers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Econstor" class="mw-redirect" title="Econstor">Econstor</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240428033001/https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/90527/1/CRC-PEG_DP_40.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econstor&rft.atitle=Who+crops+coca+and+why%3F+The+case+of+Colombian+farmers&rft.date=2010-08&rft.aulast=Marcela&rft.aufirst=I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econstor.eu%2Fbitstream%2F10419%2F90527%2F1%2FCRC-PEG_DP_40.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2018/9/2/colombia-im-not-proud-cultivating-coca-but-we-have-no-choice">"Colombia: 'I'm not proud cultivating coca, but we have no choice'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240708192313/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2018/9/2/colombia-im-not-proud-cultivating-coca-but-we-have-no-choice">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Colombia%3A+%27I%27m+not+proud+cultivating+coca%2C+but+we+have+no+choice%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fgallery%2F2018%2F9%2F2%2Fcolombia-im-not-proud-cultivating-coca-but-we-have-no-choice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101111172335/https://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs11/18862/index.htm">"National Drug Threat Assessment 2006"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Drug_Intelligence_Center" title="National Drug Intelligence Center">National Drug Intelligence Center</a></i>. 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cocaine+Seized+Worldwide+Highest+Ever+in+2011&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flarenetwork.org%2Freport%2Ftop_news_100615%2Farticle%2Fcocaine_seized_worldwide_highest_ever_in_2011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35754.htm">"Colombia"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i>. State.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194352/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35754.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17159%2F0379-4350%2F2021%2Fv75a3">10.17159/0379-4350/2021/v75a3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Quantum+Chemistry+of+Cocaine+and+its+Isomers+I%3A+Energetics%2C+Reactivity+and+Solvation&rft.volume=75&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17159%2F0379-4350%2F2021%2Fv75a3&rft.aulast=Amara&rft.aufirst=SB&rft.au=Koslowski%2C+T&rft.au=Zaidi%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17159%252F0379-4350%252F2021%252Fv75a3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y069-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y069_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrakeScott2018" class="citation journal cs1">Drake LR, Scott PJ (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6197930">"DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Cocaine"</a>. <i>ACS Chemical Neuroscience</i>. <b>9</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2358–</span>2372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facschemneuro.8b00117">10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6197930">6197930</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29630337">29630337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=DARK+Classics+in+Chemical+Neuroscience%3A+Cocaine&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2358-%3C%2Fspan%3E2372&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6197930%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29630337&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facschemneuro.8b00117&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=LR&rft.au=Scott%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6197930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newhealthadvisor.com/How-Much-Is-a-Gram-of-Coke.html">"How Much Is a Gram of Coke?"</a>. <i>New Health Advisor</i>. 3 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307123722/https://www.newhealthadvisor.com/How-Much-Is-a-Gram-of-Coke.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Health+Advisor&rft.atitle=How+Much+Is+a+Gram+of+Coke%3F&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newhealthadvisor.com%2FHow-Much-Is-a-Gram-of-Coke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson R (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illegaldrugsamer00jaco"><i>Illegal drugs: America's anguish</i></a> (2005 ed.). Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-0419-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-0419-6"><bdi>978-1-4144-0419-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illegal+drugs%3A+America%27s+anguish&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=2005&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4144-0419-6&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillegaldrugsamer00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEA_2015_assessment-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEA_2015_assessment_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410100038/https://www.dea.gov/docs/2015%20NDTA%20Report.pdf">"2015 National Drug Threat Assessment Summary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Drug Enforcement Administration</i>. United States Department of Justice: Drug Enforcement Administration. October 2015. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dea.gov/docs/2015%20NDTA%20Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>Mexican TCOs pose the greatest criminal drug threat to the United States; no other group is currently positioned to challenge them. These Mexican poly-drug organizations traffic heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana throughout the United States, using established transportation routes and distribution networks. ... While all of these Mexican TCOs transport wholesale quantities of illicit drugs into the United States, the Sinaloa Cartel appears to be the most active supplier. The Sinaloa Cartel leverages its expansive resources and dominance in Mexico to facilitate the smuggling and transportation of drugs throughout the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drug+Enforcement+Administration&rft.atitle=2015+National+Drug+Threat+Assessment+Summary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dea.gov%2Fdocs%2F2015%2520NDTA%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs3/3950/cocaine.htm">"Cocaine. 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Global Initiative. February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cocaine+Pipeline+to+Europe&rft.pub=Global+Initiative&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalinitiative.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F02%2FThe-cocaine-pipeline-to-Europe-GI-TOCInsightCrime.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e748-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e748_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime2015" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (16 December 2015). <i>World Drug Report 2015</i>. 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UN Office of Drugs and Crime. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240708192316/https://www.unodc.org/southasia/frontpage/2012/october/drug-mules_-swallowed-by-the-illicit-drug-trade.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drug+mules%3A+Swallowed+by+the+illicit+drug+trade&rft.pub=UN+Office+of+Drugs+and+Crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fsouthasia%2Ffrontpage%2F2012%2Foctober%2Fdrug-mules_-swallowed-by-the-illicit-drug-trade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a110-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a110_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinDayHarriott2013" class="citation book cs1">Klein A, Day M, Harriott A (18 July 2013). <i>Caribbean Drugs</i>. Zed Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-622-9"><bdi>978-1-84813-622-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Drugs&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1-84813-622-9&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Day%2C+M&rft.au=Harriott%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2020" class="citation web cs1">Sutton H (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/08/21/3-types-of-high-speed-smuggling-boats-facing-the-coast-guard/">"3 Types Of Go-Fast Narco Boats The Coast Guard Faces"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206095729/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/08/21/3-types-of-high-speed-smuggling-boats-facing-the-coast-guard/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=3+Types+Of+Go-Fast+Narco+Boats+The+Coast+Guard+Faces&rft.date=2020-08&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fhisutton%2F2020%2F08%2F21%2F3-types-of-high-speed-smuggling-boats-facing-the-coast-guard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/03/20/drug.subs/index.html">"Coast Guard hunts drug-running semi-subs"</a>. CNN. 20 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321111250/https://edition.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/03/20/drug.subs/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coast+Guard+hunts+drug-running+semi-subs&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FCRIME%2F03%2F20%2Fdrug.subs%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327140334/https://methproject.org/Meth_Info/education.php">"Meth Info"</a>. Methproject.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://methproject.org/Meth_Info/education.php">the original</a> on 27 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meth+Info&rft.pub=Methproject.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmethproject.org%2FMeth_Info%2Feducation.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denisonia.com/policeDept/amphetamines.asp">"Drugs of Abuse"</a>. <i>City of Denison Iowa</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106092215/https://www.denisonia.com/policeDept/amphetamines.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Denison+Iowa&rft.atitle=Drugs+of+Abuse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denisonia.com%2FpoliceDept%2Famphetamines.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/9414607">"Drugs: Pricing Power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 28 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040602/https://www.economist.com/node/9414607">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2014. <q>Prices: USA around $110/g, Israel/Germany/Britain around $46/g, Colombia $2/g, New Zealand recordbreaking $714.30/g.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Drugs%3A+Pricing+Power&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F9414607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf"><i>Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in Europe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9168-324-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9168-324-6"><bdi>978-92-9168-324-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425191815/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+report%3A+the+state+of+the+drugs+problem+in+Europe&rft.place=Luxembourg&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Office+for+Official+Publications+of+the+European+Communities&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-92-9168-324-6&rft.au=European+Monitoring+Centre+for+Drugs+and+Drug+Addiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emcdda.europa.eu%2Fattachements.cfm%2Fatt_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911061809/https://www.defenselink.mil/policy/sections/policy_offices/solic/cn/cocaine2.pdf"><i>The Cocaine Threat: A Hemispheric Perspective</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenselink.mil/policy/sections/policy_offices/solic/cn/cocaine2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cocaine+Threat%3A+A+Hemispheric+Perspective&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenselink.mil%2Fpolicy%2Fsections%2Fpolicy_offices%2Fsolic%2Fcn%2Fcocaine2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nations2010-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nations2010_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations2010" class="citation book cs1">United Nations (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HB9PuEhHahQC&pg=PA77"><i>World Drug Report 2010</i></a>. United Nations Publications. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-148256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-148256-0"><bdi>978-92-1-148256-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426034255/https://books.google.com/books?id=HB9PuEhHahQC&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Drug+Report+2010&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=United+Nations+Publications&rft.date=2010-06&rft.isbn=978-92-1-148256-0&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHB9PuEhHahQC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGootenberg1999" class="citation book cs1">Gootenberg P, ed. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cocaineglobalhist00goot"><i>Cocaine: Global Histories</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02646-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02646-5"><bdi>978-0-203-02646-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocaine%3A+Global+Histories&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-203-02646-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcocaineglobalhist00goot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadge2001" class="citation book cs1">Madge T (2001). <i>White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine</i>. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-405-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-405-1"><bdi>978-1-84018-405-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Mischief%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Cocaine&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84018-405-1&rft.aulast=Madge&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpillane2000" class="citation book cs1">Spillane JF, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cocainefrommedic00spil"><i>Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884–1920</i></a>. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6230-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6230-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-6230-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocaine%3A+From+Medical+Marvel+to+Modern+Menace+in+the+United+States%2C+1884%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Baltimore+and+London&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6230-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcocainefrommedic00spil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeiling2009" class="citation book cs1">Feiling T (2009). <i>The Candy Machine: How Cocaine Took Over the World</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103446-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103446-1"><bdi>978-0-14-103446-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Candy+Machine%3A+How+Cocaine+Took+Over+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-14-103446-1&rft.aulast=Feiling&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocaine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cocaine" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Cocaine">Cocaine</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cocaine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cocaine">Cocaine</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cocaine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cocaine">cocaine</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/cannabis">"Cocaine"</a>. 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title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy<br /> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug<br /> production<br /> and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br /> production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with<br />drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by <br /> drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_which_induce_euphoria105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euphoriants" title="Template:Euphoriants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euphoriants" title="Template talk:Euphoriants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euphoriants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euphoriants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_which_induce_euphoria105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs which induce <a href="/wiki/Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">euphoria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Opioid receptor">μ-Opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">kratom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">voltage-dependent calcium channels</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">blockers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">phenibut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">perampanel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CB1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="CB1 receptor">CB<sub>1</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist" title="Dopamine agonist">Dopamine receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">levodopa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agent" title="Dopamine releasing agent">Dopamine releasing agents</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">mephedrone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a class="mw-selflink selflink">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulators</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">ethanol (alcohol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drink</a>), <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">nonbenzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">quinazolinones</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">sodium oxybate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">nACh receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">arecoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitric oxide donor">Nitric oxide prodrugs</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrite" title="Alkyl nitrite">alkyl nitrites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">methoxetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_antagonist" title="Orexin antagonist">Orexin receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Suvorexant" title="Suvorexant">suvorexant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use">Recreational drug use</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stimulants535" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stimulants" title="Template:Stimulants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stimulants" title="Template talk:Stimulants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stimulants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stimulants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stimulants535" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamantane" title="Adamantane">Adamantanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapromine" title="Adapromine">Adapromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromantane" title="Bromantane">Bromantane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-Chlorotheophylline" title="8-Chlorotheophylline">8-Chlorotheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine">8-Cyclopentyltheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Phenyltheophylline" title="8-Phenyltheophylline">8-Phenyltheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminophylline" title="Aminophylline">Aminophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-15943" title="CGS-15943">CGS-15943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethazan" title="Dimethazan">Dimethazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istradefylline" title="Istradefylline">Istradefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">Paraxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-58261" title="SCH-58261">SCH-58261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychotropic_alkylamines" title="Psychotropic alkylamines">Alkylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentamine" title="Cyclopentamine">Cyclopentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaminol" title="Heptaminol">Heptaminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhexanamine" title="Methylhexanamine">Methylhexaneamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octodrine" title="Octodrine">Octodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylhexedrine" title="Propylhexedrine">Propylhexedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuaminoheptane" title="Tuaminoheptane">Tuaminoheptane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ampakine" title="Ampakine">Ampakines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CX-516" title="CX-516">CX-516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-546" title="CX-546">CX-546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-614" class="mw-redirect" title="CX-614">CX-614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farampator" title="Farampator">CX-691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX717" title="CX717">CX-717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRA-21" title="IDRA-21">IDRA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-404,187" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-404,187">LY-404,187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-503,430" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-503,430">LY-503,430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooglutyl" title="Nooglutyl">Nooglutyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Org_26576" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 26576">Org 26576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEPA_(drug)" title="PEPA (drug)">PEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-18986" title="S-18986">S-18986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunifiram" title="Sunifiram">Sunifiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifiram" title="Unifiram">Unifiram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benocyclidine" title="Benocyclidine">Benocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phencyclamine">Phencyclamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzazepine" title="Benzazepine">Benzazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Br-APB" title="6-Br-APB">6-Br-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-77434" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-77434">SKF-77434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-81297" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-81297">SKF-81297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82958" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-82958">SKF-82958</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_cathinone" title="Substituted cathinone">Cathinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-FMC" class="mw-redirect" title="3-FMC">3-FMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MMC" class="mw-redirect" title="3-MMC">3-MMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone" title="3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone">3,4-DMMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Bromomethcathinone" title="4-Bromomethcathinone">4-BMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chloromethcathinone" title="4-Chloromethcathinone">4-CMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylbuphedrone" title="4-Methylbuphedrone">4-Methylbuphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylcathinone" title="4-Methylcathinone">4-Methylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1-ethylaminopentiophenone" title="4-Methyl-α-ethylaminopentiophenone">4-MEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylpentedrone" title="4-Methylpentedrone">4-Methylpentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">Amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzedrone" title="Benzedrone">Benzedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphedrone" title="Buphedrone">Buphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylone" title="Butylone">Butylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcathinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethylcathinone">Dimethylcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethcathinone" title="Ethcathinone">Ethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylone" title="Ethylone">Ethylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flephedrone" title="Flephedrone">Flephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexedrone" title="Hexedrone">Hexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoethcathinone" title="Isoethcathinone">Isoethcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methedrone" title="Methedrone">Methedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxycathinone" title="Methylenedioxycathinone">Methylenedioxycathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexedrone" title="Mexedrone">Mexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylbuphedrone" title="N-Ethylbuphedrone">N-Ethylbuphedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylhexedrone" title="N-Ethylhexedrone">N-Ethylhexedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentedrone" title="Pentedrone">Pentedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylone" title="Pentylone">Pentylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthalimidopropiophenone" title="Phthalimidopropiophenone">Phthalimidopropiophenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Cholinergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-84,543" title="A-84,543">A-84,543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-366,833" title="A-366,833">A-366,833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-202" title="ABT-202">ABT-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-418" title="ABT-418">ABT-418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-R17779" title="AR-R17779">AR-R17779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altinicline" title="Altinicline">Altinicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabasine" title="Anabasine">Anabasine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradanicline" title="Bradanicline">Bradanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianicline" title="Dianicline">Dianicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiboxidine" title="Epiboxidine">Epiboxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTS-21" title="GTS-21">GTS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispronicline" title="Ispronicline">Ispronicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHA-543,613" title="PHA-543,613">PHA-543,613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-120,596" title="PNU-120,596">PNU-120,596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozanicline" title="Pozanicline">Pozanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivanicline" title="Rivanicline">Rivanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazetidine_A" title="Sazetidine A">Sazetidine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1553A" title="SIB-1553A">SIB-1553A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSR-180,711" title="SSR-180,711">SSR-180,711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1698" title="TC-1698">TC-1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1827" title="TC-1827">TC-1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-2216" title="TC-2216">TC-2216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebanicline" title="Tebanicline">Tebanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-165" title="UB-165">UB-165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-317,538" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-317,538">WAY-317,538</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">Convulsants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMCM" title="DMCM">DMCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurothyl" title="Flurothyl">Flurothyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentetrazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujone" title="Thujone">Thujone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eugeroic" title="Eugeroic">Eugeroics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRL-40,940" class="mw-redirect" title="CRL-40,940">CRL-40,940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRL-40,941" class="mw-redirect" title="CRL-40,941">CRL-40,941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorenol" title="Fluorenol">Fluorenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxazoline" title="Oxazoline">Oxazolines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-Methylaminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clominorex" title="Clominorex">Clominorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazodone" title="Cyclazodone">Cyclazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenozolone" title="Fenozolone">Fenozolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluminorex" title="Fluminorex">Fluminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">Pemoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thozalinone" title="Thozalinone">Thozalinone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylphenylisobutylamine" title="4-Methylphenylisobutylamine">1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane" title="1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane">1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Fluoroamphetamine" title="2-Fluoroamphetamine">2-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-FMA" class="mw-redirect" title="2-FMA">2-Fluoromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="2-Hydroxyphenethylamine">2-OH-PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane" title="2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane">2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">2,3-MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-FA" class="mw-redirect" title="3-FA">3-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluoroethamphetamine" title="3-Fluoroethamphetamine">3-Fluoroethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxyamphetamine" title="3-Methoxyamphetamine">3-Methoxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methylamphetamine" title="3-Methylamphetamine">3-Methylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-FA" class="mw-redirect" title="4-FA">4-Fluoroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-FMA" class="mw-redirect" title="4-FMA">4-Fluoromethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylamphetamine" title="4-Methylamphetamine">4-MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethamphetamine" title="4-Methylmethamphetamine">4-MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylthioamphetamine" title="4-Methylthioamphetamine">4-MTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AL-1095" title="AL-1095">AL-1095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfetamine" title="Alfetamine">Alfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethylphenethylamine">a-Ethylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfecloral" title="Amfecloral">Amfecloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfepentorex" title="Amfepentorex">Amfepentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene" title="2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene">2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoindane" title="2-Aminoindane">2-Aminoindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole" title="5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole">5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminotetralin" title="2-Aminotetralin">2-Aminotetralin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acridorex" title="Acridorex">Acridorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetaminil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetaminil">Amphetaminil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutamine" title="Arbutamine">Arbutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Methylphenethylamine" title="Β-Methylphenethylamine">β-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Phenylmethamphetamine" title="Β-Phenylmethamphetamine">β-Phenylmethamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfluorex" title="Benfluorex">Benfluorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">Benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodioxolylbutanamine">BDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOH_(drug)" title="BOH (drug)">BOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Benzhydrylmorpholine" title="3-Benzhydrylmorpholine">3-Benzhydrylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane" title="Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane">BPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfetamine" title="Camfetamine">Camfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">Cathine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">Chlorphentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilobamine" title="Cilobamine">Cilobamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamedrine" title="Cinnamedrine">Cinnamedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzorex" title="Clobenzorex">Clobenzorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">Cloforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clortermine" title="Clortermine">Clortermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypenamine" title="Cypenamine">Cypenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl"><small>D</small>-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denopamine" title="Denopamine">Denopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">Dimethoxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamphetamine" title="Dimethylamphetamine">Dimethylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">DOPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/D-DOPA" title="D-DOPA">Dextrodopa</a>, <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">Levodopa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="L-DOPS">Droxidopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">EBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinine">Epinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">Etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamine" title="Fencamine">Fencamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">Dexfenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">Fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feprosidnine" title="Feprosidnine">Feprosidnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludorex" title="Fludorex">Fludorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetorex" title="Formetorex">Formetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furfenorex" title="Furfenorex">Furfenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepefrine" title="Gepefrine">Gepefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapradol" title="Hexapradol">Hexapradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine">HMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordenine" title="Hordenine">Hordenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyamphetamine" title="4-Hydroxyamphetamine">4-Hydroxyamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-IAI" title="5-IAI">5-Iodo-2-aminoindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanylaminopropane" class="mw-redirect" title="Indanylaminopropane">Indanylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iofetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iofetamine">Iofetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline"><small>L</small>-Deprenyl</a> (Selegiline)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">Lophophine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine">MBDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxybutylamphetamine" title="Methylenedioxybutylamphetamine">MDBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine">MDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxymethylphenethylamine">MDMPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypropylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxypropylamphetamine">MDPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxyphenethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDPEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">Mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephentermine" title="Mephentermine">Mephentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanephrine" title="Metanephrine">Metanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarb" title="Mesocarb">Mesocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levomethamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine">MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMDMA" title="MMDMA">MMDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxymethamphetamine" title="3-Methoxymethamphetamine">MMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine">N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine" title="N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine">N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoxetine" title="Nisoxetine">Nisoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenefrine" title="Norfenefrine">Norfenefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">Norfenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normetanephrine" title="Normetanephrine">Normetanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Norpseudoephedrine" title="L-Norpseudoephedrine"><small>L</small>-Norpseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortetamine" title="Ortetamine">Ortetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxifentorex" title="Oxifentorex">Oxifentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilofrine" title="Oxilofrine">Oxilofrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Bromoamphetamine" title="Para-Bromoamphetamine">PBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloroamphetamine" title="Para-Chloroamphetamine">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Chloromethamphetamine" title="Para-Chloromethamphetamine">PCMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpholedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norpholedrine">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentorex" title="Pentorex">Pentorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenatine" title="Phenatine">Phenatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenpromethamine" title="Phenpromethamine">Phenpromethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">Phentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholedrine" title="Pholedrine">Pholedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Iodoamphetamine" title="Para-Iodoamphetamine">PIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxyamphetamine">PMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Methoxyethylamphetamine">PMEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxymethamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxymethamphetamine">PMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropylaminopentane" title="Phenylpropylaminopentane">PPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylamphetamine" title="Propylamphetamine">Propylamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodrenaline" title="Theodrenaline">Theodrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiflorex" title="Tiflorex">Tiflorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylopropamine" title="Xylopropamine">Xylopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylofuramine" title="Zylofuramine">Zylofuramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenylmorpholine" title="Substituted phenylmorpholine">Phenylmorpholines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Fluorophenmetrazine" title="3-Fluorophenmetrazine">3-Fluorophenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbutrazate" title="Fenbutrazate">Fenbutrazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetramide" title="Fenmetramide">Fenmetramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-130" title="G-130">G-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazone" title="Morazone">Morazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morforex" title="Morforex">Morforex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-128,907" title="PD-128,907">PD-128,907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendimetrazine" title="Phendimetrazine">Phendimetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenmetrazine" title="Phenmetrazine">Phenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine" title="2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine">2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudophenmetrazine" title="Pseudophenmetrazine">Pseudophenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B-BZP" title="2C-B-BZP">2C-B-BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine" class="mw-redirect" title="1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine">3C-PEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM156" title="CM156">CM156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBL-583" title="DBL-583">DBL-583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12783" title="GBR-12783">GBR-12783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13069" title="GBR-13069">GBR-13069</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13098" title="GBR-13098">GBR-13098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13119" title="GBR-13119">GBR-13119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJC8-088" title="JJC8-088">JJC8-088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine" title="Para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine">MeOPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine" title="Methylbenzylpiperazine">MBZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine" title="Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine">oMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piperidine" title="Piperidine">Piperidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine" title="1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine">1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Benzylpiperidine" title="2-Benzylpiperidine">2-Benzylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine" title="2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine">2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate" title="3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate">3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Benzylpiperidine" title="4-Benzylpiperidine">4-Benzylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoromethylphenidate" title="4-Fluoromethylphenidate">4-Fluoromethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylmethylphenidate" title="4-Methylmethylphenidate">4-Methylmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxypipradrol" title="Desoxypipradrol">Desoxypipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemetorex" title="Difemetorex">Difemetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylpyraline" title="Diphenylpyraline">Diphenylpyraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDEP-28" title="HDEP-28">Ethylnaphthidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphenidate" title="Ethylphenidate">Ethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">Methylnaphthidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropylphenidate" title="Isopropylphenidate">Isopropylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/(%2B)-CPCA" title="(+)-CPCA">Nocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Phacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylphenidate" title="Propylphenidate">Propylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-5472" title="SCH-5472">SCH-5472</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrolidine" title="Pyrrolidine">Pyrrolidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine" title="2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine">2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone">4-Cl-PVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-DBFPV" title="5-DBFPV">5-DBFPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone">α-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone">α-PBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-PCYP" title="Α-PCYP">α-PCYP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-PHiP" title="Α-PHiP">α-PHiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone">α-PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pyrrolidinoheptaphenone" title="Α-Pyrrolidinoheptaphenone">α-PHPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">α-PVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone">α-PVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylprolinol" title="Diphenylprolinol">Diphenylprolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Dimethoxy-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="3',4'-Dimethoxy-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">DMPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluoro-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinooctanophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluoro-α-Pyrrolidinooctanophenone">FPOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluoro-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluoro-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">FPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MDPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" title="3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MDPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-a-pyrrolidinobutiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Methyl-a-pyrrolidinobutiophenone">MPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone">MPHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Methoxy-α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone">MOPVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Methoxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone" title="4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone">MOPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indapyrophenidone" title="Indapyrophenidone">Indapyrophenidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylpyrrolidine" title="Phenylethylpyrrolidine">PEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picilorex" title="Picilorex">Picilorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racetam" title="Racetam">Racetams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam" title="Phenylpiracetam">Phenylpiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam_hydrazide" title="Phenylpiracetam hydrazide">Phenylpiracetam hydrazide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-fluorotropacocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-fluorotropacocaine">4-fluorotropacocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Fluorococaine" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Fluorococaine">4'-Fluorococaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altropane" title="Altropane">Altropane (IACFT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_35428" class="mw-redirect" title="WIN 35428">CFT (WIN 35,428)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">β-CIT (RTI-55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaethylene" title="Cocaethylene">Cocaethylene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloropane" title="Dichloropane">Dichloropane (RTI-111)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluoropine" title="Difluoropine">Difluoropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FE-β-CPPIT">FE-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FP-β-CPPIT">FP-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioflupane_(123I)" title="Ioflupane (123I)">Ioflupane (<sup>123</sup>I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norcocaine" title="Norcocaine">Norcocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane" title="2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane">PIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(4-tolyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane">PTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-31" title="RTI-31">RTI-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-32" title="RTI-32">RTI-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-51" title="RTI-51">RTI-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-112" title="RTI-112">RTI-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-113" title="RTI-113">RTI-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-120" title="RTI-120">RTI-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-121" title="RTI-121">RTI-121 (IPCIT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-126" title="RTI-126">RTI-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-150" title="RTI-150">RTI-150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-177" title="RTI-177">RTI-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-229" title="RTI-229">RTI-229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(-)-2%CE%B2-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3%CE%B2-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-2β-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane">RTI-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-354" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI-354">RTI-354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-371" title="RTI-371">RTI-371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-386" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI-386">RTI-386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylmethylecgonine" title="Salicylmethylecgonine">Salicylmethylecgonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparil" title="Troparil">Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropoxane" title="Tropoxane">Tropoxane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(2-naphthyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane">WF-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B1-(Propanoyl)-3%CE%B2-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane" title="2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane">WF-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-HO-%CE%B1MT" title="4-HO-αMT">4-HO-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-αET">4-Methyl-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methyl-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Methyl-αMT">4-Methyl-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT" title="5-Chloro-αMT">5-Chloro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Fluoro-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Fluoro-αMT">5-Fluoro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-αET">5-MeO-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-αMT">5-MeO-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine">5-MeO-DIPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoro-%CE%B1MT" class="mw-redirect" title="6-Fluoro-αMT">6-Fluoro-αMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Methyl-%CE%B1ET" class="mw-redirect" title="7-Methyl-αET">7-Methyl-αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Ethyltryptamine" title="Α-Ethyltryptamine">αET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Methyltryptamine" title="Α-Methyltryptamine">αMT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfonelic_acid" title="Amfonelic acid">Amfonelic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiphenazole" title="Amiphenazole">Amiphenazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atipamezole" title="Atipamezole">Atipamezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemegride" title="Bemegride">Bemegride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyltolylquinuclidine" title="Butyltolylquinuclidine">BTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_74,398" title="BTS 74,398">BTS 74,398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenciclan" title="Clofenciclan">Clofenciclan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cropropamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cropropamide">Cropropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotetamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotetamide">Crotetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-161" title="D-161">D-161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efaroxan" title="Efaroxan">Efaroxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamivan" title="Etamivan">Etamivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenisorex" title="Fenisorex">Fenisorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpentadiol" title="Fenpentadiol">Fenpentadiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamfexine" title="Gamfexine">Gamfexine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilutensin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilutensin">Gilutensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1360707F" title="GSK1360707F">GSK1360707F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52895" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52895">GYKI-52895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexacyclonate" title="Hexacyclonate">Hexacyclonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazoxan" title="Idazoxan">Idazoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanorex" title="Indanorex">Indanorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazabemide" title="Lazabemide">Lazabemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptacline" title="Leptacline">Leptacline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomevactone" title="Lomevactone">Lomevactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefexamide" title="Mefexamide">Mefexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamnetamine" title="Methamnetamine">Methamnetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methastyridone" title="Methastyridone">Methastyridone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiopropamine" title="Methiopropamine">Methiopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthylaminopropane" title="Naphthylaminopropane">Naphthylaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikethamide" title="Nikethamide">Nikethamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprotiline" title="Oxaprotiline">Oxaprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-99,194" title="PNU-99,194">PNU-99,194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasagiline" title="Rasagiline">Rasagiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_chloride" title="Rubidium chloride">Rubidium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setazindol" title="Setazindol">Setazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tametraline" title="Tametraline">Tametraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandamine" title="Tandamine">Tandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiopropamine" title="Thiopropamine">Thiopropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothinone" title="Thiothinone">Thiothinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazium" title="Trazium">Trazium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-232" title="UH-232">UH-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-style:italic"><div><a href="/wiki/ATC_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code">ATC code</a>: <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06B" title="ATC code N06">N06B</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Local_anesthetics_(primarily_sodium_channel_blockers)_(N01B)490" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Local_anesthetics" title="Template:Local anesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Local_anesthetics" title="Template talk:Local anesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Local_anesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Local anesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Local_anesthetics_(primarily_sodium_channel_blockers)_(N01B)490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(primarily <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">sodium channel blockers</a>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N01#N01B" title="ATC code N01">N01B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">Esters</a> by acid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4-Aminobenzoic_acid" title="4-Aminobenzoic acid">Aminobenzoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">Benzocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonatate" title="Benzonatate">Benzonatate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butacaine" title="Butacaine">Butacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butamben" title="Butamben">Butamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprocaine" title="Chloroprocaine">Chloroprocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucaine">Lucaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprylcaine" title="Meprylcaine">Meprylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabutethamine" title="Metabutethamine">Metabutethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabutoxycaine" title="Metabutoxycaine">Metabutoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitracaine" title="Nitracaine">Nitracaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthocaine" title="Orthocaine">Orthocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxycaine" title="Propoxycaine">Propoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaine" title="Procaine">Procaine (Novocaine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxymetacaine" title="Proxymetacaine">Proxymetacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risocaine" title="Risocaine">Risocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylocaine" title="Amylocaine">Amylocaine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclomethycaine" title="Cyclomethycaine">Cyclomethycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Eucaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Eucaine">α-Eucaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucaine" title="Eucaine">β-Eucaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexylcaine" title="Hexylcaine">Hexylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobucaine" title="Isobucaine">Isobucaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperocaine" title="Piperocaine">Piperocaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ArCO2- (not para-amino or Ph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoproxan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoproxan (page does not exist)">Amoproxan</a> (3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane" title="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane">3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">Amides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articaine" title="Articaine">Articaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">Bupivacaine</a><sup>#</sup>/<a href="/wiki/Levobupivacaine" title="Levobupivacaine">Levobupivacaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ropivacaine" title="Ropivacaine">Ropivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanilicaine" title="Butanilicaine">Butanilicaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articaine" title="Articaine">Carticaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinchocaine" title="Cinchocaine"> Cinchocaine (Dibucaine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etidocaine" title="Etidocaine">Etidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepivacaine" title="Mepivacaine">Mepivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prilocaine" title="Prilocaine">Prilocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimecaine" title="Trimecaine">Trimecaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic_with_vasoconstrictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor">Anesthetic/vasoconstrictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine/meloxicam" title="Bupivacaine/meloxicam">Bupivacaine/meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine/prilocaine" title="Lidocaine/prilocaine">Lidocaine/prilocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_tac" title="Topical tac">TAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontocaine" title="Iontocaine">Iontocaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_anaesthesia96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_anaesthesia" title="Template:Ancient anaesthesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_anaesthesia" title="Template talk:Ancient anaesthesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_anaesthesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient anaesthesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_anaesthesia96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia" title="History of general anesthesia">Ancient anaesthesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants / animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aconitum" title="Aconitum">Aconitum</a></i> (aconite)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></i> (belladonna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castoreum" title="Castoreum">Castoreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conium" title="Conium">Conium</a></i> (hemlock)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datura_innoxia" title="Datura innoxia">Datura innoxia</a></i> (thorn-apple)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datura_metel" title="Datura metel">Datura metel</a></i> (devil's trumpet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></i> (henbane)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactucarium" title="Lactucarium">Lactucarium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></i> (mandrake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saussurea" title="Saussurea">Saussurea</a></i> (saw-wort)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcohols_(medicine)" title="Alcohols (medicine)">medical use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniine" title="Coniine">Coniine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine">Hyoscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Δ9-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">Hyoscyamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Abulcasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Avenzoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Celsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Rhazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuncuoglu_Sherefeddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabuncuoglu Sherefeddin">Sabuncuoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushrutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing" title="Zhang Zhongjing">Zhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ion_channel_modulators357" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ion_channel_modulators357" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="VDCCsTooltip_Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels424" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels">VDCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amlodipine" title="Amlodipine">Amlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranidipine" title="Aranidipine">Aranidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azelnidipine" title="Azelnidipine">Azelnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Barnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevidipine" title="Clevidipine">Clevidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronidipine (page does not exist)">Cronidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darodipine" title="Darodipine">Darodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexniguldipine (page does not exist)">Dexniguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elgodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elgodipine (page does not exist)">Elgodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elnadipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elnadipine (page does not exist)">Elnadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felodipine" title="Felodipine">Felodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flordipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flordipine (page does not exist)">Flordipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furnidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furnidipine (page does not exist)">Furnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iganidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iganidipine (page does not exist)">Iganidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isradipine" title="Isradipine">Isradipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacidipine" title="Lacidipine">Lacidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemildipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemildipine (page does not exist)">Lemildipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lercanidipine" title="Lercanidipine">Lercanidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levamlodipine" title="Levamlodipine">Levamlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levniguldipine (page does not exist)">Levniguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manidipine" title="Manidipine">Manidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Mepirodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesudipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesudipine (page does not exist)">Mesudipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niludipine" title="Niludipine">Niludipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilvadipine" title="Nilvadipine">Nilvadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimodipine" title="Nimodipine">Nimodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoldipine" title="Nisoldipine">Nisoldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">Nitrendipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olradipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olradipine (page does not exist)">Olradipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxodipine" title="Oxodipine">Oxodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palonidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palonidipine (page does not exist)">Palonidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranidipine" title="Pranidipine">Pranidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riodipine" title="Riodipine">Ryodipine (riodipine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagandipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagandipine (page does not exist)">Sagandipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sornidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sornidipine (page does not exist)">Sornidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teludipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teludipine (page does not exist)">Teludipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamdipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiamdipine (page does not exist)">Tiamdipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trombodipine (page does not exist)">Trombodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatanidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatanidipine (page does not exist)">Vatanidipine</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a> derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Clentiazem" title="Clentiazem">Clentiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iprotiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iprotiazem (page does not exist)">Iprotiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nictiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nictiazem (page does not exist)">Nictiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siratiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siratiazem (page does not exist)">Siratiazem</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Arylalkylamine" title="Arylalkylamine">Phenylalkylamines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anipamil" title="Anipamil">Anipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagapamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagapamil (page does not exist)">Dagapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devapamil" title="Devapamil">Devapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexverapamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexverapamil (page does not exist)">Dexverapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emopamil" title="Emopamil">Emopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etripamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etripamil (page does not exist)">Etripamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falipamil" title="Falipamil">Falipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallopamil" title="Gallopamil">Gallopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levemopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levemopamil (page does not exist)">Levemopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nexopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nexopamil (page does not exist)">Nexopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norverapamil" title="Norverapamil">Norverapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronipamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronipamil (page does not exist)">Ronipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiapamil" title="Tiapamil">Tiapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a>; <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/AH-1058" title="AH-1058">AH-1058</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brinazarone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brinazarone (page does not exist)">Brinazarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budiodarone" title="Budiodarone">Budiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celivarone" title="Celivarone">Celivarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantofarone" title="Fantofarone">Fantofarone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-33805&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-33805 (page does not exist)">SR-33805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9-Conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω-Conotoxin">ω-Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_GVIA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Conotoxin GVIA (page does not exist)">ω-Conotoxin GVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huwentoxin_XVI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huwentoxin XVI (page does not exist)">Huwentoxin XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-173212&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-173212 (page does not exist)">PD-173212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z160&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z160 (page does not exist)">Z160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin IVA (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin IVA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin IVB (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin IVB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/SNX-482" title="SNX-482">SNX-482</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-639&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-639 (page does not exist)">ABT-639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-218&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-218 (page does not exist)">ML-218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_55-0396&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 55-0396 (page does not exist)">NNC 55-0396</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProTx_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ProTx I (page does not exist)">ProTx I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z944 (page does not exist)">Z944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Non-selective:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_TK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin TK (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin TK</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_MVIIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Conotoxin MVIIC (page does not exist)">ω-Conotoxin MVIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benidipine" title="Benidipine">Benidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepridil" title="Bepridil">Bepridil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilnidipine" title="Cilnidipine">Cilnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efonidipine" title="Efonidipine">Efonidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunarizine" title="Flunarizine">Flunarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomerizine" title="Lomerizine">Lomerizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NP078585&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NP078585 (page does not exist)">NP078585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TROX-1" title="TROX-1">TROX-1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#α2δ_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit</a>-selective (<a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/4-Methylpregabalin" title="4-Methylpregabalin">4-Methylpregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaclofen">Arbaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen placarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atagabalin" title="Atagabalin">Atagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagabalin" title="Imagabalin">Imagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-200,347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-200,347 (page does not exist)">PD-200,347</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-217,014" title="PD-217,014">PD-217,014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-299,685&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-299,685 (page does not exist)">PD-299,685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others/unsorted:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bencyclane" title="Bencyclane">Bencyclane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbamine" title="Berbamine">Berbamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadine" title="Canadine">Canadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboxyamidotriazole" title="Carboxyamidotriazole">Carboxyamidotriazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycleanine" title="Cycleanine">Cycleanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauricine" title="Dauricine">Dauricine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimeditiapramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimeditiapramine">Dimeditiapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproteverine" title="Diproteverine">Diproteverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enpiperate" title="Enpiperate">Enpiperate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eperisone" title="Eperisone">Eperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpetrigine (page does not exist)">Elpetrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasudil" title="Fasudil">Fasudil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fendiline" title="Fendiline">Fendiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostedil" title="Fostedil">Fostedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTV-519" title="JTV-519">JTV-519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidoflazine" title="Lidoflazine">Lidoflazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoalide" title="Manoalide">Manoalide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochratoxin_A" title="Ochratoxin A">Ochratoxin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthol" title="Osthol">Osthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaverium_bromide" title="Pinaverium bromide">Pinaverium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesamodil" title="Sesamodil">Sesamodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silperisone" title="Silperisone">Silperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipatrigine (page does not exist)">Sipatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrandrine" title="Tetrandrine">Tetrandrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolperisone" title="Tolperisone">Tolperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valperinol" title="Valperinol">Valperinol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_opener" title="Calcium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bay_K8644" title="Bay K8644">Bay K8644</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated potassium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated potassium channels">VGKCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Diaminopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Diaminopyridine">3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Aminopyridine" title="4-Aminopyridine">4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adekalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adekalant (page does not exist)">Adekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almokalant" title="Almokalant">Almokalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaftine" title="Bunaftine">Bunaftine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clamikalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clamikalant (page does not exist)">Clamikalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalazatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalazatide (page does not exist)">Dalazatide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrotoxin" title="Dendrotoxin">Dendrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dofetilide" title="Dofetilide">Dofetilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanatoxin" title="Hanatoxin">Hanatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HsTx1" title="HsTx1">HsTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibutilide" title="Ibutilide">Ibutilide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inakalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inakalant (page does not exist)">Inakalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifekalant" title="Nifekalant">Nifekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notoxin (page does not exist)">Notoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxilline" title="Paxilline">Paxilline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinokalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinokalant (page does not exist)">Pinokalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ShK-186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ShK-186 (page does not exist)">ShK-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedisamil" title="Tedisamil">Tedisamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terikalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terikalant (page does not exist)">Terikalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethylammonium" title="Tetraethylammonium">Tetraethylammonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/HERG" title="HERG">hERG</a> (KCNH2, K<sub>v</sub>11.1)-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmmTX3" title="AmmTX3">AmmTX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astemizole" title="Astemizole">Astemizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaspiracid" title="Azaspiracid">Azaspiracid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZD1305" title="AZD1305">AZD1305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedaquiline" title="Bedaquiline">Bedaquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeKm-1_toxin" title="BeKm-1 toxin">BeKm-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BmTx3" title="BmTx3">BmTx3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-32872" title="BRL-32872">BRL-32872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisapride" title="Cisapride">Cisapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarithromycin" title="Clarithromycin">Clarithromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">Diallyl trisulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergtoxin" title="Ergtoxin">Ergtoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigactonine" title="Gigactonine">Gigactonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpropoxyphene" title="Norpropoxyphene">Norpropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxithromycin" title="Roxithromycin">Roxithromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamulotoxin" title="Tamulotoxin">Tamulotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">Terfenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XE-991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XE-991 (page does not exist)">XE-991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssm_spooky_toxin" title="Ssm spooky toxin">Spooky toxin (SsTx)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel">IRKs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetohexamide" title="Acetohexamide">Acetohexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbutamide" title="Carbutamide">Carbutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpropamide" title="Chlorpropamide">Chlorpropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide (glyburide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibornuride" title="Glibornuride">Glibornuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glicaramide" title="Glicaramide">Glicaramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliclazide" title="Gliclazide">Gliclazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">Glimepiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glipizide" title="Glipizide">Glipizide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliquidone" title="Gliquidone">Gliquidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glisoxepide" title="Glisoxepide">Glisoxepide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyclopyramide" title="Glyclopyramide">Glyclopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycyclamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycyclamide (page does not exist)">Glycyclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metahexamide" title="Metahexamide">Metahexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitiglinide" title="Mitiglinide">Mitiglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nateglinide" title="Nateglinide">Nateglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repaglinide" title="Repaglinide">Repaglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazamide" title="Tolazamide">Tolazamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolbutamide" title="Tolbutamide">Tolbutamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiapin" title="Tertiapin">Tertiapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipepidine" title="Tipepidine">Tipepidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprikalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aprikalim (page does not exist)">Aprikalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimakalim" title="Bimakalim">Bimakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromakalim" title="Cromakalim">Cromakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emakalim (page does not exist)">Emakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levcromakalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Levcromakalim">Levcromakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazokalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazokalim (page does not exist)">Mazokalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">Minoxidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil_sulfate" title="Minoxidil sulfate">Minoxidil sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naminidil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naminidil (page does not exist)">Naminidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicorandil" title="Nicorandil">Nicorandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacidil" title="Pinacidil">Pinacidil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rilmakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rilmakalim (page does not exist)">Rilmakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarakalim (page does not exist)">Sarakalim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-297 (page does not exist)">ML-297 (VU0456810)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">K<sub>Ca</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAL-021" class="mw-redirect" title="GAL-021">GAL-021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottlerin" title="Rottlerin">Rottlerin (mallotoxin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel"><abbr title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">K2Ps</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate" title="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate">12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">Sodium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated sodium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated sodium channels">VGSCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antianginals:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antiarrhythmics (class I):</i> <a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprindine" title="Aprindine">Aprindine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encainide" title="Encainide">Encainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecainide" title="Flecainide">Flecainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorajmine" title="Lorajmine">Lorajmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcainide" title="Lorcainide">Lorcainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moracizine" title="Moracizine">Moricizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilsicainide" title="Pilsicainide">Pilsicainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajmaline" title="Prajmaline">Prajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procainamide" title="Procainamide">Procainamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparteine" title="Sparteine">Sparteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocainide" title="Tocainide">Tocainide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Anticonvulsants:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpetrigine (page does not exist)">Elpetrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licarbazepine" title="Licarbazepine">Licarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxitriptyline" title="Oxitriptyline">Oxitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipatrigine (page does not exist)">Sipatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Local anesthetics:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane" title="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane"><i>p</i>FBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylocaine" title="Amylocaine">Amylocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articaine" title="Articaine">Articaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">Benzocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">Bupivacaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levobupivacaine" title="Levobupivacaine">Levobupivacaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropivacaine" title="Ropivacaine">Ropivacaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butacaine" title="Butacaine">Butacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butamben" title="Butamben">Butamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprocaine" title="Chloroprocaine">Chloroprocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinchocaine" title="Cinchocaine">Cinchocaine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclomethycaine" title="Cyclomethycaine">Cyclomethycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etidocaine" title="Etidocaine">Etidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexylcaine" title="Hexylcaine">Hexylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontocaine" title="Iontocaine">Iontocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepivacaine" title="Mepivacaine">Mepivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprylcaine" title="Meprylcaine">Meprylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabutoxycaine" title="Metabutoxycaine">Metabutoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthocaine" title="Orthocaine">Orthocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperocaine" title="Piperocaine">Piperocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prilocaine" title="Prilocaine">Prilocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaine" title="Procaine">Procaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxycaine" title="Propoxycaine">Propoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxymetacaine" title="Proxymetacaine">Proxymetacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risocaine" title="Risocaine">Risocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimecaine" title="Trimecaine">Trimecaine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Analgesics:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3161&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3161 (page does not exist)">AZD-3161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GDC-0276&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GDC-0276 (page does not exist)">GDC-0276</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKTR-171&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKTR-171 (page does not exist)">NKTR-171</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-04531083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-04531083 (page does not exist)">PF-04531083</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raxatrigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raxatrigine">Raxatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RG7893&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RG7893 (page does not exist)">RG7893 (GDC-0287)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzetrigine" title="Suzetrigine">Suzetrigine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Toxins:</i> <a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosaxitoxin" title="Neosaxitoxin">Neosaxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenamide" title="Evenamide">Evenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li>Atracotoxins (<a href="/wiki/Omega-Atracotoxin" title="Omega-Atracotoxin">ω-Atracotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">Robustoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versutoxin" title="Versutoxin">Versutoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">Grayanotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poneratoxin" title="Poneratoxin">Poneratoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel"><abbr title="Epithelial sodium channel">ENaC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzamil" title="Benzamil">Benzamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamterene" title="Triamterene">Triamterene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solnatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solnatide (page does not exist)">Solnatide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel"><abbr title="Acid-sensing ion channel">ASICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-317567&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-317567 (page does not exist)">A-317567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PcTX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PcTX1 (page does not exist)">PcTX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">CaCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crofelemer" title="Crofelemer">Crofelemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIDS" title="DIDS">DIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethacrynic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethacrynic acid">Ethacrynic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefloquine" title="Mefloquine">Mefloquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator"><abbr title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonidamine" title="Lonidamine">Lonidamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)">1,7-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,10-Phenanthroline" title="1,10-Phenanthroline">1,10-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)">4,7-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Benzoquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Benzoquinoline (page does not exist)">7,8-Benzoquinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivacaftor" title="Ivacaftor">Ivacaftor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenanthridine" title="Phenanthridine">Phenanthridine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepacrine" title="Mepacrine">Mepacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talniflumate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talniflumate (page does not exist)">Talniflumate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential channels"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential channels">TRPs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_gated_ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligand gated ion channels"><abbr title="Ligand gated ion channels">LGICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template:Pharmacomodulation">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators">Transient receptor potential channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors3413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template talk:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors3413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Monoamine reuptake inhibitor">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter"><abbr title="Dopamine transporter">DAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine transporter</span><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitors">DRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors</span>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Piperazines:</i> <a href="/wiki/DBL-583" title="DBL-583">DBL-583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12783" title="GBR-12783">GBR-12783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13069" title="GBR-13069">GBR-13069</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13098" title="GBR-13098">GBR-13098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJC8-088" title="JJC8-088">JJC8-088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Piperidines:</i> <a href="/wiki/4-Fluoropethidine" title="4-Fluoropethidine">4-Fluoropethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benocyclidine" title="Benocyclidine">Benocyclidine (BTCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxypipradrol" title="Desoxypipradrol">Desoxypipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemetorex" title="Difemetorex">Difemetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphenidate" title="Ethylphenidate">Ethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Pyrrolidines:</i> <a href="/wiki/Diphenylprolinol" title="Diphenylprolinol">Diphenylprolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tropanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/Altropane" title="Altropane">Altropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzatropine" title="Benzatropine">Benzatropine (benztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_35428" class="mw-redirect" title="WIN 35428">CFT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloropane" title="Dichloropane">Dichloropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluoropine" title="Difluoropine">Difluoropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etybenzatropine" title="Etybenzatropine">Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FE-β-CPPIT">FE-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FP-β-CPPIT">FP-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioflupane_(123I)" title="Ioflupane (123I)">Ioflupane (<sup>123</sup>I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">RTI-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-112" title="RTI-112">RTI-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-113" title="RTI-113">RTI-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-121" title="RTI-121">RTI-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-126" title="RTI-126">RTI-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-150" title="RTI-150">RTI-150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-177" title="RTI-177">RTI-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-229" title="RTI-229">RTI-229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(-)-2%CE%B2-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3%CE%B2-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-2β-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane">RTI-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparil" title="Troparil">Troparil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropoxane" title="Tropoxane">Tropoxane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(4-tolyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane">WF-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(2-naphthyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane">WF-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane" title="2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane">WF-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B1-(Propanoyl)-3%CE%B2-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane" title="2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane">WF-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfonelic_acid" title="Amfonelic acid">Amfonelic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyltolylquinuclidine" title="Butyltolylquinuclidine">BTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_74,398" title="BTS 74,398">BTS 74,398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaenomeles_speciosa" title="Chaenomeles speciosa">Chaenomeles speciosa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylpyraline" title="Diphenylpyraline">Diphenylpyraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine (MK-801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102,677" title="DOV-102,677">DOV-102,677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216,303" title="DOV-216,303">DOV-216,303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorenol" title="Fluorenol">Fluorenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52895" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52895">GYKI-52895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Levophacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarb" title="Mesocarb">Mesocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroxylin_A" title="Oroxylin A">Oroxylin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimcazole" title="Rimcazole">Rimcazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tametraline" title="Tametraline">Tametraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">Tripelennamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter"><abbr title="Norepinephrine transporter">NET</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter</span><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">NRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</span>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amedalin" title="Amedalin">Amedalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseroxylon" title="Alseroxylon">Alseroxylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daledalin" title="Daledalin">Daledalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edivoxetine" title="Edivoxetine">Edivoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esreboxetine" title="Esreboxetine">Esreboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lortalamine" title="Lortalamine">Lortalamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoxetine" title="Nisoxetine">Nisoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talopram" title="Talopram">Talopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talsupram" title="Talsupram">Talsupram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandamine" title="Tandamine">Tandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniloxazine" title="Teniloxazine">Teniloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viloxazine" title="Viloxazine">Viloxazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamine" title="Fencamine">Fencamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Levophacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-39,332" title="CP-39,332">CP-39,332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclanamine" title="Eclanamine">Eclanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McN5652" title="McN5652">McN5652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA" title="N-Methyl-PPPA">N-Methyl-PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafenodone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafenodone (page does not exist)">Nafenodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPPA_(drug)" title="PPPA (drug)">PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102677" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-102677">DOV-102677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216303" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-216303">DOV-216303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-505" title="HP-505">HP-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228431 (page does not exist)">SEP-228431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228432 (page does not exist)">SEP-228432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a> (e.g., <a class="mw-selflink selflink">cocaine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tricyclic antidepressants:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butriptyline" title="Butriptyline">Butriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cianopramine" title="Cianopramine">Cianopramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">Dosulepin (dothiepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">Lofepramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitracen" title="Melitracen">Melitracen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">Protriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tetracyclic antidepressants:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">Maprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprotiline" title="Oxaprotiline">Oxaprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Antihistamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">tripelennamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeloxazine" title="Indeloxazine">Indeloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">desmetramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine (meperidine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter"><abbr title="Serotonin transporter">SERT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin transporter</span><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors</span>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/6-Nitroquipazine" title="6-Nitroquipazine">6-Nitroquipazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centpropazine" title="Centpropazine">Centpropazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cericlamine" title="Cericlamine">Cericlamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapoxetine" title="Dapoxetine">Dapoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylcitalopram" title="Desmethylcitalopram">Desmethylcitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylcitalopram" title="Didesmethylcitalopram">Didesmethylcitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoxetine" title="Femoxetine">Femoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indalpine" title="Indalpine">Indalpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifoxetine" title="Ifoxetine">Ifoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omiloxetine" title="Omiloxetine">Omiloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panuramine" title="Panuramine">Panuramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIM-35" title="PIM-35">PIM-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirandamine" title="Pirandamine">Pirandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-353" title="RTI-353">RTI-353</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seproxetine" title="Seproxetine">Seproxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimelidine" title="Zimelidine">Zimelidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litoxetine" title="Litoxetine">Litoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubazodone" title="Lubazodone">Lubazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-393558" title="LY-393558">LY-393558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quipazine" title="Quipazine">Quipazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-649915" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-649915">SB-649915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGBA01AD" title="TGBA01AD">TGBA01AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-39332&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-39332 (page does not exist)">CP-39332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclanamine" title="Eclanamine">Eclanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McN5652" title="McN5652">McN5652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA" title="N-Methyl-PPPA">N-Methyl-PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPPA_(drug)" title="PPPA (drug)">PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102677" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-102677">DOV-102677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216303" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-216303">DOV-216303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-505" title="HP-505">HP-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228431 (page does not exist)">SEP-228431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228432 (page does not exist)">SEP-228432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a> (e.g., <a class="mw-selflink selflink">cocaine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tricyclic antidepressants:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cianopramine" title="Cianopramine">Cianopramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanodothiepin" title="Cyanodothiepin">Cyanodothiepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">Dosulepin (dothiepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">Lofepramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipofezine" title="Pipofezine">Pipofezine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">Protriptyline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A-80426&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-80426 (page does not exist)">A-80426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">dimenhydrinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">tripelennamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">esketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">methoxetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypidone" title="Hypidone">Hypidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesembrine" title="Mesembrine">Mesembrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylserotonin" title="N-Methylserotonin">N-Me-5-HT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">dextropropoxyphene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine (meperidine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxindole" title="Roxindole">Roxindole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicular monoamine transporters"><abbr title="Vesicular monoamine transporters">VMATs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Amphetamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Amino-2-phenylpropene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Amino-2-phenylpropene (page does not exist)">APP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin (page does not exist)">AZIK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bietaserpine" title="Bietaserpine">Bietaserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserpidine" title="Deserpidine">Deserpidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutetrabenazine" title="Deutetrabenazine">Deutetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotetrabenazine" title="Dihydrotetrabenazine">Dihydrotetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GZ-793A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GZ-793A (page does not exist)">GZ-793A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methoxytetrabenazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methoxytetrabenazine (page does not exist)">Methoxytetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_bengal" title="Rose bengal">Rose bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabenazine" title="Tetrabenazine">Tetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valbenazine" title="Valbenazine">Valbenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>DAT enhancers:</i> <a href="/wiki/Luteolin" title="Luteolin">Luteolin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>DAT modulators:</i> <i>Agonist-like:</i> <a href="/wiki/SoRI-9804" title="SoRI-9804">SoRI-9804</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SoRI-20040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SoRI-20040 (page does not exist)">SoRI-20040</a>; <i>Antagonist-like:</i> <a href="/wiki/SoRI-20041" title="SoRI-20041">SoRI-20041</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Adrenergics">Adrenergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dopaminergics">Dopaminergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Serotonergics">Serotonergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sigma_receptor_modulators212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Sigma receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sigma_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Sigma receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sigma_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sigma receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sigma_receptor_modulators212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ<sub>1</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-PPBP" title="4-PPBP">4-PPBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DMT" title="5-MeO-DMT">5-MeO-DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BD-737&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BD-737 (page does not exist)">BD-737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1052" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1052">BD-1052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarcamesine" title="Blarcamesine">Blarcamesine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide"><abbr title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">CGRP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutamesine" title="Cutamesine">Cutamesine (SA-4503)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">Dextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan (DXM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan (DXO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimemorfan" title="Dimemorfan">Dimemorfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditolylguanidine" title="Ditolylguanidine">Ditolylguanidine (DTG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donepezil" title="Donepezil">Donepezil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliprodil" title="Eliprodil">Eliprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabomotizole" title="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole (afobazole)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igmesine" title="Igmesine">Igmesine (JO-1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPAB_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPAB (drug) (page does not exist)">IPAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-687384" class="mw-redirect" title="L-687384">L-687384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA"><abbr title="Methylenedioxymethamphetamine">MDMA</abbr> (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">Methoxetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepinalone" title="Nepinalone">Nepinalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">Neuropeptide Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noscapine" title="Noscapine">Noscapine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPC-14523 (page does not exist)">OPC-14523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxyverine" title="Pentoxyverine">Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRE-084" title="PRE-084">PRE-084</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridopidine" title="Pridopidine">Pridopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemethorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemethorphan">Racemethorphan (methorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan (morphanol)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-23 (page does not exist)">UMB-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-82 (page does not exist)">UMB-82</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-927" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-927">AC-927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1008" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1008">BD-1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1031" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1031">BD-1031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1047" title="BD-1047">BD-1047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1060" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1060">BD-1060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1063" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1063">BD-1063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1067" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1067">BD-1067</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMY-14802" title="BMY-14802">BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM-156" class="mw-redirect" title="CM-156">CM-156</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dup-734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dup-734 (page does not exist)">Dup-734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-5842&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-5842 (page does not exist)">E-5842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-52862" title="E-52862">E-52862 (S1RA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LR-132&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LR-132 (page does not exist)">LR-132</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LR-172 (page does not exist)">LR-172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-377" title="MS-377">MS-377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NE-100" title="NE-100">NE-100</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-16377&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-16377 (page does not exist)">NPC-16377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamesine" title="Panamesine">Panamesine (EMD-57455)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-144418&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-144418 (page does not exist)">PD-144418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimcazole" title="Rimcazole">Rimcazole (BW-234U)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-31742A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-31742A (page does not exist)">SR-31742A</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Allosteric modulators:</b> <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a>; <i>Positive:</i> <a href="/wiki/Methylphenylpiracetam" title="Methylphenylpiracetam">Methylphenylpiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SOMCL-668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SOMCL-668 (page does not exist)">SOMCL-668</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Unknown/unsorted:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)">3-Methoxydextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4C-T-2" title="4C-T-2">4C-T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-IBP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-IBP (page does not exist)">4-IBP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-IPBS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-IPBS (page does not exist)">4-IPBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DALT" title="5-MeO-DALT">5-MeO-DALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT" title="5-MeO-DiPT">5-MeO-DiPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azidopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azidopamil (page does not exist)">Azidopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorgiline" title="Clorgiline">Clorgiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl"><small>D</small>-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KCR-12-83.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KCR-12-83.1 (page does not exist)">KCR-12-83.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RHL-033&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RHL-033 (page does not exist)">RHL-033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-67,333" title="RS-67,333">RS-67,333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">RTI-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spipethiane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spipethiane (page does not exist)">Spipethiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-18_(drug)" title="W-18 (drug)">W-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YKP10A" class="mw-redirect" title="YKP10A">YKP10A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">σ<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1047" title="BD-1047">BD-1047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD1063" title="BD1063">BD1063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditolylguanidine" title="Ditolylguanidine">Ditolylguanidine (DTG)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DKR-1005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DKR-1005 (page does not exist)">DKR-1005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DKR-1051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DKR-1051 (page does not exist)">DKR-1051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA"><abbr title="Methylenedioxymethamphetamine">MDMA</abbr> (midomafetamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPC-14523&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPC-14523 (page does not exist)">OPC-14523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PB-28" title="PB-28">PB-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siramesine" title="Siramesine">Siramesine (Lu 28-179)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UKH-1114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UKH-1114 (page does not exist)">UKH-1114</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/AC-927" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-927">AC-927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1008" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1008">BD-1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-1067" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-1067">BD-1067</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM-156" class="mw-redirect" title="CM-156">CM-156</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CT-1812&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CT-1812 (page does not exist)">CT-1812</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LR-172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LR-172 (page does not exist)">LR-172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-101" class="mw-redirect" title="MIN-101">MIN-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamesine" title="Panamesine">Panamesine (EMD-57455)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAS-0132&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAS-0132 (page does not exist)">SAS-0132</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Unknown/unsorted:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Methoxydextrallorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Methoxydextrallorphan (page does not exist)">3-Methoxydextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCE" title="3-MeO-PCE">3-MeO-PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DALT" title="5-MeO-DALT">5-MeO-DALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DiPT" title="5-MeO-DiPT">5-MeO-DiPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dipropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine"><abbr title="N,N-Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_29-252" title="Lu 29-252">Lu 29-252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepinalone" title="Nepinalone">Nepinalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-67,333" title="RS-67,333">RS-67,333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine" title="3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine"><abbr title="3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine">TMA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-23 (page does not exist)">UMB-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-82 (page does not exist)">UMB-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-18_(drug)" title="W-18 (drug)">W-18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Berberine" title="Berberine">Berberine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourphit" title="Fourphit">Fourphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naluzotan" title="Naluzotan">Naluzotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=AHD1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AHD1 (page does not exist)">AHD1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ66 (page does not exist)">AZ66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SM-21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SM-21 (page does not exist)">SM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-100 (page does not exist)">UMB-100</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-101 (page does not exist)">UMB-101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-103 (page does not exist)">UMB-103</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMB-116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UMB-116 (page does not exist)">UMB-116</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YZ-011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YZ-011 (page does not exist)">YZ-011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YZ-069&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YZ-069 (page does not exist)">YZ-069</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YZ-185&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YZ-185 (page does not exist)">YZ-185</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Allosteric modulators:</b> <a href="/wiki/SKF-83959" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-83959">SKF-83959</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Unknown/unsorted:</b> <a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-Methoxycoronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMY-13980&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMY-13980 (page does not exist)">BMY-13980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carvotroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carvotroline (page does not exist)">Carvotroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinuperone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinuperone (page does not exist)">Cinuperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">Clocapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EMD-59983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EMD-59983 (page does not exist)">EMD-59983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericin" title="Hypericin">Hypericin</a> (<a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_wort" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's wort">St. John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevotroline" title="Gevotroline">Gevotroline (WY-47384)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">Mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proadifen" title="Proadifen">Proadifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SL_82.0715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SL 82.0715 (page does not exist)">SL 82.0715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-31747A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-31747A (page does not exist)">SR-31747A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiospirone" title="Tiospirone">Tiospirone (BMY-13859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41576#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41576#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41576#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cocain"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128249-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85027558">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967516j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967516j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575600">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kokain"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121701&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526370">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284046305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638032">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocaine&oldid=1276178359">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocaine&oldid=1276178359</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cocaine" 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-tpt8t","wgBackendResponseTime":212,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.179","walltime":"4.624","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24041,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1050199,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25478,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1066838,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3734.599 1 -total"," 53.30% 1990.599 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.49% 914.752 123 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.89% 444.025 50 Template:Cite_book"," 11.73% 438.017 1 Template:Infobox_drug"," 9.51% 355.335 64 Template:Cite_web"," 8.93% 333.333 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.10% 190.476 5 Template:Sfn"," 3.46% 129.335 2 Template:Short_description"," 2.80% 104.668 1 Template:Drug_use"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.527","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14278805,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAguinagaMedranoCordomíJiménez-Rosés2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltmanAlbertFournier1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvarengaAndersenRibeiroAraujo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmaraKoslowskiZaidi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbreBelknapNelsonRuo1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbreRuoNelsonBelknap1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzizi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaigent2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarlow1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnettHawksResnick1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBenjaminWongChoa2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkowitz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeumingKniazeffBergmannShi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolesMiotto2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonkovskyMehta2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoswellDrägerMcLauchlanPortsteffen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBouhlalEllefsenSheskierSingley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrisbaneWomble1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownBarganier2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalipariFerrisJones2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCareyDamianopoulosShanahan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartaAllanPartridgeValenzuela2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasciani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCascioJen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangOsterlohThomas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapySmirnovaAndréSchlatter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChengBlockHuCobanoglu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiroRyderSánchez2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColbyWhislerSteffenNestler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnorsHoffman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbenSpellman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorning1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurrent\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzykanski2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;haenenden_BoerWillner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDabinFortunyPolo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimitrijevicDzitoyevaManev2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonroeTetrault2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrakeScott2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrug_Enforcement_Administration_Office_of_Intelligence_Strategic_Intelligence_Section_Latin_America_Unit1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyerSowerbyRotenberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEMCDDA2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmbury-Dennis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFandiñoToennesKauert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFattingerBenowitzJonesVerotta2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFehrmanEganGorbanLevesley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeiling2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernàndez-CastilloCabana-DomínguezCorominasCormand2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreiraSmedaDuke1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilipBubarCunningham2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleetwood2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankAugustynKnightPell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazerRichardsKeith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreud1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabrielsonSanders2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaedcke1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarciaTorresBalestrinAndrioli2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGawinEllinwood1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayInabaSheppardNewmeyer1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodse2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlaser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGohilMiskovicBuxtonHolland2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsteinDesLauriersBurda2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGootenberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Britain:_Parliament:_House_of_Commons:_Home_Affairs_Committee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrisaffi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullapalliNatarajanAngaritaMalison2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalsted1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamdanSataloffHawkshaw2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamptonHanikOlson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavakukRezkallaKloner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealGosdenSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeeschNegusKefferSnyder1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemscheidtVederas2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHesse2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHope1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyeBjorklundKoltunRenner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHummelUnterwald2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreyO\u0026#039;Hagan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffcoatPerez-ReyesHillSadler1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkinsLlosaMontoyaCone1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarch1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelzChenCarlezonWhisler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilmer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinDayHarriott2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnuepfer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolbrichBarnesGorelickBoyd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozelAdams1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamar1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatorreKlimek1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeteBjorklundCouladisKim1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeteBjorklundKim1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeteMarionSpenser1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittleRamssenWelchkoVolberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLluchRodríguez-AriasAguilarMiñarro2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuksMcIntoshGrissomAuerbach2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadge2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcela2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClungSidiropoulouVitaternaTakahashi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessinaDelamater2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonardesFrampton1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusto1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNestlerBarrotSelf2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiemann1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordegren2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuttKingPhillips2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuttKingSaulsburyBlakemore2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;LearyHancox2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkie2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagliaroPagliaro2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaludettoFlorenceToralesVentriglio2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeacockTranLarneyStockings2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPergolizziMagnussonLeQuangBreve2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlantAref-Adib2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlowman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomaraCassanoD\u0026#039;ErricoBello2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPortsteffenDraegerNahrstedt1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProebstlKampManzKrause2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPudiakKuoLeeBozarth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReist2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRibeiroTrevizolFrajzingerRibeiro2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiesMillerFiellin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsAbrahamParrEagles1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsWaltonsHamillParr1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoomReuter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothAbateAbateAbay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothmanBaumannDerschRomero2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyzik2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachkovaDoetschJensenBrockmöller2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachkovaJensenDückerAnsari2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheidweilerPlessingerShojaieWood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopfLehman1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaMuresanuSharmaPatnaik2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegelElsohlyPlowmanRury1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSordoIndaveBarrioDegenhardt2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpillane2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStreatfeild2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSutton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTallaridaEganAlejoRaffa2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTegaTabataKurosawaKitamura2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeobaldo1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravnikoff1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime._Laboratory_and_Scientific_Section2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUzAkhisarogluAhmedManev2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValdezTaboadaValdez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVera2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkowWangFischmanFoltin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkowWangFischmanFoltin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO/UNICRI2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerFiutyPageTracy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldorfReinarmanMurphy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalshStoopsMoodyLin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangVolkowFowlerFischman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsonVan_DykeJatlowBarash1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillstatter1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiseRobble2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangKeCaiXiao2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYentisVlassakov1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFde_SouzaGonçalesSteinmetzMoura2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"ATC\"] = 3,\n [\"Ancient anaesthesia-footer\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Cascite\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem name\"] = 1,\n [\"Chemspidercite\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation-attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 123,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 63,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 14,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Drug use\"] = 1,\n [\"Drugbankcite\"] = 1,\n [\"Drugs.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Ebicite\"] = 2,\n [\"Ety\"] = 3,\n [\"Euphoriants\"] = 1,\n [\"Fdacite\"] = 1,\n [\"Global estimates of illicit drug users\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox drug\"] = 1,\n [\"Ion channel modulators\"] = 1,\n [\"Keggcite\"] = 1,\n [\"Link note\"] = 1,\n [\"Local anesthetics\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Monoamine reuptake inhibitors\"] = 1,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfrac\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigma receptor modulators\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 3,\n [\"Stdinchicite\"] = 2,\n [\"Stimulants\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n 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