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<span>Viticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wine regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wine_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wine regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wine_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_European_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_European_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other European regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_European_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_New_World_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_New_World_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Other New World regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_New_World_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каберне Фран – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каберне Фран" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_franc" title="Cabernet franc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cabernet franc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каберне фран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Каберне фран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cabernet Franc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cabernet Franc" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cabernet Franc" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_franc" title="Cabernet franc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cabernet franc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_franc" title="Cabernet franc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cabernet franc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91" title="카베르네 프랑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카베르네 프랑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_franc" title="Cabernet franc – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cabernet franc" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_franc" title="Cabernet franc – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cabernet franc" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="קברנה פרנק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קברנה פרנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каберне-фран – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каберне-фран" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_franc" title="Cabernet franc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cabernet franc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="കാബെർനെ ഫ്രാങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാബെർനെ ഫ്രാങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cabernet Franc" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="カベルネ・フラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カベルネ・フラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_franc" title="Cabernet franc – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cabernet franc" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cabernet Franc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaberna-fran" title="Kaberna-fran – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaberna-fran" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_cabernet" title="Franc cabernet – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Franc cabernet" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_franc" title="Cabernet franc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cabernet franc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cabernet Franc" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каберне-фран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каберне-фран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_franc" title="Cabernet franc – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cabernet franc" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каберне фран – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каберне фран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_franc" title="Cabernet franc – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cabernet franc" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cabernet Franc" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cabernet Franc" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cabernet Franc" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каберне Фран – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каберне Фран" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%81%E9%BA%97%E7%8F%A0" title="品麗珠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="品麗珠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of black grape</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Petit Fer" redirects here. For another French wine grape known as Petit Fer, see <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9quignol_noir" title="Béquignol noir">Béquignol noir</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above variety" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: Indigo; color: Cornsilk;">Cabernet Franc</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><span class="vernacular"><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></span> (<i><span class="genus">Vitis</span></i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabernet-franc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cabernet-franc.jpg/220px-Cabernet-franc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cabernet-franc.jpg/330px-Cabernet-franc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cabernet-franc.jpg/440px-Cabernet-franc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3283" data-file-height="5010" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cabernet Franc in Viala & Vermorel</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color of berry skin</th><td class="infobox-data">Blue-black</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Species</th><td class="infobox-data binominal"><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Bouchet, Bouchy, Breton (<a href="#Synonyms">more</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Bordeaux, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Notable regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux</a>, Loire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable wines</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Cheval_Blanc" title="Château Cheval Blanc">Château Cheval Blanc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">VIVC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivc.de/?r=passport%2Fview&id=1927">1927</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cabernet Franc</b> is one of the major black <a href="/wiki/Grape_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape varieties">grape varieties</a> worldwide. It is principally grown for blending with <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux (wine)">Bordeaux</a> style, but can also be vinified alone, as in the <a href="/wiki/Loire_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loire (wine)">Loire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinon_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinon wine">Chinon</a>. In addition to being used in blends and produced as a <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada (wine)">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States (wine)">United States</a> and Argentina, it is sometimes made into <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wine</a> in those regions. </p><p>Cabernet Franc is lighter than Cabernet Sauvignon,<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making a bright pale red wine<sup id="cite_ref-winepro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winepro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that contributes finesse and lends a <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">peppery</a> perfume to blends with more robust grapes. Depending on the growing region and style of wine, additional <a href="/wiki/Aromas_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromas (wine)">aromas</a> can include <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">cassis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">violets</a>. </p><p>Records of Cabernet Franc in Bordeaux go back to the end of the 18th century, although it was planted in Loire long before that time. DNA analysis indicates that Cabernet Franc is one of two parents of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and <a href="/wiki/Carm%C3%A9n%C3%A8re" title="Carménère">Carménère</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cab_Franc_grape.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cab_Franc_grape.JPG/220px-Cab_Franc_grape.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cab_Franc_grape.JPG/330px-Cab_Franc_grape.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cab_Franc_grape.JPG/440px-Cab_Franc_grape.JPG 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Cabernet Franc grapes</figcaption></figure> <p>Cabernet Franc is believed to have been established in the <a href="/wiki/Libournais" class="mw-redirect" title="Libournais">Libournais</a> region of southwest France sometime in the 17th century, when <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> transported <a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a> of the vine to the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a>. They were planted at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bourgueil" title="Bourgueil">Bourgueil</a> under the care of an <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> named Breton, whose name became associated with the grape. By the 18th century, plantings of Cabernet Franc (known as <b>Bouchet</b>) were found throughout <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fronsac_(wine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fronsac (wine) (page does not exist)">Fronsac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerol_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerol (wine)">Pomerol</a> and <a href="/wiki/St-Emilion_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="St-Emilion (wine)">St-Emilion</a>, making quality wines. As Cabernet Sauvignon grew more popular in the 18th and 19th centuries, the close similarity of the two grapes was observed and theories emerged as to the extent of their relationship. In 1997, DNA evidence emerged to show that Cabernet Franc had <a href="/wiki/Crossed_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossed (plant)">crossed</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauvignon Blanc">Sauvignon Blanc</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cab_franc_leaf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cab_franc_leaf.JPG/220px-Cab_franc_leaf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cab_franc_leaf.JPG/330px-Cab_franc_leaf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cab_franc_leaf.JPG/440px-Cab_franc_leaf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Cabernet Franc leaf</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, Cabernet Franc is very similar to Cabernet Sauvignon, but <a href="/wiki/Buds_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buds (vine)">buds</a> and ripens at least a week earlier. This trait allows the vine to thrive in slightly cooler climates than Cabernet Sauvignon, such as the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Loire Valley wine">Loire Valley</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux</a>, plantings of Cabernet Franc are treated as an "insurance policy" against inclement weather close to <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvest</a> that may damage plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon. Its early budding does pose the <a href="/wiki/Viticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Viticultural">viticultural</a> hazard of <a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">coulure</a> early in the <a href="/wiki/Growing_season_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Growing season (vine)">growing season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vine is vigorous and upright, with dark-green, 5-lobed leaves. The winged bunches are elongated and small-medium in size. The berries are quite small and blue-black in color, with fairly thin skins.<sup id="cite_ref-winepro_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winepro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cabernet Franc grapevine is more prone to <a href="/wiki/Mutation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutation (wine)">mutation</a> than Cabernet Sauvignon, less so than <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_44-45_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_44-45-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cabernet Franc can adapt to a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Vineyard_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyard soil">vineyard soil</a> types but seems to thrive in <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> soils, producing heavier, more <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">full bodied</a> wines there. In the Loire Valley, <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a></i> based differences can be perceived between wines made from grapes grown in <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> <a href="/wiki/Terraces_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terraces (agriculture)">terraces</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Tuffeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuffeau">tuffeau</a> slopes. The grape is highly <a href="/wiki/Yields_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yields (wine)">yield</a> sensitive, with over-cropping producing wines with more green, vegetal notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_44-45_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_44-45-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_regions">Wine regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Across the world Cabernet Franc is one of the twenty most widely planted <a href="/wiki/Grape_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape varieties">grape varieties</a>. Plantings are found throughout Europe, in the <a href="/wiki/New_World_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World (wine)">New World</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="China (wine)">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan (wine)">Kazakhstan</a>. In many regions, it is planted as a component of a Bordeaux-style blend such as <a href="/wiki/Meritage" title="Meritage">Meritage</a>, playing secondary role to Cabernet Sauvignon and <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>. In parts of northeast <a href="/wiki/Italy_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (wine)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anjou_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjou (wine)">Anjou</a>-<a href="/wiki/Saumur_(wine)" title="Saumur (wine)">Saumur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_bank_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right bank (wine)">right bank</a> region of Bordeaux, Cabernet Franc both plays a more prominent role in blends and is vinted as a <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheval_blanc_1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cheval_blanc_1995.jpg/250px-Cheval_blanc_1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cheval_blanc_1995.jpg/375px-Cheval_blanc_1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cheval_blanc_1995.jpg/500px-Cheval_blanc_1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Cabernet Franc is a significant contributor to the character of the Bordeaux wine <a href="/wiki/Chateau_Cheval_Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau Cheval Blanc">Chateau Cheval Blanc</a> from St-Emilion.</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, Cabernet Franc is found predominantly in the Loire Valley and in the Libournais region of Bordeaux. As of 2000, it was the sixth most widely planted red grape variety in the country. Other areas with significant plantings include the <a href="/wiki/Bergerac_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergerac (AOC)">Bergerac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madiran_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madiran (AOC)">Madiran</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">Appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i> (AOCs). By the early 20th century, there were nearly equal plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc in Bordeaux with around 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a> (10,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a>) by the late 1960s. Most of these plantings were along the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a> in the Fronsac, St-Emilion and Pomerol regions. Towards the end of the 20th century, even though plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon had rapidly increased in Bordeaux to a 2 to 1 ratio in proportion to Cabernet Franc, plantings there were over 35,360 acres (14,310 ha) of the latter, nearly half of the country's total 88,900 acres (36,000 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Loire Valley, Cabernet is widely planted in the <a href="/wiki/Anjou_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjou (wine)">Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourgueil_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgueil (wine)">Bourgueil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinon (wine)">Chinon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saumur-Champigny_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saumur-Champigny (wine)">Saumur-Champigny</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2000 there were over 17,300 acres (7,000 ha) of Cabernet Franc in Italy. However, the grape variety is commonly confused with both Cabernet Sauvignon and the ancient Bordeaux grape <a href="/wiki/Carmenere" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmenere">Carmenere</a>, so the true acreage may not be known until more vineyards have been surveyed by <a href="/wiki/Ampelographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampelographers">ampelographers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mostly planted in the far northeast of Italy, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Friuli_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friuli (wine)">Friuli</a>, but it is also found in the vineyards of the <a href="/wiki/Veneto_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneto (wine)">Veneto</a> (where it is known as <b>Bordo</b>), and is found as part of some <a href="/wiki/Chianti" title="Chianti">Chianti</a> blends, even as far south as <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SLSA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plantings of Cabernet Franc in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscany (wine)">Tuscany</a> have been increasing in recent years, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Bolgheri" title="Bolgheri">Bolgheri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maremma" title="Maremma">Maremma</a> region where the grape is prized for the balance and elegance that it brings to blends. Italian wines often labelled simply as "Cabernet" tend to be primarily Cabernet Franc or a blend of Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg/220px-Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg/330px-Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg/440px-Cabernet_Franc_Weinsberg_20060909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Cabernet Franc on the vine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cabernet Franc in <a href="/wiki/Hungary_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary (wine)">Hungary</a> had gained attention by the end of the 1990s when in some wine producing regions climate and growing conditions proved to be not optimal for Cabernet Sauvignon to reach its full ripeness. Successful varietal examples from <a href="/wiki/Vill%C3%A1ny" title="Villány">Villány</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szeksz%C3%A1rd" title="Szekszárd">Szekszárd</a> show great potential, some international experts declared that Cabernet Franc "found its new home in <a href="/wiki/Vill%C3%A1ny" title="Villány">Villány</a> region". Hungarian varietal Cabernet Franc is a typically full-bodied, moderately or highly tannic wine with rich aromas of spices, blue flowers and red/black berry fruits with a reasonably good aging potential of about 10 years. These wines typically undergo 12 to 18 months of aging in new Hungarian oak barrels. </p><p>In addition to being found in <a href="/wiki/Vill%C3%A1ny" title="Villány">Villány</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szeksz%C3%A1rd" title="Szekszárd">Szekszárd</a>, Cabernet Franc is also present in <a href="/wiki/Eger" title="Eger">Eger</a>, and in South Balaton and <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a> vineyards, to a lesser extent. Cabernet Franc often complements Bordeaux-style blends from these regions and occasionally plays a role in rosé production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_European_regions">Other European regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other European regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside France and Italy, sizable plantings of Cabernet Franc are found in Greece (where it is known as tsapournakos), <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenia (wine)">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia (wine)">Croatia</a> particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Savudrija" title="Savudrija">Savudrija</a> part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istria_(wine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istria (wine) (page does not exist)">Istria</a>, Croatia. This variety of grape is not very common in <a href="/wiki/Spain_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain (wine)">Spain</a>, and is grown mainly in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalonia (wine)">Catalonia</a>, where it is an authorized variety in four DOPs: <a href="/wiki/Catalunya_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalunya (DO)">Catalunya (DO)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costers_del_Segre" title="Costers del Segre">Costers del Segre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empord%C3%A0_(DO)" title="Empordà (DO)">Empordà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pla_de_Bages" title="Pla de Bages">Pla de Bages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Priorat" title="Priorat">Priorat</a>. It is also grown Valencia and Castilla-La Mancha. In 2015, Spain grew 732 hectares (1,809 acres) of Cabernet Franc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cabernet Franc is becoming more popular in Canada, being planted in <a href="/wiki/Ontario_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario (wine)">Ontario</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward County Wine">Prince Edward County</a>, the north shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelee_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelee Island">Pelee Island</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan Valley (wine)">Okanagan Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia (wine)">British Columbia</a>. While it is most often used in blends, it is gaining some popularity as a single varietal and as <a href="/wiki/Icewine" class="mw-redirect" title="Icewine">icewine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ripening about two weeks earlier than Cabernet Sauvignon, it often fares better in Canada's cooler climate than other red wine grape varieties. Ontario Cabernet Francs often add a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Vegetal_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetal (wine)">vegetal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberry</a> like flavor to a wine with moderate <a href="/wiki/Acidity_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity (wine)">acidity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_cab_franc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Washington_cab_franc.jpg/220px-Washington_cab_franc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Washington_cab_franc.jpg/330px-Washington_cab_franc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Washington_cab_franc.jpg/440px-Washington_cab_franc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Cabernet Franc from Washington.</figcaption></figure> <p>Interest in the grape started with <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California wine</a> makers, who wanted to replicate the Bordeaux blend (now marketed as Meritage). In the early to mid 20th century, some plantings of Cabernet Franc were mistaken for Merlot. In the 1980s, heightened interest in Cabernet Franc led to an increase in plantings that helped push the total acreage of Cabernet Franc in California to 3,400 acres (1,400 ha), most of which is in <a href="/wiki/Napa_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Napa (wine)">Napa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoma (wine)">Sonoma</a> counties.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, Casa Nuestra Winery in Napa Valley initiated the first Cabernet Franc program in the United States, winning a Double Gold and Best of Class Medal in the Los Angeles Times Wine Competition for their first vintage. The program continues today. </p><p>More recently the grape has caught the attention of growers in cooler areas such as <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Island (AVA)">Long Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger Lakes (AVA)">Finger Lakes</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New York (wine)">New York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_AVA" title="Grand Valley AVA">Grand Valley AVA</a> of Colorado, the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Hills_AVA" title="Shawnee Hills AVA">Shawnee Hills AVA</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Illinois_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois (wine)">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania (wine)">Pennsylvania</a>, all sub-regions in <a href="/wiki/Ohio_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio (wine)">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan (wine)">Michigan</a>'s west coast, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (wine)">Washington state</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Monticello_AVA" title="Monticello AVA">Monticello</a> wine region in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia (wine)">Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia" title="Piedmont region of Virginia">Piedmont</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_metropolitan_area" title="Roanoke metropolitan area">Roanoke metropolitan area</a>, increasing planting in Missouri and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Knob_AVA" title="Rocky Knob AVA">Rocky Knob AVA</a> areas of Southwestern Virginia. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> conducts research on Cabernet Franc at their agricultural research center in <a href="/wiki/Benton_Harbor,_Michigan" title="Benton Harbor, Michigan">Benton Harbor, Michigan</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Region">Great Lakes Region</a> and Virginia, Cabernet Franc is valued for its ability to ripen more reliably than other red <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> and to produce wines of better quality than most <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid grapes">hybrid grapes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Washington State, the first plantings of Cabernet Franc were cultivated in experimental blocks by <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Valley (wine)">Columbia Valley</a> during the 1970s. In 1985, Cabernet Franc was planted in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Willow_Vineyard" title="Red Willow Vineyard">Red Willow Vineyard</a> for use in Bordeaux style blends. The first varietal Cabernet Franc in Washington was released in 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Winery" title="Columbia Winery">Columbia Winery</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Chateau_Ste_Michelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau Ste Michelle">Chateau Ste Michelle</a> in 1992 with grapes planted from their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cold_Creek_Vineyard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cold Creek Vineyard (page does not exist)">Cold Creek Vineyard</a>. In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Winery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook Winery">Chinook Winery</a> introduced the state's first Cabernet Franc <i><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a></i>. Today it is the fourth most widely planted grape in the state behind Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a>. Washington Cabernet Franc is distinctive for its fruit forward style with <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a> and raspberry fruit. The characteristic vegetal notes are toned down in Washington, with the wines tending to show more notes of ground <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olives" class="mw-redirect" title="Olives">olives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregutt_pg_62_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregutt_pg_62-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cabernet Franc plantings in <a href="/wiki/Argentina_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina wine">Argentina</a> have been producing top quality wines in recent years, and the varietal has been claimed as having the most potential in the country after <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Squeeze Magazine</i> has called it "the new, handsome superhero of Mendoza's wine scene". In 2014, the highest scoring Argentine wine in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Parker_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Parker (wine)">Robert Parker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Wine_Advocate" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine Advocate">Wine Advocate</a></i> was a Cabernet Franc scored at 97 points.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabernet Franc can be bottled alone, making lighter-bodied wines than the country's typical Malbecs (with wines scoring up to 95 points in Tim Atkin's report in 2016), or either as a majority or minority in blends.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_New_World_regions">Other New World regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other New World regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabernet_Franc_from_Red_Willow_vineyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cabernet_Franc_from_Red_Willow_vineyard.jpg/220px-Cabernet_Franc_from_Red_Willow_vineyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cabernet_Franc_from_Red_Willow_vineyard.jpg/330px-Cabernet_Franc_from_Red_Willow_vineyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cabernet_Franc_from_Red_Willow_vineyard.jpg/440px-Cabernet_Franc_from_Red_Willow_vineyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The first varietal Cabernet Franc in Washington State was produced by Columbia Winery from grapes grown at Red Willow Vineyard in the Yakima Valley.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the New World, Cabernet is used predominantly as a blending component and is found in scant amounts in <a href="/wiki/Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (wine)">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa (wine)">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile (wine)">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand (wine)">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with so many grapes, Cabernet Franc came to Australia in <a href="/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a>'s collection of 1832. It predominantly grows in cool, cool to warm and warm climates such as North-Eastern <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (wine)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Vale" title="McLaren Vale">McLaren Vale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills_wine_region" title="Adelaide Hills wine region">Adelaide Hills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clare_Valley_wine_region" title="Clare Valley wine region">Clare Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SLSA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New Zealand, many winemakers have found that the cool climate of their <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a></i> contributes to Cabernet Franc-like flavors in their Cabernet Sauvignon and plantings of true Cabernet Franc have remained limited with only around 519 acres (210 ha) planted as of 2006. In South Africa, Cabernet Franc has become a favorite of some of the country's <i>boutique</i> wineries and acreage has slowly been increasing to nearly 2,470 acres (1,000 ha) by the mid-2000s. In Chile there were around 2,910 acres (1,180 ha) planted by the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wines">Wines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinon_wine,_bottle,_cork,_foil_and_corkscrew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chinon_wine%2C_bottle%2C_cork%2C_foil_and_corkscrew.jpg/220px-Chinon_wine%2C_bottle%2C_cork%2C_foil_and_corkscrew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chinon_wine%2C_bottle%2C_cork%2C_foil_and_corkscrew.jpg/330px-Chinon_wine%2C_bottle%2C_cork%2C_foil_and_corkscrew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chinon_wine%2C_bottle%2C_cork%2C_foil_and_corkscrew.jpg/440px-Chinon_wine%2C_bottle%2C_cork%2C_foil_and_corkscrew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A Chinon wine from the Loire Valley made from Cabernet Franc.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cabernet Franc shares many of the same <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic (wine)">phenolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aroma_compounds_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma compounds (wine)">aroma compounds</a> as Cabernet Sauvignon but with some noticeable differences. Cabernet Franc tends to be more lightly pigmented and produces wines with the same level of intensity and richness. Cabernet Franc tends to have a more pronounced perfume with notes of raspberries, <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">violets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>. It is often characterized by a green, vegetal strike that can range from <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> to <a href="/wiki/Green_bell_peppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Green bell peppers">green bell peppers</a>. It has slightly less <a href="/wiki/Grape_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape tannins">tannins</a> than Cabernet Sauvignon and tends to produce a wine with a smoother mouthfeel. New World examples of Cabernet Franc tend to emphasize the fruit more and may delay <a href="/wiki/Harvesting_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvesting (wine)">harvesting</a> the grapes to try to minimize the green leafy notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pg_44-45_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pg_44-45-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Genetically verified:</b> Tsapournako (Greece), Verdejilla Tinto (Aragón in Spain).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Other synonyms:</b> Achéria (Basque Country, mainly in Irouléguy), Ardounet (Béarn), Bidure (Graves), Bordeaux (Switzerland), Bordo (Romania), Boubet (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), Bouchet Franc or Gros Bouchet (Saint-Émilion and Pomerol), Bouchy (Madiran and Béarn), Breton (Val de Loire), Cabernet Gris, Cabrunet (Pomerol), Capbreton Rouge (Landes), Carmenet (Médoc), Couahort (Béarn), Plant Breton or Plant de l’Abbé Breton (Chinon in Indre-et-Loire), Sable Rouge (Tursan), Trouchet (Béarn), Véron (Nièvre and Deux-Sèvres), Vidure, Vuidure, Grosse Vidure (Graves),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceria, Arrouya, Burdeas Tinto, Cabernet, Cabernet Aunis, Cabernet Franco, Fer Servandou, Gamput, Grosse Vidure, Hartling, Kaberne Fran, Messanges Rouge, Morenoa, Noir Dur, Petit Fer, Petit Viodure, Petite Vidure, Petite Vignedure, Véron Bouchy, Véronais.<sup id="cite_ref-VIVC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIVC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Varieties commonly mistaken for Cabernet franc:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardonnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardonnet (page does not exist)">Ardonnet</a> (<a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a>, no longer cultivated), <a href="/wiki/Arrouya" title="Arrouya">Arrouya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrénées</a>), <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9quignol_noir" title="Béquignol noir">Béquignol noir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dissay" title="Dissay">Dissay in the Vienne</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carm%C3%A9n%C3%A8re" title="Carménère">Carmenère</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gros_Cabernet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gros Cabernet (page does not exist)">Gros Cabernet</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9doc" title="Médoc">Médoc</a>, no longer cultivated), <a href="/wiki/Hondarribi_Beltza" title="Hondarribi Beltza">Hondarribi Beltza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs_Vasco" class="mw-redirect" title="País Vasco">País Vasco in Spain</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabernet_Franc&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Discovery-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308053547/http://exn.ca/Templates/printstory.asp?PageName=Discovery&story_id=1997051302">"Discovery Channel: "DNA analysis reveals mysterious past of Cabernet Sauvignon"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exn.ca/Templates/printstory.asp?PageName=Discovery&story_id=1997051302">the original</a> on 2008-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+Channel%3A+%22DNA+analysis+reveals+mysterious+past+of+Cabernet+Sauvignon%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexn.ca%2FTemplates%2Fprintstory.asp%3FPageName%3DDiscovery%26story_id%3D1997051302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Franc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winepro-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-winepro_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-winepro_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928215339/http://www.winepros.org/wine101/grape_profiles/cab-franc.htm">"Cabernet Franc"</a>. <i>www.winepros.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winepros.org/wine101/grape_profiles/cab-franc.htm">the original</a> on 2018-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.winepros.org&rft.atitle=Cabernet+Franc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winepros.org%2Fwine101%2Fgrape_profiles%2Fcab-franc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Franc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonHardingVouillamoz2013" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Jancis; Harding, Julia; Vouillamoz, José (26 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGTnD2wGn94C&pg=PT349"><i>Wine Grapes: A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141968827" title="Special:BookSources/9780141968827"><bdi>9780141968827</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+Grapes%3A+A+complete+guide+to+1%2C368+vine+varieties%2C+including+their+origins+and+flavours&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft.isbn=9780141968827&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jancis&rft.au=Harding%2C+Julia&rft.au=Vouillamoz%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGTnD2wGn94C%26pg%3DPT349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Franc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_118-119-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_118-119_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pg 118-119 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_pg_44-45-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_44-45_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_44-45_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pg_44-45_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oz Clarke <i>Encyclopedia of Grapes</i> pg 44-45 Harcourt Books 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100714-4">0-15-100714-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLSA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLSA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLSA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadden" class="citation web cs1">Radden, Rosemary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807005112/http://www.winelit.slsa.sa.gov.au/grapeswines.htm">"Grapes and Wines of the World"</a>. The State Library of South Australia, GPO Box 419, Adelaide SA 5001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winelit.slsa.sa.gov.au/grapeswines.htm">the original</a> on 2007-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grapes+and+Wines+of+the+World&rft.pub=The+State+Library+of+South+Australia%2C+GPO+Box+419%2C+Adelaide+SA+5001&rft.aulast=Radden&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winelit.slsa.sa.gov.au%2Fgrapeswines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Franc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregutt_pg_62-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregutt_pg_62_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Gregutt <i>"Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide"</i> pg 62 University of California Press 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24869-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24869-4">0-520-24869-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Argentina 2016 Special Report, by Tim Atkin MW</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesqueezemagazine.com/2015/06/cabernet-franc-discovering-the-dark-horse-of-argentine-wine/">Discovering the dark horse of Argentine wine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092614/https://thesqueezemagazine.com/2015/06/cabernet-franc-discovering-the-dark-horse-of-argentine-wine/">Archived</a> 2018-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Squeeze Magazine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wines of Chile <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.winesofchile.org/wp/the-wines/wine-varieties/hectares-planted/">http://www.winesofchile.org/wp/the-wines/wine-varieties/hectares-planted/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212010/http://www.winesofchile.org/wp/the-wines/wine-varieties/hectares-planted/#">Archived</a> 2015-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonHardingVouillamoz2012" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Jancis; Harding, Julia; Vouillamoz, José (2012). <i>Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours</i>. United Kingdom: Allen Lane. pp. 347–348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14446-2"><bdi>978-1-846-14446-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+Grapes+-+A+complete+guide+to+1%2C368+vine+varieties%2C+including+their+origins+and+flavours&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=347-348&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-846-14446-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jancis&rft.au=Harding%2C+Julia&rft.au=Vouillamoz%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Franc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VIVC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VIVC_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaulEibach,_R.1999" class="citation web cs1">Maul, E.; Eibach, R. (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070411011155/http://www.genres.de/idb/vitis/">"Vitis International Variety Catalogue"</a>. Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity (IBV) of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE), Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179 Bonn, Germany. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genres.de/idb/vitis/">the original</a> on 2007-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitis+International+Variety+Catalogue&rft.pub=Information+and+Coordination+Centre+for+Biological+Diversity+%28IBV%29+of+the+Federal+Agency+for+Agriculture+and+Food+%28BLE%29%2C+Deichmanns+Aue+29%2C+53179+Bonn%2C+Germany&rft.date=1999-06&rft.aulast=Maul&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Eibach%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genres.de%2Fidb%2Fvitis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabernet+Franc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" 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href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_wine" title="Abkhazian wine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan wine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_wine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina wine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonian wine">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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