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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Domestic cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Vitis</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D1%8C" title="Ажь – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ажь" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_(%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="كرمة (نبات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرمة (نبات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Խաղող – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խաղող" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowemin" title="Cowemin – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Cowemin" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cz%C3%BCm" title="Üzüm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üzüm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A9%D2%99%D3%A9%D0%BC" title="Йөҙөм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йөҙөм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD)" title="Вінаград (род раслін) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вінаград (род раслін)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Вінаград – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вінаград" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Лоза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinya" title="Vinya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vinya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%C3%A7%C4%95%D0%BC" title="Иçĕм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иçĕм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9va" title="Réva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Réva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwinwydden" title="Gwinwydden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwinwydden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinstok" title="Vinstok – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vinstok" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinreben" title="Weinreben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weinreben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinapuu" title="Viinapuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viinapuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito" title="Vito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatsondo" title="Mahatsondo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mahatsondo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="انگور (سرده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگور (سرده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADni%C3%BAin" title="Fíniúin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíniúin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billey_feeyney" title="Billey feeyney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Billey feeyney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EC%86%8D" title="포도속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포도속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Խաղող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="वाइटिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाइटिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winowc_(r%C3%B3d)" title="Winowc (ród) – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Winowc (ród)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loza_(biljni_rod)" title="Loza (biljni rod) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Loza (biljni rod)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C3%A6%D0%BD%C3%A6%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сæнæфсир – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сæнæфсир" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADnvi%C3%B0ur" title="Vínviður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vínviður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantengan" title="Bantengan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bantengan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ვაზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzabibu" title="Mzabibu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mzabibu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAw%C3%AA_r%C3%AAz" title="Mêwê rêz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mêwê rêz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%BC_(%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83)" title="Жүзүм (уруу) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жүзүм (уруу)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Виноград – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Виноград" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABnkoki" title="Vīnkoki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vīnkoki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4iriewen" title="Wäiriewen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wäiriewen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vynmedis" title="Vynmedis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vynmedis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvo" title="Uvo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Uvo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C5%91l%C5%91" title="Szőlő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szőlő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ბინეხი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბინეხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="كرمه (جنس من النباتات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كرمه (جنس من النباتات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uba" title="Uba – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Uba" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_(plant)" title="Vitis (plant) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vitis (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E5%B1%9E" title="ブドウ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブドウ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Кемс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кемс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winplaanten" title="Winplaanten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Winplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinrankeslekta" title="Vinrankeslekta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vinrankeslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinranke" title="Vinranke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vinranke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_(ekin)" title="Tok (ekin) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tok (ekin)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="انگوری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انگوری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winoro%C5%9Bl" title="Winorośl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Winorośl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Виноград (род) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виноград (род)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bide" title="Bide – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bide" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardhia" title="Hardhia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hardhia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna" title="Vigna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vigna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vini%C4%8D" title="Vinič – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vinič" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8E%D9%88" title="دارمێو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دارمێو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Лоза (род) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лоза (род)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinik%C3%B6ynn%C3%B6kset" title="Viiniköynnökset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viiniköynnökset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinsl%C3%A4ktet" title="Vinsläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vinsläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="திராட்சை (பேரினம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திராட்சை (பேரினம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara" title="Tara – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tara" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA)" title="Йөзем (үсемлек) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йөзем (үсемлек)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Виноград – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Виноград" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Виноград – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виноград" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinmarj_(heim)" title="Vinmarj (heim) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vinmarj (heim)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Nho" title="Chi Nho – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Nho" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vitis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%B1%9E" title="葡萄属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葡萄属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape" title="Grape – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Grape" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%B1%AC" title="葡萄屬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葡萄屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABnoug%C4%97" title="Vīnougė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vīnougė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%B1%9E" title="葡萄属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葡萄属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus flowering plants in the grape family Vitaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vitis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vitis (disambiguation)">Vitis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grapevine" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grapevine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grapevine (disambiguation)">Grapevine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Vitis</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">60–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.69230769231px; width:20.307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.69230769231px; width:20.307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:200.69230769231px; width:18.307692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>- Recent</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitis_californica_with_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vitis_californica_with_grapes.jpg/220px-Vitis_californica_with_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vitis_californica_with_grapes.jpg/330px-Vitis_californica_with_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vitis_californica_with_grapes.jpg/440px-Vitis_californica_with_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_californica" title="Vitis californica">Vitis californica</a></i> with fruit </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Vitis" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitoideae">Vitoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Vitis</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-vitis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species<sup id="cite_ref-grin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ag_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POWO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_acerifolia" title="Vitis acerifolia"><i>V. acerifolia</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_adenoclada" title="Vitis adenoclada"><i>V. adenoclada</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_aestivalis" title="Vitis aestivalis"><i>V. aestivalis</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_amazonica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis amazonica (page does not exist)"><i>V. amazonica</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_amurensis" title="Vitis amurensis"><i>V. amurensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_%C3%97_andersonii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis × andersonii (page does not exist)"><i>V. × andersonii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_arizonica" title="Vitis arizonica"><i>V. arizonica</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_baileyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis baileyana (page does not exist)"><i>V. baileyana</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_balansana" title="Vitis balansana"><i>V. balansana</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_bashanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis bashanica (page does not exist)"><i>V. bashanica</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_bellula" title="Vitis bellula"><i>V. bellula</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_berlandieri" title="Vitis berlandieri"><i>V. berlandieri</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_betulifolia" title="Vitis betulifolia"><i>V. betulifolia</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_biformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis biformis (page does not exist)"><i>V. biformis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_blancoi" title="Vitis blancoi"><i>V. blancoi</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_bloodworthiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis bloodworthiana (page does not exist)"><i>V. bloodworthiana</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_bourgaeana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis bourgaeana (page does not exist)"><i>V. bourgaeana</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_bryoniifolia" title="Vitis bryoniifolia"><i>V. bryoniifolia</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_californica" title="Vitis californica"><i>V. californica</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_%C3%97_champinii" title="Vitis × champinii"><i>V. × champinii</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_chontalensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis chontalensis (page does not exist)"><i>V. chontalensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_chunganensis" title="Vitis chunganensis"><i>V. chunganensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_chungii" title="Vitis chungii"><i>V. chungii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_cinerea" title="Vitis cinerea"><i>V. cinerea</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_cissoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis cissoides (page does not exist)"><i>V. cissoides</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_coignetiae" title="Vitis coignetiae"><i>V. coignetiae</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_cordifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitis cordifolia"><i>V. cordifolia</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_davidii" title="Vitis davidii"><i>V. davidii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_%C3%97_doaniana" title="Vitis × doaniana"><i>V. × doaniana</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_erythrophylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis erythrophylla (page does not exist)"><i>V. erythrophylla</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_fengqinensis" title="Vitis fengqinensis"><i>V. fengqinensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_figariana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis figariana (page does not exist)"><i>V. figariana</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_flexuosa" title="Vitis flexuosa"><i>V. flexuosa</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_girdiana" title="Vitis girdiana"><i>V. girdiana</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_hancockii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis hancockii (page does not exist)"><i>V. hancockii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_heyneana" title="Vitis heyneana"><i>V. heyneana</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_hui" title="Vitis hui"><i>V. hui</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_jacquemontii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis jacquemontii (page does not exist)"><i>V. jacquemontii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_jaegeriana" title="Vitis jaegeriana"><i>V. jaegeriana</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_jinggangensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis jinggangensis (page does not exist)"><i>V. jinggangensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_jinzhainensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis jinzhainensis (page does not exist)"><i>V. jinzhainensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_kelungensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis kelungensis (page does not exist)"><i>V. kelungensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" title="Vitis labrusca"><i>V. labrusca</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_labruscana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitis labruscana"><i>V. labruscana</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_lanceolatifoliosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis lanceolatifoliosa (page does not exist)"><i>V. lanceolatifoliosa</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_linsecomii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis linsecomii (page does not exist)"><i>V. linsecomii</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_longquanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis longquanensis (page does not exist)"><i>V. longquanensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_luochengensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis luochengensis (page does not exist)"><i>V. luochengensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_menghaiensis" title="Vitis menghaiensis"><i>V. menghaiensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_mengziensis" title="Vitis mengziensis"><i>V. mengziensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_monticola" title="Vitis monticola"><i>V. monticola</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_mustangensis" title="Vitis mustangensis"><i>V. mustangensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_nesbittiana" title="Vitis nesbittiana"><i>V. nesbittiana</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_%C3%97_novae-angliae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis × novae-angliae (page does not exist)"><i>V. × novae-angliae</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_palmata" title="Vitis palmata"><i>V. palmata</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_peninsularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis peninsularis (page does not exist)"><i>V. peninsularis</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_piasezkii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis piasezkii (page does not exist)"><i>V. piasezkii</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_pilosonerva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis pilosonerva (page does not exist)"><i>V. pilosonerva</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_popenoei" title="Vitis popenoei"><i>V. popenoei</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_pseudoreticulata" title="Vitis pseudoreticulata"><i>V. pseudoreticulata</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_pubescens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis pubescens (page does not exist)"><i>V. pubescens</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_retordii" title="Vitis retordii"><i>V. retordii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_riparia" title="Vitis riparia"><i>V. riparia</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_romanetii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis romanetii (page does not exist)"><i>V. romanetii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_rotundifolia" title="Vitis rotundifolia"><i>V. rotundifolia</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_rupestris" title="Vitis rupestris"><i>V. rupestris</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_ruyuanensis" title="Vitis ruyuanensis"><i>V. ruyuanensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_shenxiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis shenxiensis (page does not exist)"><i>V. shenxiensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_shuttleworthii" title="Vitis shuttleworthii"><i>V. shuttleworthii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_silvestrii" title="Vitis silvestrii"><i>V. silvestrii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_sinocinerea" title="Vitis sinocinerea"><i>V. sinocinerea</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_%C3%97_slavinii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis × slavinii (page does not exist)"><i>V. × slavinii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_thunbergii" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitis thunbergii"><i>V. thunbergii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_tiliifolia" title="Vitis tiliifolia"><i>V. tiliifolia</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_treleasei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis treleasei (page does not exist)"><i>V. treleasei</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_tsoii" title="Vitis tsoii"><i>V. tsoii</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera"><i>V. vinifera</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_vulpina" title="Vitis vulpina"><i>V. vulpina</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_wenchouensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis wenchouensis (page does not exist)"><i>V. wenchouensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_wilsonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitis wilsonae"><i>V. wilsonae</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_wuhanensis" title="Vitis wuhanensis"><i>V. wuhanensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_xunyangensis" title="Vitis xunyangensis"><i>V. xunyangensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_yeshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis yeshanensis (page does not exist)"><i>V. yeshanensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vitis_yunnanensis" title="Vitis yunnanensis"><i>V. yunnanensis</i></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_zhejiang-adstricta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis zhejiang-adstricta (page does not exist)"><i>V. zhejiang-adstricta</i></a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Vitis</b></i> (<b>grapevine</b>) is a genus of 81 accepted species<sup id="cite_ref-POWO_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of vining plants in the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> family <a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a>. The genus consists of species predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>. The study and cultivation of grapevines is called <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a>. </p><p>Most cultivated <i>Vitis</i> varieties are <a href="/wiki/Wind-pollinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind-pollinated">wind-pollinated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditic">hermaphroditic</a> flowers containing both male and female reproductive structures, while wild species are dioecious. These flowers are grouped in bunches called <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescences</a>. In many species, such as <i>Vitis vinifera</i>, each successfully pollinated flower becomes a grape berry with the inflorescence turning into a <a href="/wiki/Cluster_of_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster of grapes">cluster of grapes</a>. While the flowers of the grapevines are usually very small, the berries are often large and brightly colored with sweet flavors that attract birds and other animals to disperse the seeds contained within the berries.<sup id="cite_ref-WSET_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSET-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grapevines usually only produce fruit on shoots that came from buds that were developed during the previous <a href="/wiki/Growing_season_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Growing season (vine)">growing season</a>. In viticulture, this is one of the principles behind <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruning</a> the previous year's growth (or "One year old wood") that includes shoots that have turned hard and woody during the winter (after <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvest</a> in commercial viticulture). These vines will be pruned either into a <a href="/wiki/Cane_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cane (vine)">cane</a> which will support 8 to 15 buds or to a smaller <a href="/wiki/Spur_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spur (vine)">spur</a> which holds 2 to 3 buds.<sup id="cite_ref-WSET_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSET-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg/170px-Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg/255px-Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg/340px-Vigne_inflorescence_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="2329" /></a><figcaption>Developing inflorescences of <i>Vitis vinifera</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the wild, all species of <i>Vitis</i> are normally <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a>, but under domestication, variants with <a href="/wiki/Perfect_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect flower">perfect flowers</a> appear to have been selected. Flower buds are formed late in the growing season and overwinter for blooming in spring of the next year. They produce leaf-opposed <a href="/wiki/Cyme_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyme (botany)">cymes</a>. <i>Vitis</i> is distinguished from other genera of <a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a> by having petals which remain joined at the tip and detach from the base to fall together as a calyptra or 'cap'. The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pentamerous" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamerous">pentamerous</a>. The calyx is greatly reduced or nonexistent in most species. The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a>, ovoid in shape and juicy, with a two-celled ovary each containing two ovules, thus normally producing four seeds per flower (or fewer by way of aborted embryos).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other parts of the vine include the <a href="/wiki/Tendril" title="Tendril">tendrils</a> which are leaf-opposed, branched in <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>, and are used to support the climbing plant by twining onto surrounding structures such as branches or the <a href="/wiki/Trellising" class="mw-redirect" title="Trellising">trellising</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Vine-training_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vine-training system">vine-training system</a>. </p><p>The genus <i>Vitis</i> is divided into two subgenera, <i>Euvitis</i> <a href="/wiki/Planch." class="mw-redirect" title="Planch.">Planch.</a> have 38 chromosomes (n=19) with berries borne on clusters<sup id="cite_ref-Kew2CDNA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kew2CDNA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Muscadinia</i> Planch. 40 (n=20) with small clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lu_Lamikanra_1996_pp._269–271_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu_Lamikanra_1996_pp._269–271-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wild grapes can resemble the single-seeded <i><a href="/wiki/Menispermum_canadense" title="Menispermum canadense">Menispermum canadense</a></i> (moonseed), which is toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornamental_grape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ornamental_grape.jpg/220px-Ornamental_grape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ornamental_grape.jpg/330px-Ornamental_grape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ornamental_grape.jpg/440px-Ornamental_grape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_coignetiae" title="Vitis coignetiae">Vitis coignetiae</a></i> with autumn leaves</figcaption></figure> <p>Most <i>Vitis</i> species are found mostly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, exceptions being a few in the tropics and the wine grape <i>Vitis vinifera</i> which originated in southern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and southwestern Asia. Grape species occur in widely different geographical areas and show a great diversity of form. </p><p>Their growth makes leaf collection challenging and polymorphic leaves make identification of species difficult. Mature grapevines can grow up to 48 centimetres (19 inches) in <a href="/wiki/Diameter_at_breast_height" title="Diameter at breast height">diameter at breast height</a> and reach the upper canopy of trees more than 35 metres (115 feet) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many species are sufficiently closely related to allow easy interbreeding and the resultant interspecific hybrids are invariably fertile and vigorous. Thus the concept of a species is less well defined and more likely represents the identification of different ecotypes of <i>Vitis</i> that have evolved in distinct geographical and environmental circumstances. </p><p>The exact number of species is not certain. Plants of the World Online states 81 species are accepted, but lists 84.<sup id="cite_ref-POWO_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 65 species in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> are poorly defined.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 25 species are known in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and these were studied extensively in the late 1800s by German-American botanist <a href="/wiki/George_Engelmann" title="George Engelmann">George Englemann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, just one, <i>V. vinifera</i> has <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> origins.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more notable species include: </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_aestivalis" title="Vitis aestivalis">Vitis aestivalis</a></i>, the summer grape, native to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_amurensis" title="Vitis amurensis">Vitis amurensis</a></i>, native to the Asian continent, including parts of Siberia and China</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_arizonica" title="Vitis arizonica">Vitis arizonica</a></i>, The Arizona grape is native to Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, New Mexico, Texas, and Northern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_berlandieri" title="Vitis berlandieri">Vitis berlandieri</a></i>, native to the southern North America, primarily Texas, New Mexico and Arkansas. Primarily known for good tolerance against soils with a high content of lime, which can cause chlorosis in many vines of American origin</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_californica" title="Vitis californica">Vitis californica</a></i>, the California wild grape, or Northern California grape, or Pacific grape, is a wild grape species widespread across much of California as well as southwestern Oregon</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_coignetiae" title="Vitis coignetiae">Vitis coignetiae</a></i>, the crimson glory vine, a species from East Asia grown as an <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plant</a> for its crimson autumn foliage</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" title="Vitis labrusca">Vitis labrusca</a></i> <small>L.</small>, the fox grapevine, sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Concord_grape" title="Concord grape">Concord grape</a> was derived by a cross with this species</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_riparia" title="Vitis riparia">Vitis riparia</a></i>, the riverbank grapevine, sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. Native to the entire <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a> and north to <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_rotundifolia" title="Vitis rotundifolia">Vitis rotundifolia</a></i> (syn. <i>Muscadinia rotundifolia</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Muscadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadine">muscadine</a>, used for jams and wine. Native to the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a> from <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_rupestris" title="Vitis rupestris">Vitis rupestris</a></i>, the rock grapevine, used for breeding of Phylloxera resistant rootstock. Native to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>, the European grapevine. Native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vulpina" title="Vitis vulpina">Vitis vulpina</a></i>, the frost grape, native to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a>, from Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas<sup id="cite_ref-vivu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treated by some as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a> of <i>V. riparia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-up_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></i> also includes:<sup id="cite_ref-POWO_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_acerifolia" title="Vitis acerifolia">Vitis acerifolia</a></i> <small>Raf.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_amoena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis amoena (page does not exist)">Vitis amoena</a></i> <small>Z.H. Chen, Feng Chen & WW.Y. Xie</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_baihuashanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis baihuashanensis (page does not exist)">Vitis baihuashanensis</a></i> <small>M.S.Kang & D.Z.Lu</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_balansana" title="Vitis balansana">Vitis balansana</a></i> <small>Planch.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_bashanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis bashanica (page does not exist)">Vitis bashanica</a></i> <small>P.C.He</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_bellula" title="Vitis bellula">Vitis bellula</a></i> <small>(Rehder) W.T.Wang</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_betulifolia" title="Vitis betulifolia">Vitis betulifolia</a></i> <small>Diels & Gilg</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_biformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis biformis (page does not exist)">Vitis biformis</a></i> <small>Rose</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_blancoi" title="Vitis blancoi">Vitis blancoi</a></i> <small>Munson</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_bloodworthiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis bloodworthiana (page does not exist)">Vitis bloodworthiana</a></i> <small>Comeaux</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_bourgaeana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis bourgaeana (page does not exist)">Vitis bourgaeana</a></i> <small>Planch.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_bryoniifolia" title="Vitis bryoniifolia">Vitis bryoniifolia</a></i> <small>Bunge</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_%C3%97_champinii" title="Vitis × champinii">Vitis × champinii</a></i> <small>Planch.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_chunganensis" title="Vitis chunganensis">Vitis chunganensis</a></i> <small>Hu</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_chungii" title="Vitis chungii">Vitis chungii</a></i> <small>F.P.Metcalf</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_cinerea" title="Vitis cinerea">Vitis cinerea</a></i> <small>(Engelm.) Millardet</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_davidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis davidi (page does not exist)">Vitis davidi</a></i> <small>(Rom.Caill.) Foëx</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_%C3%97_doaniana" title="Vitis × doaniana">Vitis × doaniana</a></i> <small>Munson ex Viala</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_erythrophylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis erythrophylla (page does not exist)">Vitis erythrophylla</a></i> <small>W.T.Wang</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_fengqinensis" title="Vitis fengqinensis">Vitis fengqinensis</a></i> <small>C.L.Li</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_ficifolia" title="Vitis ficifolia">Vitis ficifolia</a></i> <small>Bunge</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_flavicosta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis flavicosta (page does not exist)">Vitis flavicosta</a></i> <small>Mickel & Beitel</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_flexuosa" title="Vitis flexuosa">Vitis flexuosa</a></i> <small>Thunb.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_girdiana" title="Vitis girdiana">Vitis girdiana</a></i> <small>Munson</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_hancockii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis hancockii (page does not exist)">Vitis hancockii</a></i> <small>Hance</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_heyneana" title="Vitis heyneana">Vitis heyneana</a></i> <small>Schult.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_hissarica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis hissarica (page does not exist)">Vitis hissarica</a></i> <small>Vassilcz.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_hui" title="Vitis hui">Vitis hui</a></i> <small>W.C.Cheng</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_jaegeriana" title="Vitis jaegeriana">Vitis jaegeriana</a></i> <small>Comeaux</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_jinggangensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis jinggangensis (page does not exist)">Vitis jinggangensis</a></i> <small>W.T.Wang</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_jinzhainensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis jinzhainensis (page does not exist)">Vitis jinzhainensis</a></i> <small>X.S.Shen</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_kaihuaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis kaihuaica (page does not exist)">Vitis kaihuaica</a></i> <small>Z.H.Chen, Feng Chen & W.Y Xie</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_kiusiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis kiusiana (page does not exist)">Vitis kiusiana</a></i> <small>Momiy.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_lanceolatifoliosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis lanceolatifoliosa (page does not exist)">Vitis lanceolatifoliosa</a></i> <small>C.L.Li</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_longquanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis longquanensis (page does not exist)">Vitis longquanensis</a></i> <small>P.L.Chiu</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_luochengensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis luochengensis (page does not exist)">Vitis luochengensis</a></i> <small>W.T.Wang</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_menghaiensis" title="Vitis menghaiensis">Vitis menghaiensis</a></i> <small>C.L.Li</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_mengziensis" title="Vitis mengziensis">Vitis mengziensis</a></i> <small>C.L.Li</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_metziana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis metziana (page does not exist)">Vitis metziana</a></i> <small>Miq.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_monticola" title="Vitis monticola">Vitis monticola</a></i> <small>Buckley</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_mustangensis" title="Vitis mustangensis">Vitis mustangensis</a></i> <small>Buckley</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_nesbittiana" title="Vitis nesbittiana">Vitis nesbittiana</a></i> <small>Comeaux</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_%C3%97_novae-angliae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis × novae-angliae (page does not exist)">Vitis × novae-angliae</a></i> <small>Fernald</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_novogranatensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis novogranatensis (page does not exist)">Vitis novogranatensis</a></i> <small>Moldenke</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_nuristanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis nuristanica (page does not exist)">Vitis nuristanica</a></i> <small>Vassilcz.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_palmata" title="Vitis palmata">Vitis palmata</a></i> <small>Vahl</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_pedicellata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis pedicellata (page does not exist)">Vitis pedicellata</a></i> <small>M.A.Lawson</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_peninsularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis peninsularis (page does not exist)">Vitis peninsularis</a></i> <small>M.E.Jones</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_piasezkii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis piasezkii (page does not exist)">Vitis piasezkii</a></i> <small>Maxim.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_pilosonervia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis pilosonervia (page does not exist)">Vitis pilosonervia</a></i> <small>F.P.Metcalf</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_popenoei" title="Vitis popenoei">Vitis popenoei</a></i> <small>J.L.Fennell</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_pseudoreticulata" title="Vitis pseudoreticulata">Vitis pseudoreticulata</a></i> <small>W.T.Wang</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_quinlingensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis quinlingensis (page does not exist)">Vitis quinlingensis</a></i> <small>P.C.He</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_retordii" title="Vitis retordii">Vitis retordii</a></i> <small>Rom.Caill. ex Planch.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_romanetii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis romanetii (page does not exist)">Vitis romanetii</a></i> <small>Rom.Caill.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_ruyuanensis" title="Vitis ruyuanensis">Vitis ruyuanensis</a></i> <small>C.L.Li</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_saccharifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis saccharifera (page does not exist)">Vitis saccharifera</a></i> <small>Makino</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_shenxiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis shenxiensis (page does not exist)">Vitis shenxiensis</a></i> <small>C.L.Li</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_shizishanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis shizishanensis (page does not exist)">Vitis shizishanensis</a></i> <small>Z.Y.Ma, J.Wen, Q.Fu & X.Q.Liu</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_shuttleworthii" title="Vitis shuttleworthii">Vitis shuttleworthii</a></i> <small>House</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_silvestrii" title="Vitis silvestrii">Vitis silvestrii</a></i> <small>Pamp.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_sinocinerea" title="Vitis sinocinerea">Vitis sinocinerea</a></i> <small>W.T.Wang</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_sinoternata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis sinoternata (page does not exist)">Vitis sinoternata</a></i> <small>W.T.Wang</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_tiliifolia" title="Vitis tiliifolia">Vitis tiliifolia</a></i> <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_tsoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis tsoi (page does not exist)">Vitis tsoi</a></i> <small>Merr.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_wenchowensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis wenchowensis (page does not exist)">Vitis wenchowensis</a></i> <small>C.Ling</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_wenxianensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis wenxianensis (page does not exist)">Vitis wenxianensis</a></i> <small>W.T.Wang</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_wilsoniae" title="Vitis wilsoniae">Vitis wilsoniae</a></i> <small>H.J.Veitch</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_wuhanensis" title="Vitis wuhanensis">Vitis wuhanensis</a></i> <small>C.L.Li</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_xunyangensis" title="Vitis xunyangensis">Vitis xunyangensis</a></i> <small>P.C.He</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_yunnanensis" title="Vitis yunnanensis">Vitis yunnanensis</a></i> <small>C.L.Li</small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_zhejiang-adstricta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis zhejiang-adstricta (page does not exist)">Vitis zhejiang-adstricta</a></i> <small>P.L.Chiu</small></li></ol> </div> <p>There are many <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">cultivars</a> of grapevines; most are cultivars of <i>V. vinifera</i>. One of them includes, <a href="/wiki/Vitis_%27Ornamental_Grape%27" title="Vitis 'Ornamental Grape'">Vitis 'Ornamental Grape'</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a> grapes also exist, and these are primarily crosses between <i>V. vinifera</i> and one or more of <i>V. labrusca</i>, <i>V. riparia</i> or <i>V. aestivalis</i>. Hybrids tend to be less susceptible to frost and disease (notably <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a>), but wine from some hybrids may have a little of the characteristic "foxy" taste of <i>V. labrusca</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>Vitis</i> is feminine,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore adjectival species names take feminine forms, such as <i>V. vinifera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palatina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Palatina.jpg/220px-Palatina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Palatina.jpg/330px-Palatina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Palatina.jpg/440px-Palatina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>'Palatina', a Hungary grape</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">List of grape diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a> is an American root aphid that devastated <i>V. vinifera</i> vineyards in Europe when accidentally introduced in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts were made to breed in resistance from American species, but many winemakers and customers did not like the unusual flavour profile of the <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">hybrid vines</a>. However, <i>V. vinifera</i> grafts readily onto rootstocks of the American species and their hybrids with <i>V. vinifera</i>, and most commercial production of grapes now relies on such grafts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_vine_weevil" class="mw-redirect" title="Black vine weevil">black vine weevil</a> is another root pest. </p><p>Grapevines are used as food plants by the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_distribution">Commercial distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commercial distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pago_de_miraflores_la_alta_albariza_sanl%C3%BAcar_barrameda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pago_de_miraflores_la_alta_albariza_sanl%C3%BAcar_barrameda.jpg/220px-Pago_de_miraflores_la_alta_albariza_sanl%C3%BAcar_barrameda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pago_de_miraflores_la_alta_albariza_sanl%C3%BAcar_barrameda.jpg/330px-Pago_de_miraflores_la_alta_albariza_sanl%C3%BAcar_barrameda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pago_de_miraflores_la_alta_albariza_sanl%C3%BAcar_barrameda.jpg/440px-Pago_de_miraflores_la_alta_albariza_sanl%C3%BAcar_barrameda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Vitis for producing <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parra_en_Hontecillas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Parra_en_Hontecillas.jpg/220px-Parra_en_Hontecillas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Parra_en_Hontecillas.jpg/330px-Parra_en_Hontecillas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Parra_en_Hontecillas.jpg/440px-Parra_en_Hontecillas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Vitis near a house in <a href="/wiki/Hontecillas" title="Hontecillas">Hontecillas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the UN's <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year. </p><p>The following list of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes (regardless of the grapes' final destination):<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col"> Country</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:right;"> Area under vine (<a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">ha</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">x10<sup>3</sup></a>)</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:right;"> Grape production (<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric ton</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">x10<sup>6</sup></a>)</th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <b>7511</b></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <b>75.7</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1021</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 6.0</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 830</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 12.6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 786</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 6.3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 682</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 8.2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 497</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 3.6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 419</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 7.0</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 225</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2.4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 223</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2.1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 217</td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 211</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 3.1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 192</td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 149</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1.7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 140</td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 130</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2.0</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 120</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2.6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 85</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1.5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 60</td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 39</td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_cultivation">Domestic cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grapevines are widely cultivated by gardeners, and numerous suppliers cater specifically for this trade. The plants are valued for their decorative foliage, often colouring brightly in autumn; their ability to clothe walls, <a href="/wiki/Pergola" title="Pergola">pergolas</a> and arches, thus providing shade; and their fruits, which may be eaten as dessert or provide the basis for homemade wines. Popular varieties include:- </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckland_Sweetwater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buckland Sweetwater (page does not exist)">Buckland Sweetwater</a>' (white dessert)</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>' (white wine)</li> <li>'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foster%27s_Seedling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foster's Seedling (page does not exist)">Foster's Seedling</a>' (white dessert)</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a>' (red wine)</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a>' (white dessert)</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a>' (white wine)</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(grape)" title="Phoenix (grape)">Phoenix</a>' (white wine)</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>' (red wine)</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Regent_(grape)" title="Regent (grape)">Regent</a>' (red wine)</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Schiava_Grossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiava Grossa">Schiava Grossa</a>' (red dessert)</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Seyval_blanc" title="Seyval blanc">Seyval blanc</a>' (white wine)<sup id="cite_ref-GYOF_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GYOF-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a>' (red wine)</li></ul> </div> <p>The following varieties have gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>:-<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>'Boskoop Glory'<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (dessert/wine)</li> <li>'Brant'<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (black dessert)</li> <li>'Claret Cloak' or 'Frovit'<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ornamental)</li> <li>'New York Muscat'<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (black dessert)</li> <li>'Purpurea'<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ornamental)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fruit of several <i>Vitis</i> species are grown commercially for consumption as fresh grapes and for fermentation into <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Vitis vinifera</i> is the most important such species.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grape_leaves" title="Grape leaves">leaves</a> of several species of grapevine are edible and are used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Dolmades" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmades">dolmades</a> and Vietnamese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lot_leaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lot leaf (page does not exist)">lot leaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grapevine (typically <i>Vitis vinifera</i>) has been used as a symbol since ancient times. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Romans</a>) was god of the vintage and, therefore, a grapevine with bunches of the fruit are among his attributes. His attendants at the <a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">Bacchanalian</a> festivals hence had the vine as an attribute, together with the <a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">thyrsus</a>, the latter often entwined with vine branches. For the same reason, the Greek wine cup (<a href="/wiki/Cantharos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantharos">cantharos</a>) is commonly decorated with the vine and grapes, wine being drunk as a <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a> to the god. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monnaie_-_Prutah,_bronze,_J%C3%A9rusalem,_Jud%C3%A9e,_premi%C3%A8re_guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine_-_btv1b11318591v_(2_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_premi%C3%A8re_guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine_-_btv1b11318591v_%282_of_2%29.jpg/220px-Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_premi%C3%A8re_guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine_-_btv1b11318591v_%282_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_premi%C3%A8re_guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine_-_btv1b11318591v_%282_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_premi%C3%A8re_guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine_-_btv1b11318591v_%282_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_premi%C3%A8re_guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine_-_btv1b11318591v_%282_of_2%29.jpg/440px-Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_premi%C3%A8re_guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine_-_btv1b11318591v_%282_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>A grapevine leaf, depicted on a bronze coin from the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Jewish Revolt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The grapevine has a profound symbolic meaning in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish tradition and culture</a> since antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is referenced 55 times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (Old Testament), along with grapes and wine, which are also frequently mentioned (55 and 19, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Species" title="Seven Species">Seven Species</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is employed several times in the Bible as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">chosen people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grapevine has a prominent place in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish rituals</a>: the wine was given a special blessing, "creator of the fruit of the vine", and the <a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a> blessing is recited over wine or grape juice on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holidays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also employed in various parables and sayings in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, a golden vine was hung over the inner chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>. The grapevine is featured on <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_coinage" title="Hasmonean coinage">Hasmonean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_Revolt_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage">Bar Kokhba revolt coinage</a>, and as a decoration in mosaic floors of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_synagogues_in_Palestine" title="Ancient synagogues in Palestine">ancient synagogues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Christian <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, the vine also frequently appears. It is mentioned several times in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. We have the parable of the <a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">kingdom of heaven</a> likened to the father starting to engage laborers for his vineyard. The vine is used as symbol of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> based on his own statement, "I am the <a href="/wiki/True_vine" class="mw-redirect" title="True vine">true vine</a> (John 15:1)." In that sense, a vine is placed as sole symbol on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Constantia</a>, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, and elsewhere. In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>, the vine and grapes figure in early <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>, and on the throne of <a href="/wiki/Maximianus_of_Ravenna" title="Maximianus of Ravenna">Maximianus of Ravenna</a> it is used as a decoration. </p><p>The vine and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> <a href="/wiki/Ear_(botany)" title="Ear (botany)">ear</a> have been frequently used as symbol of the blood and flesh of Christ, hence figuring as symbols (bread and wine) of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> and are found depicted on <a href="/wiki/Ostensory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostensory">ostensories</a>. Often the symbolic vine laden with grapes is found in ecclesiastical decorations with animals biting at the grapes. At times, the vine is used as symbol of temporal blessing.<sup id="cite_ref-amer_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amer-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">uthras</a> (angels or celestial beings) are often described as personified grapevines (<span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn">gupna</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR_Gelbert-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vine_staff" title="Vine staff">Vine staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_vine" title="Old vine">Old vine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">-<i>fer</i> is an adjectival suffix, with forms -<i>fer</i> (M), -<i>fera</i> (F), and -<i>ferum</i> (N).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoland_Wilbur_Brown" class="citation book cs1">Roland Wilbur Brown. <i>Paleocene Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleocene+Flora+of+the+Rocky+Mountains+and+Great+Plains&rft.au=Roland+Wilbur+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vitis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vitis_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRCS" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">NRCS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/VITIS">"<i>Vitis L.</i>"</a>. <i>PLANTS Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PLANTS+Database&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EVitis+L.%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.au=NRCS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.sc.egov.usda.gov%2Fplant-profile%2FVITIS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGRIN" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095609/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12735">"Species in GRIN for genus <i>Vitis</i>"</a>. <i>Taxonomy for Plants</i>. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Beltsville,_Maryland" title="Beltsville, Maryland">Beltsville, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">ARS</a>, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12735">the original</a> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taxonomy+for+Plants&rft.atitle=Species+in+GRIN+for+genus+Vitis&rft.au=GRIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-grin.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnpgs%2Fhtml%2Fsplist.pl%3F12735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ag-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ag_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>V. kelungensis, V. yeshanensis</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmet_GünerGábor_GyulaiZoltán_TóthGülsüm_Asena_Başlı2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmet Güner; Gábor Gyulai; Zoltán Tóth; Gülsüm Asena Başlı; Zoltán Szabó; Ferenc Gyulai; András Bittsánszky; Luther Waters Jr.; László Heszky (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121023113640/http://w3.mkk.szie.hu/dep/genetika/pdf/Guner%20et%20al%202008%20(inpress).pdf">"Grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds from Antiquity and the Middle Ages Excavated in Hungary - LM and SEM analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anadolu Univ J Sci Technol</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Univ+J+Sci+Technol&rft.atitle=Grape+%28Vitis+vinifera%29+seeds+from+Antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages+Excavated+in+Hungary+-+LM+and+SEM+analysis&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Ahmet+G%C3%BCner&rft.au=G%C3%A1bor+Gyulai&rft.au=Zolt%C3%A1n+T%C3%B3th&rft.au=G%C3%BCls%C3%BCm+Asena+Ba%C5%9Fl%C4%B1&rft.au=Zolt%C3%A1n+Szab%C3%B3&rft.au=Ferenc+Gyulai&rft.au=Andr%C3%A1s+Bitts%C3%A1nszky&rft.au=Luther+Waters+Jr.&rft.au=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Heszky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.mkk.szie.hu%2Fdep%2Fgenetika%2Fpdf%2FGuner%2520et%2520al%25202008%2520%28inpress%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POWO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325876-2">"Vitis L."</a> <i>Plants of the World Online</i>. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPHYTO-01-10-0023">"Variation in Pathogenicity and Aggressiveness of Erysiphe necator from Different Vitis spp. and Geographic Origins in the Eastern United States"</a>. <i>Phytopathology</i>. <b>100</b> (11): 1185–1193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPHYTO-01-10-0023">10.1094/PHYTO-01-10-0023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-949X">0031-949X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20932167">20932167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Variation+in+Pathogenicity+and+Aggressiveness+of+Erysiphe+necator+from+Different+Vitis+spp.+and+Geographic+Origins+in+the+Eastern+United+States&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1185-1193&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0031-949X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20932167&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1094%2FPHYTO-01-10-0023&rft.aulast=Frenkel&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft.au=Brewer%2C+Marin+Talbot&rft.au=Milgroom%2C+Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1094%252FPHYTO-01-10-0023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownSimsOdabasiBartoshuk2016" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Kelly; Sims, Charles; Odabasi, Asli; Bartoshuk, Linda; Conner, Patrick; Gray, Dennis (2016). "Consumer Acceptability of Fresh-Market Muscadine Grapes". <i>Journal of Food Science</i>. <b>81</b> (11): S2808–S2816. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1750-3841.13522">10.1111/1750-3841.13522</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1750-3841">1750-3841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27741360">27741360</a>. <q>Nearly all table grapes that are sold in commercial markets are V. vinifera.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Science&rft.atitle=Consumer+Acceptability+of+Fresh-Market+Muscadine+Grapes&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=S2808-S2816&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1750-3841&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27741360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1750-3841.13522&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft.au=Sims%2C+Charles&rft.au=Odabasi%2C+Asli&rft.au=Bartoshuk%2C+Linda&rft.au=Conner%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Gray%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosmePintoVilela2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cosme, Fernanda; Pinto, Teresa; Vilela, Alice (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbeverages3030042">"Oenology in the Kitchen: The Sensory Experience Offered by Culinary Dishes Cooked with Alcoholic Drinks, Grapes and Grape Leaves"</a>. <i>Beverages</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbeverages3030042">10.3390/beverages3030042</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beverages&rft.atitle=Oenology+in+the+Kitchen%3A+The+Sensory+Experience+Offered+by+Culinary+Dishes+Cooked+with+Alcoholic+Drinks%2C+Grapes+and+Grape+Leaves&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbeverages3030042&rft.aulast=Cosme&rft.aufirst=Fernanda&rft.au=Pinto%2C+Teresa&rft.au=Vilela%2C+Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fbeverages3030042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wulkan, Reba, "The Grape and the Vine: A Motif in Contemporary Jewish Textiles" (1998). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetzerNetzer2021" class="citation journal cs1">Netzer, Yishai; Netzer, Nissan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/judea-and-samaria-research-studies/2021/07/05/%d7%92%d6%b6%d6%bc%d7%a4%d6%b6%d7%9f-%d7%91%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%91%d7%9f-%d7%92%d6%b8%d6%bc%d7%a4%d6%b6%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%a0%d7%97%d7%99-%d7%92%d7%a4%d7%9f-%d7%95%d7%99%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9e/">"Hebrew Vine and Wine Terms from Ancient Times to the Present"</a>. <i>Judea and Samaria Research Studies</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 127–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26351%2FJSRS%2F30-1%2F5">10.26351/JSRS/30-1/5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2617-8737">2617-8737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241465067">241465067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Judea+and+Samaria+Research+Studies&rft.atitle=Hebrew+Vine+and+Wine+Terms+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-145&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241465067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2617-8737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26351%2FJSRS%2F30-1%2F5&rft.aulast=Netzer&rft.aufirst=Yishai&rft.au=Netzer%2C+Nissan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariel.ac.il%2Fwp%2Fjudea-and-samaria-research-studies%2F2021%2F07%2F05%2F%25d7%2592%25d6%25b6%25d6%25bc%25d7%25a4%25d6%25b6%25d7%259f-%25d7%2591%25d7%259e%25d7%2595%25d7%2591%25d7%259f-%25d7%2592%25d6%25b8%25d6%25bc%25d7%25a4%25d6%25b6%25d7%259f-%25d7%259e%25d7%2595%25d7%25a0%25d7%2597%25d7%2599-%25d7%2592%25d7%25a4%25d7%259f-%25d7%2595%25d7%2599%25d7%2599%25d7%259f-%25d7%259e%25d7%2599%25d7%259e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0508.htm#8">Deuteronomy 8:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%205:7&version=nrsv">Isaiah 5:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hosea%209:10&version=nrsv">Hosea 9:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amer-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amer_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement_W._Coumbe1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clement W. Coumbe (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Vine in Art and Symbolism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Vine_in_Art_and_Symbolism">"Vine in Art and Symbolism" </a></span>. In Rines, George Edwin (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vine+in+Art+and+Symbolism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Clement+W.+Coumbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR_Gelbert-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelbert2011" class="citation book cs1">Gelbert, Carlos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/"><i>Ginza Rba</i></a>. Sydney: Living Water Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958034630" title="Special:BookSources/9780958034630"><bdi>9780958034630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ginza+Rba&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Living+Water+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780958034630&rft.aulast=Gelbert&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivingwaterbooks.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fginza-rba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_EmanuelliSilvia_LorenziLukasz_GrzeskowiakValentina_Catalano2013" class="citation journal cs1">Francesco Emanuelli; Silvia Lorenzi; Lukasz Grzeskowiak; Valentina Catalano; Marco Stefanini; Michela Troggio; Sean Myles; José M. Martinez-Zapater; Eva Zyprian; Flavia M. Moreira & M. Stella Grando (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3610244">"Genetic diversity and population structure assessed by SSR and SNP markers in a large germplasm collection of grape"</a>. <i>BMC Plant Biology</i>. <b>13</b>. BioMed Central Ltd.: 39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2229-13-39">10.1186/1471-2229-13-39</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3610244">3610244</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23497049">23497049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+and+population+structure+assessed+by+SSR+and+SNP+markers+in+a+large+germplasm+collection+of+grape&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3610244%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23497049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2229-13-39&rft.au=Francesco+Emanuelli&rft.au=Silvia+Lorenzi&rft.au=Lukasz+Grzeskowiak&rft.au=Valentina+Catalano&rft.au=Marco+Stefanini&rft.au=Michela+Troggio&rft.au=Sean+Myles&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+M.+Martinez-Zapater&rft.au=Eva+Zyprian&rft.au=Flavia+M.+Moreira&rft.au=M.+Stella+Grando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3610244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberto_BacilieriThierry_LacombeLoic_Le_CunffManuel_Di_Vecchi_Staraz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Roberto Bacilieri; Thierry Lacombe; Loic Le Cunff; Manuel Di Vecchi Staraz; Valerie Laucou; Blaise Genna; Jean-Pierre Peros; Patrice This; Jean-Michel Boursiquot (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3598926">"Genetic structure in cultivated grapevines is linked to geography and human selection"</a>. <i>BMC Plant Biology</i>. <b>13</b>. BioMed Central Ltd.: 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2229-13-25">10.1186/1471-2229-13-25</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3598926">3598926</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23394135">23394135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Genetic+structure+in+cultivated+grapevines+is+linked+to+geography+and+human+selection&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3598926%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23394135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2229-13-25&rft.au=Roberto+Bacilieri&rft.au=Thierry+Lacombe&rft.au=Loic+Le+Cunff&rft.au=Manuel+Di+Vecchi+Staraz&rft.au=Valerie+Laucou&rft.au=Blaise+Genna&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Peros&rft.au=Patrice+This&rft.au=Jean-Michel+Boursiquot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3598926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vitis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vitis"><i>Vitis</i></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vitis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Vitis">Vitis</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-vitis.de/docs/descriptors/mcpd/WP2-DESCRIPTORS-v4.pdf">List of 48 descriptors</a> defined in the GRAPEGEN06 project (selected from the 151 <a href="/wiki/Office_International_de_la_Vigne_et_du_Vin" class="mw-redirect" title="Office International de la Vigne et du Vin">OIV</a> descriptors published in June 2007)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viticulture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viticulture" title="Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viticulture" title="Template talk:Viticulture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viticulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology and<br /> horticulture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program" title="International Grape Genome Program">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture#Green_harvest" title="Viticulture">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_(grape_disease)" title="Black rot (grape disease)">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Viticulture" title="Category:Viticulture">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Vitis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191019" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q191019">Q191019</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vitis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Vitis">Vitis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/195867">195867</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/113744">113744</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121316">121316</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/872G">872G</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/38383">38383</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1VITG">1VITG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21745">21745</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134649">134649</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=134649">134649</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7467468">7467468</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=12735">12735</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/60773">60773</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=9431">9431</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/325876-2">325876-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28606">28606</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000464931">NHMSYS0000464931</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3603">3603</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/53b5116b-054d-43e6-af58-14a946d39474">53b5116b-054d-43e6-af58-14a946d39474</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=329893">329893</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=157350">157350</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/VITIS">VITIS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A325876-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325876-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40024699">40024699</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1823">1823</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/1bc8630d-0088-4542-87a5-683cf0371d3f">1bc8630d-0088-4542-87a5-683cf0371d3f</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000040377">wfo-4000040377</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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