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data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8E%D1%8D%C2%BB" title="Аперацыя «Нгуен Хюэ» – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аперацыя «Нгуен Хюэ»" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofensiva_de_Pascua" title="Ofensiva de Pascua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ofensiva de Pascua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_de_P%C3%A2ques" title="Offensive de Pâques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Offensive de Pâques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%99%9C%EC%A0%88_%EA%B3%B5%EC%84%B8" title="부활절 공세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부활절 공세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensiva_di_Pasqua" title="Offensiva di Pasqua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Offensiva di Pasqua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5skeoffensiven" title="Påskeoffensiven – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Påskeoffensiven" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofensywa_wielkanocna" title="Ofensywa wielkanocna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ofensywa wielkanocna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8E%D1%8D%C2%BB" title="Операция «Нгуен Хюэ» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Операция «Нгуен Хюэ»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ускршња офанзива – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ускршња офанзива" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskr%C5%A1nja_ofanziva" title="Uskršnja ofanziva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uskršnja ofanziva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Великодній наступ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великодній наступ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_Xu%C3%A2n_%E2%80%93_H%C3%A8_1972" title="Chiến dịch Xuân – Hè 1972 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Xuân – Hè 1972" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E6%B4%BB%E7%AF%80%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="復活節攻勢 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="復活節攻勢" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Vietnam War (1972)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Easter Offensive</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:T-59_VC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/T-59_VC.jpg/260px-T-59_VC.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/T-59_VC.jpg/390px-T-59_VC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/T-59_VC.jpg/520px-T-59_VC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1101" /></a> North Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Type_59_tank" title="Type 59 tank">Type 59 tank</a> captured by ARVN <a href="/wiki/20th_Tank_Regiment_(South_Vietnam)" title="20th Tank Regiment (South Vietnam)">20th Tank Regiment</a> south of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A0" title="Đông Hà">Đông Hà</a> town</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>30 March – 22 October 1972 (6 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> U.S. and South Vietnamese tactical victory<a href="#cite_note-Miller-1">[1]</a>: 304 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978324-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-graham-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam"><img alt="South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="I Corps (South Vietnam)">I Corps</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Xu%C3%A2n_L%C3%A3m" title="Hoàng Xuân Lãm">Hoàng Xuân Lãm</a> (replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quang_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Ngô Quang Trưởng">Ngô Quang Trưởng</a>) <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="II Corps (South Vietnam)">II Corps</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Du" title="Ngô Du">Ngô Du</a> (replaced by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_To%C3%A0n_(general)" title="Nguyễn Văn Toàn (general)">Nguyễn Văn Toàn</a>) <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="III Corps (South Vietnam)">III Corps</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Nguyễn Văn Minh">Nguyễn Văn Minh</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Creighton Abrams</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/NLF_and_PAVN_strategy,_organization_and_structure#Geographic_commands" title="NLF and PAVN strategy, organization and structure">B-5 Front</a>:  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_T%E1%BA%A5n" title="Lê Trọng Tấn">Lê Trọng Tấn</a>  <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Qu%C3%BD_Hai" title="Trần Quý Hai">Trần Quý Hai</a> B-4 Front:  <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Quang" title="Trần Văn Quang">Trần Văn Quang</a> B-3 Front:  <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Minh_Th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hoàng Minh Thảo">Hoàng Minh Thảo</a> B-2 Front:  <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Tr%C3%A0" title="Trần Văn Trà">Trần Văn Trà</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">ARVN</a>: 758,000<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> 550 tanks and 900 APCs<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> ~1,500 aircraft and helicopters U.S. forces: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_7th_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States 7th Fleet">U.S. 7th Fleet</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 300,000 <a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> 322 tanks and APCs<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> U.S. claimed: 39,587 killed,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> 3,500 missing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorley1999339-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">ARVN</a>’s report: 30,000 killed, 78,000 wounded and 14,000 missing (excluding U.S. casualties)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> U.S. casualties: 300 killed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995531-11">[11]</a> ~1,500 wounded <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">PAVN</a> claim: 213,307 killed and wounded, 13,000 captured More than 1,000 tanks and APCs destroyed<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> U.S. estimate: 100,000 Casualties<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995531-11">[11]</a> 250<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995536-13">[13]</a>–700<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> tanks and APCs destroyed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">PAVN</a> estimate: 100,000+ casualties (~40,000 killed)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Civilians: 25,000+ killed and 1 million refugees<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995529-17">[17]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%E1%BB%9Fi_Movement" title="Đồng Khởi Movement">Đồng Khởi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chopper_(Vietnam)" title="Operation Chopper (Vietnam)">Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing" title="1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing">Palace Bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunrise_(Vietnam_War)" title="Operation Sunrise (Vietnam War)">Sunrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shufly" title="Operation Shufly">Shufly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Bac" title="Battle of Ap Bac">Ấp Bắc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Go_Cong" title="Battle of Go Cong">Go Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hiep_Hoa" title="Battle of Hiep Hoa">Hiep Hoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_34A" title="Operation 34A">34A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Dinh" title="Battle of Long Dinh">Long Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kien_Long" title="Battle of Kien Long">Kien Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Quyet_Thang_202" title="Operation Quyet Thang 202">Quyet Thang 202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_USNS_Card" title="Attack on USNS Card">USNS Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Dong" title="Battle of Nam Dong">Nam Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_An_L%C3%A3o" title="Battle of An Lão">An Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binh_Gia" title="Battle of Binh Gia">Binh Gia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Holloway" title="Attack on Camp Holloway">Camp Holloway</a></li> <li>Dương Liễu – Nhông Pass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Qui_Nh%C6%A1n_hotel_bombing" title="1965 Qui Nhơn hotel bombing">Qui Nhơn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ka_Nak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ka Nak (page does not exist)">Ka Nak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%B4ng_B%C3%A9" title="Battle of Sông Bé">Sông Bé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba_Gia" title="Battle of Ba Gia">Ba Gia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Xo%C3%A0i" title="Battle of Đồng Xoài">Dong Xoai</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare_in_South_Vietnam,_1963%E2%80%931969" title="Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969">American intervention</a> 1965 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Starlite" title="Operation Starlite">Starlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Piranha" title="Operation Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_An_Ninh" title="Battle of An Ninh">An Ninh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plei_Me" title="Siege of Plei Me">Plei Me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hump" title="Operation Hump">Hump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gang_Toi" title="Battle of Gang Toi">Gang Toi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Bau_Bang" title="Battle of Ap Bau Bang">1st Bau Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ia_Drang" title="Battle of Ia Drang">Ia Drang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bushmaster_II" title="Operation Bushmaster II">Bushmaster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Moon" title="Operation Harvest Moon">Harvest Moon</a></li></ul> 1966 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Marauder" title="Operation Marauder">Marauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crimp" title="Operation Crimp">Crimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Van_Buren" title="Operation Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Masher" title="Operation Masher">Masher/White Wing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Double_Eagle" title="Operation Double Eagle">Double Eagle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mastiff" title="Operation Mastiff">Mastiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suoi_Bong_Trang" title="Battle of Suoi Bong Trang">Suoi Bong Trang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_New_York" title="Operation New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harrison" title="Operation Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cocoa_Beach" title="Operation Cocoa Beach">Cocoa Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Utah" title="Operation Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_City" title="Operation Silver City">Silver City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_A_Sau" title="Battle of A Sau">A Sau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oregon" title="Operation Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Texas_(Vietnam)" title="Operation Texas (Vietnam)">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lincoln_(Vietnam)" title="Operation Lincoln (Vietnam)">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fillmore" title="Operation Fillmore">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackstay" title="Operation Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising" title="Buddhist Uprising">Buddhist Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xa_Cam_My" title="Battle of Xa Cam My">Xa Cam My</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Georgia" title="Operation Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Birmingham" title="Operation Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Davy_Crockett" title="Operation Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Austin_IV" title="Operation Austin IV">Austin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paul_Revere" title="Operation Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crazy_Horse" title="Operation Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_El_Paso" title="Operation El Paso">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardihood" title="Operation Hardihood">Hardihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wahiawa" title="Operation Wahiawa">Wahiawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_II" title="Operation Lam Son II">Lam Son II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hawthorne" title="Operation Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_488" title="Battle of Hill 488">Hill 488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nathan_Hale" title="Operation Nathan Hale">Nathan Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jay" title="Operation Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Macon" title="Operation Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hastings" title="Operation Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minh_Thanh_Road" title="Battle of Minh Thanh Road">Minh Thanh Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_John_Paul_Jones" title="Operation John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prairie" title="Operation Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Colorado" title="Operation Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_C%C6%A1" title="Battle of Đức Cơ">Duc Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Tan" title="Battle of Long Tan">Long Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Baton_Rouge_Victory#Vietnam_War" title="SS Baton Rouge Victory">SS Baton Rouge Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amarillo" title="Operation Amarillo">Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Byrd" title="Operation Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunset_Beach" title="Operation Sunset Beach">Sunset Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Seward" title="Operation Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thayer" title="Operation Thayer">Thayer, Irving and Thayer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Attleboro" title="Operation Attleboro">Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deckhouse_IV" title="Operation Deckhouse IV">Deckhouse IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shenandoah" title="Operation Shenandoah">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlanta" title="Operation Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paul_Revere_IV" title="Operation Paul Revere IV">Paul Revere IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Geronimo_(Vietnam)" title="Operation Geronimo (Vietnam)">Geronimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong_attack_on_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base_(1966)" title="Viet Cong attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base (1966)">Tan Son Nhut airbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fairfax" title="Operation Fairfax">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase_Bird" title="Firebase Bird">Firebase Bird</a></li></ul> 1967 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deckhouse_Five" title="Operation Deckhouse Five">Deckhouse V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cedar_Falls" title="Operation Cedar Falls">Cedar Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desoto" title="Operation Desoto">Desoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gadsden" title="Operation Gadsden">Gadsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sam_Houston" title="Operation Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pershing" title="Operation Pershing">Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enterprise_(Vietnam)" title="Operation Enterprise (Vietnam)">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tr%C3%A0_B%C3%ACnh" title="Battle of Trà Bình">Tra Binh Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bribie" title="Operation Bribie">Bribie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Junction_City" title="Operation Junction City">Junction City</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prek_Klok_I" title="Battle of Prek Klok I">1st Prek Klok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prek_Klok_II" title="Battle of Prek Klok II">2nd Prek Klok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Gu" title="Battle of Ap Gu">Ap Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suoi_Tre" title="Battle of Suoi Tre">Suoi Tre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_B%C3%A0u_B%C3%A0ng" title="Second battle of Bàu Bàng">2nd Bàu Bàng</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Francis_Marion" title="Operation Francis Marion">Francis Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lejeune" title="Operation Lejeune">Lejeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Union" title="Operation Union">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baker" title="Operation Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Manhattan" title="Operation Manhattan">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_Fights" title="The Hill Fights">The Hill Fights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beaver_Cage" title="Operation Beaver Cage">Beaver Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_Thien" title="Con Thien">Con Thien</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone">DMZ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hickory" title="Operation Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prairie_II" title="Operation Prairie II">Prairie II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prairie_III" title="Operation Prairie III">Prairie III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prairie_IV" title="Operation Prairie IV">Prairie IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Buffalo_(1967)" title="Operation Buffalo (1967)">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kentucky" title="Operation Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kingfisher" title="Operation Kingfisher">Kingfisher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crockett" title="Operation Crockett">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Malheur_I_and_Malheur_II" title="Operations Malheur I and Malheur II">Malheur I and Malheur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kole_Kole" title="Operation Kole Kole">Kole Kole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barking_Sands" title="Operation Barking Sands">Barking Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Union_II" title="Operation Union II">Union II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragnet" title="Operation Dragnet">Dragnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Akron" title="Operation Akron">Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Billings" title="Operation Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Concordia_(Vietnam)" title="Operation Concordia (Vietnam)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slopes" title="Battle of the Slopes">The Slopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hong_Kil_Dong" title="Operation Hong Kil Dong">Hong Kil Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Head" title="Operation Diamond Head">Diamond Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coronado" title="Operation Coronado">Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coronado_II" title="Operation Coronado II">Coronado II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hood_River" title="Operation Hood River">Hood River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suoi_Chau_Pha" title="Battle of Suoi Chau Pha">Suoi Chau Pha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Benton" title="Operation Benton">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coronado_IV" title="Operation Coronado IV">Coronado IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Swift" title="Operation Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Fire_(Vietnam)" title="Operation Dragon Fire (Vietnam)">Dragon Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wheeler/Wallowa" title="Operation Wheeler/Wallowa">Wheeler/Wallowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coronado_V" title="Operation Coronado V">Coronado V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kunia" title="Operation Kunia">Kunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bolling" title="Operation Bolling">Bolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Medina" title="Operation Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shenandoah_II" title="Operation Shenandoah II">Shenandoah II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ong_Thanh" title="Battle of Ong Thanh">Ong Thanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Loc_Ninh" title="First Battle of Loc Ninh">1st Loc Ninh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_MacArthur" title="Operation MacArthur">MacArthur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dak_To" title="Battle of Dak To">Dak To</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osceola" title="Operation Osceola">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lancaster" title="Operation Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coronado_IX" title="Operation Coronado IX">Coronado IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neosho" title="Operation Neosho">Neosho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Santa_Fe" title="Operation Santa Fe">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Essex" title="Operation Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kien_Giang_9-1" title="Operation Kien Giang 9-1">Kien Giang 9-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Napoleon/Saline" title="Operation Napoleon/Saline">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Program" title="Phoenix Program">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Manchester" title="Operation Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Saratoga" title="Operation Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowstone_(Vietnam)" title="Operation Yellowstone (Vietnam)">Yellowstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Muscatine" title="Operation Muscatine">Muscatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Badger_Tooth" title="Operation Badger Tooth">Badger Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Auburn" title="Operation Auburn">Auburn</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive and aftermath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_battle_of_1968" title="New Year's Day battle of 1968">New Year's Day battle of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_McLain" title="Operation McLain">McLain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Khe Sanh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Houei_Sane" title="Battle of Ban Houei Sane">Ban Houei Sane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lang_Vei" title="Battle of Lang Vei">Lang Vei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coronado_X" title="Operation Coronado X">Coronado X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive#Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tet_offensive_attacks_on_Da_Nang" title="Tet offensive attacks on Da Nang">Da Nang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_US_Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tet Offensive attack on US Embassy">US Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive_battle_of_Cholon_and_Phu_Tho_Racetrack" class="mw-redirect" title="Tet Offensive battle of Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack">Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Tet Offensive attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base">Tan Son Nhut Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_Joint_General_Staff_Compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Tet Offensive attack on Joint General Staff Compound">Joint General Staff Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attacks_on_Bien_Hoa_and_Long_Binh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tet Offensive attacks on Bien Hoa and Long Binh">Bien Hoa and Long Binh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Battle of Huế">Hue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quang_Tri_(1968)" title="Battle of Quang Tri (1968)">Quảng Trị</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%BFn_Tre" title="Battle of Bến Tre">Bến Tre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coburg" title="Operation Coburg">Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lo_Giang" title="Battle of Lo Giang">Lo Giang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hop_Tac_I" title="Operation Hop Tac I">Hop Tac I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coronado_XI" title="Operation Coronado XI">Coronado XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Houston" title="Operation Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Patrick" title="Operation Patrick">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tam_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Battle of Tam Kỳ">Tam Kỳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Truong_Cong_Dinh" title="Operation Truong Cong Dinh">Truong Cong Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lima_Site_85" title="Battle of Lima Site 85">Lima Site 85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Quyet_Thang" title="Operation Quyet Thang">Quyet Thang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Walker" title="Operation Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Carentan" title="Operation Carentan">Carentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh#Operation_Pegasus" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cochise_Green" title="Operation Cochise Green">Cochise Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_I" title="Operation Toan Thang I">Toan Thang I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Burlington_Trail" title="Operation Burlington Trail">Burlington Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scotland_II" title="Operation Scotland II">Scotland II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Delaware" title="Operation Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Allen_Brook" title="Operation Allen Brook">Allen Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Offensive" title="May Offensive">May Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dai_Do" title="Battle of Dai Do">Dai Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Saigon" title="Battle of West Saigon">West Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landing_Zone_Center" title="Battle of Landing Zone Center">Landing Zone Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_An_Bao" title="Battle of An Bao">An Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Saigon" title="Battle of South Saigon">South Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Concordia_Square" title="Operation Concordia Square">Concordia Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kham_Duc" title="Battle of Kham Duc">Kham Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coral%E2%80%93Balmoral" title="Battle of Coral–Balmoral">Coral–Balmoral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jeb_Stuart_III" title="Operation Jeb Stuart III">Jeb Stuart III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nevada_Eagle" title="Operation Nevada Eagle">Nevada Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mameluke_Thrust" title="Operation Mameluke Thrust">Mameluke Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_II" title="Operation Toan Thang II">Toan Thang II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Robin" title="Operation Robin">Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binh_An" title="Battle of Binh An">Binh An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thor" title="Operation Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pocahontas_Forest" title="Operation Pocahontas Forest">Pocahontas Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Quyet_Chien" title="Operation Quyet Chien">Quyet Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Somerset_Plain" title="Operation Somerset Plain">Somerset Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_III_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase III Offensive">Phase III Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duc_Lap" title="Battle of Duc Lap">Duc Lap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Champaign_Grove" title="Operation Champaign Grove">Champaign Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vinh_Loc" title="Operation Vinh Loc">Vinh Loc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_(1968)" title="Battle of Thượng Đức (1968)">Thượng Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maui_Peak" title="Operation Maui Peak">Maui Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Henderson_Hill" title="Operation Henderson Hill">Henderson Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sheridan_Sabre" title="Operation Sheridan Sabre">Sheridan Sabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Meade_River" title="Operation Meade River">Meade River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hat_Dich" title="Battle of Hat Dich">Hat Dich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Speedy_Express" title="Operation Speedy Express">Speedy Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Taylor_Common" title="Operation Taylor Common">Taylor Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fayette_Canyon" title="Operation Fayette Canyon">Fayette Canyon</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization 1969–1971</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DMZ_Campaign_(1969%E2%80%931971)" title="DMZ Campaign (1969–1971)">DMZ Campaign (1969–1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bold_Mariner" title="Operation Bold Mariner">Bold Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dewey_Canyon" title="Operation Dewey Canyon">Dewey Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_III" title="Operation Toan Thang III">Toan Thang III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_1969" title="Tet 1969">2nd Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Mountain" title="Operation Iron Mountain">Iron Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Massachusetts_Striker" title="Operation Massachusetts Striker">Massachusetts Striker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wayne_Grey" title="Operation Wayne Grey">Wayne Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Purple_Martin" title="Operation Purple Martin">Purple Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ben_Het" title="Battle of Ben Het">Ben Het</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maine_Crag" title="Operation Maine Crag">Maine Crag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlas_Wedge" title="Operation Atlas Wedge">Atlas Wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Frederick_Hill" title="Operation Frederick Hill">Frederick Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Geneva_Park" title="Operation Geneva Park">Geneva Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Montana_Mauler" title="Operation Montana Mauler">Montana Mauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oklahoma_Hills" title="Operation Oklahoma Hills">Oklahoma Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Washington_Green" title="Operation Washington Green">Washington Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Virginia_Ridge" title="Operation Virginia Ridge">Virginia Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Apache_Snow" title="Operation Apache Snow">Apache Snow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamburger_Hill" title="Battle of Hamburger Hill">Hamburger Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lamar_Plain" title="Operation Lamar Plain">Lamar Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pipestone_Canyon" title="Operation Pipestone Canyon">Pipestone Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binh_Ba" title="Battle of Binh Ba">Binh Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Montgomery_Rendezvous" title="Operation Montgomery Rendezvous">Montgomery Rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Utah_Mesa" title="Operation Utah Mesa">Utah Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Campbell_Streamer" title="Operation Campbell Streamer">Campbell Streamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Idaho_Canyon" title="Operation Idaho Canyon">Idaho Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nantucket_Beach" title="Operation Nantucket Beach">Nantucket Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fulton_Square" title="Operation Fulton Square">Fulton Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Zone_Kate#History" title="Landing Zone Kate">LZ Kate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_IV" title="Operation Toan Thang IV">Toan Thang IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Randolph_Glen" title="Operation Randolph Glen">Randolph Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Green_River" title="Operation Green River">Green River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Texas_Star" title="Operation Texas Star">Texas Star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fire_Support_Base_Ripcord" title="Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord">FSB Ripcord</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">Cambodian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pennsylvania_Square" title="Operation Pennsylvania Square">Pennsylvania Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Clinch_Valley" title="Operation Clinch Valley">Clinch Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Elk_Canyon" title="Operation Elk Canyon">Elk Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pickens_Forest" title="Operation Pickens Forest">Pickens Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wolfe_Mountain" title="Operation Wolfe Mountain">Wolfe Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chicago_Peak" title="Operation Chicago Peak">Chicago Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase_O%27Reilly" title="Firebase O'Reilly">Firebase O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chenla_I" title="Operation Chenla I">Chenla I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Imperial_Lake" title="Operation Imperial Lake">Imperial Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jefferson_Glenn" title="Operation Jefferson Glenn">Jefferson Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tailwind" title="Operation Tailwind">Tailwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivory_Coast" title="Operation Ivory Coast">Son Tay Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cuu_Long_44-02" title="Operation Cuu Long 44-02">Cuu Long 44-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_1/71" title="Operation Toan Thang 1/71">Toan Thang 1/71</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Snuol" title="Battle of Snuol">Snuol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">Lam Son 719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Finney_Hill" title="Operation Finney Hill">Finney Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Middlesex_Peak" title="Operation Middlesex Peak">Middlesex Peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_FSB_Mary_Ann" title="Battle of FSB Mary Ann">FSB Mary Ann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Caroline_Hill" title="Operation Caroline Hill">Caroline Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Battle of Long Khánh">Long Khánh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chenla_II" title="Operation Chenla II">Chenla II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nui_Le" title="Battle of Nui Le">Nui Le</a></li></ul> 1972 <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Easter Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive_in_southern_Cambodia_and_the_Mekong_Delta" title="Easter Offensive in southern Cambodia and the Mekong Delta">Cambodia and Mekong Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="First Battle of Quảng Trị">1st Quang Trị</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loc_Ninh" title="Battle of Loc Ninh">Loc Ninh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_An_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Battle of An Lộc">An Lộc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_M%E1%BB%B9_Ch%C3%A1nh_Line" title="Battle of the Mỹ Chánh Line">Mỹ Chánh Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kontum" title="Battle of Kontum">Kontum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderhead" title="Operation Thunderhead">Thunderhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Second Battle of Quảng Trị">2nd Quang Trị</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vinh_wiretap" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vinh wiretap">The Vinh wiretap</a></li></ul> Post-<a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a> (1973–1974) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_flags" title="War of the flags">War of the flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%E1%BB%ADa_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Battle of Cửa Việt">Cửa Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%E1%BB%93ng_Ng%E1%BB%B1" title="Battle of Hồng Ngự">Hồng Ngự</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tong_Le_Chon" title="Battle of Tong Le Chon">Tong Le Chon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trung_Nghia" title="Battle of Trung Nghia">Trung Nghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Da_Bien" title="Battle of Ap Da Bien">Ap Da Bien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quang_Duc" title="Battle of Quang Duc">Quang Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tri_Phap" title="Battle of Tri Phap">Tri Phap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svay_Rieng" title="Battle of Svay Rieng">Svay Rieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Triangle" title="Battle of the Iron Triangle">Iron Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duc_Duc" title="Battle of Duc Duc">Duc Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_(1974)" title="Battle of Thượng Đức (1974)">Thượng Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C3%BA_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Battle of Phú Lộc">Phú Lộc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long" title="Battle of Phước Long">Phước Long</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">Spring 1975</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Me_Thuot" title="Battle of Ban Me Thuot">Ban Me Thuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hue%E2%80%93Da_Nang_Campaign" title="Hue–Da Nang Campaign">Hue–Da Nang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Rang_Air_Base#Capture_of_Phan_Rang_Air_Base" title="Phan Rang Air Base">Phan Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xu%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Battle of Xuân Lộc">Xuân Lộc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">Fall of Phnom Penh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare#Vietnam_War" title="Aerial warfare">Air operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Farm_Gate" title="Operation Farm Gate">Farm Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chopper_(Vietnam)" title="Operation Chopper (Vietnam)">Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand" title="Operation Ranch Hand">Ranch Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pierce_Arrow" title="Operation Pierce Arrow">Pierce Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll" title="Operation Barrel Roll">Barrel Roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pony_Express" title="Operation Pony Express">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flaming_Dart" title="Operation Flaming Dart">Flaming Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hand" title="Operation Iron Hand">Iron Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Rolling Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel_Tiger" title="Operation Steel Tiger">Steel Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light" title="Operation Arc Light">Arc Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Skyspot" title="Combat Skyspot">Combat Skyspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hound" title="Operation Tiger Hound">Tiger Hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shed_Light" title="Operation Shed Light">Shed Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Bridge" title="Thanh Hóa Bridge">Thanh Hoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bolo" title="Operation Bolo">Bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Popeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_August_1967" title="Action of 23 August 1967">Yen Vien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Niagara" title="Operation Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Igloo_White" title="Operation Igloo White">Igloo White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Commando_Hunt" title="Operation Commando Hunt">Commando Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Giant_Lance" title="Operation Giant Lance">Giant Lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Patio" title="Operation Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">Freedom Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Proud_Deep_Alpha" title="Operation Proud Deep Alpha">Proud Deep Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker" title="Operation Linebacker">Linebacker I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enhance_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Enhance Plus">Enhance Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II" title="Operation Linebacker II">Linebacker II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Homecoming" title="Operation Homecoming">Homecoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base" title="Bombing of Tan Son Nhut Air Base">Tan Son Nhut Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">Babylift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_New_Life" title="Operation New Life">New Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Pull" title="Operation Eagle Pull">Eagle Pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind" title="Operation Frequent Wind">Frequent Wind</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Station" title="Yankee Station">Yankee</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Station" title="Dixie Station">Dixie</a> stations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Time" title="Operation Market Time">Market Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_R%C3%B4_Bay_incident" title="Vũng Rô Bay incident">Vung Ro Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Game_Warden" title="Operation Game Warden">Game Warden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Double_Eagle" title="Operation Double Eagle">Double Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stable_Door" title="Operation Stable Door">Stable Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIRAZ" title="PIRAZ">PIRAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Dragon_(Vietnam_War)" title="Operation Sea Dragon (Vietnam War)">Sea Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deckhouse_Five" title="Operation Deckhouse Five">Deckhouse Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_March_1968" title="Action of 1 March 1968">Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sealords" title="Operation Sealords">Sealords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_H%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Battle of Đồng Hới">Đồng Hới</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money" title="Operation Pocket Money">Pocket Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Custom_Tailor" title="Operation Custom Tailor">Custom Tailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_End_Sweep" title="Operation End Sweep">End Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Paracel_Islands" title="Battle of the Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sea_Campaign" title="East Sea Campaign">East Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayaguez_incident" title="Mayaguez incident">Mayaguez incident</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Lists of allied military operations of the Vietnam War">Lists of allied operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1964)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1964)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1965)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1965)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1966)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1966)">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1967)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1967)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1968)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1968)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1969)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1969)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1970)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1970)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1971)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1971)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1972)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1972)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1973%E2%80%9374)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1973–74)">1973–74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1975)" title="List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1975)">1975</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Easter Offensive, also known as the 1972 spring–summer offensive (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Chiến dịch Xuân–Hè 1972) by North Vietnam, or the Red Fiery Summer (Mùa hè đỏ lửa) as romanticized in South Vietnamese literature, was a military campaign conducted by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a> (PAVN, the regular army of communist <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>) against the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Military_Forces" title="Republic of Vietnam Military Forces">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a> (ARVN, the regular army of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States military</a> between 30 March and 22 October 1972, during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[Note 1]</a> This conventional invasion (the largest invasion since 300,000 Chinese troops had crossed the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> into <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>) was a radical departure from previous North Vietnamese offensives. The offensive was designed to achieve a decisive victory, which even if it did not lead to the collapse of South Vietnam, would greatly improve the North's negotiating position at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>. The U.S. high command had been expecting an attack in 1972 but the size and ferocity of the assault caught the defenders off balance, because the attackers struck on three fronts simultaneously, with the bulk of the PAVN. This first attempt by North Vietnam to invade the south since the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> of 1968, became characterized by conventional infantry–armor assaults backed by heavy artillery, with both sides fielding the latest in technological advances in weapons systems. In the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_Tactical_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps Tactical Zone">I Corps Tactical Zone</a>, North Vietnamese forces overran the ARVN’s defensive positions in a month-long battle and captured <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Quảng Trị">Quảng Trị</a> city, before moving south in an attempt to seize <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>. The PAVN similarly eliminated frontier defense forces in the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_Tactical_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps Tactical Zone">II Corps Tactical Zone</a> and advanced towards the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Kon_Tum" title="Kon Tum">Kon Tum</a>, threatening to open a way to the sea, which would have split South Vietnam in two. Northeast of <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_Tactical_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps Tactical Zone">III Corps Tactical Zone</a>, PAVN forces overran <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%99c_Ninh,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" class="mw-redirect" title="Lộc Ninh, Bình Phước">Lộc Ninh</a> and advanced to assault the capital of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Long_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Long Province">Bình Long Province</a> at <a href="/wiki/An_L%E1%BB%99c,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="An Lộc, Bình Phước">An Lộc</a>. The campaign can be divided into three phases: April was a month of PAVN advances; May became a period of equilibrium; in June and July the South Vietnamese forces counter-attacked, culminating in the recapture of Quảng Trị City in September. On all three fronts, initial North Vietnamese successes were hampered by high casualties, lack of fuel and the increasing application of U.S. and South Vietnamese air power. One result of the offensive was the launching of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker" title="Operation Linebacker">Operation Linebacker</a>, the first sustained bombing of North Vietnam by the U.S. since November 1968. Although South Vietnamese forces withstood their greatest trial thus far in the conflict, as well as thwarting North Vietnam's goal of large territorial gains, the North Vietnamese accomplished two important goals: they had gained valuable territory within South Vietnam from which to launch future offensives and they had obtained a better bargaining position at the peace negotiations being conducted in Paris. Despite repulsing the PAVN offensive, the ARVN victory was only achieved through with massive U.S. air support. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the Laotian incursion: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">Operation Lam Son 719</a></div> In the wake of the failed South Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">Operation Lam Son 719</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> leadership began discussing a possible offensive during the 19th Plenum of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Workers' Party">Vietnam Workers' Party</a> in early 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984122-19">[18]</a> Convinced that they had destroyed South Vietnam's best units during Lam Son 719, by December, the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> had decided to launch a major offensive early in the following year. 1972 would be a U.S. presidential election year, and the possibility of affecting the outcome was enticing and there was increasing anti-war sentiment among the population and government of the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978310–311-20">[19]</a> With American troop withdrawals, South Vietnamese forces were stretched to breaking point along a border of more than 600 miles (966 km) and the poor performance of ARVN troops in the offensive into <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> promised an easy victory. This decision marked the end of three years of political infighting between two factions within the Politburo: those members grouped around <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a>, who favored following the Chinese model of continued low-intensity <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> and rebuilding the north, and the "southern firsters" around Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a>, supported by First Party Secretary <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n" title="Lê Duẩn">Lê Duẩn</a> (both of whom supported the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> model of big offensives).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199536–37-21">[20]</a> The failure of the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> of 1968 had led to a downgrading of Giáp's influence, but the victory achieved over South Vietnamese forces during the Laotian incursion brought Giáp's strategy back into the ascendant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199536–37-21">[20]</a> Lê Duẩn was given responsibility for planning the operation but Giáp never rose to his former prominence, dealing chiefly with logistical matters and the approval of operational planning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984122-19">[18]</a> The officer entrusted with the conduct of the offensive was the PAVN chief of staff, General <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Ti%E1%BA%BFn_D%C5%A9ng" title="Văn Tiến Dũng">Văn Tiến Dũng</a>. The central questions then became where and with what forces the offensive would be launched and what its goals were to be. North Vietnam had used the border regions of Laos and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> as supply and manpower conduits for a decade and a <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone">demilitarized zone</a> (DMZ) that separated the two Vietnams. There, the line of communication would be shortest and forces could be concentrated where "the enemy is weakest...violent attacks will disintegrate enemy forces...making it impossible for him to have enough troops to deploy elsewhere."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984122-19">[18]</a> This was an important consideration, since the northern thrust would serve to divert South Vietnamese attention and resources, while two other attacks were to be launched: one into the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a>, to cut the country in two and another eastwards from Cambodia to threaten <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-1">[1]</a>: 324  <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Vietnam_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/South_Vietnam_Map.jpg/200px-South_Vietnam_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/South_Vietnam_Map.jpg/300px-South_Vietnam_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/South_Vietnam_Map.jpg/400px-South_Vietnam_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Republic of Vietnam: Corps Tactical Zones</figcaption></figure> The offensive was given a title steeped in Vietnamese history. In 1773, the three Tây Sơn brothers (so-called because of the place of their origin) united a Vietnam divided by civil war and social unrest. The youngest brother, Nguyễn Huệ, then defeated an invading Chinese army on the outskirts of Hanoi in 1788. The campaign eventually employed the equivalent of 14 divisions. There was the distinct possibility of destroying or at least crippling large elements of the ARVN; possibly deposing of South Vietnamese President <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a>; convincing the U.S. as to the hopelessness of continued support to the South and demonstrating the failure of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a>. The prospect of seizing a South Vietnamese provincial capital, which could then be proclaimed as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government</a>, was also enticing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199543-22">[21]</a> The attitude of the North Vietnamese leadership was illustrated in an article in a 1972 party journal: "It doesn't matter whether the war is promptly ended or prolonged...Both are opportunities to sow the seeds; all we have to do is to wait for the time to harvest the crop."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984122-19">[18]</a> The northern leadership was taken aback during the summer of 1971, when an announcement was made that U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> would visit the People's Republic of China, on a diplomatic mission before May 1972. The Chinese placated the suspicions of their ally, by reassuring North Vietnam that even more military and economic aid would be forthcoming in 1972. The Soviet Union, perceiving the growing antagonism between the People's Republic and North Vietnam, sought to widen the rift by also agreeing to "additional aid without reimbursement", for North Vietnam's military forces.<a href="#cite_note-23">[Note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984120-24">[22]</a> These agreements led to a flood of equipment and supplies necessary for a modern, conventional army. This included 400 <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-54" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54">T-54</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_59_tank" title="Type 59 tank">Type 59</a> (a Chinese version of the T-54) medium and 200 <a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a> light amphibious tanks, hundreds of anti-aircraft missiles, including the shoulder-fired, heat-seeking <a href="/wiki/Strela_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Strela 2">SA-7 Strela</a> (called the Grail in the West), anti-tank missiles, including the wire-guided <a href="/wiki/AT-3_Sagger" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-3 Sagger">AT-3 Sagger</a> and heavy-caliber, long-range artillery. To man the new equipment, 25,000 North Vietnamese troops received specialized training abroad, 80 percent of them in the Soviet Union or Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984120-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[Note 3]</a> A contingent of high-level Soviet military personnel also arrived in Vietnam and stayed until March 1972 in preparation for the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscalculation">Miscalculation</h3></div> During late 1971, U.S. and South Vietnamese intelligence estimates of communist intentions were mixed. An offensive was expected, but intelligence as to its timing, location, and size were confusing. The communists had mounted the Tet Offensive in 1968, but it had been conducted mainly by <a href="/wiki/Vietcong" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietcong">Vietcong</a> (VC) in the initial phase, which had been destroyed in the process. Without VC support, a large-scale PAVN offensive was considered highly unlikely. A PAVN thrust across the DMZ was also considered unlikely. Past infiltration and offensive operations had been conducted through and from Laotian and Cambodian territory and a DMZ offensive would be a blatant violation of the Geneva Agreement, which North Vietnam was adamant in defending. In December, intelligence became conclusive that PAVN units supporting <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> operations in Cambodia began returning to the border areas. In Laos and Cambodia, there was also an unusual expansion of infiltration. In North Vietnam, there was a noticeable increase in military recruitment. In January, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> officers briefed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> to state that PAVN would attack after the <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Tết</a> holidays and that the offensive would involve the widespread use of armored forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199527-27">[24]</a> Laird was unconvinced and told the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> in late January that a large communist offensive "was not a serious possibility"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199528-28">[25]</a> U.S. and South Vietnamese intelligence services had no consensus as to communist intentions, but <a href="/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command,_Vietnam" title="Military Assistance Command, Vietnam">Military Assistance Command, Vietnam</a> (MACV), was suspicious and sent several reconnaissance teams into the <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%A5_Gi%E1%BA%A1_Pass" title="Mụ Giạ Pass">Mụ Giạ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ban_Karai_Pass" title="Ban Karai Pass">Ban Karai Pass</a> areas and discovered a buildup of PAVN forces and equipment. MACV then decided that the North Vietnamese were preparing for an offensive in the central highlands and the northern provinces of South Vietnam. The brunt of an attack would be borne by South Vietnamese forces since the U.S. strength had been reduced to 69,000 troops, most of whom were in support roles and the number was to be reduced to 27,000 by 30 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000348-29">[26]</a> The U.S. commander, General <a href="/wiki/Creighton_W._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Creighton W. Abrams">Creighton W. Abrams</a>, was convinced an offensive was likely but was also convinced that the attack would begin during or near the Tết holidays, at the beginning of the year. He notified Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Moorer">Thomas Moorer</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, that the North Vietnamese might attempt to "duplicate the effects of the 1968 offensive, perhaps by a limited operation aimed less at inflicting defeat on the battlefield than in influencing American public opinion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000326-30">[27]</a> The consensus at MACV was that such an offensive would be launched against II Corps, in the Central Highlands. When the offensive did not occur, he and his headquarters were ridiculed in the American press for <a href="/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Cried_Wolf" title="The Boy Who Cried Wolf">crying wolf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995238-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> The moment of crisis seemed to have passed, and by the end of March, allied forces that had been standing by had returned to pacification efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978316-33">[30]</a> U.S. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Bunker" title="Ellsworth Bunker">Ellsworth Bunker</a> left for <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and General Abrams went to <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> to spend the Easter holiday with his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978316-33">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Vietnam_and_neighboring_nations,_during_the_Easter_Offensive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Vietnam_and_neighboring_nations%2C_during_the_Easter_Offensive.jpg/200px-Map_of_Vietnam_and_neighboring_nations%2C_during_the_Easter_Offensive.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Vietnam_and_neighboring_nations%2C_during_the_Easter_Offensive.jpg/300px-Map_of_Vietnam_and_neighboring_nations%2C_during_the_Easter_Offensive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Vietnam_and_neighboring_nations%2C_during_the_Easter_Offensive.jpg/400px-Map_of_Vietnam_and_neighboring_nations%2C_during_the_Easter_Offensive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="5115" /></a><figcaption>The Nguyen Hue Offensive of 1972</figcaption></figure> The ARVN units upon which the initial North Vietnamese attack was to fall included the <a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="1st Division (South Vietnam)">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="3rd Division (South Vietnam)">3rd Divisions</a> in Quảng Trị and Thừa Thiên Provinces and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="2nd Division (South Vietnam)">2nd Division</a>, further south. The force was supplemented by two brigades of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Marine_Division" title="Republic of Vietnam Marine Division">Marines</a> (the 147th and 258th), the 51st Infantry Regiment, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Rangers" title="Vietnamese Rangers">1st Ranger Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnamese_Regional_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="South Vietnamese Regional Force">Regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnamese_Regional_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="South Vietnamese Regional Force">Popular Forces</a>, approximately 30,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199546-34">[31]</a> The units were in static defensive positions and lacked adequate mobile reserves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199547-35">[32]</a> Bearing the initial brunt of the attack would be the 3rd Division, which had been created in October 1971 and was located in an arc of outposts near the DMZ, to replace departing American troops. To create the new unit, the 1st Division (arguably ARVN's best unit) was stripped of its 2nd Regiment and the 11th Armored Cavalry was brought up from the I Corps reserve. Both units were experienced, well-trained, well-equipped, and well-led. The 3rd Division's other two regiments, the 56th and 57th were made up of recaptured deserters, men released from jail, and regional and provincial forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurley198556-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[Note 4]</a> It was led by cast-off officers and sergeants from other units. Like other ARVN units at this stage of the conflict, the division suffered from a dearth of American advisors, who then served only at regimental, brigade, and divisional headquarters. Because of the general belief that the North Vietnamese would not violate the sacrosanct boundary, the unit was stationed in the relatively "safe" area directly below the DMZ. The division was commanded by newly promoted Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9_V%C4%83n_Giai" title="Vũ Văn Giai">Vũ Văn Giai</a>, the former deputy commander of the 1st Division. The I Corps commander, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Xu%C3%A2n_L%C3%A3m" title="Hoàng Xuân Lãm">Hoàng Xuân Lãm</a>, was an officer who epitomized the indecision and the ineffectiveness of Saigon's command structure, as had been discovered all too blatantly during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">Operation Lam Son 719</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199546-34">[31]</a> Lãm concentrated on administrative matters and left tactical decisions to his subordinate commanders. Considering the circumstances, that was a workable solution only as long as his division commanders encountered no major difficulties. U.S. intelligence had been squabbling over a possible PAVN attack across the DMZ attack during the months preceding the offensive. DIA analysts "cautiously" predicted such a contingency, but the CIA downplayed the possibility. General Lãm's American advisors agreed with his assessment that a blatant North Vietnamese violation of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Accord_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Accord (1954)">Geneva Accord</a> was unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199567–68-40">[36]</a> When the weekend of Easter 1972 arrived, General Giai had planned to rotate the operational areas of his 56th Regiment (along the central DMZ) with the 2nd Regiment (around the artillery base at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Carroll" title="Camp Carroll">Camp Carroll</a> in the west). Because of a truck shortage, the units were moved simultaneously and became hopelessly intermixed and disorganized. At 11:30 on 30 March, both unit headquarters shut down their radios, for the exchange of operational areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199552-41">[37]</a> With communications fragmented, its units entangled, and the weather bad enough to prevent aerial operations, the 3rd Division offered the massed PAVN forces to the north an irresistible target.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984129-42">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offensive">Offensive</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_Corps_–_Quảng_Trị">I Corps – Quảng Trị</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Quang_Tri" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Quang Tri">First Battle of Quang Tri</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DRVA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DRVA.jpg/300px-DRVA.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DRVA.jpg/450px-DRVA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DRVA.jpg/600px-DRVA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>PAVN 122mm artillery battery goes into action on the Kon Tum front</figcaption></figure> The offensive began at noon on 30 March 1972, when an intense artillery barrage rained down on the northernmost ARVN outposts in Quảng Trị Province. Two PAVN divisions (the <a href="/wiki/304th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="304th Division (Vietnam)">304th</a> and <a href="/wiki/308th_Division_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="308th Division (Vietnam)">308th</a> – approximately 30,000 troops) supported by more than 100 tanks (in 2 Regiments) then rolled over the Demilitarized Zone to attack I Corps, the five northernmost provinces of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese 308th Division and two independent regiments assaulted the "ring of steel", the arc of ARVN firebases just south of the DMZ. From the west, the <a href="/wiki/312th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="312th Division (Vietnam)">312th</a>, including an armoured regiment, moved out of Laos along <a href="/wiki/National_Route_9_(Vietnam)" title="National Route 9 (Vietnam)">Route 9</a>, past <a href="/wiki/Khe_Sanh" title="Khe Sanh">Khe Sanh</a>, and into the Quảng Trị River Valley. Significantly, allied intelligence had failed to predict both the scale of the offensive and the method of attack, giving PAVN "the inestimable benefit of shock effect, a crucial psychological edge over defenders who had expected something quite different."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978317-43">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EoF1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/EoF1.jpg/200px-EoF1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/EoF1.jpg/300px-EoF1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/EoF1.jpg/400px-EoF1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>PAVN offensive in I Corps</figcaption></figure> On 1 April, South Vietnamese General Giai, ordered a withdrawal of the 3rd Division south of the Cửa Việt/<a href="/wiki/Thach_Han_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Thach Han River">Thach Han River</a> in order for his troops to reorganize. The following morning, ARVN armoured elements held off a PAVN offensive briefly when the crucial Highway QL-1 bridge over the Cửa Việt River at <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A0" title="Đông Hà">Đông Hà</a> was blown up by Capt. <a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_(USMC)" title="John Ripley (USMC)">John Ripley</a>, adviser to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps">3rd Vietnamese Marine Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Melson-44">[40]</a>: 56–60  The initial PAVN units were then joined by the <a href="/wiki/320th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="320th Division (Vietnam)">320B</a> and <a href="/wiki/325th_Infantry_Division_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="325th Infantry Division (Vietnam)">325C</a> Divisions. Simultaneously, the <a href="/wiki/324th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="324th Division (Vietnam)">324B</a> Division moved out of the <a href="/wiki/A_S%E1%BA%A7u_Valley" title="A Sầu Valley">A Sầu Valley</a> and advanced directly eastward toward Fire Bases <a href="/wiki/Firebase_Bastogne" title="Firebase Bastogne">Bastogne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firebase_Checkmate" title="Firebase Checkmate">Checkmate</a>, which protected the old imperial capital of Huế from the west. The North Vietnamese advance had been timed to coincide with the seasonal <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>, whose 500 feet (152 m) cloud ceilings negated many U.S. airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-46">[Note 5]</a> PAVN advance elements were soon followed by anti-aircraft units armed with new <a href="/wiki/ZSU-57-2" title="ZSU-57-2">ZSU-57-2</a> tracked weapon platforms and man-portable, shoulder-fired <a href="/wiki/Strela_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Strela 2">Grail missiles</a>, which made low-level bombing attacks hazardous. <a href="/wiki/Camp_Carroll" title="Camp Carroll">Camp Carroll</a>, an artillery firebase halfway between the Laotian border and the coast, was the linchpin of the South Vietnamese northern and western defense line and was the strongest obstacle to the North Vietnamese before Quảng Trị City. The camp was cut off and surrounded. On 2 April, Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pham_Van_Dinh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pham Van Dinh (page does not exist)">Pham Van Dinh</a>, commander of the 56th ARVN Regiment, surrendered the camp and his 1,500 troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198030-47">[42]</a> Later in the day, ARVN troops abandoned <a href="/wiki/Mai_Loc_Camp" title="Mai Loc Camp">Mai Loc</a>, the last western base. This allowed North Vietnamese forces to cross the <a href="/wiki/Cam_L%E1%BB%99" title="Cam Lộ">Cam Lộ</a> bridge, 11 kilometers to the west of Đông Hà. PAVN then had almost unrestricted access to western Quảng Trị Province north of the <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_H%C3%A3n_River" title="Thạch Hãn River">Thạch Hãn River</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARVN_M-48_tanks_are_positioned_near_the_Dong_Ha_River_overlooking_QL-9,_April_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ARVN_M-48_tanks_are_positioned_near_the_Dong_Ha_River_overlooking_QL-9%2C_April_1972.jpg/220px-ARVN_M-48_tanks_are_positioned_near_the_Dong_Ha_River_overlooking_QL-9%2C_April_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ARVN_M-48_tanks_are_positioned_near_the_Dong_Ha_River_overlooking_QL-9%2C_April_1972.jpg/330px-ARVN_M-48_tanks_are_positioned_near_the_Dong_Ha_River_overlooking_QL-9%2C_April_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ARVN_M-48_tanks_are_positioned_near_the_Dong_Ha_River_overlooking_QL-9%2C_April_1972.jpg/440px-ARVN_M-48_tanks_are_positioned_near_the_Dong_Ha_River_overlooking_QL-9%2C_April_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1863" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>ARVN M-48 tanks are positioned near the Dong Ha River overlooking QL-9 during the Easter Offensive, 10 April 1972</figcaption></figure> On 21 April, Abrams notified the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> that <blockquote>In summary...the pressure is mounting and the battle has become brutal...the senior military leadership has begun to bend and in some cases to break. In adversity, it is losing its will and cannot be depended upon to take the measures necessary to stand and fight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorley1999330-48">[43]</a></blockquote> The PAVN advance was slowed by delaying actions for three weeks, and the South Vietnamese launched several counterattacks, but on the morning of 27 April, the North Vietnamese came on again, launching multi-pronged attacks against Đông Hà (which fell on the following day) and advancing to within 1.5 kilometers of Quảng Trị City. General Giai had planned a staged withdrawal from the city to consolidate south of the Thạch Hãn, but bewildered by conflicting orders from Lãm and Giai, most ARVN formations splintered and then collapsed, conceding most of the province north of the city.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> On 29 April, Giai ordered a general retreat to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%B9_Ch%C3%A1nh_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mỹ Chánh River (page does not exist)">Mỹ Chánh River</a>, thirteen kilometers to the south. U.S. military advisors in Quảng Trị called for emergency helicopter extraction and, on 1 May 132 survivors were evacuated from Quảng Trị, including 80 U.S. soldiers. The exodus of ARVN forces was joined by tens of thousands of South Vietnamese civilians fleeing from the fighting. As the mass of humanity jostled and shoved its way south on Highway 1, it presented an inviting target for North Vietnamese artillerists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198045–46-50">[45]</a> They were soon joined by PAVN infantry, who moved by the flank to attack the column. ARVN units, with no leadership and all unit cohesion gone, could muster no defense. Meanwhile, to the west, Fire Support Bases Bastogne and Checkmate had fallen after staunch ARVN defense and massive <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52 bomber</a> strikes, which inflicted heavy casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorley1999329-51">[46]</a> Giai evacuated the last of his forces from Quảng Trị City, which fell to PAVN forces on 2 May. That same day General Lam was summoned to Saigon for a meeting with President <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a>. He was relieved of command of I Corps and replaced by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quang_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Ngô Quang Trưởng">Ngô Quang Trưởng</a>, commander of IV Corps.<a href="#cite_note-53">[Note 6]</a> Trưởng's mission was to defend Huế, minimize further losses, and retake captured territory. Although saddled with raw troops and constantly countermanded by his superiors, General Giai had conducted a reasonably good defense. Even Trưởng pleaded his case with Thiệu, wanting to keep Giai in command of the 3rd Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198062,_166-54">[48]</a> It was in vain. Giai, who was to be made the scapegoat for the collapse, was tried for "desertion in the face of the enemy", and sentenced to five years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984150-55">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_Corps_–_Huế">I Corps – Huế</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EoF7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EoF7.jpg/220px-EoF7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EoF7.jpg/330px-EoF7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EoF7.jpg/440px-EoF7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese northern defense line</figcaption></figure> Hoping to break the stalemate that was developing on the northern front, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Quang" title="Trần Văn Quang">Trần Văn Quang</a>, commander of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=B-4_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B-4 Front (page does not exist)">B-4 Front</a>, attacked on 1 April west from the <a href="/wiki/A_Shau_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="A Shau Valley">A Shau Valley</a> toward Huế with the 324B Division. Spoiling attacks by the ARVN 1st Division, however, threw off the timetable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995181–182-56">[50]</a> On 28 April 29 and 803rd PAVN Regiments seized Firebase Bastogne, the strongest anchor on Huế's western flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198049-57">[51]</a> This made Firebase Checkmate untenable, and it too was evacuated that night. This exposed Huế to a direct thrust along Route 547. On 2 May PAVN forces south of Huế tried to surround the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995187-58">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_ARVN_outpost_on_the_My_Chanh_Line,_May_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/An_ARVN_outpost_on_the_My_Chanh_Line%2C_May_1972.jpg/220px-An_ARVN_outpost_on_the_My_Chanh_Line%2C_May_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/An_ARVN_outpost_on_the_My_Chanh_Line%2C_May_1972.jpg/330px-An_ARVN_outpost_on_the_My_Chanh_Line%2C_May_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/An_ARVN_outpost_on_the_My_Chanh_Line%2C_May_1972.jpg/440px-An_ARVN_outpost_on_the_My_Chanh_Line%2C_May_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>An ARVN outpost on the My Chanh Line, 2 May 1972</figcaption></figure> The PAVN also attempted to press their attack southward down Highway 1 and across the Mỹ Chánh River to Huế, but, fortunately for the South Vietnamese, after Trưởng took command, the 1st and Marine Divisions were reinforced by the 2nd and 3rd Brigades of the Airborne Division (which now totaled three brigades), and the reorganized 1st Ranger Group, raising the ARVN manpower total to 35,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198056–57-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995190-60">[54]</a> Also fortuitous was a one-week clearing of the weather, which allowed the application of massive U.S. bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000368-61">[55]</a> The PAVN advance was halted on 5 May at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_M%E1%BB%B9_Ch%C3%A1nh_Line" title="Battle of the Mỹ Chánh Line">Mỹ Chánh Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Melson-44">[40]</a>: 92–4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_Corps_–_Counteroffensive">I Corps – Counteroffensive</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Quang_Tri" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Quang Tri">Second Battle of Quang Tri</a></div> By mid-May, Trưởng felt strong enough to go on the offensive in a series of limited attacks, feints, and raids codenamed Song Than (Tsunami) that were planned to throw the North Vietnamese off balance, enlarge the defensive perimeter around Huế, and deny the enemy time and space to maneuver.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995198-62">[56]</a> Between 15 and 20 May, Firebases Bastogne and Checkmate were recaptured. PAVN forces then launched another attempt to take the city on 21 May, losing 18 tanks and approximately 800 men in the process. On 25 May a second North Vietnamese assault managed to cross the My Chanh River, but ARVN defenders put up ferocious resistance, forcing their enemy back across on 29 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198556–58-63">[57]</a> This was the last serious assault on the defenses of Huế. Major General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_J._Kroesen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick J. Kroesen">Frederick J. Kroesen</a>, senior U.S. advisor in I Corps, believed that the fall of Quảng Trị should have heralded the fall of Huế, but the North Vietnamese did not exploit their opportunity quickly enough. "That he failed completely to take advantage of the moment must be classed as another great blunder of the Quảng Trị campaign."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995176-64">[58]</a> By mid-June, clearing weather allowed more accurate aerial bombardment and shelling from U.S. warships offshore. On the 14th, Trưởng briefed President Thiệu and MACV on his planned counterattack to retake Quảng Trị Province. Thiệu was not convinced, preferring a smaller-scale operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198066-65">[59]</a> The persistent Trưởng finally convinced the president, emphasizing that such an effort would be possible "employing the superior firepower of our American ally."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000391-66">[60]</a> Thiệu finally approved the concept. Trưởng launched Operation Lam Son 72 on 28 June. The 1st Division continued its westward push toward Laos while the Airborne and Marine Divisions, the 1st Ranger Group, and the 7th Armored Cavalry moved north to <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Second Battle of Quảng Trị">retake Quảng Trị</a>. The Airborne Division led the way and, utilizing airmobile end-runs and the North Vietnamese were slowly levered out of their defensive positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198065-67">[61]</a> The division then advanced to the outskirts of Quảng Trị City within ten days, but then President Thieu intervened in the operation. Trưởng had planned to bypass the city and push on quickly to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cua_Viet_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cua Viet River (page does not exist)">Cua Viet River</a>, thereby isolating any PAVN defenders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198067-68">[62]</a> Thiệu, however, now demanded that Quảng Trị be taken immediately, seeing the city as "a symbol and a challenge" to his authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198089-69">[63]</a> It was not going to be an easy task for General Trưởng. The ARVN assault bogged down in the outskirts and the North Vietnamese, apprised of the plans for the offensive, moved the 304th and 308th Divisions to the west to avoid the U.S. airpower that was about to be unleashed upon Quảng Trị.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995211–213-70">[64]</a> The defense of the city and its walled citadel was left to PAVN replacement units and militia. One participant recalled : "The new recruits came in at dusk. They were dead by dawn... No one had time to check where they were from, or who was their commander."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995213-71">[65]</a> Others described the defense as a "senseless sacrifice" and referred to Quảng Trị as "Hamburger City".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995213-71">[65]</a> Nevertheless, the PAVN units stationed within the citadel were well dug in, had the advantage of terrain and mass artillery support. An ARVN early victory was denied, and the fighting continued unabated. On 11 July, the ARVN Airborne Division and South Vietnamese Marines launched a heli-borne assault supported by U.S. Marine helicopter squadrons <a href="/wiki/VMM-164" title="VMM-164">HMM-164</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMM-165" title="VMM-165">HMM-165</a> and U.S. Army's <a href="/wiki/4th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)#3rd_Squadron" title="4th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">Troop F, 4th Cavalry</a> north and east of the city which would cut the last remaining road and force the PAVN to reinforce and resupply across the Thach Han River, making them vulnerable to air strikes. After a vicious, three-day battle against the 48th Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/320th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="320th Division (Vietnam)">320B PAVN Division</a> broke and withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984178–180-72">[66]</a> On 27 July, the ARVN Marine Division was ordered to relieve the Airborne units as the lead element in the battle. But progress was slow, consisting of vicious house-to-house fighting and incessant artillery barrages by both sides. In September, the final assault to capture the heavily defended citadel was launched; it was finally taken on 16 September. Trưởng's forces then advanced to the southern bank of the Thach Han River, where they halted, exhausted and depleted by heavy casualties and unable to push on to <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A0" title="Đông Hà">Đông Hà</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[Note 7]</a> During July, American aircraft flew 5,461 tactical sorties and 2,054 B-52 strikes and operated 5 aircraft carriers to support the counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995212-75">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="III_Corps_–_An_Lộc">III Corps – An Lộc</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loc_Ninh" title="Battle of Loc Ninh">Battle of Loc Ninh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_An_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Battle of An Lộc">Battle of An Lộc</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eof3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eof3.jpg/200px-Eof3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eof3.jpg/300px-Eof3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eof3.jpg/400px-Eof3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>PAVN offensive in III Corps</figcaption></figure> The initial wave of the offensive was followed on 5 April by a PAVN advance out of Cambodia into Bình Long Province, northeast of Saigon. Its targets were the towns and airfields at <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%99c_Ninh,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" class="mw-redirect" title="Lộc Ninh, Bình Phước">Lộc Ninh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_L%E1%BB%A3i_Base_Camp" title="Quần Lợi Base Camp">Quần Lợi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/An_L%E1%BB%99c,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="An Lộc, Bình Phước">An Lộc</a>. The possible initial goals of the offensive in III Corps remain unclear, but probably began as probes that, if successful, could be easily reinforced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995373-76">[69]</a> The invasion was launched from Cambodian Base Area 708 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=B-2_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B-2 Front (page does not exist)">B-2 Front</a>'s 5th PAVN/VC Division and 203rd Armoured Regiment, which advanced down Highway 9 toward the border outpost of Loc Ninh. There, the 2,000 men of the ARVN 9th Regiment and a battalion of Rangers beat back five separate infantry/armor assaults before collapsing under the attack on 7 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980115-77">[70]</a> The North Vietnamese then isolated the <a href="/wiki/25th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="25th Division (South Vietnam)">25th Division</a> in neighboring Tây Ninh Province by sending two regiments to attack its forward outposts. Sensing that the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/An_L%E1%BB%99c,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="An Lộc, Bình Phước">An Lộc</a> would be the next target, the III Corps commander, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Nguyễn Văn Minh">Nguyễn Văn Minh</a> dispatched the <a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="5th Division (South Vietnam)">5th Division</a> to hold the town. They were reinforced by two battalions of the Ranger Group (on 7 April) and by two additional infantry battalions (on 10 and 11 April).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980116-78">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/21st_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="21st Division (South Vietnam)">21st Division</a>, which had been stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>, was rushed to <a href="/wiki/Ch%C6%A1n_Th%C3%A0nh_Camp" title="Chơn Thành Camp">Chơn Thành Camp</a> to join a regiment of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="9th Division (South Vietnam)">9th Division</a> as a relief force. All forces in the area were placed under the command of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0ng" title="Lê Văn Hưng">Lê Văn Hưng</a>, commander of the 5th Division.<a href="#cite_note-79">[Note 8]</a> The move was fortuitous for the South Vietnamese, since PAVN forces were indeed proceeding eastward toward <a href="/wiki/An_L%E1%BB%99c,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="An Lộc, Bình Phước">An Lộc</a>. Simultaneously, the PAVN 7th Division bypassed the town and moved south along Highway 13 to block any relief effort launched from <a href="/wiki/Ch%C6%A1n_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Chơn Thành">Chơn Thành</a>. The North Vietnamese had decided that An Lộc, with its close proximity to Saigon, would be proclaimed as the capital of the Provisional Revolutionary Government, but even if they had been able to seize the town, they would never have been able to hold it. American air power would have made such an eventuality impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995373-76">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EoF5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EoF5.jpg/200px-EoF5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EoF5.jpg/300px-EoF5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EoF5.jpg/400px-EoF5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="2214" /></a><figcaption>ARVN soldier with <a href="/wiki/M72_LAW" title="M72 LAW">M72 LAW</a> anti-tank rockets during the defense of An Lộc</figcaption></figure> By 13 April, An Lộc was surrounded and under a combined artillery, armored, and infantry attack by the 9th PAVN/VC Division. PAVN forces advanced on the town through a deluge of rockets, bombs, and <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a> delivered by U.S. and South Vietnamese aircraft supported by massed artillery, tank, and small arms fire. Inside the town, the contingent of U.S. advisors became essential to the defense, serving as a separate staff organizing fire and air support, logistics, and intelligence. Colonel William Miller, the senior U.S. advisor, was not happy with General Hung's continuous reluctance to launch counterattacks and his reliance on U.S. air power to defeat the North Vietnamese. His hesitation and lack of motivation prompted Miller to report that: "He is tired – unstable – irrational – irritable – inadvisable – and unapproachable."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995439-80">[72]</a> The attacks persisted and PAVN forces eventually battered their way into the town, seizing the airfield and reducing the ARVN perimeter to about a square kilometer. During another assault on the 21st, PAVN tanks actually forced their way through the defense perimeter but were held at bay and then destroyed by anti-tank weapons and helicopter gunships. PAVN infantry did, however, manage to seize most of the northern sector of the town, where they began digging in (often right across the street from the ARVN defenders). The initial shock of ARVN troops instilled by North Vietnamese armor was soon abated when they discovered that, because the supporting infantry failed to advance with the tanks, they became easy prey for anti-tank weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980119-81">[73]</a> On other occasions, the opposite would occur, with massed infantry assaults moving forward without armored support. This failure of tactical coordination was one of PAVN's prime weaknesses during the offensive, and one that the allies were quick to exploit. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knocked_out_North_Vietnamese_T-54_or_Type_59_in_An_Loc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Knocked_out_North_Vietnamese_T-54_or_Type_59_in_An_Loc.jpg/250px-Knocked_out_North_Vietnamese_T-54_or_Type_59_in_An_Loc.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Knocked_out_North_Vietnamese_T-54_or_Type_59_in_An_Loc.jpg/375px-Knocked_out_North_Vietnamese_T-54_or_Type_59_in_An_Loc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Knocked_out_North_Vietnamese_T-54_or_Type_59_in_An_Loc.jpg/500px-Knocked_out_North_Vietnamese_T-54_or_Type_59_in_An_Loc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5451" data-file-height="2845" /></a><figcaption>North Vietnamese T-54 tank knocked out in An Lộc by U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/AH-1_Cobra" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-1 Cobra">AH-1 Cobra</a> helicopter gunship</figcaption></figure> As a result of his failure to seize the town quickly, the commander of the 9th Division was officially reprimanded and local command was handed over the senior officer of the 5th PAVN/VC Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984153-82">[74]</a> Besides the lack of coordination, the major difficulty for the PAVN was the rain of ordnance delivered upon them by incessant air strikes, which further reduced manpower and made resupply difficult. After the failure of the assault on 21 April, the battle devolved into a siege, with the North Vietnamese pounding An Lộc and its defenders with 1,200 to 2,000 mortar, rocket, and artillery rounds per day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198586-83">[75]</a> An Lộc was completely surrounded and could only be resupplied by air, a situation made more difficult by the loss of the airfield. Resupply was accomplished, however, by 448 aerial missions which managed to deliver 2,693 tons of air-dropped food, medical supplies, and ammunition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomyer197550-84">[76]</a> supported by the US Army's "549th QM (AD/Airborne)" (QuarterMaster, Air Delivery/Airborne) Rigger Company, which had been rapid-deployed from Okinawa in early April. From 22 April to 10 May, the tactical situation remained stable at what the Paris Match was calling "a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>" in III Corps.<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> On the morning of 11 May, another PAVN assault was launched after being preceded by an artillery bombardment that fired over 8,300 shells into a defense perimeter that had shrunk to a mere 1,000 yards (910 m) by 1,500 yards (1,400 m) before the day was over.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995472-86">[78]</a> PAVN forces again forced their way into An Lộc, but the effort collapsed in the face of tremendous aerial attack, which cost the North Vietnamese 40 tanks and over 800 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomyer197547-87">[79]</a> The reasons for the failure were not hard to discern. Beginning at 05:30 that morning and continuing for the next 25 hours, the U.S. Air Force delivered a B-52 strike every 55 minutes to support the defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984153-82">[74]</a> For the next three days, each time PAVN troops assembled to resume the attack, they were bombed in their assembly areas. The climactic attack on An Lộc was launched on 14 May, when the North Vietnamese attacked directly into the teeth of the ARVN defense. The failed assault was described by Colonel Walt Ulmer, the 5th Division's senior advisor: "they were simply trying to pile on and pile on and pile on. They frittered away an awful lot of manpower."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984154-88">[80]</a> A relief effort had been launched by the 21st ARVN Division, but it never arrived at An Lộc. For three weeks the division crept northward along Highway 13 but it was held up by constant delaying actions by smaller PAVN forces. Although the division never reached its goal, it inadvertently supported the beleaguered city by eventually diverting almost all of the elements of the 7th PAVN Division from the fighting. Although North Vietnamese forces remained in the area and continued to shell An Lộc heavily, the impetus of their offensive was over. By 12 June, the last PAVN forces were driven from the city and its environs and over 1,000 ARVN wounded were evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle1985104-89">[81]</a> Slowly, the decimated North Vietnamese units faded away to the north and west as others covered their withdrawal. On 18 June, the headquarters of III Corps declared the siege to be over. The Saigon government claimed that 12,500 South Vietnamese soldiers had been killed or wounded at An Lộc.<a href="#cite_note-Thi-90">[82]</a> American sources claimed that 25,000 PAVN or NLF troops had been killed or wounded during the action, although those numbers could never be confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995499–500-91">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="II_Corps_–_Kon_Tum">II Corps – Kon Tum</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kontum" title="Battle of Kontum">Battle of Kontum</a></div> The objective of PAVN forces during the third phase of the Nguyen Hue Offensive was to seize the cities of Kon Tum and Pleiku, thereby overrunning the Central Highlands. This would then open the possibility of proceeding east to the coastal plains, splitting South Vietnam in two. The highlands offensive was preceded by VC diversionary operations that opened on 5 April in coastal Bình Định Province, which aimed at closing Highway 1, seizing several ARVN firebases, and diverting South Vietnamese forces from operations further west. North Vietnamese forces, under the command of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Minh_Th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hoàng Minh Thảo">Hoàng Minh Thảo</a>, commander of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=B-3_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B-3 Front (page does not exist)">B-3 Front</a>, included the <a href="/wiki/320th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="320th Division (Vietnam)">320th</a> and 2nd PAVN Divisions in the highlands and the 3rd PAVN Division in the lowlands – approximately 50,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995241-92">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eof4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eof4.jpg/200px-Eof4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eof4.jpg/300px-Eof4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eof4.jpg/400px-Eof4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>PAVN offensive in II Corps</figcaption></figure> Arrayed against them in II Corps were the ARVN <a href="/wiki/22nd_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="22nd Division (South Vietnam)">22nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/23rd_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="23rd Division (South Vietnam)">23rd</a> Divisions, two armored cavalry squadrons, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Airborne_Division" title="Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division">2nd Airborne Brigade</a>, all under the command of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Du" title="Ngô Du">Ngô Du</a>. It had become evident as early as January that the North Vietnamese were building up for offensive operations in the tri-border region and numerous B-52 strikes had been conducted in the area in hopes of slowing the build-up. ARVN forces had also been deployed forward toward the border in order to slow the PAVN advance and allow the application of airpower to deplete North Vietnamese manpower and logistics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995241-92">[84]</a> The Bình Định offensive, however, threw General Du into a panic and almost convinced him to fall for the North Vietnamese ploy and divert his forces from the highlands. <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Vann" title="John Paul Vann">John Paul Vann</a>, director of the U.S. Second Regional Assistance Group, reassured Du that it was only a ruse and to remain ready for the main blow, which he was convinced would come from western Laos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995252-93">[85]</a> Vann, although a civilian, had been granted the unique authority to command all U.S. military advisors within his region.<a href="#cite_note-95">[Note 9]</a> Vann worked day and night, using his extensive civilian and military contacts to channel U.S. support (especially air support) to the region. Major General <a href="/wiki/John_G._Hill_Jr." title="John G. Hill Jr.">John G. Hill Jr.</a>, Du's senior military advisor, described Vann's extraordinary actions: "The rest of us organized around Vann's personal efforts and concentrated on getting the resources marshalled to take advantage of the leadership he was exerting with the Vietnamese."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984156-96">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Paul_Vann_and_his_staff_at_their_Pleiku_headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/John_Paul_Vann_and_his_staff_at_their_Pleiku_headquarters.jpg/200px-John_Paul_Vann_and_his_staff_at_their_Pleiku_headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/John_Paul_Vann_and_his_staff_at_their_Pleiku_headquarters.jpg/300px-John_Paul_Vann_and_his_staff_at_their_Pleiku_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/John_Paul_Vann_and_his_staff_at_their_Pleiku_headquarters.jpg/400px-John_Paul_Vann_and_his_staff_at_their_Pleiku_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Vann" title="John Paul Vann">John Paul Vann</a> and his staff at their Pleiku headquarters</figcaption></figure> To counter the possible threat from the west, Du had deployed two regiments of the 22nd Division to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2n_C%E1%BA%A3nh_Base_Camp" title="Tân Cảnh Base Camp">Tân Cảnh</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_T%C3%B4_Base_Camp" title="Đắk Tô Base Camp">Đắk Tô Base Camp</a> and two armored squadrons to <a href="/wiki/Ben_Het_Camp" title="Ben Het Camp">Ben Het</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[Note 10]</a> On 12 April, the 2nd PAVN Division, elements of the 203rd Tank Regiment, and several independent regiments of the B-3 Front attacked the outpost at Tan Canh and the nearby Đắk Tô base. When the ARVN armor moved out of Ben Het toward Đắk Tô, it was ambushed and destroyed. The overwhelmed South Vietnamese defense northwest of Kon Tum quickly disintegrated, placing the command of III Corps in a quandary. With the remainder of the 22nd Division covering the coast there were few forces left to defend the provincial capital of Kon Tum. The North Vietnamese southern advance inexplicably halted for three crucial weeks. While the northern crisis waned, however, General Du began to unravel, finding it increasingly difficult to make decisions. Vann gave up all pretext of South Vietnamese command, took over himself, and openly issued orders. He placed responsibility for the defense of the city of Kon Tum on the shoulders of Colonel <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_T%C3%B2ng_B%C3%A1" title="Lý Tòng Bá">Lý Tòng Bá</a>, commander of the 23rd Division.<a href="#cite_note-100">[Note 11]</a> Vann then used massive B-52 strikes to hold the North Vietnamese at arm's length and reduce their numbers while he managed to find additional troops with which to stabilize the situation. By 14 May, North Vietnamese forces had reached Kon Tum and launched their main assault. The 320th PAVN Division, the 1st and 141st Regiments of the 2nd PAVN Division, and elements of the 203rd Tank Regiment attacked the city from the north, south, and west. By the time of the assault, the city mustered a defensive force that consisted of the 23rd Division and several Ranger groups. Their three-week delay cost the North Vietnamese dearly. By 14 May, the worst of the fighting in I and II Corps was over and a majority of the B-52s were free to concentrate on the Central Highlands.<a href="#cite_note-102">[Note 12]</a> During the North Vietnamese attack, the positions of the 44th and 45th ARVN Regiments crumbled and were overrun, but a well-placed B-52 strike landed directly on the PAVN attackers at the point of the breakthrough. The next morning, when the South Vietnamese returned to their former positions unopposed, 400 bodies were discovered, along with seven destroyed tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995322-103">[91]</a> At Vann's insistence, a personnel shake-up took place in III Corps when President Thieu replaced Du with Major General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_To%C3%A0n_(general)" title="Nguyễn Văn Toàn (general)">Nguyễn Văn Toàn</a>, whose outwardly confident and assertive nature was the complete opposite of Du's.<a href="#cite_note-105">[Note 13]</a> The actions at Kon Tum for the following two weeks became characterized by massed PAVN assaults that were lashed by B-52, tactical air, and helicopter gunship attacks. ARVN troops then counterattacked over the remains of the attacking wave. On 26 May, four North Vietnamese regiments supported by armored forces managed to punch a hole in the defense, but their advance was halted by U.S. helicopters firing the new <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW</a> missiles. During the following three days of fighting, 24 North Vietnamese T-54 and PT-76 tanks were destroyed by TOWs and the breach was sealed.<a href="#cite_note-107">[Note 14]</a> With the aid of the U.S. and Republic of Vietnam Air Forces and despite severe losses, ARVN managed to hold Kon Tum during the remainder of the battle. Aerial resupply was supported by the US Army's "549th QM (AD)" (QuarterMaster, Air Delivery) Rigger Company, which had been rapid-deployed from Okinawa in early April. By early June, the PAVN faded back to the west, leaving behind over 4,000 dead on the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995356-108">[94]</a> It was estimated by U.S. intelligence that total PAVN casualties in the Central Highlands during the offensive totaled between 20,000 and 40,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995368-109">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[96]</a> John Vann did not have time to savor his victory. While returning to Kon Tum from a briefing in Saigon on 9 June, he was killed in a helicopter crash.<a href="#cite_note-113">[Note 15]</a> In late July the ARVN 22nd Division, now commanded by Brigadier General Phan Dinh Niem, in cooperation with Bình Định Province RF/PF forces, retook <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0i_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Hoài Nhơn">Hoài Nhơn</a> and Tam Quan district towns and reestablished communications on Highway 1 north to the southern boundary of Quảng Ngãi Province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980105-114">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Cambodia_and_IV_Corps">Southern Cambodia and IV Corps</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive_in_southern_Cambodia_and_the_Mekong_Delta" title="Easter Offensive in southern Cambodia and the Mekong Delta">Easter Offensive in southern Cambodia and the Mekong Delta</a></div> On 22 March the PAVN 101D Regiment, <a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(Vietnam)" title="1st Division (Vietnam)">1st Division</a> attacked the ARVN 42nd Ranger Group outpost at Kompong Trach 15 km north of the Cambodia-South Vietnam border. Fighting continued until the end of April as each side reinforced. The PAVN 1st Division eventually seized Kompong Trach but had suffered heavy losses which impacted its later operations in IV Corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980143–145-115">[100]</a> On 7 April PAVN/VC local main force units, the 18B, 95B, D1 and D2 Regiments began attacks in the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>, initially in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chương Thiện Province">Chương Thiện Province</a>. As the ARVN 21st Division and the 15th Regiment, 9th Division had been deployed to III Corps to reinforce the fighting at An Lộc, the PAVN/VC were initially able to have some success against isolated RF/PF outposts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980145–146-116">[101]</a> On 18 May elements of the PAVN 52D and 101D Regiments, 1st Division attacked <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Kiên Lương">Kiên Lương</a>, the fighting continued for ten days before ARVN Rangers and armored forces succeeded in forcing the PAVN to withdraw towards the Cambodian border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980148-117">[102]</a> On 23 May following fighting between the PAVN 207th Regiment and ARVN Ranger and armored forces in Cambodia, 15 km north of Cai Cai, the ARVN captured documents indicating plans for PAVN infiltration into northern Kiến Tường Province and subsequent attacks against <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%99c_H%C3%B3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mộc Hóa">Mộc Hóa</a>. Subsequent intelligence showed that the PAVN 5th Division which had been beaten at An Lộc was moving into the Elephant's Foot (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Easter_Offensive&params=10.87_N_105.9_E_">10°52′N 105°54′E / 10.87°N 105.9°E / 10.87; 105.9</a>) area of Cambodia and would then move into Base Area 470 in the <a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Reeds" title="Plain of Reeds">Plain of Reeds</a>. The ARVN <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="7th Division (South Vietnam)">7th Division</a> deployed to the Elephant's Foot area to engage PAVN forces and with strong U.S. air support inflicted severe losses on the PAVN units there. However, despite their losses two regiments from the PAVN 5th Division and the 24th and Z18 Regiments pushed towards Base Area 470 and by early July six PAVN regiments were located in northern <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Định Tường Province">Định Tường Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980149–150-118">[103]</a> In late June after 22 days of fighting the ARVN 7th Division recaptured Kompong Trabek and cleared Route QL-1 (Cambodia) to <a href="/wiki/Neak_Loeung" title="Neak Loeung">Neak Loeung</a>, however the PAVN recaptured the area when the 7th Division was withdrawn back into IV Corps in July to counter the PAVN/VC threat to Route QL-4, the vital supply line between the Delta's ricebowl and Saigon. With the return of the ARVN 21st Division and 15th Regiment, 9th Division to IV Corps and continuous pounding from the air by U.S. tactical air and B-52's, the ARVN was able to mount a series of operations in Định Tường Province and Base Area 470 that forced the PAVN/VC to reduce their operations and disperse into smaller units or withdraw into Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980150–153-119">[104]</a> While not as dramatic as the fighting on the other fronts of the Easter Offensive, IV Corps had managed to prevent the PAVN/VC from cutting Route QL-4 or seriously disrupting pacification efforts in the Mekong Delta while sharing nearly half of its forces with III Corps and I Corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980155-120">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_support,_Freedom_Train,_and_Linebacker">Air support, Freedom Train, and Linebacker</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker" title="Operation Linebacker">Operation Linebacker</a></div> The North Vietnamese had timed their offensive well by having it coincide with the end of the annual winter monsoon when low cloud cover and rain provided a blanket under which the offensive could proceed without interference by allied aerial attack. Air strikes were possible only by all-weather fighters or bombers, which could deliver their ordnance accurately through the cloud cover by radar direction or <a href="/wiki/LORAN" title="LORAN">LORAN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000358-121">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Air_Force_aircraft_at_Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base,_in_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U.S._Air_Force_aircraft_at_Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base%2C_in_1972.jpg/220px-U.S._Air_Force_aircraft_at_Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base%2C_in_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U.S._Air_Force_aircraft_at_Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base%2C_in_1972.jpg/330px-U.S._Air_Force_aircraft_at_Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base%2C_in_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/U.S._Air_Force_aircraft_at_Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base%2C_in_1972.jpg/440px-U.S._Air_Force_aircraft_at_Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base%2C_in_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Increased American air power: <a href="/wiki/F-111" class="mw-redirect" title="F-111">F-111s</a> and <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4s</a> at <a href="/wiki/Takhli_RTAFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Takhli RTAFB">Takhli RTAFB</a> in Thailand</figcaption></figure> These missions were conducted by aircraft assigned to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Air_Force" title="Seventh Air Force">Seventh Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seventh/Thirteenth_United_States_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh/Thirteenth United States Air Force">Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force</a> in South Vietnam and Thailand or by the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_77_(U.S._Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Force 77 (U.S. Navy)">Task Force 77</a>, offshore in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. Besides the weather the most serious problem facing the Americans was that the drawdown of U.S. forces during the previous four years had included valuable ground support aircraft and their maintenance crews. By the spring of 1972, the U.S. Air Force had only three squadrons of <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom">F-4 Phantoms</a> and one of <a href="/wiki/A-37_Dragonfly" class="mw-redirect" title="A-37 Dragonfly">A-37 Dragonflys</a> available in the Republic of Vietnam, a total of 76 aircraft. Another 114 fighter-bombers were stationed at various bases in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, while 83 <a href="/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52 Stratofortress</a> heavy bombers were located at <a href="/wiki/U-Tapao_RTAFB" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Tapao RTAFB">U-Tapao RTAFB</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[107]</a> Task Force 77 had four carriers assigned to it, but only two, <a href="/wiki/USS_Coral_Sea_(CV-43)" title="USS Coral Sea (CV-43)">Coral Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Hancock_(CV-19)" title="USS Hancock (CV-19)">Hancock</a>, were on station at the onset of the offensive. Their air wings totaled 140 strike aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrocco1985170-123">[108]</a> To rectify the aircraft shortage, from 7 April to 13 May 176 F-4s and 12 <a href="/wiki/F-105_Thunderchief" class="mw-redirect" title="F-105 Thunderchief">F-105 Thunderchiefs</a> were transferred from air bases in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> and the continental U.S. to Thailand during Operation Constant Guard I-IV.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198519,_23–26-124">[109]</a> Between 5 February and 23 May, the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (SAC) reinforced Guam during Operation Bullet Shot with a further 124 bombers, bringing the total available in-theater to 209.<a href="#cite_note-125">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Fleet">Seventh Fleet</a> was also beefed up by the addition of five aircraft carrier groups, including those of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Kitty_Hawk_(CV-63)" title="USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)">Kitty Hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Constellation_(CV-64)" title="USS Constellation (CV-64)">Constellation</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Midway_(CV-41)" title="USS Midway (CV-41)">Midway</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_America_(CV-66)" title="USS America (CV-66)">America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-60)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-60)">Saratoga</a>. This made five carriers available at any one time to conduct aerial operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198517-127">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Air Force">Republic of Vietnam Air Force</a> (VNAF) at this time consisted of nine squadrons of <a href="/wiki/A-1_Skyraider" class="mw-redirect" title="A-1 Skyraider">A-1 Skyraiders</a>, A-37s, and <a href="/wiki/F-5_Freedom_Fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="F-5 Freedom Fighter">F-5 Freedom Fighters</a>, a total of 119 strike aircraft. There were also two squadrons of <a href="/wiki/AC-47" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-47">AC-47</a> or <a href="/wiki/AC-119" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-119">AC-119</a> fixed-wing gunships, totaling of 28 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000333-128">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa-2camo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sa-2camo.jpg/250px-Sa-2camo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sa-2camo.jpg/375px-Sa-2camo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sa-2camo.jpg/500px-Sa-2camo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SA-2_Guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-2 Guideline">SA-2 Guideline</a> anti-aircraft missile on camouflaged launcher</figcaption></figure> The weather conditions made early ground support haphazard, and these difficulties were compounded by North Vietnamese anti-aircraft units, which advanced behind the front line elements. PAVN moved 85 and 100 mm radar-directed batteries south of the DMZ and, on 17 February 81 <a href="/wiki/SA-2_Guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-2 Guideline">SA-2 Guideline</a> missiles were launched from the DMZ area, downing three F-4s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198534-129">[114]</a> This heralded the farthest southern advance of SA-2 units thus far during the conflict. This classic high-low anti-aircraft coverage made aerial attacks extremely hazardous, especially when it was enhanced by the new shoulder-fired Grail. The loss of the northern firebases early in the offensive in I Corps made U.S. naval gunfire the primary source of artillery support in that area. U.S. Marine Corps gunfire observers were then assigned to fly with forward air controllers, providing coordinates for shore targets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198546-130">[115]</a> At the height of the offensive three U.S. cruisers and 38 destroyers were providing naval gunfire support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorley1999326-131">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZSU-57-2-latrun-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ZSU-57-2-latrun-1.jpg/200px-ZSU-57-2-latrun-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ZSU-57-2-latrun-1.jpg/300px-ZSU-57-2-latrun-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ZSU-57-2-latrun-1.jpg/400px-ZSU-57-2-latrun-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ZSU-57-2" title="ZSU-57-2">ZSU-57-2</a> tracked anti-aircraft vehicle</figcaption></figure> With clearing weather the number of aircraft sorties soared. Between April and June there were 18,000 combat sorties flown to support the ARVN defense, 45 percent by the U.S. Air Force, 30 percent by the Navy and Marine Corps, and 25 percent by the VNAF. B-52s flew an additional 2,724 sorties. Ten U.S. and six VNAF aircraft were lost to SAM or anti-aircraft fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000369–370-132">[117]</a> On 4 April, reacting to the ferocity of the offensive, President Nixon authorized tactical airstrikes from the DMZ north to the 18th parallel, the southern panhandle of North Vietnam. This supply interdiction effort was the first systematic bombing carried out in North Vietnam proper since the end of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Operation Rolling Thunder</a> in November 1968. Airstrikes north of the 20th parallel were authorized on 5 April under the cover name Operation Freedom Train.<a href="#cite_note-133">[118]</a> The first B-52 strike of the new operation was conducted on 10 April. President Nixon then decided to up the ante by targeting Hanoi and Haiphong. Between 1 May and 30 June, B-52s, fighter-bombers, and fixed-wing gunships had carried out 18,000 sorties over North Vietnam and suffered 29 aircraft losses.<a href="#cite_note-134">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SA-7.jpg/200px-SA-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SA-7.jpg/300px-SA-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SA-7.jpg/400px-SA-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SA-7_Grail" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-7 Grail">SA-7 Grail</a> shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missile and launcher</figcaption></figure> On 8 May Nixon authorized the launching of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money" title="Operation Pocket Money">Operation Pocket Money</a>, the aerial mining of Haiphong and other North Vietnamese ports. Nixon had taken a gamble that the Soviet Union, with which he was conducting negotiations for a strategic arms limitation treaty (<a href="/wiki/SALT_I" class="mw-redirect" title="SALT I">SALT I</a>), would withhold a negative reaction in return for improved relations with the West. He was correct. The People's Republic of China also muted any overt response to the escalatory measures for the same reason. Emboldened, Nixon decided to launch Operation Linebacker a systematic aerial assault on North Vietnam's transportation, storage, and air defense systems on 10 May. During Linebacker, the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps lost 104 aircraft in combat, while they claimed the North Vietnamese opponents lost 63.<a href="#cite_note-futrell-135">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on US and North Vietnamese negotiations: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Talks" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Talks">Paris Peace Talks</a></div> At the conclusion of the ARVN counteroffensive, both sides were exhausted but considered their efforts to have been successful. The South Vietnamese and the Americans believed the policy of Vietnamization to have been validated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978324-2">[2]</a> the internal weaknesses of the South Vietnamese command structure, which had been rectified somewhat during the emergency, reappeared once it had passed. During the Easter offensive, more than 25,000 South Vietnamese civilians had been killed and almost a million became refugees, 600,000 of whom were living in camps under government care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995529-17">[17]</a> American casualties in combat for all of 1972 totaled 300 killed, most during the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995531-11">[11]</a> Hanoi had committed 14 divisions and 26 independent regiments to the offensive and had suffered approximately 100,000 casualties and lost almost all of its armored forces committed (134 <a href="/wiki/T-54/55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/55">T-54s</a>, 56 <a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76s</a> and 60 <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34s</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995536-13">[13]</a> In return, part of the territory gained in the initial months of fighting was lost back to South Vietnam (the battle for Quang Tri city lasted 81 days with South Vietnam eventually gaining control of the city in September as well as the majority of Quang Tri province). However the PAVN did hold territory at the end of the offensive as well as the western fringes of the II and III Corps sectors. In total around 10% of the country. It is believed that the North Vietnamese leadership had both underestimated the fighting ability of the ARVN, which, by 1972, had become one of the best-equipped armies in the world, and failed to grasp the destructiveness of American air power against an enemy fighting a conventional battle. Combined with these strategic errors, PAVN commanders had also thrown away their local numerical superiority by making frontal attacks into heavy defensive fire and suffered massive casualties as a consequence. However, by its own estimate, the PAVN had also dealt the most severe blow in the entire war, with over 200,000 ARVN casualties, a third of the ARVN's forces. This claim is disputed and countered by US and South Vietnamese numbers, and they claimed the North Vietnamese lost much of their armor and equipment and as many as 100,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-graham-3">[3]</a> None of North Vietnam's strategic aims for the offensive were completely achieved.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-1">[1]</a>: 304  However, the offensive also allowed Viet Cong irregulars and political agents to make a return through the gaps in the defensive lines, which had been torn open during the offensive. Hanoi wasted no time in making use of what little ground it had gained. The North Vietnamese immediately began to extend their supply corridors from Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam. The PAVN rapidly expanded port facilities at the captured town of Đông Hà, and within a year, over 20 percent of the materiel destined for the southern battlefield was flowing across its docks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984183-136">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-1">[1]</a>: 305  The ARVN suffered 39,587 dead in the same period, while American military deaths that year were 759, per U.S. military records.<a href="#cite_note-137">[122]</a> For the PAVN, the offensive was very costly. General Trần Văn Trà, writing about the offensive ten years after the fact, stated, "Our troops were exhausted and their units in disarray. We had not been able to make up losses. We were short of manpower as well as food and ammunition."<a href="#cite_note-138">[123]</a> The ARVN always had problems keeping men in the ranks, corruption and incompetence among officers was endemic. On May 1972, general <a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Creighton Abrams</a> fumed at ARVN complaints that they lacked arms and equipment. He said: “The ARVN haven’t lost their tanks because the enemy tanks knocked them out. The ARVN lost their tanks because goddamn it, they abandoned them. And, shit, if they had the Josef Stalin 3 [tank], it wouldn’t have been any better.” He likewise harangued President Thieu and Saigon’s chief of staff - <a href="/wiki/Cao_Van_Vien" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Van Vien">Cao Van Vien</a>: “Equipment is not what you need. You need men that will fight... You’ve got all the equipment you need... You lost most of your artillery because it was abandoned.”<a href="#cite_note-139">[124]</a> In Paris, the peace negotiations continued, but this time, both sides were willing to make concessions. The chief American negotiator, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, offered a ceasefire, recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a> by the Saigon government, and the total American withdrawal from South Vietnam as incentives. For the United States, getting North Vietnam to finally recognize South Vietnam's government as a legitimate body was crucial to any deal in Paris. For North Vietnam, the terms were enough to meet the criteria for victory that Hanoi's leaders had established before the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984183-136">[121]</a> The only obstacle to a settlement was <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a>, whose government would have to assent to any agreement. The intransigence of Thiệu and his demand for the U.S. not to abandon his nation after any agreement, as well as new demands by Hanoi, caused the stalling of peace talks in December. That led Nixon to launch <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II" title="Operation Linebacker II">Operation Linebacker II</a>, a bombing campaign aimed at North Vietnam's transport network, especially around Hanoi and Haiphong. This bombing campaign lasted from 18 Dec to 29 Dec 1972. Despite this, in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>, signed in January 1973, the terms were favorable to North Vietnam.,<a href="#cite_note-140">[125]</a> confirmed that North Vietnamese troops and support would remain in South Vietnam in the areas that they occupied, while all fighting was to be stopped by the signatory parties on both sides. With the U.S. committed to disengagement (and after threats from Nixon that Thiệu would be abandoned if he did not agree),<a href="#cite_note-141">[126]</a> Thiệu had little choice but to accede. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Military operations are generally designated by the title attributed to them by the attacking force. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, this convention was disregarded. Thus the North Vietnamese General Offensive, General Uprising of 1968 became known in the West as the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a>. Returning to the previous convention, the 1972 Spring offensive has returned to its correct designation. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> At the time, it was assumed that the Soviet Union was supplying the bulk of North Vietnam's military needs but of the $1.5 billion in military aid sent to North Vietnam between 1970 and 1972, two-thirds came from China. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> More than 3,000 PAVN tank crews received training at the Soviet armor school in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> That contention was challenged by General Ngô Quang Trưởng as false.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199549-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198018-38">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> This situation was exacerbated by the attempt to <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Bat_21_Bravo" title="Rescue of Bat 21 Bravo">rescue Air Force officer Lt Col Iceal Hambleton ("Bat-21")</a>, who had been shot down on 2 April by a surface-to-air missile behind PAVN lines. During the 12-day attempt to rescue him, a no-bombing/no-shelling zone was imposed south and west of the <a href="/wiki/Cam_Lo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Cam Lo River">Cam Lo River</a>, a tragic decision for the 3rd Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199594–95-45">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Instead of sacking Lam for poor leadership, Thieu promoted the politically connected general to the Ministry of Defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995171-52">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Almost one out of every four of the 8,000 ARVN Marines in the division had been killed or wounded during Lam Son 72.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995226-73">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> On 30 April 1975, Lê Văn Hưng, "the hero of An Lộc", committed suicide rather than surrender to victorious PAVN forces. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> A civilian official had never before in American history assumed the position of a general and commanded U.S. military forces in the field during wartime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan1988749-94">[86]</a> A retired U.S. Army lieutenant colonel with ten years of experience in Vietnam, Vann had become notorious for his outspoken criticism of both his superiors and the U.S. conduct of the war after his arrival in South Vietnam in 1962, and had been forced to resign his Army commission. Almost a decade after leaving the U.S. military under a personal and professional cloud, Vann had risen to the equivalent rank of general. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> The forward deployment of the division had actually been Vann's idea. Although Du would not always do as Vann wanted, he did so enough times for the more xenophobic members of his staff to mock him as "the slave of John Paul Vann."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan1988759-97">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> It was indicative of the ARVN command structure that Bá, a skilled and aggressive commander with few political connections, was the only divisional commander of such low rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995286-99">[89]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> It was not uncommon for Vann to lobby hard to obtain 21 of the 25 B-52 flights coming into South Vietnam every day. Between 14 May and 7 June, approximately 300 B-52 strikes were conducted in the environs of Kon Tum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan1988783-101">[90]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Toàn, one of South Vietnam's most undistinguished officers, had been General Lam's assistant operations officer in I Corps during the opening phase of the offensive and had no wish to follow his former commander into ignominy. He assumed administrative control and conceded all command functions to Vann and Ba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995313-104">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Eighty-five TOWs were fired in combat during the offensive, only ten of which were counted as misses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995318-106">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Plaudits were showered upon Vann after his death. He had risen to become "the indispensable man" and "the heart and soul of the defense of Kon Tum."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995363-111">[97]</a> Even his enemy paid him a reverse tribute by exulting in his end, calling the death of "this outstanding chief advisor" "a stunning blow" against the U.S. and Saigon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan1988786-112">[98]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Miller-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMiller2021" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Sergio (2021). No Wider War: A history of the Vietnam War Volume 2 1965-1975. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472838520" title="Special:BookSources/9781472838520"><bdi>9781472838520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Wider+War%3A+A+history+of+the+Vietnam+War+Volume+2+1965-1975&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781472838520&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978324-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978324_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978324_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalmer1978">Palmer 1978</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-graham-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graham_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-graham_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCosmas2007" class="citation book cs1">Cosmas, Graham A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/091/91-7/CMH_Pub_91-7.pdf">MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Withdrawal, 1968-1973</a> (PDF). Government Printing Office. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087286-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087286-0"><bdi>978-0-16-087286-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MACV%3A+The+Joint+Command+in+the+Years+of+Withdrawal%2C+1968-1973&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-16-087286-0&rft.aulast=Cosmas&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F091%2F91-7%2FCMH_Pub_91-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrigadier_General_James_Lawton_Collins_Jr.1975" class="citation book cs1">Brigadier General James Lawton Collins Jr. (1975). The Development and Training of the South Viet Namese Army. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. p. 151. <q>Army: 410,000 Air Force: 50,000 Marines: 14,000 Regional Forces: 284,000 Total: 758,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+and+Training+of+the+South+Viet+Namese+Army&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Brigadier+General+James+Lawton+Collins+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorrell2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Correll, John T. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRyr-EO_r2oC&dq=arvn+1972+550+tanks&pg=RA6-PA63">"If the Vietnamese Took Over the War, the Americans Could Go Home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Magazine">Air Force Magazine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Association">Air Force Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Magazine&rft.atitle=If+the+Vietnamese+Took+Over+the+War%2C+the+Americans+Could+Go+Home&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Correll&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRyr-EO_r2oC%26dq%3Darvn%2B1972%2B550%2Btanks%26pg%3DRA6-PA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Karnow, p. 640. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mod.gov.vn/wps/portal/!ut/p/b1/vZPJjqNADIafZR4goghrjsUSCsK-py4ohEDYM5BAwtM3M2qNNIfuvsy0fbL1Wb9_SyYwERO4O01lcbqXfXdqftWYTfbQdHmBhEAJHQaoFJQQBVgADGYFjisgKhDRnA4ArysrAFHg7hyKApD6aj4i4urICOKozrIc2mATOcfKtZonByHncVjEmrpgreXREnG9Iwi5GCcLRRtmXDN97zEhrvK1l_GjrkZXLZfRYEehPcfnqJUHN6XN5dJptFVSlGd4D4ZGDNkMwrZ8wDMnCIaoW47iurXDyegWbRjyZ7_N82CcURCpZDKEGY_2HFysalHoH-9-wQcBwdd-8d8Ij0h2RZDEhqFHKSL3Dnx20t_AJzscV4D7cAuZJXwiBnTiVa-butSLW4HX05dvpuFjCwzBbIDEN4N68XYWaUjBAmrSMofTPMol8HWs-hmys9ANBAhvdvUYvxLkvluQ-e-CFtoDVfM1xrOcLTiAb3YY0P9cUCNw0fTp-vRheqR0qVfnvewl1yCKm-VU3vPC5sx9diHHixgDaD7TJG7d67FVX-VidPX8nDYxKLzq3LZGwTSs_dSC1H5ap26UDm7TlnjUejBhrYIrsKeLRLqX6p0nu1EZZnBW2bqaDp3GXcWt1Aryw9gp91kRz7owJakd-Lu8ASlmp0Oh6bE0shknCxkDa-fARsHQyMyLvWwOJt0nkbIQJurbC3Frg0lnXbTEf_LyBkZ7r9c!/dl4/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/">Vietnam Department of Defense website</a>. (in Vietnamese) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973, Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorley1999339-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorley1999339_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSorley1999">Sorley 1999</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNguyen-Marshall2023" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen-Marshall, Van (15 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhaHEAAAQBAJ&dq=easter+offensive+78%2C000+wounded&pg=PT34">Between War and the State: Civil Society in South Vietnam, 1954–1975</a>. 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(Autumn 1981). "Sino-Vietnamese Conflict and the Sino-American Rapproachment". <a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a>. 96 (3). <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Political_Science" title="Academy of Political Science">Academy of Political Science</a>: 456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2150555">10.2307/2150555</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150555">2150555</a>. <q>Shortly after Podgorny's departure, a high-level Soviet military mission arrived in Hanoi to stay until March 1972. Much of this Soviet activity was in preparation for the large-scale assault by North Vietnam's army across the 17th parallel in March 1972.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sino-Vietnamese+Conflict+and+the+Sino-American+Rapproachment&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=456&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2150555&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2150555%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199527-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade199527_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199528-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade199528_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000348-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENalty2000348_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNalty2000">Nalty 2000</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000326-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENalty2000326_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNalty2000">Nalty 2000</a>, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995238-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995238_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Life magazine, 24 March 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978316-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978316_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978316_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalmer1978">Palmer 1978</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199546-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade199546_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade199546_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199547-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade199547_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurley198556-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurley198556_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurley1985">Turley 1985</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199549-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade199549_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198018-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng198018_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199567–68-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade199567–68_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199552-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade199552_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984129-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984129_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulghumMaitland1984">Fulghum & Maitland 1984</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978317-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1978317_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalmer1978">Palmer 1978</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-Melson-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melson_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melson_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelson1991" class="citation book cs1">Melson, Charles (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheWarThatWouldNotEnd">U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The War That Would Not End, 1971–1973</a>. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1482384055" title="Special:BookSources/978-1482384055"><bdi>978-1482384055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Marines+in+Vietnam%3A+The+War+That+Would+Not+End%2C+1971%E2%80%931973&rft.pub=History+and+Museums+Division%2C+Headquarters%2C+U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1482384055&rft.aulast=Melson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheWarThatWouldNotEnd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade199594–95-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade199594–95_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198030-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng198030_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorley1999330-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorley1999330_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSorley1999">Sorley 1999</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Trưởng, p. 38. See also Fulghum and Maitland, pp. 145–147. For those units that did not fall apart, see ibid., p. 147. For Lãm's culpability, see Andrade, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198045–46-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng198045–46_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorley1999329-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorley1999329_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSorley1999">Sorley 1999</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995171-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995171_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198062,_166-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng198062,_166_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, pp. 62, 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984150-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984150_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulghumMaitland1984">Fulghum & Maitland 1984</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995181–182-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995181–182_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198049-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng198049_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995187-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995187_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198056–57-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng198056–57_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995190-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995190_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000368-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENalty2000368_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNalty2000">Nalty 2000</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995198-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995198_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198556–58-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavalle198556–58_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavalle1985">Lavalle 1985</a>, pp. 56–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995176-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995176_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198066-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng198066_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000391-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENalty2000391_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNalty2000">Nalty 2000</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198065-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng198065_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198067-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng198067_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng198089-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng198089_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995211–213-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995211–213_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, pp. 211–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995213-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995213_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995213_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984178–180-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984178–180_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulghumMaitland1984">Fulghum & Maitland 1984</a>, pp. 178–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995226-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995226_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995212-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995212_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995373-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995373_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995373_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980115-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980115_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980116-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980116_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995439-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995439_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980119-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980119_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984153-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984153_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984153_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulghumMaitland1984">Fulghum & Maitland 1984</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198586-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavalle198586_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavalle1985">Lavalle 1985</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomyer197550-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomyer197550_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomyer1975">Momyer 1975</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Paris Match, 5 July 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995472-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995472_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 472. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomyer197547-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomyer197547_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomyer1975">Momyer 1975</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984154-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984154_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulghumMaitland1984">Fulghum & Maitland 1984</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle1985104-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavalle1985104_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavalle1985">Lavalle 1985</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thi-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Thi_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThi2009" class="citation book cs1">Thi, Lam Quang (2009). Hell in An Loc: The 1972 Easter Invasion and the Battle that Saved South Vietnam. University of North Texas Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574412765" title="Special:BookSources/9781574412765"><bdi>9781574412765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+in+An+Loc%3A+The+1972+Easter+Invasion+and+the+Battle+that+Saved+South+Vietnam&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781574412765&rft.aulast=Thi&rft.aufirst=Lam+Quang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995499–500-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995499–500_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, pp. 499–500. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995241-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995241_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995241_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995252-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995252_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan1988749-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheehan1988749_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheehan1988">Sheehan 1988</a>, p. 749. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984156-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984156_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulghumMaitland1984">Fulghum & Maitland 1984</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan1988759-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheehan1988759_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheehan1988">Sheehan 1988</a>, p. 759. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995286-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995286_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan1988783-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheehan1988783_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheehan1988">Sheehan 1988</a>, p. 783. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995322-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995322_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995313-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995313_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995318-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995318_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995356-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995356_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995368-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995368_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> These figures were derived from Project CHECO's "Kontum: Battle for the Central Highlands", 27 October 1972, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995363-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade1995363_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade1995">Andrade 1995</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan1988786-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheehan1988786_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheehan1988">Sheehan 1988</a>, p. 786. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980105-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980105_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980143–145-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980143–145_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, pp. 143–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980145–146-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980145–146_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, pp. 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980148-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980148_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980149–150-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980149–150_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980150–153-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980150–153_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, pp. 150–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980155-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrưởng1980155_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrưởng1980">Trưởng 1980</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000358-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENalty2000358_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNalty2000">Nalty 2000</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Tilford, pp. 223–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrocco1985170-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrocco1985170_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrocco1985">Morrocco 1985</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198519,_23–26-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavalle198519,_23–26_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavalle1985">Lavalle 1985</a>, pp. 19, 23–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Tilford, p. 224. See also Lavalle, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/bullet_shot.htm">"Operation Bullet Shot"</a>. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 23 July 2011. <q>Operation "Bullet Shot" conducted during 1972 and resulted in the North Vietnamese finally getting serious about negotiating.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Bullet+Shot&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fops%2Fbullet_shot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198517-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavalle198517_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavalle1985">Lavalle 1985</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000333-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENalty2000333_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNalty2000">Nalty 2000</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198534-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavalle198534_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavalle1985">Lavalle 1985</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavalle198546-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavalle198546_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLavalle1985">Lavalle 1985</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorley1999326-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorley1999326_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSorley1999">Sorley 1999</a>, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENalty2000369–370-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENalty2000369–370_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNalty2000">Nalty 2000</a>, pp. 369–370. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Tilford, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Michael Casey, Clark Dougan, Samuel Lispman, et al., Flags into Battle. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1987, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-futrell-135"><a href="#cite_ref-futrell_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061105053444/https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/fulltext/aces_aerial_victories.pdf">"United States Air Force in Southeast Asia: Aces and Aerial Victories – 1965–1973"</a> (PDF). Air University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/fulltext/aces_aerial_victories.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 November 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Air+Force+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Aces+and+Aerial+Victories+%E2%80%93+1965%E2%80%931973&rft.pub=Air+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil%2FPublications%2Ffulltext%2Faces_aerial_victories.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988">, on-line book, pp. 95–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984183-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984183_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulghumMaitland1984183_136-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulghumMaitland1984">Fulghum & Maitland 1984</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973, Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Stanley Karnow. "Vietnam: A History." Penguin Books, June 1997. Page 659. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnam-an-epic-tragedy-1945-1975-max-hastings/page/n525/mode/2up">Vietnam; An Epic Tragedy, 1945-1975. Max Hastings, 2018. P 524-525</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John T. (2000). The Linebacker raids : the bombing of North Vietnam, 1972. Internet Archive. London : Cassell. pp. 173–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35295-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35295-1"><bdi>978-0-304-35295-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linebacker+raids+%3A+the+bombing+of+North+Vietnam%2C+1972&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.pub=London+%3A+Cassell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35295-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/2009/06/090624_nixon_tapes_vn.shtml">"Việt Nam - Nixon ép Sài Gòn ký hòa đàm 1973"</a>. BBC. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+-+Nixon+%C3%A9p+S%C3%A0i+G%C3%B2n+k%C3%BD+h%C3%B2a+%C4%91%C3%A0m+1973&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvietnamese%2Fvietnam%2F2009%2F06%2F090624_nixon_tapes_vn.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_government_documents">Published government documents</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavalle1985" class="citation book cs1">Lavalle, Major A.J.C., ed. (1985). Air Power and the 1972 Spring Invasion. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power+and+the+1972+Spring+Invasion&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Office+of+Air+Force+History&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMomyer1975" class="citation book cs1">Momyer, General William W. (1975). The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951–1975, An Analysis of its Role in Combat. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnamese+Air+Force%2C+1951%E2%80%931975%2C+An+Analysis+of+its+Role+in+Combat&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Office+of+Air+Force+History&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Momyer&rft.aufirst=General+William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNalty2000" class="citation book cs1">Nalty, Bernard C. (2000). Air War Over South Vietnam: 1968–1975. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+War+Over+South+Vietnam%3A+1968%E2%80%931975&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Air+Force+History+and+Museums+Program&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Nalty&rft.aufirst=Bernard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrưởng1980" class="citation book cs1">Trưởng, Ngô, Lieutenant General Quang (1980). The Easter Offensive of 1972. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Offensive+of+1972&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng&rft.aufirst=Ng%C3%B4%2C+Lieutenant+General+Quang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrade1995" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Dale (1995). Trial by Fire: The 1972 Easter Offensive, America's Last Vietnam Battle. New York: Hippocrene Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trial+by+Fire%3A+The+1972+Easter+Offensive%2C+America%27s+Last+Vietnam+Battle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaseyClark_DouganSamuel_Lipsman1987" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Michael; Clark Dougan; Samuel Lipsman; et al. (1987). Flags into Battle. Boston: Boston Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flags+into+Battle&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Clark+Dougan&rft.au=Samuel+Lipsman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFulghumMaitland1984" class="citation book cs1">Fulghum, David; Maitland, Terrence; et al. (1984). South Vietnam on Trial: Mid-1970–1972. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939526-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-939526-10-7"><bdi>0-939526-10-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Vietnam+on+Trial%3A+Mid-1970%E2%80%931972&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-939526-10-7&rft.aulast=Fulghum&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Maitland%2C+Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeepsonHelen_Hannaford1999" class="citation book cs1">Leepson, Marc; Helen Hannaford (1999). Webster's New World Dictionary of the Vietnam War. New York: Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+Dictionary+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Leepson&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Helen+Hannaford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipsmanBoston_Publishing_Company1988" class="citation book cs1">Lipsman, Samuel; Boston Publishing Company, eds. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warinshadows00bost">War in the Shadows</a>. The Vietnam Experience. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0939526383" title="Special:BookSources/978-0939526383"><bdi>978-0939526383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Shadows&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=The+Vietnam+Experience&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0939526383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarinshadows00bost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorrocco1985" class="citation book cs1">Morrocco, John (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rainoffire00time">Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973</a>. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939526-14-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-939526-14-X"><bdi>0-939526-14-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rain+of+Fire%3A+Air+War%2C+1969%E2%80%931973&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-939526-14-X&rft.aulast=Morrocco&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frainoffire00time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1978" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Dave Richard (1978). Summons of the Trumpet: The History of the Vietnam War from a Military Man's Viewpoint. New York: Ballantine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summons+of+the+Trumpet%3A+The+History+of+the+Vietnam+War+from+a+Military+Man%27s+Viewpoint&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Dave+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRandolph2007" class="citation book cs1">Randolph, Stephen P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerfulbrutalwe0000rand">Powerful and Brutal Weapons: Nixon, Kissinger, and the Easter Offensive</a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674024915" title="Special:BookSources/9780674024915"><bdi>9780674024915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powerful+and+Brutal+Weapons%3A+Nixon%2C+Kissinger%2C+and+the+Easter+Offensive&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780674024915&rft.aulast=Randolph&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerfulbrutalwe0000rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheehan1988" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, Neil (1988). A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam. New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bright+Shining+Lie%3A+John+Paul+Vann+and+America+in+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSorley1999" class="citation book cs1">Sorley, Lewis (1999). A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam. New York: Harvest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-601309-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-601309-6"><bdi>0-15-601309-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Better+War%3A+The+Unexamined+Victories+and+Final+Tragedy+of+America%27s+Last+Years+in+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harvest+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-15-601309-6&rft.aulast=Sorley&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurley1985" class="citation book cs1">Turley, Colonel G. H. (1985). The Easter Offensive. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865926418">865926418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Offensive&rft.place=Novato%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865926418&rft.aulast=Turley&rft.aufirst=Colonel+G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillbanks2004" class="citation book cs1">Willbanks, James H. (2004). Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1331-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1331-5"><bdi>0-7006-1331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abandoning+Vietnam%3A+How+America+Left+and+South+Vietnam+Lost+Its+War&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7006-1331-5&rft.aulast=Willbanks&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Easter_Offensive" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vietnam_War416" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnam_War" title="Template:Vietnam War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnam_War" title="Template talk:Vietnam War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vietnam_War416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Outline of the Vietnam War">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Việt Minh / PAVN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">ARVN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_participation_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="International participation in the Vietnam War">International participants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Thailand in the Vietnam War">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Vietnam_relations" title="Philippines–South Vietnam relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="China in the Vietnam War">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Republic of China in the Vietnam War">Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="South Korea in the Vietnam War">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War (1962–1979)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (1949–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Vietnamese migration of 1954–55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">North Vietnamese invasion of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt">1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing" title="1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing">Independence Palace bombing</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">Coup against Diem</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/January_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="January 1964 South Vietnamese coup">Coup against Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="December 1964 South Vietnamese coup">December coup</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare_in_South_Vietnam,_1963%E2%80%931969" title="Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969">U.S. escalation / "Americanization"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="1965 South Vietnamese coup">1965 South Vietnamese coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Bombing of North Vietnam</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising" title="Buddhist Uprising">Buddhist Uprising</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh" title="Battle of Khe Sanh">Khe Sanh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Battle of Huế">Hue</a>)</li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">Cambodian campaign</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">ARVN campaign in Laos</a></li> <li>1972: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Easter Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II" title="Operation Linebacker II">Christmas bombings</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long" title="Battle of Phước Long">Battle of Phước Long</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">1975 spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7_Chi_tunnels" title="Củ Chi tunnels">Củ Chi tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Operation Popeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Weapons of the Vietnam War">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mines_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Land mines in the Vietnam War">Land mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Rape during the Vietnam War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_prisoners_of_war_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States prisoners of war during the Vietnam War">United States prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Vietnam" title="List of massacres in Vietnam">War crimes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Massacre at Huế">Huế</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_S%C6%A1n_massacre" title="Đắk Sơn massacre">Đắk Sơn</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Impacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_casualties" title="Vietnam War casualties">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_body_count_controversy" title="Vietnam War body count controversy">Body count controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Agent_Orange_in_Vietnam" title="Impact of Agent Orange in Vietnam">Impact of Agent Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Environmental impact of the Vietnam War">Environmental impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Vietnamese boat people">Vietnamese boat people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_veteran" title="Vietnam veteran">Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Normalization of US–Vietnam relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion in the Vietnam War">Draft evasion in the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">United States news media</a></li> <li>In popular culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam War in film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnam_War_games" title="List of Vietnam War games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of songs about the Vietnam War">Songs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Vietnam" title="CIA activities in Vietnam">CIA activities in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United Kingdom and the Vietnam War">United Kingdom and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Henry Kissinger and the Vietnam War">Henry Kissinger’s involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Women in the Vietnam War">Women in the Vietnam War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnam_War" title="Category:Vietnam War">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Category:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War">Battles and operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vietnam_War_years17" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnam_War_years" title="Template:Vietnam War years"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnam_War_years" title="Template talk:Vietnam War years"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam_War_years" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam War years"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vietnam_War_years17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Vietnam War years</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1955 in the Vietnam War">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1956 in the Vietnam War">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1957 in the Vietnam War">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1958 in the Vietnam War">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1959 in the Vietnam War">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1960 in the Vietnam War">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1961 in the Vietnam War">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1962 in the Vietnam War">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1963 in the Vietnam War">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1964 in the Vietnam War">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1965 in the Vietnam War">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1966 in the Vietnam War">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1967 in the Vietnam War">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1968 in the Vietnam War">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1969 in the Vietnam War">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1970 in the Vietnam War">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1971 in the Vietnam War">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1972 in the Vietnam War">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1973 in the Vietnam War">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1974 in the Vietnam War">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="1975 in the Vietnam 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