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3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-4"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-12248 ">Exhaustion </span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-109586 apercu surlignable"><p>The principle of IP exhaustion limits the right of IP holders to control the distribution of their products after their first sale. It allows distributors, retailers, second-hand dealers, and consumers to display, advertise, and resell the products they lawfully purchased without the IP holders’ consent. As IP rights in general, exhaustion is based on territoriality and applies to the circulation of products within the national market where they were first sold. On the other hand, there is no international consensus regarding the imports of products lawfully sold in another jurisdiction. These “parallel imports” are treated as either lawful or infringing goods depending on the approach adopted by the importing countries.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-109586 texte surlignable"><p>The principle of IP exhaustion was developed in the nineteenth century to limit IP holders from controlling the distribution, and price, of their products after their first lawful sale. To date, the application of this principle is generally straightforward with respect to physical goods sold nationally so long as their quality has not been altered. Less straightforward is the exhaustion of digital goods and self-replicating products (such as plants and seeds), which rely on products’ duplication instead of their transfer, and the exhaustion of IP-protected parts and ingredients of complex products. However, a large part of the debate on the topic has focused on parallel imports - unauthorized imports of genuine goods from foreign countries. This short contribution focuses on this debate and refers to the EU and U.S. as examples.</p> <p>Generally, IP holders oppose parallel imports because of the concerns against the arbitrage of their products from low-cost to high-cost jurisdictions. IP holders are interested in free trade and international IP harmonization to reduce costs as well as simplify IP protection across jurisdictions, but they oppose parallel imports because of the competition these imports create with their own domestic distribution networks. Supporters of parallel imports have noted that the international IP system seeks to eliminate barriers to trade, yet the current system essentially allows IP holders to use IP rights anticompetitively and practice price discrimination across national markets.</p> <p>A specific mention to the lack of agreement in this respect is included in Article 6 of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects to Intellectual Property Right (TRIPS Agreement), which states “nothing in this Agreement shall be used to address the issue of the exhaustion of intellectual property rights.” Accordingly, the choice of domestic exhaustion regimes depends on desirable economic outcomes based on specific economic and trade-related factors, the size of national markets, and the level of national development.</p> <p>In particular, countries follow one of three systems today: national, regional, or international exhaustion. Under the principle of <i>national</i> exhaustion, IP rights are exhausted after the first sale of the products, but only if this sale occurs in the national territory. This system is the least friendly to international trade and permits IP holders to stop parallel imports at the border or legitimately seize the (genuine) products after importation as infringements. Under the principle of <i>international</i> exhaustion, IP holders’ right to control the further distribution of the products exhaust after the first sale regardless of the country where this first sale has occurred. Under this system, parallel imports are considered lawful in the country of importation, even though the country from which the goods are imported may apply a different system. Finally, the principle of <i>regional</i> exhaustion is a compromise between national and international exhaustion. Under this system, the rights of IP holders are exhausted after the first sale of the products, but only if the sale has occurred in one of the member countries of a regional organizations. Under this system, the import of products originating from countries from outside the region remains unlawful and can be stopped as infringement. Regional exhaustion currently applies in the European Union (EU as extended to the European Economic Area, EEA) and the <i>Organization Africaine pour la Propriete Intellectuelle</i> (OAPI).</p> <p>Notably, since the signing of the EEC Treaty in 1957, the EU’s primary objective is the creation of an internal market. Initially, the CJEU turned to Article 81 and 82, the Treaty’s competition provisions, and later to Articles 34 and 36, the internal market provisions, to promote the free movement of goods, including IP exhaustion. Today, these provisions apply to the exhaustion of patented goods whereas specific Directives implemented the principle of exhaustion for trademarks and copyrights. In 1989, the Trademark Directive, today Directive 2015/2436, codified the principle of Community-wide exhaustion. In 1994, the Community Trademark Regulation, today replaced by EU Trademark Regulation 2017/1001, repeated this principle. In the 1990s, the CJEU issues several decisions to confirm that Community/EEA-wide exhaustion was the only system applicable and not a minimum standard. Under EU law, IP holders can still invoke selected “legitimate reasons” as exceptions to trademark exhaustion, notably in instances that could lead to consumer confusion or unfair detriment to the reputation of a mark. Similarly, in 2001, the “InfoSociety Directive” included the principle of Community-wide exhaustion. Directive 2006/115/EC on rental rights, lending rights, and certain rights related to copyright, repeated the same provision with respect to the right of distribution of performers, phonogram producers, producers of the first fixations of films, and broadcasting organisations.</p> <p>On the other hand, one of the most notable examples of international IP exhaustion today is the U.S. Historically, the U.S. allowed parallel imports of trademarked goods when the marks shared a common business origin. The only exception is when the products “differ materially” from the goods sold domestically, even though the U.S. Customs Service Regulations allows the imports of materially different products so long as importers properly label the goods to avoid confusion. Until recently, however, the U.S. practice national exhaustion for copyrighted and patented products. This changed in the past decade due to two landmark decisions of the Supreme Court. In 2013, <i>Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc</i>. clarified the language of the 1976 U.S. Copyright Act, which states, on one side, that copyright owners cannot control the transfer of copyrighted works “lawfully made under this title” after their first sale; and on the other side, that “the importation into the United States” of a copyrighted work acquired outside “without the authority of the [copyright] owner” is “an infringement of the exclusive right [of] distribut[ion].” In particular, <i>Kirtsaeng</i> clarified that exhaustion applies equally to products “lawfully made” in the U.S. and in foreign countries. Similarly, the position on patent exhaustion was changed in favor of international exhaustion in 2017 by <i>Impression Products v. Lexmark</i>. Since the U.S. Patent Act does not elaborate on the geographical extent of the first sale of a patented process, or a product embodying patented process, U.S. courts had adopted the position that the sale of an article in a foreign country did not exhaust the U.S. patent. The Supreme Court reversed this position, even though the Court did not exclude that contractual restrictions could still prevent parallel imports.</p> <p>In conclusion, the application of the principle of exhaustion continues to vary amongst jurisdictions today, and changes from one system to another are not uncommon both through the implementation of domestic legislation and case law. No less relevant, national positions towards contractual restrictions preventing resale (commonly included in distribution agreements) also vary, which adds uncertainty to the admissibility of parallel imports domestically.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-109586 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2017/the-us-supreme-court-holds-that-patentees-extinguishes-patents-rights-on-a">Impression Products, Inc. v. Lexmark Int’l, Inc., 581 U.S. 1523 (2017)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2013/The-US-Supreme-Court-applies-first">Kirtsaeng v. Wiley, 568 US 519, 133 S. Ct. 1351(2013)</a></p> <p>Case C-173/98, Sebago, Inc. v. GB-Unic SA, 2 C.M.L.R. 1317 (1999)</p> <p>Case C-335/96, Silhouette Int’l Schimed Gmbh & Co. KG v. Hartlauer Handelsgesellschaft mbH, 30 I.I.C. 920 (1998)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-109586 jurisprudence"><p>Friedrich-Karl Beier, <i>Industrial Property and the Free Movement of Goods in the Internal European Market</i>, 21(4) I.I.C. 131 (1990).</p> <p>Irene Calboli, <i>The Intricate Relationship Between Intellectual Property Exhaustion and Free Movement of Goods in Regional Organizations: Comparing the EU/EEA, NAFTA, and ASEAN</i>, 9(1) Queen Mary J. of Intell. Prop. 22 (2019).</p> <p>Shubha Ghosh & Irene Calboli, Exhausting Intellectual Property Rights: A Comparative Law and Policy Analysis (2018).</p> <p>Thomas Cottier, <i>The Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights—A Fresh Look</i>, 39(7) I.I.C. 755 (2008).</p> <p>Vincent Chiappetta, <i>The Desirability of Agreeing to Disagree: The WTO, TRIPS, International IPR Exhaustion and a Few Other Things</i>, 21 Mich. J. Int’l L. 333 (2000).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/irene-calboli" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/irene-calboli-april2019_copy-90ec4.jpg?1711370055) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Irene Calboli</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Texas A&M University (College Station)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United States</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>8342</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Irene Calboli, </span> <span class="entry-title">Exhaustion</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12248</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">4485</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12248 texte surlignable"><p>Intellectual property rights (IPRs) such as patents and trademarks give the developer certain exclusive rights over the exploitation of his work, such as in production and commerce. However, within the EU, the exclusive right cannot be used to artificially split up the common market along national borders. Therefore, the holder of an IPR in a Member State cannot oppose the import of a product protected by the IPR into that Member State, where that product was already put on the market in another Member State by the holder or with his consent. To this extent the holder’s IPR is considered to be exhausted. The principle of exhaustion does not apply with regard to products put on the market in third countries.<strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a></strong></p> <p>See also <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en" class="spip_in">Intellectual property right</a> and <a href="en/dictionary/copyright" class="spip_in">Copyright</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QlK9uyjRSD9ZqvjUts18urTdDavob5dcmMKEPPMY3pR+uTvQ6KcTT566jH+h5HM4GKATC3a+KxsJnx/ij3aCXqh3k43XoD6DqFfhc0P0YS9Nd7aOAy84q+NQt3etOkw04keIyF2/eovqBq+bcE2gzDXb+QoB8zKU/1yvM+voMqiT4OeBr+n6DvuKRLWOSHBpR/JP4+sJSAMW51yrrRfw3mVt9S04egV+gYAnNGohzjZ+OZ07qrQZ3GwuRjMermCOiKFm2o8XqilQhjwEKePjHd35DvLD/Z3LFuKJcL1sUJrFD50dEQuV4LzvHSKFCIZVpBMjuOfZEb4+hSxIeil5V6dtKnLB06V/' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2021/alertes/effective-remedy-the-french-government-acknowledges-before-the-echr-that-a" rel="bookmark"><strong>Effective remedy:</strong> The European Court of Human Rights considers that a French trade union did not have an effective remedy against the decisions of the deputy rapporteur-general of the Competition Authority to refuse or waive business confidentiality for certain documents (<em>FILMM</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-11-04T23:00:00Z">5 November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97854 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 5 November 2020, the European Court of Human Rights handed down a decision. in favour of which it takes note of the declaration by the French Government acknowledging that the Syndicat des fabricants de laines minérales manufacturées (FILMM) has not had an effective remedy against the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-guillaume">Emmanuel Guillaume</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/remi-ducloyer-bakermckenzie-com">Rémi Ducloyer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2020/chroniques/broadcasting-the-french-administrative-supreme-court-illustrates-the-legal" rel="bookmark"><strong>Broadcasting:</strong> The French Administrative Supreme Court illustrates the legal consequences of the transformation of the regulatory authority into an independent public authority by ruling on actions launched by a television channel operator for the compensation of damages suffered because of the alleged or actual invalidity of sanctions decided by the French Audiovisual Council (<em>C8</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-11-12T23:00:00Z">13 November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93396 introduction entry-content"> <p>Two decisions handed down on November 13, 2019 by the Conseil d’État in disputes between C8, formerly Direct 8 then D8, and the Conseil supérieur de l’audiovisuel (CSA) illustrate the legal consequences, in terms of the liability of regulatory authorities, of the legislative qualification of an (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aymeric-louvet">Aymeric Louvet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2019/alertes/exclusive-distribution-the-french-supreme-civil-court-confirms-the-real-and" rel="bookmark"><strong>Exclusive distribution:</strong> The French Supreme Civil Court confirms the real and current risk of market partitioning in respect to Converse’s exclusivity network and behaviour (<em>Converse Inc., All Star CV / Auchan France, Smatt...</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-03-26T23:00:00Z">27 March 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90761 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Converse counterfeiting legal saga continues. It should be remembered that numerous proceedings have had, and still have to deal with the question of the counterfeiting of shoes under the Converse All Star brand, the burden and level of proof relating to the exhaustion of rights, the real (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-l-ecluse">Peter L’Ecluse</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2017/the-eu-court-of-justice-clarifies-exhaustion-of-trademark-principles-and" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice clarifies exhaustion of trademark principles and broadens the interpretation of economic links between trademark owners <em>(Schweppes / Red Paralela)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-12-19T23:00:00Z">20 December 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85788 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 20 December 2017, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“ECJ”) handed down its judgment in Case C-291/16 Schweppes v Red Paralela and Others. The ECJ held that the owner of a trademark may not oppose the parallel importation of goods bearing an identical trademark but originating in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pedro-callol">Pedro Callol</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2017/the-eu-court-of-justice-recalls-the-function-of-trademark-and-clarifies-the" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice recalls the function of trademark and clarifies the criteria of exhaustion of trademark principle <em>(Schweppes / Red Paralela)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-12-19T23:00:00Z">20 December 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96419 introduction entry-content"> <p>In its Judgment of 20 December 2017, the ECJ has ruled that Schweppes Spain may not oppose the import of bottles of tonic water under the trademark “Schweppes” imported from the UK. <br class='autobr' /> By way of background, Schweppes International or Schweppes Holding (Orangina Schweppes) is the proprietor of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/didier-ferrier">Didier Ferrier</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2014/case-comments/Waiver-of-rights-The-French" rel="bookmark"><strong>Waiver of rights</strong> : The French Supreme Court reminds that it is impossible to give up rights contained in the public policy provisions of the articles L. 7321-1 and following of the French Labour Code <em>(Shell)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-07-09T17:15:00Z">9 July 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-69923 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Versailles Court of Appeal had dismissed a claim by the managers of a service station against their supplier, an oil company, for damages for working on Sundays and public holidays and exceeding maximum working hours, on the grounds that "they had knowingly agreed to operate a service (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-ereseo">Nicolas Éréséo</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2013/case-comments/Selective-distribution-The-Paris-54079" rel="bookmark"><strong>Selective distribution</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal makes a rigorous application of rules relative to the proof of the exhaustion of the rights on the trademark <em> (Zimmermann/Honda Motor)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-04-19T08:16:00Z">19 April 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-54079 introduction entry-content"> <p>A distributor of multi-brand motorcycles was being sued by a manufacturer (Honda) for importing a number of products not intended for the European market, thereby infringing the supplier’s trademarks. <br class='autobr' /> In an action for infringement, the Parisian advisers pointed out that, under Article 7 of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Beatrice-Martinet">Béatrice Martinet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2012/The-EU-Court-of-Justice-holds-that-58433" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice holds that the doctrine of exhaustion applies to downloaded software <em>(UsedSoft/Oracle)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-07-02T22:00:00Z">3 July 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-58433 introduction entry-content"> <p>European Court of Justice holds that the doctrine of exhaustion applies to downloaded software (UsedSoft v. Oracle)* <br class='autobr' /> On 3 July 2012, the European Court of Justice issued a groundbreaking judgment regarding the resale of used software licenses in the European Union. <br class='autobr' /> Oracle develops and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rodolphe-mesa">Rodolphe Mesa</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2012/case-comments/Unfair-competition-The-French-48416" rel="bookmark"><strong>Unfair competition</strong>: The Court of Cassation holds that the only imitation product whose patent has expired is not an act of parasitism <em>(Lego, Lunatic construction)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-05-02T22:00:00Z">3 May 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-48416 introduction entry-content"> <p>Cass. com, May 3, 2012, Lego v Lunatic construction, No. 11-18077 <br class='autobr' /> The ruling handed down by the Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation on 3 May 2012 is interesting in that it clarifies the contours of economic parasitism. In this case, a company marketing toys in the form of stackable (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/katarzyna-czapracka">Katarzyna Czapracka</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/intellectual-property/intellectual-property-antitrust-a-synthesis-of-eu-and-national-case-law-en" rel="bookmark">Intellectual Property & Antitrust: a synthesis of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-10-20T09:33:00Z">20 October 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-38582 introduction entry-content"><p>The interaction between competition rules and intellectual property ("IP") rights has long been among the most interesting, controversial and widely discussed issues in competition law. At a first glance, the objectives of IP law and competition rules might seem to be at odds with each other. On the one hand, competition rules prohibit conduct that restricts competition and thereby leads to lower output and higher prices. On the other, IP law creates exclusive rights that limit access to information, technologies and other intangible assets.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-graf">Thomas Graf</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2011/the-eu-court-of-justice-renders-its-judgment-on-licensing-of-satellite-en" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice renders its judgment on licensing of satellite broadcasting holding that national law blocking the importation of foreign decoders is contrary to the freedom to provide services <em>(Football Association Premier League)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-10-03T22:00:00Z">4 October 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-39259 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Court of Justice Speaks On Licensing Of Satellite Broadcasting* <br class='autobr' /> On October 4, the European Court of Justice rendered its judgment in Premier League v QC Leisure. The Court concludes that blocking the importation of Greek pay-TV decoders into the UK restricts the freedom to provide services (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joseph-vogel">Joseph Vogel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2011/the-eu-court-of-justice-validates-exclusive-rights-for-broadcasting-of-sports-en" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice validates exclusive rights for broadcasting of sports events provided they do not grant absolute territorial exclusivity <em>(Football Association Premier League)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-10-03T22:00:00Z">4 October 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-39726 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Football Association Premier League (FAPL), holder of the television broadcasting rights for the Premier League, the leading professional football league competition for football clubs in England, grants exclusive licences in respect of those broadcasting rights to one TV channel per (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/collette-rawnsley-2162">Collette Rawnsley</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2011/the-advocate-general-kokott-considers-that-territorial-exclusivity-agreements-en" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice Advocate General Kokott considers that territorial exclusivity agreements relating to transmission of live football matches are contrary to EU law <em>(Football Association Premier League)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-02-02T23:00:00Z">3 February 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-36202 introduction entry-content"> <p>I. Background <br class='autobr' /> The Football Association Premier League (“FAPL”) is the governing body of English Premier League football. Every year FAPL organises a competition in which 20 member clubs play against each other. FAPL is authorised by its members to license broadcasters to provide audiovisual (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-graf">Thomas Graf</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2011/the-ecj-advocate-general-kokott-renders-her-opinion-holding-that-the-principle-38488" rel="bookmark">The Advocate General Kokott renders her opinion holding that the principle of exhaustion applies to the transmission of live football matches in the same way as to physical products <em>(Football Association Premier League)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-02-02T23:00:00Z">3 February 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-38488 introduction entry-content"> <p>UK Pubs And Greek Decoders – The Implications Of The Premier League Case For The Dissemination Of Digital Content* <br class='autobr' /> The European Court of Justice is expected to render its judgment in Premier League v QC Leisure in the next few months. At the heart of the case, lies the question whether (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-beddeleem">Olivier Beddeleem</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2011/the-paris-district-court-fines-an-online-retail-site-for-infringing-a-famous-en" rel="bookmark">The Paris District Court fines an online retail site for infringing a famous clothing brand’s trademark by illegally selling its branded products online (<em>Hugo Boss / Club Privé</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2011-01-13T23:00:00Z">14 January 2011</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-36458 introduction entry-content"> <p>Summary CLUB PRIVE was fined for illegally selling HUGO BOSS branded clothes online. Facts In 2009, CLUB PRIVE conducted a short time selling of HUGO BOSS branded clothes on their website www.club-prive.fr. HUGO BOSS sued CLUB PRIVE on several grounds. <br class='autobr' /> In the first place, HUGO BOSS sued CLUB (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/Exhaustion?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhKtpyjRgDOl0gCno5/t3bI3kaJvfg6EkYMoB0xO0O4LARBuDdmL7S6PL6H9/6SwtoBFziraFFqZkiriMVDAmXq96BqVp79stSZTDQmfC7uNf66DJfuOIdQx9ltVCPp8JLZM6DZ6pLi8m7m50acHsU1d0bY//N+6WHA1sXnncKiTuFlrpOo6R+HNMUUpYp+PAF/g0zXcBh6ShPqq5jpeGrNiBhDds0f7bEwZvf5TYoVYCXthrbcconytNxq/sVq96WtWGWNp51S7vRzmf/Vgg+dLB1DRoN0C/fiJcKXNZ/R04AkNNqOV4LvvBSZlTVhNlyT/cAvdX7IX9mLB2c0y6KO5' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martine-behar-touchais">Martine Behar-Touchais</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2018/legal-practice/practice-of-inclusion-of-reduction-due-to-grade-ii-leniency-in-the-transaction-en" rel="bookmark">Practice of inclusion of reduction due to grade II leniency in the transaction range</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87571 introduction entry-content"> <p>What we call ’inclusive settlement’ covers the settlement which includes the reduction of leniency in the fork of fines of the settlement. This practice, applied by the investigation services, forces companies to compromise on ’clemency’, whereas they should retain any possibility of appeal (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVlRhK9u2gOkzelV9nOeylzh95/3ztScICTpOEUBzYKP59TROuDd9WUFt0eZEFagzNIJ5UxwbmBsVv53zlPVKCjZgtbmdk4mIIcJs08lTqZXvsEByGjUMpHgNB0YP9mk4ASNNWfS/laIUQST/bwUSoDzcQsGJxLO/gzKf3HEN7hQ37eMQN6uuPoIS1npLG2w4S+rjoXPlRj5G4zn/nbY3Rf+rNiFnAFWhFu8EiEof5dokU/iR09b7nUpGh4veiU2so8uiLj7CJp51S7vSLmnfVgrUEM5S3jgN0CIUUkXGUvP/biRrPjX9uM48tW3wYHNRgFxryh+YVuvueqTlgQldxeEJQw2SFqRQ==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a 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data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Exhaustion#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> 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class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: 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