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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2010 book by Stefanie Syman</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;"><i>The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America</i> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27The+Subtle+Body%3A+The+Story+of+Yoga+in+America%27%27&rft.author=Stefanie+Syman&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=%5B%5BFarrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Subtle_Body_2010_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/The_Subtle_Body_2010_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="283" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The first edition cover portrays a woman in <a href="/wiki/Chakrasana" title="Chakrasana">Chakrasana</a>, wheel pose</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data">Stefanie Syman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">History of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus,_and_Giroux" class="mw-redirect" title="Farrar, Straus, and Giroux">Farrar, Straus, and Giroux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America</b></i> is a 2010 book on the history of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a> by the American journalist <b>Stefanie Syman</b>. It spans the period from the first precursors of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">American yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thoreau" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoreau">Thoreau</a>, the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>, the role of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> with <a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> generation, and the leaders of a revived but now <a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Postural yoga">postural yoga</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattabhi_Jois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattabhi Jois">Pattabhi Jois</a>. </p><p>Several critics gave the book positive reviews, praising its wide range and readability; other critics gave it mixed reviews, noting its strengths, but also its lack of a strong continuous argument and its tendency to gossip. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Subtle_Body&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/220px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/330px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/440px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_at_the_Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions_(1893)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)">Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Syman begins <i>The Subtle Body</i> by describing in turn the precursors of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">American yoga</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thoreau" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoreau">Thoreau</a>. She notes that Emerson's 1856 poem <i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_(poem)" title="Brahma (poem)">Brahma</a></i> concisely introduced <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Hindu nondualism</a>, repudiating "sacraments, supernaturalism, biblical authority, and ... Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thoreau, she states, tried to practice yoga, and was seen by some as "the first American Yogi", but by others as "a misanthropic hermit".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Syman identifies the dramatic<sup id="cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsthoefel_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrival of <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> and his <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Yoga">Raja Yoga</a></i> as marking the start of <a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">modern yoga</a>, and the key moment in this as being his appearance at <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_at_the_Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions_(1893)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)">the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions</a> in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From there, she presents the showman <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a> and his relative <a href="/wiki/Theos_Bernard" class="mw-redirect" title="Theos Bernard">Theos Bernard</a>, including sections detailing Pierre confusing yoga with <a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">tantric sex</a>, complete with "lust, mummery, and black magic",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of Theos telling <a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">a carefully fictionalised account</a> of his experiences with <a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Yoga">Hatha Yoga</a> in India and Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book then includes stories about a variety of straighter advocates of yoga. Syman tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Margaret Woodrow Wilson">Margaret Woodrow Wilson</a>, daughter of American president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, writing how she "turn[ed] Hindu" after she "found peace" in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> connection is then explored, featuring <a href="/wiki/Prabhavananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prabhavananda">Prabhavananda</a>, who translated the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a>. The books explains how Devi came to America, unknown, having learnt yoga directly from <a href="/wiki/Krishnamacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamacharya">Krishnamacharya</a>, and how she had grown up in pre-revolutionary Russia, escaping to Berlin and going to India with her diplomat husband. It also tells of the times that Devi taught many celebrity pupils, including <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Swanson" title="Gloria Swanson">Gloria Swanson</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a review, Sarah Schrank notes that Syman is interested in how "American fans, often rich and female", made suitable environments for yoga to spread, "shaping celebrity gurus in the process".<sup id="cite_ref-Schrank_2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrank_2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then Syman gives her view that, in the 1960s, the yoga scene was dominated by celebrity gurus, whether from India like <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a>, or home-grown like the "<a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic</a> sages" <a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a> (aka Richard Alpert) and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a>, both at one time <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> professors.<sup id="cite_ref-Psychedelic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psychedelic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then tells how they were followed, towards the end of the 1960s, by Indian gurus of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">postural yoga</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a>, founder of the precise <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnudevananda">Vishnudevananda</a>, founder of the more overtly spiritual <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivananda Yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Swami_Satchidananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Satchidananda">Swami Satchidananda</a>, giving the story of how the Swami made the crowds chant "<a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a> <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama Rama</a>" at the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodstock Festival">Woodstock Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book ends with an account of the gurus of more energetic forms of yoga, in particular <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattabhi_Jois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattabhi Jois">Pattabhi Jois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penitents_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penitents-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Subtle_Body&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Subtle Body</i> was published as a hardback book by <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus,_and_Giroux" class="mw-redirect" title="Farrar, Straus, and Giroux">Farrar, Straus, and Giroux</a> in New York in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCat_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCat-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book is illustrated<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCat_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCat-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 25 <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a> plates, including portraits of many of the people described. Other illustrations are of the chakras from <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Avalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Avalon">Arthur Avalon</a> in 1919; a <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> program from 1929 showing yoga-like contortions; the Hollywood Vedanta Temple; a naked woman in <a href="/wiki/Vajrasana_(yoga)" title="Vajrasana (yoga)">Laghuvajrasana</a>, a back bend, at the <a href="/wiki/Esalen_Institute" title="Esalen Institute">Esalen Institute</a> in 1972; and the Sri <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> Temple in <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Yoga</a> New York in 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Subtle_Body&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several critics gave <i>The Subtle Body</i> positive reviews, praising its wide range and readability.<sup id="cite_ref-Powers_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsthoefel_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schrank_2014_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrank_2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weisenberg_2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisenberg_2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other critics gave the book mixed reviews, noting its strengths, but also its lack of a strong continuous argument, its preference for colourful stories, and its tendency to gossip.<sup id="cite_ref-Farmer2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HT_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HT-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the warmest receptions came in the <i>New York Journal of Books</i> from novelist Norman Powers. He calls <i>Subtle Body</i> "wide-ranging, flexible in its outlook, and satisfying in its inclusiveness, even if Ms. Syman never really defines what, exactly, yoga is." In his view, the result is "really a cultural history of the United States"; Powers notes Syman's statement that yoga "is one of the first and most successful products of globalization", and observes that in America it helped to weave an isolationist population "into the fabric of the larger world".<sup id="cite_ref-Powers_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar of Eastern religions <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Forsthoefel" title="Thomas Forsthoefel">Thomas Forsthoefel</a> almost entirely agreed with Powers in his review of the book for <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i>, in which he called it "a compelling account of the complex social and philosophical interface"<sup id="cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsthoefel_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created by yoga's arrival in America, also describing it as mainly a social history.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsthoefel_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forsthoefel, though, sees the book's strength as Syman's storytelling, which he says provides "key snapshots both of the sweep of yoga's evolution in America and of the lives of key figures"<sup id="cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsthoefel_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that process, so that the book reads "almost like a novel".<sup id="cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsthoefel_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The readability has been noted by academics, too: the historian Sarah Schrank, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/American_Studies_(journal)" title="American Studies (journal)">American Studies</a></i>, calls <i>Subtle Body</i> "highly readable" as it traces the various "transmutations" of yoga in America.<sup id="cite_ref-Schrank_2014_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrank_2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bob Weisenberg, writing in <i>Elephant Journal</i>, states that the book "reads like a thriller"<sup id="cite_ref-Weisenberg_2010_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisenberg_2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is "so entertaining it clearly has an audience outside the Yoga world".<sup id="cite_ref-Weisenberg_2010_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisenberg_2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Bernard_1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pierre_Bernard_1939.png/170px-Pierre_Bernard_1939.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pierre_Bernard_1939.png/255px-Pierre_Bernard_1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pierre_Bernard_1939.png/340px-Pierre_Bernard_1939.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a>, a major figure in the book,<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pictured in <a href="/wiki/Ardha_Padmasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardha Padmasana">Ardha Padmasana</a> (half lotus) in an article titled "Prizefighter Trains by Yoga Methods", <a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine"><i>Life</i> magazine</a>, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the most critical was the historian <a href="/wiki/Jared_Farmer" title="Jared Farmer">Jared Farmer</a>. Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Reviews_in_American_History" title="Reviews in American History">Reviews in American History</a></i>, he calls the book relatively vivid but "inconstant", switching between journalistic, historical, creative, and critical writing styles. Further, in his view it "lacks a strong argument" and "privileg[es] the most colorful stories". The most extreme of those is Syman's longest chapter, on Pierre Bernard, with Farmer writing that it "includes bizarre <a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">love triangles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menage_a_trois" class="mw-redirect" title="Menage a trois">menage a trois</a>, tantric sex, <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilt</a> heiresses, <a href="/wiki/Private_detective" class="mw-redirect" title="Private detective">private detectives</a>, spies, circus elephants, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight_boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavyweight boxing">heavyweight boxing</a>." Though Farmer notes how Syman successfully illustrates the importance of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in yoga">women in shaping yoga</a> in America, particularly Indra Devi, he affirms that today's yoga did not come straight from Devi; he instead asserts that, in the 1960s, modern yoga split into a mind-oriented stream with <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishnas">Hare Krishnas</a>, and a body-oriented stream with <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">Iyengar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farmer2012_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are covered variously in other parts of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-Psychedelic_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psychedelic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gurus_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>SB 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another review, the literary critic <a href="/wiki/Michiko_Kakutani" title="Michiko Kakutani">Michiko Kakutani</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, states that Syman deftly traces how Emerson and Thoreau enabled yoga to take root in America, providing a "lively gallery of larger-than-life characters" in the story of American yoga. Kakutani notes Syman's many "entertaining anecdotes" but states that the book fails to cover either yoga's ancient history or to show how the various schools of yoga evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost entirely disagreeing with Kakytani, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Dederer" title="Claire Dederer">Claire Dederer</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>, calls the book an "exhaustive historical survey". She notes that Syman writes of Devi that to her, yoga refers only to the <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a>, calling this "a turning point ... from esoteric pursuit to health-giving practice available to all." In Dederer's view, Syman "does a wonderful job of showing how yoga, like a virus, has kept evolving in order to survive", but all the same Dederer wonders if Syman wasn't trying too hard.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Tara Katir, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_Today" title="Hinduism Today">Hinduism Today</a></i>, states that <i>Subtle Body</i> "proceeds systematically", and is "engaging, if at times a bit gossipy."<sup id="cite_ref-HT_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HT-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Subtle_Body&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i>, Mark Singleton's 2010 book on the origins of global yoga in physical culture</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i>, Andrea Jain's 2015 book on the commercialisation of global yoga</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Subtle_Body&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Subtle_Body&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These references indicate the parts of the <i>Subtle Body</i> text being discussed. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyman2010">Syman 2010</a>, pp. 11–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyman2010">Syman 2010</a>, pp. 26–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyman2010">Syman 2010</a>, pp. 37–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyman2010">Syman 2010</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernard-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyman2010">Syman 2010</a>, pp. 80–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyman2010">Syman 2010</a>, pp. 143–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyman2010">Syman 2010</a>, pp. 179–197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psychedelic-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Psychedelic_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psychedelic_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyman2010">Syman 2010</a>, pp. 198–232, 256–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gurus_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gurus_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyman2010">Syman 2010</a>, pp. 233–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penitents-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penitents_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSyman2010">Syman 2010</a>, pp. 268–294</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Subtle_Body&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Forsthoefel_2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsthoefel_2012_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFForsthoefel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Forsthoefel, Thomas A. (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nr.ucpress.edu/content/16/2/19">"Review: The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America by Stefanie Syman"</a>. <i>Nova Religio</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 109–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2012.16.2.109">10.1525/nr.2012.16.2.109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Subtle+Body%3A+The+Story+of+Yoga+in+America+by+Stefanie+Syman&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-110&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2012.16.2.109&rft.aulast=Forsthoefel&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnr.ucpress.edu%2Fcontent%2F16%2F2%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Subtle+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrank_2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schrank_2014_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrank_2014_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrank_2014_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrank2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schrank, Sarah (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4730/4372">"American Yoga: The Shaping of Modern Body Culture in the United States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Studies_(journal)" title="American Studies (journal)">American Studies</a></i>. <b>53</b> (1): 169–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fams.2014.0021">10.1353/ams.2014.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144698814">144698814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Studies&rft.atitle=American+Yoga%3A+The+Shaping+of+Modern+Body+Culture+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-181&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fams.2014.0021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144698814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schrank&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ku.edu%2Famerstud%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4730%2F4372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Subtle+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakutani2010" class="citation news cs1">Kakutani, Michiko (29 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/30/books/30book.html">"Where the Ascetic Meets the Athletic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. C23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Where+the+Ascetic+Meets+the+Athletic&rft.pages=C23&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.aulast=Kakutani&rft.aufirst=Michiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F30%2Fbooks%2F30book.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Subtle+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCat-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldCat_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldCat_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The subtle body : the story of yoga in America</i>. WorldCat. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863497740">863497740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+subtle+body+%3A+the+story+of+yoga+in+America&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863497740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Subtle+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powers-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers" class="citation journal cs1">Powers, Norman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/subtle-body-story-yoga-america">"The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America"</a>. <i>New York Journal of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Journal+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Subtle+Body%3A+The+Story+of+Yoga+in+America&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyjournalofbooks.com%2Fbook-review%2Fsubtle-body-story-yoga-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Subtle+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weisenberg_2010-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weisenberg_2010_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weisenberg_2010_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weisenberg_2010_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisenberg2010" class="citation web cs1">Weisenberg, Bob (4 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elephantjournal.com/2010/08/elephants-first-online-book-signing-the-subtle-body-the-story-of-yoga-in-america-by-stefanie-syman/">"Elephant's First Online Book Signing "The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America" by Stefanie Syman"</a>. Elephant Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elephant%27s+First+Online+Book+Signing+%22The+Subtle+Body%3A+The+Story+of+Yoga+in+America%22+by+Stefanie+Syman&rft.pub=Elephant+Journal&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.aulast=Weisenberg&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elephantjournal.com%2F2010%2F08%2Felephants-first-online-book-signing-the-subtle-body-the-story-of-yoga-in-america-by-stefanie-syman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Subtle+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer2012_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer2012_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Farmer" title="Jared Farmer">Farmer, Jared</a> (March 2012). "Americanasana". <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 145–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2012.0016">10.1353/rah.2012.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246283975">246283975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Americanasana&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145-158&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2012.0016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246283975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Jared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Subtle+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HT-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HT_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HT_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatir2010" class="citation web cs1">Katir, Tara (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5104">"History of Yoga in USA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_Today" title="Hinduism Today">Hinduism Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Yoga+in+USA&rft.pub=Hinduism+Today&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Katir&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduismtoday.com%2Fmodules%2Fsmartsection%2Fitem.php%3Fitemid%3D5104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Subtle+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDederer2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claire_Dederer" title="Claire Dederer">Dederer, Claire</a> (11 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2010/07/two-new-books-explain-why-americans-love-yoga.html">"Two new books explain why Americans love yoga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+new+books+explain+why+Americans+love+yoga&rft.pub=Slate&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.aulast=Dederer&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2010%2F07%2Ftwo-new-books-explain-why-americans-love-yoga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Subtle+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Subtle_Body&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyman2010" class="citation book cs1">Syman, Stefanie (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma"><i>The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus,_and_Giroux" class="mw-redirect" title="Farrar, Straus, and Giroux">Farrar, Straus, and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-23676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-23676-2"><bdi>978-0-374-23676-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Subtle+Body%3A+The+Story+of+Yoga+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-374-23676-2&rft.aulast=Syman&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsubtlebodystoryo0000syma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Subtle+Body" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template talk:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga_as_exercise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asanas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Meditation seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_pose" title="Tree pose">Tree pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Warrior</a></li> <li>Accompaniments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Teacher training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Yoga" title="European Union of Yoga">European Union of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Van_Lysebeth" title="André Van Lysebeth">André Van Lysebeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Accessible_yoga" title="Accessible yoga">Accessible yoga</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Trauma-sensitive_yoga" title="Trauma-sensitive yoga">Trauma-sensitive yoga</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Yoga" title="Restorative Yoga">Restorative Yoga</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">Yoga nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_yoga" title="Competitive yoga">Competitive yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_brick" title="Yoga brick">Yoga brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_mat" title="Yoga mat">Yoga mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Farmer" title="Angela Farmer">Angela Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugger_Mugger_Yoga_Products" title="Hugger Mugger Yoga Products">Hugger Mugger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/80px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/120px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/160px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_yoga" title="Early modern yoga">Early modern yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic Gymnastics">Harmonial gymnastics/yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">Hot yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation" title="Yoga and cultural appropriation">Yoga and cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">In advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">For children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">For women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Iyengar" title="Geeta Iyengar">Geeta Iyengar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Frank Jude Boccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lee" title="Cyndi Lee">Cyndi Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Moffitt" title="Phillip Moffitt">Phillip Moffitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Acroyoga" title="Acroyoga">Acroyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_(yoga)" title="Doga (yoga)">Doga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Paddleboard_Yoga" title="Paddleboard Yoga">Paddleboard Yoga</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_yoga" title="Aerial yoga">Aerial yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_yoga" title="Beer yoga">Beer yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">America</a> <ul><li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hittleman" title="Richard Hittleman">Yoga for Health</a></i></li> <li>1970 <i><a href="/wiki/Lilias,_Yoga_and_You" title="Lilias, Yoga and You">Lilias, Yoga and You</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain" title="Yoga in Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Marshall" title="Lyn Marshall">Lyn Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Germany" title="Yoga in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Italy" title="Yoga in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Russia" title="Yoga in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Sweden" title="Yoga in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Selvarajan_Yesudian" title="Selvarajan Yesudian">Selvarajan Yesudian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996 <i><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></i></li> <li>2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Yoga in Modern India</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">A History of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2005 <i><a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga" title="Positioning Yoga">Positioning Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Subtle Body</a></i></li> <li>2015 <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2016 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">The Path of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2017 <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></i></li> <li>2020 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Yoga" title="The Story of Yoga">The Story of Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_(2006_film)" title="Guru (2006 film)">Guru</a></i></li> <li>2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Up!" title="Enlighten Up!">Enlighten Up!</a></i></li> <li>2012 <i><a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Gurus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1918 <a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Yogendra" title="Hansa Yogendra">Hansa Yogendra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Kaivalyadhama_Health_and_Yoga_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center">Kaivalyadhama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(yoga_teacher)" title="Tim Miller (yoga teacher)">Tim Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_MacGregor" title="Kino MacGregor">Kino MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schultz" title="Larry Schultz">Larry Schultz</a></li></ul></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" title="Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satchidananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Center" title="Kripalu Center">Kripalu Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cope" title="Stephen Cope">Stephen Cope</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_the_Iyengar_Way" title="Yoga the Iyengar Way">Yoga the Iyengar Way</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li>c. 1975 <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yoga" title="Yin Yoga">Yin Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulie_Zink" title="Paulie Zink">Paulie Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grilley" title="Paul Grilley">Paul Grilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Sarah Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Yoga" title="Forrest Yoga">Forrest Yoga</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gannon" title="Sharon Gannon">Sharon Gannon</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Bender Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kest" title="Bryan Kest">Bryan Kest</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga" title="Anusara School of Hatha Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Core_Strength_Vinyasa_Yoga" title="Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga">Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas">Asanas (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_teachers" title="Category:Yoga teachers">Yoga teachers (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Yoginis" title="Template:Modern Yoginis">Modern Yoginis (template)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Subtle_Body&oldid=1248611693">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Subtle_Body&oldid=1248611693</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010_non-fiction_books" title="Category:2010 non-fiction books">2010 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_yoga_as_exercise" title="Category:Books about yoga as exercise">Books about yoga as exercise</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Social history of the United States">Social history of the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 September 2024, at 14:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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