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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synthesis_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Synthesis model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linear_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Linear model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indus_Valley_Civilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indus_Valley_Civilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Indus Valley Civilisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indus_Valley_Civilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earliest_references_(1000–500_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_references_(1000–500_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Earliest references (1000–500 BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_references_(1000–500_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_urbanisation_(500–200_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_urbanisation_(500–200_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Second urbanisation (500–200 BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_urbanisation_(500–200_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism_and_the_śramaṇa_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_and_the_śramaṇa_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Buddhism and the śramaṇa movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_and_the_śramaṇa_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Upanishads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonian_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonian_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Macedonian texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonian_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahabharata_and_Bhagavad_Gita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahabharata_and_Bhagavad_Gita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahabharata_and_Bhagavad_Gita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_sutras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_sutras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Philosophical sutras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_sutras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_era_(200_BCE_–_500_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_era_(200_BCE_–_500_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Classical era (200 BCE – 500 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_era_(200_BCE_–_500_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Yoga Sutras of Patanjali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_and_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_and_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Yoga and Vedanta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_and_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_Yajnavalkya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_Yajnavalkya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Yoga Yajnavalkya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_Yajnavalkya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abhidharma_and_Yogachara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abhidharma_and_Yogachara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Abhidharma and Yogachara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abhidharma_and_Yogachara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_(500–1500_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_(500–1500_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Middle Ages (500–1500 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_(500–1500_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhakti_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Bhakti movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Tantra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vajrayana_and_Tibetan_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajrayana_and_Tibetan_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2.1 Vajrayana and Tibetan Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajrayana_and_Tibetan_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zen_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zen_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Zen Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zen_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_hatha_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_hatha_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.4 Medieval hatha yoga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_hatha_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.5 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Modern revival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction_in_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_in_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Introduction in the West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_in_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_as_exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_as_exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Yoga as exercise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_as_exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jain_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jain_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Jain yoga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jain_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Buddhist yoga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Classical yoga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Advaita_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Advaita_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 In Advaita Vedanta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Advaita_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantric_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantric_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Tantric yoga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantric_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hatha_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatha_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Hatha yoga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatha_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laya_and_kundalini_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laya_and_kundalini_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Laya and kundalini yoga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laya_and_kundalini_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_by_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_by_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception by other religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_by_other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception by other religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_by_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Yoga</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" > 130 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="يوجا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوجا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Եոկա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եոկա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="যোগাসন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যোগাসন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoqa" title="Yoqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yoqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7" title="یوقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="যোগব্যায়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যোগব্যায়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Ёга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ёга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Ёга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ёга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82" title="ཡོ་ག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡོ་ག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Налжор – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Налжор" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3ga" title="Jóga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jóga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jooga" title="Jooga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jooga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Γιόγκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόγκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogo" title="Jogo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jogo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یوگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3ga" title="Ióga – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ióga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97_(%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80)" title="યોગ (મનોશારીરીક જીવનશૈલી) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યોગ (મનોશારીરીક જીવનશૈલી)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EA%B0%80" title="요가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Յոգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3ga" title="Jóga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jóga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="יוגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogaa" title="Yogaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yogaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಯೋಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="იოგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یوگا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یوگا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3ga" title="Jóga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jóga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Јога – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јога" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="യോഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യോഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="يوجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Йог – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Йог" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ယောဂကျင့်စဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယောဂကျင့်စဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC" title="ヨーガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B2ga" title="Iòga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iòga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="ଯୋଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A3" title="ਯੋਗਾਸਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੋਗਾਸਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योग – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="योग" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یوگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuoga" title="Yuoga – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuoga" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2ga" title="Jòga – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jòga" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga" title="Ioga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ioga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuqa" title="Yuqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yuqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D2%91%D0%B0" title="Йоґа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Йоґа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="योगः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="योगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱭᱚᱜᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱚᱜᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C" title="යෝග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යෝග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یۆگا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jooga" title="Jooga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jooga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="யோகக் கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோகக் கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE" title="యోగా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యోగా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0" title="โยคะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โยคะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಯೋಗ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಯೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Йога – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йога" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یوگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jooga" title="Jooga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jooga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" title="瑜伽 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瑜伽" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90" title="יאגא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאגא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" title="瑜伽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑜伽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga" title="Joga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Joga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" title="瑜伽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑜伽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Yoga" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9350#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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For the use of yoga as therapy, see <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a>. For the ancient Indian philosophy, see <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga (philosophy)</a>. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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"yoke" or "union") is a group of <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">physical</a>, mental, and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality#Asian_traditions" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> practices or disciplines that originated in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a>, aimed at controlling body and mind to attain various <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">salvation</a> goals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2000entry_"Yoga"-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004entry_"Yoga"-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009entry_"Yoga"-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-two_definitions-6">[b]</a> as practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmodyCarmody199668-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarbacker20051–2-8">[6]</a> Yoga may have pre-<a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</a> origins,<a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a> but is first attested in the early first millennium BCE. It developed as various traditions in the eastern Ganges basin drew from a common body of practices, including <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19941–6-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle1994103–138-11">[8]</a> Yoga-like practices are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1977-12">[9]</a> and a number of early <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar19382-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuff201197–112-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Katha_Upanishad-16">[d]</a> but systematic yoga concepts emerge during the fifth and sixth centuries BCE in ancient India's <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">ascetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a> movements, including Jainism and Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20088-17">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a>, the classical text on Hindu yoga, <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">samkhya</a>-based but influenced by Buddhism, dates to the early centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxxiv-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmarais200816–17-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-YS_dating-20">[e]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> texts began to emerge between the ninth and 11th centuries, originating in <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hatha_yoga_dating-21">[f]</a> Yoga is practiced worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2017-22">[16]</a> but "yoga" in the Western world often entails a modern form of Hatha yoga and a <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">posture-based physical fitness, stress-relief and relaxation technique</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley20001–2-23">[17]</a> consisting largely of <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory2019-24">[18]</a> this differs from traditional yoga, which focuses on <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> and release from worldly attachments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199967-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley20001–2-23">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJantos2012362–363-26">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-traditional_modern_yoga-1">[a]</a> It was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gurus</a> from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> after the success of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>'s adaptation of yoga without asanas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011xvi–xvii,_2-27">[21]</a> Vivekananda introduced the Yoga Sutras to the West, and they became prominent after the 20th-century success of hatha yoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii-28">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patanjali_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Outdoor statue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Patanjali_Statue.jpg/220px-Patanjali_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Patanjali_Statue.jpg/330px-Patanjali_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Patanjali_Statue.jpg/440px-Patanjali_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a>, meditating in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> noun योग yoga is derived from the root <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yewg-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yewg-">yuj</a> (युज्) "to attach, join, harness, yoke".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatyananda20081-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007511-30">[24]</a> According to Jones and Ryan, "The word yoga is derived from the root yuj, “to yoke,” probably because the early practice concentrated on restraining or “yoking in” the senses. Later the name was also seen as a metaphor for “linking” or “yoking to” God or the divine."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007511-30">[24]</a> Buswell and Lopez translate "yoga" as "'bond', 'restraint', and by extension "spiritual discipline."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014entry_"yoga"-31">[25]</a> Flood refers to restraining the mind as yoking the mind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199695-32">[26]</a> Yoga is a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> word "yoke," since both are derived from an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> root.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20113-33">[27]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mikel_Burley" title="Mikel Burley">Mikel Burley</a>, the first use of the root of the word "yoga" is in hymn 5.81.1 of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, a dedication to the rising Sun-god, where it has been interpreted as "yoke" or "control".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200025-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-sriauro-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[g]</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> (4th c. BCE) wrote that the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots: yujir yoga (to yoke) or yuj samādhau ("to concentrate").<a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta_1975_226-38">[31]</a> In the context of the Yoga Sutras, the root yuj samādhau (to concentrate) is considered the correct etymology by traditional commentators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20095-39">[32]</a> In accordance with Pāṇini, <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> (who wrote the first commentary on the Yoga Sutras)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxxix-40">[33]</a> says that yoga means <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a> (concentration).<a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> Larson notes that in the Vyāsa Bhāsy the term "samadhi" refers to "all levels of mental life" (sārvabhauma), that is, "all possible states of awareness, whether ordinary or extraordinary."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200829-42">[35]</a> A person who practices yoga, or follows the yoga philosophy with a high level of commitment, is called a <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a>; a female yogi may also be known as a <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">yogini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions_in_classical_texts">Definitions in classical texts</h3></div> The term "yoga" has been defined in different ways in Indian philosophical and religious traditions. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Source Text </th> <th>Approx. Date </th> <th>Definition of Yoga<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201717–23-44">[37]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</a> </td> <td>c. 4th century BCE </td> <td>"Because in this manner he joins the <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a> (breath), the <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>, and this Universe in its manifold forms, or because they join themselves (to him), therefore this (process of meditation) is called Yoga (joining). The oneness of breath, mind, and senses, and then the surrendering of all conceptions, that is called Yoga"<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaisesika sutra</a> </td> <td>c. 4th century BCE </td> <td>"Pleasure and suffering arise as a result of the drawing together of the sense organs, the mind and objects. When that does not happen because the mind is in the self, there is no pleasure or suffering for one who is embodied. That is yoga" (5.2.15–16)<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a> </td> <td>last centuries BCE </td> <td>"When the five senses, along with the mind, remain still and the intellect is not active, that is known as the highest state. They consider yoga to be firm restraint of the senses. Then one becomes un-distracted for yoga is the arising and the passing away" (6.10–11)<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> </td> <td>c. 2nd century BCE </td> <td>"Be equal minded in both success and failure. Such equanimity is called Yoga" (2.48) "Yoga is skill in action" (2.50) "Know that which is called yoga to be separation from contact with suffering" (6.23)<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a> </td> <td>c. first centuries CE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxxiv-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmarais200816-17-49">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-YS_dating-20">[e]</a> </td> <td>1.2. yogas chitta vritti nirodhah – "Yoga is the calming down the fluctuations/patterns of mind" 1.3. Then the <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Seer</a> is established in his own essential and fundamental nature. 1.4. In other states there is assimilation (of the Seer) with the modifications (of the mind).<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yogacarabhumi-sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacarabhumi-sastra">Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra</a> (Sravakabhumi), a <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> work </td> <td>4th century CE </td> <td>"Yoga is fourfold: faith, aspiration, perseverance and means" (2.152)<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaundinya's Pancarthabhasya on the <a href="/wiki/Pashupata-sutra" title="Pashupata-sutra">Pashupata-sutra</a> </td> <td>4th century CE </td> <td>"In this system, yoga is the union of the self and the Lord" (I.I.43) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yogaśataka a <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> work by <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra_Suri" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra Suri">Haribhadra Suri</a> </td> <td>6th century CE </td> <td>"With conviction, the lords of Yogins have in our doctrine defined yoga as the concurrence (sambandhah) of the three [correct knowledge (sajjñana), correct doctrine (saddarsana) and correct conduct (saccaritra)] beginning with correct knowledge, since [thereby arises] conjunction with liberation....In common usage this [term] yoga also [denotes the Self's] contact with the causes of these [three], due to the common usage of the cause for the effect." (2, 4).<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasudeva241-53">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a> </td> <td>7th–10th century CE </td> <td>"By the word 'yoga' is meant nirvana, the condition of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>." (I.8.5a)<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmasutra">Brahmasutra</a>-bhasya of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> </td> <td>c. 8th century CE </td> <td>"It is said in the treatises on yoga: 'Yoga is the means of perceiving reality' (atha tattvadarsanabhyupāyo yogah)" (2.1.3)<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, one of the primary authorities in non-dual <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a> </td> <td>6th–10th century CE </td> <td>"Yoga is said to be the oneness of one entity with another." (4.4–8)<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasudeva235–236-57">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mrgendratantravrtti, of the <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a> scholar Narayanakantha </td> <td>6th–10th century CE </td> <td>"To have self-mastery is to be a Yogin. The term Yogin means "one who is necessarily "conjoined with" the manifestation of his nature...the Siva-state (sivatvam)" (yp 2a)<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasudeva235–236-57">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Śaradatilaka of Lakshmanadesikendra, a <a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> work </td> <td>11th century CE </td> <td>"Yogic experts state that yoga is the oneness of the individual Self (jiva) with the atman. Others understand it to be the ascertainment of Siva and the Self as non-different. The scholars of the Agamas say that it is a Knowledge which is of the nature of Siva's Power. Other scholars say it is the knowledge of the primordial Self." (25.1–3b)<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasudeva243-60">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yogabija, a <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> work </td> <td>14th century CE </td> <td>"The union of apana and prana, one's own rajas and semen, the sun and moon, the individual Self and the supreme Self, and in the same way the union of all dualities, is called yoga. " (89)<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_definitions">Scholarly definitions</h3></div> Due to its complicated historical development, and the broad array of definitions and usage in Indian religions, scholars have warned that yoga is hard, if not impossible, to define exactly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011-62">[55]</a> David Gordon White notes that "'Yoga' has a wider range of meanings than nearly any other word in the entire Sanskrit lexicon."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011-62">[55]</a> In its broadest sense, yoga is a generic term for techniques aimed at controlling body and mind and attaining a soteriological goal as specified by a specific tradition: <ul><li>Richard King (1999): "Yoga in the more traditional sense of the term has been practised throughout South Asia and beyond and involves a multitude of techniques leading to spiritual and ethical purification. Hindu and Buddhist traditions alike place a great deal of emphasis upon the practice of yoga as a means of attaining liberation from the world of rebirth and yogic practices have been aligned with a variety of philosophical theories and metaphysical positions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199967-25">[19]</a></li> <li>John Bowker (2000): "The means or techniques for transforming consciousness and attaining liberation (mokṣa) from karma and rebirth (saṃsāra) in Indian religions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2000entry_"Yoga"-3">[2]</a></li> <li>Damien Keown (2004): "Any form of spiritual discipline aimed at gaining control over the mind with the ultimate aim of attaining liberation from rebirth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004entry_"Yoga"-4">[3]</a></li> <li>W. J. Johnson (2009): "A generic term for a wide variety of religious practices [...] At its broadest, however, ‘yoga’ simply refers to a particular method or discipline for transforming the individual [...] A narrower reading makes the practice contingent on, or derived from, control of the body and the senses, as in haṭha-yoga, or control of the breath (prāṇāyāma) and through it the mind, as in Patañjali's rājayoga. At its most neutral, yoga is therefore simply a technique, or set of techniques, including what is usually termed ‘meditation’, for attaining whatever soteriological or soteriological-cum-physiological transformation a particular tradition specifies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009entry_"Yoga"-5">[4]</a></li></ul> According to <a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. Jacobsen">Knut A. Jacobsen</a>, yoga has five principal meanings:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20184-63">[56]</a> <ol><li>A disciplined method for attaining a goal</li> <li>Techniques of controlling the body and mind</li> <li>A name of a school or system of philosophy (darśana)</li> <li>With prefixes such as "hatha-, mantra-, and laya-, traditions specialising in particular yoga techniques</li> <li>The goal of yoga practice<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20114-64">[57]</a></li></ol> <a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">David Gordon White</a> writes that yoga's core principles were more or less in place in the 5th century CE, and variations of the principles developed over time:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20116-65">[58]</a> <ol><li>A meditative means of discovering dysfunctional perception and cognition, as well as overcoming it to release any suffering, find inner peace, and salvation. Illustration of this principle is found in Hindu texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yogasutras</a>, in a number of Buddhist Mahāyāna works, as well as Jain texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20116–8-66">[59]</a></li> <li>The raising and expansion of consciousness from oneself to being coextensive with everyone and everything. These are discussed in sources such as in Hinduism Vedic literature and its epic <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhārata">Mahābhārata</a>, the Jain Praśamaratiprakarana, and Buddhist Nikaya texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20118–9-67">[60]</a></li> <li>A path to omniscience and enlightened consciousness enabling one to comprehend the impermanent (illusive, delusive) and permanent (true, transcendent) reality. Examples of this are found in Hinduism <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaisesika" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaisesika">Vaisesika</a> school texts as well as Buddhism Mādhyamaka texts, but in different ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20119–10-68">[61]</a></li> <li>A technique for entering into other bodies, generating multiple bodies, and the attainment of other supernatural accomplishments. These are, states White, described in <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> literature of Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as the Buddhist Sāmaññaphalasutta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201110–12-69">[62]</a></li></ol> According to White, the last principle relates to legendary goals of yoga practice; it differs from yoga's practical goals in South Asian thought and practice since the beginning of the Common Era in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain philosophical schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201111-70">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">James Mallinson</a> disagrees with the inclusion of supernatural accomplishments, and suggests that such fringe practices are far removed from the mainstream Yoga's goal as meditation-driven means to liberation in Indian religions.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> A classic definition of yoga comes from Patanjali Yoga Sutras 1.2 and 1.3,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199967-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20113-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein19984-5-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson20232-73">[66]</a> which define yoga as "the stilling of the movements of the mind," and the recognition of Purusha, the witness-consciousness, as different from Prakriti, mind and matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20113-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein19984-5-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson20232-73">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-"Samuel_White-74">[h]</a> According to Larson, in the context of the Yoga Sutras, yoga has two meanings. The first meaning is yoga "as a general term to be translated as "disciplined meditation" that focuses on any of the many levels of ordinary awareness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200830-75">[67]</a> In the second meaning yoga is "that specific system of thought (sāstra) that has for its focus the analysis, understanding and cultivation of those altered states of awareness that lead one to the experience of spiritual liberation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200830-75">[67]</a> Another classic understanding<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199967-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20113-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein19984-5-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson20232-73">[66]</a> sees yoga as union or connection with the highest Self (paramatman), Brahman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein19984-5-72">[65]</a> or God, a "union, a linking of the individual to the divine."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson20232-73">[66]</a> This definition is based on the devotionalism (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>) of the Bhagavad Gita, and the <a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">jnana yoga</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson20232-73">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein19984-5-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grimes-76">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-union_AV-80">[j]</a> While yoga is often conflated with the "classical yoga" of Patanjali's yoga sutras, Karen O'Brien-Kop notes that "classical yoga" is informed by, and includes, Buddhist yoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien-Kop20211-81">[71]</a> Regarding Buddhist yoga, James Buswell in his Encyclopedia of Buddhism treats yoga in his entry on meditation, stating that the aim of meditation is to attain samadhi, which serves as the foundation for vipasyana, "discerning the real from the unreal," liberating insight into true reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004520-82">[72]</a> Buswell & Lopez state that "in Buddhism, [yoga is] a generic term for soteriological training or contemplative practice, including tantric practice."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014entry_"yoga"-31">[25]</a> O'Brien-Kop further notes that "classical yoga" is not an independent category, but "was informed by the European colonialist project."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien-Kop20211-81">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/220px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/330px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/440px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>The Pashupati seal from <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>, showing a seated figure in <a href="/wiki/Mulabandhasana" title="Mulabandhasana">Mulabandhasana</a>, surrounded by animals,3300 BCE, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </figcaption></figure> There is no consensus on yoga's chronology or origins other than its development in ancient India. There are two broad theories explaining the origins of yoga. The linear model holds that yoga has Vedic origins (as reflected in Vedic texts), and influenced Buddhism. This model is mainly supported by Hindu scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19941-6-83">[73]</a> According to the synthesis model, yoga is a synthesis of indigenous, non-Vedic practices with Vedic elements. This model is favoured in Western scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle1994103-138-84">[74]</a> The earliest yoga-practices may have appeared in the Jain tradition at ca. 900 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007511-30">[24]</a>Speculations about yoga are documented in the early Upanishads of the first half of the first millennium BCE, with expositions also appearing in Jain and Buddhist texts <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 – c. 200 BCE. Between 200 BCE and 500 CE, traditions of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain philosophy were taking shape; teachings were collected as <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and a philosophical system of Patanjaliyogasastra began to emerge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200836-85">[75]</a> The Middle Ages saw the development of a number of yoga satellite traditions. It and other aspects of Indian philosophy came to the attention of the educated Western public during the mid-19th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthesis_model">Synthesis model</h4></div> Heinrich Zimmer was an exponent of the synthesis model,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19945-86">[76]</a> arguing for non-Vedic <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">eastern states of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217,_314-87">[77]</a> According to Zimmer, yoga is part of a non-Vedic system which includes the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217,_314-87">[77]</a> "[Jainism] does not derive from Brahman-Aryan sources, but reflects the cosmology and anthropology of a much older pre-Aryan upper class of northeastern India [Bihar] – being rooted in the same subsoil of archaic metaphysical speculation as Yoga, <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Sankhya</a>, and Buddhism, the other non-Vedic Indian systems."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217-88">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[note 1]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2007-92">[81]</a> and Geoffrey Samuel<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2008-93">[82]</a> also argue that the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇa</a> movement originated in the non-Vedic eastern Ganges basin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2008-93">[82]</a> specifically <a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2007-92">[81]</a> Thomas McEvilley favors a composite model in which a pre-Aryan yoga prototype existed in the pre-Vedic period and was refined during the Vedic period.<a href="#cite_note-94">[83]</a> According to Gavin D. Flood, the Upanishads differ fundamentally from the Vedic ritual tradition and indicate non-Vedic influences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199678-95">[84]</a> However, the traditions may be connected: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[T]his dichotomization is too simplistic, for continuities can undoubtedly be found between renunciation and vedic Brahmanism, while elements from non-Brahmanical, Sramana traditions also played an important part in the formation of the renunciate ideal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199677-96">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[note 2]</a></blockquote> The ascetic traditions of the eastern Ganges plain are thought to drew from a common body of practices and philosophies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxi-99">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2008-93">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996233-100">[88]</a> with proto-samkhya concepts of purusha and prakriti as a common denominator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2014-101">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996233-100">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linear_model">Linear model</h4></div> According to Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle, Hindu researchers have favoured a linear theory which attempts "to interpret the origin and early development of Indian contemplative practices as a sequential growth from an Aryan genesis";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19944-102">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[note 3]</a> traditional Hinduism regards the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> as the source of all spiritual knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19945-86">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[note 4]</a> Edwin Bryant wrote that authors who support <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a> also tend to support the linear model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xix-xx-108">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indus_Valley_Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</h4></div> The twentieth-century scholars <a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Karel Werner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McEvilley" title="Thomas McEvilley">Thomas McEvilley</a>, and Mircea Eliade believe that the central figure of the <a href="/wiki/Pashupati_seal" title="Pashupati seal">Pashupati seal</a> is in a <a href="/wiki/Mulabandhasana" title="Mulabandhasana">Mulabandhasana</a> posture,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201025–34-109">[95]</a> and the roots of yoga are in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20081–14-110">[96]</a> This is rejected by more recent scholarship; for example, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Geoffrey Samuel</a>, Andrea R. Jain, and <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a> describe the identification as speculative; the meaning of the figure will remain unknown until <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Harappan script</a> is deciphered, and the roots of yoga cannot be linked to the IVC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20081–14-110">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-111">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[note 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_references_(1000–500_BCE)">Earliest references (1000–500 BCE)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the only texts preserved from the early Vedic period and codified between c. 1200 and 900 BCE, contain references to yogic practices primarily related to ascetics outside, or on the fringes of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Brahmanism" title="Historical Vedic religion">Brahmanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20186-115">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1977-12">[9]</a> The earliest yoga-practices may have come from the Jain tradition at ca. 900 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007511-30">[24]</a> The Rigveda's <a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Nasadiya Sukta</a> suggests an early Brahmanic contemplative tradition.<a href="#cite_note-118">[note 6]</a> Techniques for controlling breath and vital energies are mentioned in the Atharvaveda and in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a> (the second layer of the Vedas, composed c. 1000–800 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20186-115">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2011427-119">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199813-120">[104]</a> According to Flood, "The <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a> [the mantras of the Vedas] contain some references ... to ascetics, namely the <a href="/wiki/Muni_(saint)" title="Muni (saint)">Munis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Bin" title="Keśin">Keśins</a> and the Vratyas."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199694–95-121">[105]</a> Werner wrote in 1977 that the Rigveda does not describe yoga, and there is little evidence of practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1977-12">[9]</a> The earliest description of "an outsider who does not belong to the Brahminic establishment" is found in the <a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Bin" title="Keśin">Keśin</a> hymn 10.136, the Rigveda's youngest book, which was codified around 1000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1977-12">[9]</a> Werner wrote that there were <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... individuals who were active outside the trend of Vedic mythological creativity and the Brahminic religious orthodoxy and therefore little evidence of their existence, practices and achievements has survived. And such evidence as is available in the Vedas themselves is scanty and indirect. Nevertheless the indirect evidence is strong enough not to allow any doubt about the existence of spiritually highly advanced wanderers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1977-12">[9]</a></blockquote> According to Whicher (1998), scholarship frequently fails to see the connection between the contemplative practices of the <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishis</a> and later yoga practices: "The proto-Yoga of the Vedic <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishis</a> is an early form of sacrificial mysticism and contains many elements characteristic of later Yoga that include: concentration, meditative observation, ascetic forms of practice (tapas), breath control practiced in conjunction with the recitation of sacred hymns during the ritual, the notion of self-sacrifice, impeccably accurate recitation of sacred words (prefiguring mantra-yoga), mystical experience, and the engagement with a reality far greater than our psychological identity or the ego."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199812-122">[106]</a> Jacobsen wrote in 2018, "Bodily postures are closely related to the tradition of (<a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Indian religion)">tapas</a>), ascetic practices in the Vedic tradition"; ascetic practices used by Vedic priests "in their preparations for the performance of the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">sacrifice</a>" may be precursors of yoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20186-115">[100]</a> "The ecstatic practice of enigmatic longhaired muni in Rgveda 10.136 and the ascetic performance of the vratya-s in the Atharvaveda outside of or on the fringe of the Brahmanical ritual order, have probably contributed more to the ascetic practices of yoga."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20186-115">[100]</a> According to Bryant, practices recognizable as classical yoga first appear in the Upanishads (composed during the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxi-99">[87]</a> Alexander Wynne agrees that formless, elemental meditation might have originated in the Upanishadic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200744–45,_58-123">[107]</a> An early reference to meditation is made in the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> (c. 900 BCE), one of the <a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199694–95-121">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> (c. 800–700 BCE) describes the five vital energies (<a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>), and concepts of later yoga traditions (such as <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">blood vessels</a> and an internal sound) are also described in this upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20116-124">[108]</a> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a> (focusing on the breath) is mentioned in hymn 1.5.23 of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad,<a href="#cite_note-Eliade2009-125">[109]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">pratyahara</a> (withdrawal of the senses) is mentioned in hymn 8.15 of Chandogya Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-Eliade2009-125">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[note 7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana" title="Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana">Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana</a> (probably before the 6th c. BCE) teaches breath control and repetition of a <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xii-128">[111]</a> The 6th-c. BCE <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> defines yoga as the mastery of body and senses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199817-129">[112]</a> According to Flood, "[T]he actual term yoga first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199695-32">[26]</a> dated to the fifth<a href="#cite_note-130">[113]</a> to first centuries BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxxvii-131">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_urbanisation_(500–200_BCE)">Second urbanisation (500–200 BCE)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(c._600_–_c._200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second urbanisation</a></div> Systematic yoga concepts begin to emerge in texts dating to c. 500–200 BCE, such as the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">early Buddhist texts</a>, the middle Upanishads, and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanti_Parva" title="Shanti Parva">Shanti Parva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200834–35,_53-132">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[note 8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism_and_the_śramaṇa_movement">Buddhism and the śramaṇa movement</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old stone carving of the Buddha with his servants and horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg/260px-Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg/390px-Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg/520px-Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bas-relief in <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> of the Buddha becoming a wandering hermit instead of a warrior </figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Geoffrey Samuel</a>, the "best evidence to date" suggests that yogic practices "developed in the same ascetic circles as the early <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇa</a> movements (<a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainas</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ajivikas</a>), probably in around the sixth and fifth centuries BCE." This occurred during India's <a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Second_urbanisation_(c._600_–_200_BCE)" title="History of India">second urbanisation</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20088-17">[13]</a> According to Mallinson and Singleton, these traditions were the first to use mind-body techniques (known as Dhyāna and tapas) but later described as yoga, to strive for liberation from the round of rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201713–15-136">[118]</a> Werner writes, "The Buddha was the founder of his [Yoga] system, even though, admittedly, he made use of some of the experiences he had previously gained under various Yoga teachers of his time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998131-137">[119]</a> He notes:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998119–20-138">[120]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">But it is only with Buddhism itself as expounded in the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> that we can speak about a systematic and comprehensive or even integral school of Yoga practice, which is thus the first and oldest to have been preserved for us in its entirety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998119–20-138">[120]</a></blockquote> Early Buddhist texts describe yogic and meditative practices, some of which the Buddha borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇa</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-139">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> contains three passages in which the Buddha describes pressing the tongue against the palate to control hunger or the mind, depending on the passage.<a href="#cite_note-141">[123]</a> There is no mention of the tongue inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">nasopharynx</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81" title="Khecarī mudrā">khecarī mudrā</a>. The Buddha used a posture in which pressure is put on the <a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a> with the heel, similar to modern postures used to evoke <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Suttas</a> which discuss yogic practice include the <a href="/wiki/Satipatthana_Sutta" title="Satipatthana Sutta">Satipatthana Sutta</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">four foundations of mindfulness</a> sutta) and the <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapanasati Sutta">Anapanasati Sutta</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">mindfulness of breathing</a> sutta). The chronology of these yoga-related early Buddhist texts, like the ancient Hindu texts, is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200831–32-143">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010Chapter_1-144">[126]</a> Early Buddhist sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Majjhima Nikāya">Majjhima Nikāya</a> mention meditation; the <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85guttara_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Aṅguttara Nikāya">Aṅguttara Nikāya</a> describes jhāyins (meditators) who resemble early Hindu descriptions of muni, the Kesin and meditating ascetics,<a href="#cite_note-145">[127]</a> but the meditation practices are not called "yoga" in these texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20115–6-146">[128]</a> The earliest known discussions of yoga in Buddhist literature, as understood in a modern context, are from the later Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogācāra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20115–6-146">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Jain meditation</a> is a yoga system which predated the Buddhist school. Since Jain sources are later than Buddhist ones, however, it is difficult to distinguish between the early Jain school and elements derived from other schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998119–120-147">[129]</a> Most of the other contemporary yoga systems alluded to in the Upanishads and some Buddhist texts have been lost.<a href="#cite_note-Eating_disorders-148">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[note 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upanishads">Upanishads</h4></div> The Upanishads, composed in the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, contain the first references to practices recognizable as classical yoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxi-99">[87]</a> The first known appearance of the word "yoga" in the modern sense is in the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201025–34-109">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199695-32">[26]</a> (probably composed between the fifth and third centuries BCE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips200928–30-152">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199812–13-153">[134]</a> where it is defined as steady control of the senses which – with cessation of mental activity – leads to a supreme state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199694–95-121">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[note 10]</a> The Katha Upanishad integrates the <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> of the early Upanishads with concepts of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">samkhya</a> and yoga. It defines levels of existence by their proximity to one's <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">innermost being</a>. Yoga is viewed as a process of interiorization, or ascent of consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199818–19-156">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20118-157">[137]</a> The upanishad is the earliest literary work which highlights the fundamentals of yoga. According to White, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The earliest extant systematic account of yoga and a bridge from the earlier Vedic uses of the term is found in the Hindu Katha Upanisad (Ku), a scripture dating from about the third century BCE ... [I]t describes the hierarchy of mind-body constituents—the senses, mind, intellect, etc.—that comprise the foundational categories of Sāmkhya philosophy, whose metaphysical system grounds the yoga of the Yogasutras, Bhagavad Gita, and other texts and schools (Ku3.10–11; 6.7–8).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20114-158">[138]</a></blockquote> The hymns in book two of the <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> (another late-first-millennium BCE text) describe a procedure in which the body is upright, the breath is restrained and the mind is meditatively focused, preferably in a cave or a place that is simple and quiet.<a href="#cite_note-159">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201026-160">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20118-157">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</a>, probably composed later than the Katha and Shvetashvatara Upanishads but before the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, mentions a sixfold yoga method: breath control, introspective withdrawal of the senses, meditation (dhyana), <a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">mental concentration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarka_sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarka sastra">logic and reasoning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">spiritual union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201025–34-109">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20118-157">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[141]</a> In addition to discussions in the Principal Upanishads, the twenty <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Upanishads" title="Yoga Upanishads">Yoga Upanishads</a> and related texts (such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a>, composed between the sixth and 14th centuries CE) discuss yoga methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyangar19382-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuff201197–112-15">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macedonian_texts">Macedonian texts</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> reached India in the 4th century BCE. In addition to his army, he brought Greek academics who wrote memoirs about its geography, people, and customs. One of Alexander's companions was <a href="/wiki/Onesicritus" title="Onesicritus">Onesicritus</a> (quoted in Book 15, Sections 63–65 by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> in his Geography), who describes yogis.<a href="#cite_note-charlesrl-162">[142]</a> Onesicritus says that the yogis were aloof and adopted "different postures – standing or sitting or lying naked – and motionless".<a href="#cite_note-strabo-163">[143]</a> Onesicritus also mentions attempts by his colleague, <a href="/wiki/Kalanos" title="Kalanos">Calanus</a>, to meet them. Initially denied an audience, he was later invited because he was sent by a "king curious of wisdom and philosophy".<a href="#cite_note-strabo-163">[143]</a> Onesicritus and Calanus learn that the yogis consider life's best doctrines to "rid the spirit of not only pain, but also pleasure", that "man trains the body for toil in order that his opinions may be strengthened", that "there is no shame in life on frugal fare", and that "the best place to inhabit is one with scantiest equipment or outfit".<a href="#cite_note-charlesrl-162">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-strabo-163">[143]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rockwell_Lanman" title="Charles Rockwell Lanman">Charles Rockwell Lanman</a>, these principles are significant in the history of yoga's spiritual side and may reflect the roots of "undisturbed calmness" and "mindfulness through balance" in the later works of <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-charlesrl-162">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahabharata_and_Bhagavad_Gita">Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita</h4></div> Nirodhayoga (yoga of cessation), an early form of yoga, is described in the Mokshadharma section of the 12th chapter (Shanti Parva) of the third-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xii–xxii-164">[144]</a> Nirodhayoga emphasizes progressive withdrawal from empirical consciousness, including thoughts and sensations, until purusha (self) is realized. Terms such as vichara (subtle reflection) and viveka (discrimination) similar to Patanjali's terminology are used, but not described.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199825–26-165">[145]</a> Although the Mahabharata contains no uniform yogic goal, the separation of self from matter and perception of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> everywhere are described as goals of yoga. <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and yoga are <a href="/wiki/Conflation" title="Conflation">conflated</a>, and some verses describe them as identical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20119-166">[146]</a> Mokshadharma also describes an early practice of elemental meditation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200733-167">[147]</a> The Mahabharata defines the purpose of yoga as uniting the individual <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a> with the universal Brahman pervading all things.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20119-166">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhagavata_Gita_Bishnupur_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="House decoration of Krishna speaking to Arjuna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bhagavata_Gita_Bishnupur_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG/220px-Bhagavata_Gita_Bishnupur_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bhagavata_Gita_Bishnupur_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG/330px-Bhagavata_Gita_Bishnupur_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bhagavata_Gita_Bishnupur_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG/440px-Bhagavata_Gita_Bishnupur_Arnab_Dutta_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> narrating the Bhagavad Gita to <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (Song of the Lord), part of the Mahabharata, contains extensive teachings about yoga. According to Mallinson and Singleton, the Gita "seeks to appropriate yoga from the renunciate milieu in which it originated, teaching that it is compatible with worldly activity carried out according to one's caste and life stage; it is only the fruits of one's actions that are to be renounced."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xii–xxii-164">[144]</a> In addition to a chapter (chapter six) dedicated to traditional yoga practice (including meditation),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201110-168">[148]</a> it introduces three significant types of yoga:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199696-169">[149]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a>: yoga of action<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201110–11-170">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a>: yoga of devotion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201110–11-170">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a>: yoga of knowledge<a href="#cite_note-171">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[152]</a></li></ul> The Gita consists of 18 chapters and 700 shlokas (verses);<a href="#cite_note-bibekd-173">[153]</a> each chapter is named for a different form of yoga.<a href="#cite_note-bibekd-173">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201146-174">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[155]</a> Some scholars divide the Gita into three sections; the first six chapters (280 shlokas) deal with karma yoga, the middle six (209 shlokas) with bhakti yoga, and the last six (211 shlokas) with jnana yoga. However, elements of all three are found throughout the work.<a href="#cite_note-bibekd-173">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophical_sutras">Philosophical sutras</h4></div> Yoga is discussed in the foundational <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> school of Hinduism, composed between the sixth and second centuries BCE, discusses yoga.<a href="#cite_note-177">[note 11]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a>, the Vaiśeṣika Sūtra describes yoga as "a state where the mind resides only in the Self and therefore not in the senses".<a href="#cite_note-Bronkhorst64-176">[156]</a> This is equivalent to pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses). The sutra asserts that yoga leads to an absence of sukha (happiness) and dukkha (suffering), describing meditative steps in the journey towards spiritual liberation.<a href="#cite_note-Bronkhorst64-176">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a>, the foundation text of the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school of Hinduism, also discusses yoga.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips2009p281-178">[157]</a> Estimated as completed in its surviving form between 450 BCE and 200 CE,<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson2013p26-179">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-nvisaeva36-180">[159]</a> its sutras assert that yoga is a means to attain "subtlety of body".<a href="#cite_note-Phillips2009p281-178">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyaya Sutras</a>—the foundation text of the <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> school, estimated as composed between the sixth century BCE and the secondcentury CE<a href="#cite_note-jfowlerpor129-181">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[161]</a>—discusses yoga in sutras 4.2.38–50. It includes a discussion of yogic ethics, <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">dhyana</a> (meditation) and <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>, noting that debate and philosophy are also forms of yoga.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips2009p297-183">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-vidyabhushana137-184">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-potterteip237-185">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_era_(200_BCE_–_500_CE)">Classical era (200 BCE – 500 CE)</h3></div> The Indic traditions of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism were taking shape during the period between the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> eras (c. 200 BCE – 500 CE), and systems of yoga began to emerge;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200836-85">[75]</a> a number of texts from these traditions discussed and compiled yoga methods and practices. Key works of the era include the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga-Yājñavalkya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yogacarabhumi-sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacarabhumi-sastra">Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patanjali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Patanjali as half man, half snake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/170px-Patanjali.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/255px-Patanjali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/340px-Patanjali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Hindu depiction of <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a> as an avatar of the divine serpent <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></figcaption></figure> One of the best-known early expressions of <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahminical</a> yoga thought is the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a> (early centuries CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxxiv-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmarais200816-17-49">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-YS_dating-20">[e]</a> the original name of which may have been the Pātañjalayogaśāstra-sāṃkhya-pravacana (c. 325–425 CE); some scholars believe that it included the sutras and a commentary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvi–xvii-186">[165]</a> As the name suggests, the metaphysical basis of the text is <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">samkhya</a>; the school is mentioned in Kauṭilya's <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> as one of the three categories of anviksikis (philosophies), with yoga and <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[167]</a> Yoga and samkhya have some differences; yoga accepted the concept of a personal god, and Samkhya was a rational, non-theistic system of Hindu philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-lpfl-189">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley201231–46-190">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1967453-191">[170]</a> Patanjali's system is sometimes called "Seshvara Samkhya", distinguishing it from <a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a>'s Nirivara Samkhya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1971344-192">[171]</a> The parallels between yoga and samkhya were so close that <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> says, "The two philosophies were in popular parlance distinguished from each other as Samkhya with and Samkhya without a Lord."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1899104-193">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Karel Werner</a> wrote that the systematization of yoga which began in the middle and early Yoga Upanishads culminated in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.<a href="#cite_note-195">[note 12]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2001x-196">[174]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pada (Chapter)</th> <th>English meaning</th> <th>Sutras </th></tr> <tr> <td>Samadhi Pada</td> <td>On being absorbed in spirit</td> <td style="text-align: center">51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sadhana Pada</td> <td>On being immersed in spirit</td> <td style="text-align: center">55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vibhuti Pada</td> <td>On supernatural abilities and gifts</td> <td style="text-align: center">56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaivalya Pada</td> <td>On absolute freedom</td> <td style="text-align: center">34 </td></tr></tbody></table> The Yoga Sutras are also influenced by the Sramana traditions of Buddhism and Jainism, and may be a further Brahmanical attempt to adopt yoga from those traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvi–xvii-186">[165]</a> Larson noted a number of parallels in ancient samkhya, yoga and <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> Buddhism, particularly from the second century BCE to the first century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45-197">[175]</a> Patanjali's Yoga Sutras are a synthesis of the three traditions. From Samkhya, they adopt the "reflective discernment" (adhyavasaya) of prakrti and purusa (dualism), their metaphysical rationalism, and their three <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> methods of obtaining knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45-197">[175]</a> Larson says that the Yoga Sutras pursue an altered state of awareness from Abhidharma Buddhism's nirodhasamadhi; unlike Buddhism's "no self or soul", however, yoga (like Samkhya) believes that each individual has a self.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45-197">[175]</a> The third concept which the Yoga Sutras synthesize is the <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">ascetic</a> tradition of meditation and introspection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45-197">[175]</a> Patanjali's Yoga Sutras are considered the first compilation of yoga philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-198">[note 13]</a> The verses of the Yoga Sutras are terse. Many later Indian scholars studied them and published their commentaries, such as the Vyasa Bhashya (c. 350–450 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200821–22-199">[176]</a> Patanjali defines the word "yoga" in his second sutra, and his terse definition hinges on the meaning of three Sanskrit terms. <a href="/wiki/I._K._Taimni" title="I. K. Taimni">I. K. Taimni</a> translates it as "Yoga is the inhibition (nirodhaḥ) of the modifications (vṛtti) of the mind (citta)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimni19616-200">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> translates the sutra as "Yoga is restraining the mind-stuff (Citta) from taking various forms (Vrittis)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivekananda115-201">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Edwin Bryant</a> writes that to Patanjali, "Yoga essentially consists of meditative practices culminating in attaining a state of consciousness free from all modes of active or discursive thought, and of eventually attaining a state where consciousness is unaware of any object external to itself, that is, is only aware of its own nature as consciousness unmixed with any other object."<a href="#cite_note-edbryant-202">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200910-203">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009457-204">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba_Hari_Dass" title="Baba Hari Dass">Baba Hari Dass</a> writes that if yoga is understood as <a href="/wiki/Nirodha" title="Nirodha">nirodha</a> (mental control), its goal is "the unqualified state of niruddha (the perfection of that process)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDass19995-205">[182]</a> "Yoga (union) implies duality (as in joining of two things or principles); the result of yoga is the nondual state ... as the union of the lower self and higher Self. The nondual state is characterized by the absence of individuality; it can be described as eternal peace, pure love, Self-realization, or liberation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDass19995-205">[182]</a> Patanjali defined an <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">eight-limbed yoga</a> in Yoga Sutras 2.29: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a> (The five abstentions): <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (Non-violence, non-harming other living beings),<a href="#cite_note-206">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> (truthfulness, non-falsehood),<a href="#cite_note-artid-207">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asteya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya</a> (non-stealing),<a href="#cite_note-mngulati-208">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a> (celibacy, fidelity to one's partner),<a href="#cite_note-mngulati-208">[185]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a> (non-avarice, non-possessiveness).<a href="#cite_note-artid-207">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a> (The five "observances"): <a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Śauca</a> (purity, clearness of mind, speech and body),<a href="#cite_note-209">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a> (contentment, acceptance of others and of one's circumstances),<a href="#cite_note-ntummers-210">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">Tapas</a> (persistent meditation, perseverance, austerity),<a href="#cite_note-211">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a> (study of self, self-reflection, study of Vedas),<a href="#cite_note-212">[189]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishvarapranidhana" title="Ishvarapranidhana">Ishvara-Pranidhana</a> (contemplation of God/Supreme Being/True Self).<a href="#cite_note-ntummers-210">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a>: Literally means "seat", and in Patanjali's Sutras refers to the seated position used for meditation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a> ("Breath exercises"): Prāna, breath, "āyāma", to "stretch, extend, restrain, stop".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a> ("Abstraction"): Withdrawal of the sense organs from external objects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharana">Dharana</a> ("Concentration"): Fixing the attention on a single object.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a> ("Meditation"): Intense contemplation of the nature of the object of meditation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a> ("Liberation"): merging consciousness with the object of meditation.</li></ol> In Hindu scholasticism since the 12th century, yoga has been one of the six <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">orthodox</a> philosophical schools (darsanas): traditions which accept the Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-213">[note 14]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[note 15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201716–17-215">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yoga_and_Vedanta">Yoga and Vedanta</h4></div> Yoga and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> are the two largest surviving schools of Hindu traditions. Although they share many principles, concepts, and the belief in Self, they differ in degree, style, and methods; yoga accepts three means to obtain knowledge, and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> accepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996238-216">[191]</a> Yoga disputes Advaita Vedanta's <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shphillips-217">[192]</a> It believes that in the state of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, each individual discovers the blissful, liberating sense of himself or herself as an independent identity; Advaita Vedanta teaches that in the state of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, each individual discovers the blissful, liberating sense of himself or herself as part of oneness with everything, everyone and the Universal Self. They both hold that the free conscience is transcendent, liberated and self-aware. Advaita Vedanta also encourages the use of Patanjali's yoga practices and the Upanishads for those seeking the supreme good and ultimate <a href="/wiki/Jivanmukta" title="Jivanmukta">freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shphillips-217">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yoga_Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> संयोगो योग इत्युक्तो जीवात्मपरमात्मनोः॥ saṁyogo yoga ityukto jīvātma-paramātmanoḥ॥ Yoga is the union of the individual self (jivātma) with the supreme self (paramātma). </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008478-218">[193]</a></cite> </div> The Yoga Yajnavalkya is a classical treatise on yoga, attributed to the Vedic sage <a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a>, in the form of a dialogue between Yajnavalkya and the renowned philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gargi_Vachaknavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargi Vachaknavi">Gargi Vachaknavi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[194]</a> The origin of the 12-chapter text has been traced to the second century BCE and the fourth century CE.<a href="#cite_note-220">[195]</a> A number of yoga texts, such as the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, the Yoga Kundalini and the Yoga Tattva Upanishads, have borrowed from (or frequently refer to) the Yoga Yajnavalkya.<a href="#cite_note-221">[196]</a> It discusses eight yoga <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> (Swastika, Gomukha, Padma, Vira, Simha, Bhadra, Mukta and Mayura),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008479-222">[197]</a> a number of breathing exercises for body cleansing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008481–484-223">[198]</a> and meditation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008485–486-224">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abhidharma_and_Yogachara">Abhidharma and Yogachara</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muchaku_Hokuendo_Kofukuji_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old sculpture of the scholar Asanga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Muchaku_Hokuendo_Kofukuji_2.jpg/180px-Muchaku_Hokuendo_Kofukuji_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Muchaku_Hokuendo_Kofukuji_2.jpg/270px-Muchaku_Hokuendo_Kofukuji_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Muchaku_Hokuendo_Kofukuji_2.jpg/360px-Muchaku_Hokuendo_Kofukuji_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="3094" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a>, a fourth-century scholar and co-founder of the Yogachara ("Yoga practice") school of Mahayana Buddhism<a href="#cite_note-225">[200]</a></figcaption></figure> The Buddhist tradition of <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> spawned treatises which expanded teachings on Buddhist theory and yoga techniques which influenced <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism. At the height of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta period">Gupta period</a> (fourth to fifth centuries CE), a northern Mahayana movement known as <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogācāra</a> began to be systematized with the writings of Buddhist scholars <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>. Yogācāra Buddhism provided a systematic framework for practices which lead a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> towards awakening and full <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[201]</a> Its teachings are found in the encyclopedic <a href="/wiki/Yogacarabhumi-sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacarabhumi-sastra">Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Treatise</a> for Yoga Practitioners), which was also translated into Tibetan and Chinese and influenced <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-227">[202]</a> Mallinson and Singleton write that the study of Yogācāra Buddhism is essential to understand yoga's early history, and its teachings influenced the Pātañjalayogaśāstra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvii–xviii-228">[203]</a> The South India and Sri Lankan-based <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> school also developed manuals for yogic and meditative training, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Vimuttimagga" title="Vimuttimagga">Vimuttimagga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Tattvarthasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvarthasutra">Tattvarthasutra</a>, a second-to-fifth century Jain text, yoga is the sum of all activities of mind, speech and body.<a href="#cite_note-Tattvarthasutra_2007_p._102-229">[k]</a> <a href="/wiki/Umasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Umasvati">Umasvati</a> calls yoga the generator of <a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">karma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tattvarthasutra_6.2-230">[204]</a> and essential to the path to liberation.<a href="#cite_note-Tattvarthasutra_6.2-230">[204]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Niyamasara" title="Niyamasara">Niyamasara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a> describes yoga bhakti—devotion to the path to liberation—as the highest form of devotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKundakunda134–140-231">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemacandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemacandra">Hemacandra</a> note the five major vows of ascetics and 12 minor vows of laity in yoga. According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Zydenbos" title="Robert J. Zydenbos">Robert J. Zydenbos</a>, Jainism is a system of yogic thinking which became a religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZydenbos200666-232">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yamas#Five_yamas_of_Patañjali" title="Yamas">five yamas</a> (constraints) of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali are similar to Jainism's <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism#Maha_vratas_(major_vows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">five major vows</a>, indicating cross-fertilization between these traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZydenbos200666-232">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[note 16]</a> Hinduism's influence on Jain yoga may be seen in Haribhadra's <a href="/wiki/Yogad%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADisamuccaya" title="Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya">Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya</a>, which outlines an eightfold yoga influenced by Patanjali's eightfold yoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998313-235">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_(500–1500_CE)">Middle Ages (500–1500 CE)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:225px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_yogi_seated_in_a_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A male yogi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A_yogi_seated_in_a_garden.jpg/146px-A_yogi_seated_in_a_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A_yogi_seated_in_a_garden.jpg/219px-A_yogi_seated_in_a_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A_yogi_seated_in_a_garden.jpg/292px-A_yogi_seated_in_a_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="791" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:225px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Ascetics_(Yoginis)_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two female yoginis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/168px-Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/252px-Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/336px-Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="2100" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Male and female <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogis</a> in 17th- and 18th-century India</div></div></div></div> The Middle Ages saw the development of satellite yoga traditions. <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> emerged during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008136–139-236">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bhakti_movement">Bhakti movement</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></div> In medieval Hinduism, the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> advocated the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personal god</a> or <a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Supreme Personality</a>. The movement, begun by the <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> of South India during the 6th to 9th centuries, became influential throughout India by the 12th to 15th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Cutler-237">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> bhakti traditions integrated aspects of the Yoga Sutras (such as meditative exercises) with devotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008137-238">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> elucidates a form of yoga known as viraha (separation) bhakti, which emphasizes concentration on Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201122-239">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tantra">Tantra</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> is a range of esoteric traditions which had begun to arise in India by the 5th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-240">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[note 17]</a> Its use suggests that the word tantra in the Rigveda means "technique". George Samuel wrote that tantra is a contested term, but may be considered a school whose practices appeared in nearly-complete form in Buddhist and Hindu texts by about the 10th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20089-243">[215]</a> Tantric yoga developed complex visualizations, which included meditation on the body as a microcosm of the cosmos. It included mantras, breath control, and body manipulation (including its <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">nadis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a>. Teachings about chakras and Kundalini became central to later forms of Indian yoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xviii–xx-244">[216]</a> Tantric concepts influenced Hindu, <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a>, Buddhist, and Jain traditions. Elements of Tantric rituals were adopted by, and influenced, state functions in medieval Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2008324–333-245">[217]</a> By the turn of the first millennium, <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">hatha yoga</a> emerged from <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200016-246">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-hatha_yoga_dating-21">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vajrayana_and_Tibetan_Buddhism">Vajrayana and Tibetan Buddhism</h5></div> <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> is also known as Tantric Buddhism and Tantrayāna. Its texts began to be compiled during the seventh century CE, and <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a> translations were completed the following century. These tantra texts were the main source of Buddhist knowledge imported into Tibet,<a href="#cite_note-247">[219]</a> and were later translated into Chinese and other Asian languages. The Buddhist text <a href="/wiki/Hevajra#Hevajra_Tantra" title="Hevajra">Hevajra Tantra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_realization" title="Songs of realization">caryāgiti</a> introduced hierarchies of chakras.<a href="#cite_note-248">[220]</a> Yoga is a significant practice in Tantric Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-Lama_Yeshe_1998,_pg.135–141-249">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[223]</a> Tantra yoga practices include postures and breathing exercises. The <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> school practices <a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">yantra yoga</a>, a discipline which includes breath work, meditation and other exercises.<a href="#cite_note-252">[224]</a> Nyingma meditation is divided into stages,<a href="#cite_note-253">[225]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriya Yoga</a>, Upa yoga, Yoga yana, <a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">mahā yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anu yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">atiyoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism#Tibetan_Buddhist_schools" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Sarma</a> traditions also include Kriya, Upa (called "Charya"), and yoga, with <a href="/wiki/Anuttara_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttara yoga">anuttara yoga</a> replacing mahayoga and atiyoga.<a href="#cite_note-255">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zen_Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, whose name derives from the Sanskrit dhyāna via the Chinese ch'an,<a href="#cite_note-257">[note 18]</a> is a form of Mahayana Buddhism in which yoga is an integral part.<a href="#cite_note-258">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_hatha_yoga">Medieval hatha yoga</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorakshanath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sculpture of a young yogi sitting in the lotus position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gorakshanath.jpg/180px-Gorakshanath.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gorakshanath.jpg/270px-Gorakshanath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gorakshanath.jpg/360px-Gorakshanath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2721" data-file-height="3538" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath</a>, an 11th-century yogi of the <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> tradition and a proponent of hatha yoga<a href="#cite_note-259">[230]</a></figcaption></figure> The first references to hatha yoga are in eighth-century Buddhist works.<a href="#cite_note-260">[231]</a> The earliest definition of hatha yoga is in the 11th-century Buddhist text <a href="/wiki/Vimalaprabha" title="Vimalaprabha">Vimalaprabha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[232]</a> Hatha yoga blends elements of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras with posture and breathing exercises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008140-262">[233]</a> It marks the development of asanas into the full-body postures in current popular use<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200016-246">[218]</a> and, with its modern variations, is the style presently associated with the word "yoga".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1996-263">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h4></div> Yogic groups became prominent in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> during the 15th and 16th centuries, when <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> was beginning. Compositions by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> (the founder of Sikhism) describe dialogues he had with <a href="/wiki/Jogi_(caste)" title="Jogi (caste)">Jogis</a>, a Hindu community which practiced yoga. Guru Nanak rejected the austerities, rites and rituals associated with hatha yoga, advocating sahaja yoga or nama yoga instead.<a href="#cite_note-264">[235]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">O Yogi, Nanak tells nothing but the truth. You must discipline your mind. The devotee must meditate on the Word Divine. It is His grace which brings about the union. He understands, he also sees. Good deeds help one merge into Divination.<a href="#cite_note-265">[236]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_revival">Modern revival</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Introduction_in_the_West">Introduction in the West</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formal photograph of Swami Vivekananda, eyes downcast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Swami_Vivekananda_1896.jpg/180px-Swami_Vivekananda_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Swami_Vivekananda_1896.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Swami Vivekananda in London in 1896</figcaption></figure> Yoga and other aspects of Indian philosophy came to the attention of the educated Western public during the mid-19th century, and <a href="/wiki/N._C._Paul" title="N. C. Paul">N. C. Paul</a> published his Treatise on Yoga Philosophy in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-266">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, the first Hindu teacher to advocate and disseminate elements of yoga to a Western audience, toured Europe and the United States in the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-267">[238]</a> His reception built on the interest of intellectuals who included the <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Club" title="Transcendental Club">New England Transcendentalists</a>; among them were <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> (1803–1882), who drew on <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a> and philosophers and scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> (1770–1831), the brothers <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">August Wilhelm Schlegel</a> (1767–1845) and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a> (1772–1829), <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Mueller</a> (1823–1900), and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> (1788–1860).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg201021ff-268">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophists">Theosophists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, also influenced the Western public's view of yoga.<a href="#cite_note-:0-270">[241]</a> Esoteric views at the end of the 19th century encouraged the reception of Vedanta and yoga, with their correspondence between the spiritual and the physical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Michelis200419ff-271">[242]</a> The reception of yoga and Vedanta entwined with the (primarily <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonic</a>) currents of religious and philosophical reform and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_transformation" title="Spiritual transformation">transformation</a> during the 19th and early 20th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> brought a new element to yoga, emphasizing tantric yoga in his Yoga: Immortality and Freedom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1958-272">[243]</a> With the introduction of tantra traditions and philosophy, the conception of the "transcendent" attained by yogic practice shifted from the mind to the body.<a href="#cite_note-273">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yoga_as_exercise">Yoga as exercise</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoga_in_Bryant_Park_(01194).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Yoga_in_Bryant_Park_%2801194%29.jpg/220px-Yoga_in_Bryant_Park_%2801194%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Yoga_in_Bryant_Park_%2801194%29.jpg/330px-Yoga_in_Bryant_Park_%2801194%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Yoga_in_Bryant_Park_%2801194%29.jpg/440px-Yoga_in_Bryant_Park_%2801194%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4371" data-file-height="3071" /></a><figcaption>Large public yoga class in a New York City park</figcaption></figure> The postural yoga of the Western world is a physical activity consisting of asanas (often connected by <a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">smooth transitions</a>, sometimes accompanied by breathing exercises and usually ending with a period of relaxation or meditation. It is often known simply as "yoga",<a href="#cite_note-De_Michelis_2007-274">[245]</a> despite older Hindu traditions (some dating to the Yoga Sutras) in which asanas played little or no part; asanas were not central to any tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Jain_2016-275">[246]</a> Yoga as exercise is part of a modern yoga renaissance,<a href="#cite_note-Mishra_2016-276">[247]</a> a 20th-century blend of Western gymnastics and haṭha yoga pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201032,_50-277">[248]</a> Before 1900, hatha yoga had few standing poses; the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a> was pioneered by Bhawanrao Shrinivasrao Pant Pratinidhi, the Rajah of Aundh, during the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-ET_2018-278">[249]</a> Many standing poses used in gymnastics were incorporated into yoga by <a href="/wiki/Krishnamacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamacharya">Krishnamacharya</a> in Mysore between the 1930s and the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010199–203-279">[250]</a> Several of his students founded schools of yoga. <a href="/wiki/Pattabhi_Jois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattabhi Jois">Pattabhi Jois</a> created <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">ashtanga vinyasa yoga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010175–210-280">[251]</a> which led to <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a>;<a href="#cite_note-281">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a> created <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> and systematised asanas in his 1966 book, <a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199939,_47-282">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a> taught yoga to Hollywood actors; and Krishnamacharya's son, <a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a>, founded the Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandalam in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta19909-284">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[256]</a> Other schools founded during the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Sivananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Sivananda">Swami Sivananda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda yoga</a>. Modern yoga has spread around the world.<a href="#cite_note-YJ_on_styles-286">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beirne_2014-287">[258]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Yoga_Guru,_Baba_Ramdev_and_the_Union_Minister_for_Urban_Development,_Housing_and_Urban_Poverty_Alleviation_and_Parliamentary_Affairs,_Shri_M._Venkaiah_Naidu_at_a_yoga_camp_ahead_of_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_-_2016_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A guru leads a large group in outdoor meditation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Yoga_Guru%2C_Baba_Ramdev_and_the_Union_Minister_for_Urban_Development%2C_Housing_and_Urban_Poverty_Alleviation_and_Parliamentary_Affairs%2C_Shri_M._Venkaiah_Naidu_at_a_yoga_camp_ahead_of_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_-_2016_%281%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Yoga_Guru%2C_Baba_Ramdev_and_the_Union_Minister_for_Urban_Development%2C_Housing_and_Urban_Poverty_Alleviation_and_Parliamentary_Affairs%2C_Shri_M._Venkaiah_Naidu_at_a_yoga_camp_ahead_of_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_-_2016_%281%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Yoga_Guru%2C_Baba_Ramdev_and_the_Union_Minister_for_Urban_Development%2C_Housing_and_Urban_Poverty_Alleviation_and_Parliamentary_Affairs%2C_Shri_M._Venkaiah_Naidu_at_a_yoga_camp_ahead_of_the_International_Day_of_Yoga_-_2016_%281%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>International Day of Yoga in New Delhi, 2016</figcaption></figure> The number of asanas used in yoga has increased from 84 in 1830 (as illustrated in <a href="/wiki/Joga_Pradipika" class="mw-redirect" title="Joga Pradipika">Joga Pradipika</a>) to about 200 in Light on Yoga and over 900 performed by <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a> by 1984. The goal of haṭha yoga (spiritual liberation through energy) was largely replaced by the goals of fitness and relaxation, and many of its more esoteric components were reduced or removed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201029,_170-288">[259]</a> The term "hatha yoga" also refers to gentle yoga, often for <a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010152-289">[260]</a> Yoga has developed into a worldwide, multi-billion-dollar business involving classes, teacher certification, clothing, books, videos, equipment, and holidays.<a href="#cite_note-Delaney_2017-290">[261]</a> The ancient, cross-legged <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana</a> are widely recognised symbols of yoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201032-291">[262]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> established 21 June as the <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-292">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[265]</a> and it has been celebrated annually around the world since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-295">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[267]</a> On 1 December 2016, yoga was listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[268]</a> The effect of postural yoga on physical and mental health has been a subject of study, with evidence that regular yoga practice is beneficial for low back pain and stress.<a href="#cite_note-298">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-hayes-299">[270]</a> In 2017, a <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> review found that yoga interventions designed for chronic <a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">low back pain</a> increased function at the six month mark, and modestly decreased pain after 3–4 months. The decrease in pain was found to be similar to other exercise programs designed for low-back pain, but the decrease is not large enough to be deemed clinically significant.<a href="#cite_note-300">[271]</a> Theories of the mechanism underlying these changes include the increase in strength and flexibility, physical and mental relaxation and increased body awareness. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2></div> Yoga is practised with a variety of methods by all <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>. In Hinduism, practices include <a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">jnana yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">bhakti yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">karma yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">kundalini yoga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">hatha yoga</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jain_yoga">Jain yoga</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Jain meditation</a></div> Yoga has been a central practice in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. Jain spirituality is based on a strict code of nonviolence, or <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a>), almsgiving (<a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">dāna</a>), faith in the <a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">three jewels</a>, austerities (<a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">tapas</a>) such as <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">fasting</a>, and yoga.<a href="#cite_note-301">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002187,_198-302">[273]</a> Jain yoga aims at the liberation and purification of the self from the forces of <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a>, which binds the self to the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>. Like yoga and Sankhya, Jainism believes in a number of individual selves bound by their individual karma.<a href="#cite_note-303">[274]</a> Only through the reduction of karmic influences and the exhaustion of collected karma can one become purified and released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002192–193-304">[275]</a> Early Jain yoga seems to have been divided into several types, including meditation, abandonment of the body (<a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">kāyotsarga</a>), <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Contemplations" title="Twelve Contemplations">contemplation</a>, and reflection (bhāvanā).<a href="#cite_note-305">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_yoga">Buddhist yoga</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of the Buddha meditating" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/220px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/330px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/440px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> in seated meditation, <a href="/wiki/Gal_Vihara" title="Gal Vihara">Gal Vihara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">Dhyāna in Buddhism</a></div> Buddhist yoga encompasses a variety of methods which aim to develop the <a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">37 aids to awakening.</a> Its ultimate goal is <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">bodhi</a> (awakening) or <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a> (cessation), traditionally seen as the permanent end of suffering (<a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[note 19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a> use a number of terms for spiritual <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a> in addition to yoga, such as <a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">bhāvanā</a> ("development")<a href="#cite_note-307">[note 20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">jhāna/dhyāna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[note 21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">early Buddhism</a>, yoga practices included: <ul><li>the four <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyānas</a> (four meditations or mental absorptions),</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">four satipatthanas</a> (foundations or establishments of mindfulness),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">anapanasati</a> (mindfulness of breath),</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism#The_arupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">four immaterial dwellings</a> (supranormal states of mind),</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">brahmavihārās</a> (divine abodes).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Anussati</a> (contemplations, recollections)</li></ul> These meditations were seen as supported by the other elements of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">right exertion</a>, sense restraint and <a href="/wiki/View_(Buddhism)" title="View (Buddhism)">right view</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[277]</a> Two mental qualities are said to be indispensable for yoga practice in Buddhism: <a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">samatha</a> (calm, stability) and <a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">vipassanā</a> (insight, clear seeing).<a href="#cite_note-310">[278]</a> Samatha is a stable, relaxed mind, associated with <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a> (mental unification, focus) and dhyana (a state of meditative absorption). <a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassanā</a> is insight or penetrative understanding into the true nature of phenomena, also defined as "seeing things as they truly are" (yathābhūtaṃ darśanam). A unique feature of classical Buddhism is its understanding of all phenomena (<a href="/wiki/Dhammas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammas">dhammas</a>) as being empty of a self.<a href="#cite_note-311">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[280]</a> Later developments in Buddhist traditions led to innovations in yoga practice. The conservative <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> school developed new ideas on meditation and yoga in its later works, the most influential of which is the <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a>. Mahayana meditation teachings may be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Yogacarabhumi-sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacarabhumi-sastra">Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra</a>, compiled c. 4th century. Mahayana also developed and adopted yoga methods such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">pure land practices</a> aiming at rebirth in a <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">pure land or buddhafield</a>, and visualization. Chinese Buddhism developed the <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a> introspection and <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">Hua Tou</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Tantric Buddhism</a> developed and adopted tantric methods which are the basis of the Tibetan Buddhist yoga systems, including <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">deity yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">guru yoga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">six yogas of Naropa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalacakra_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalacakra Tantra">Kalacakra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002230–241-313">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_yoga">Classical yoga</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga (philosophy)</a></div> What is often referred to as classical yoga, <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">ashtanga yoga</a>, or <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">rāja yoga</a> is primarily the yoga outlined in the dualistic <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi-314">[282]</a> The origins of classical yoga are unclear, although early discussions of the term appear in the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45-197">[175]</a> Rāja yoga (yoga of kings) originally denoted the ultimate goal of yoga; <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-315">[283]</a> but was popularised by <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> as a common name for ashtanga yoga,<a href="#cite_note-316">[note 22]</a> the eight limbs attain samadhi as described in the Yoga Sutras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHari_Dass1978-317">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi-314">[282]</a> Yoga philosophy came to be regarded as a distinct orthodox school (<a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">darsanas</a>) of Hinduism in the second half of the first millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998320-318">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bryant2010_IEP-319">[web 1]</a> Classical yoga incorporates epistemology, metaphysics, ethical practices, systematic exercises and self-development for body, mind and spirit.<a href="#cite_note-edbryant-202">[179]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">pramana</a>) and metaphysics are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Sāṅkhya</a> school. The Classical yoga's metaphysics, like Sāṅkhya's, primarily posits two distinct realities: <a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">prakriti</a> (nature, the eternal and active unconscious source of the material world composed of three <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu%E1%B9%87as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guṇas (page does not exist)">guṇas</a>) and puruṣa (consciousness), the plural consciousnesses which are the intelligent principles of the world.<a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-320">[286]</a> Moksha (liberation) results from the isolation (<a href="/wiki/Kaivalya" title="Kaivalya">kaivalya</a>) of puruṣa from prakirti, and is achieved through meditation, stilling one's thought waves (citta vritti) and resting in pure awareness of puruṣa.<a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-320">[286]</a> Unlike Sāṅkhya, which takes a non-theistic approach,<a href="#cite_note-lpfl-189">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley201243–46-321">[287]</a> the yoga school of Hinduism accepts a "personal, yet essentially inactive, deity" or "personal god" (<a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>).<a href="#cite_note-322">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley201239,_41-323">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Advaita_Vedanta">In Advaita Vedanta</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a guru with four disciples near a pond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/180px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/270px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/360px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5146" data-file-height="7262" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a>'s Adi Shankara with Disciples (1904)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> is a varied tradition, with a number of sub-schools and philosophical views. It focuses on the study of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> (one of its early texts), about gaining spiritual knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>: the unchanging, absolute reality.<a href="#cite_note-324">[290]</a> One of the earliest and most influential sub-traditions of Vedanta is <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, which posits <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">non-dualistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>. It emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">jñāna yoga</a> (yoga of knowledge), which aims at realizing the identity of one's atman (individual consciousness) with Brahman (the Absolute consciousness).<a href="#cite_note-325">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[292]</a> The most influential thinker of this school is <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> (8th century), who wrote commentaries and other works on jñāna yoga. In Advaita Vedanta, jñāna is attained from scripture, one's <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, and through a process of listening to (and meditating on) teachings.<a href="#cite_note-327">[293]</a> Qualities such as discrimination, renunciation, tranquility, temperance, dispassion, endurance, faith, attention, and a longing for knowledge and freedom are also desirable.<a href="#cite_note-328">[294]</a> Yoga in Advaita is a "meditative exercise of withdrawal from the particular and identification with the universal, leading to contemplation of oneself as the most universal, namely, Consciousness".<a href="#cite_note-329">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a> is an influential Advaita text<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002401-330">[296]</a> which uses <a href="/wiki/Contents_and_stories_of_the_Yoga_Vasistha" title="Contents and stories of the Yoga Vasistha">short stories and anecdotes</a> to illustrate its ideas. Teaching seven stages of yoga practice, it was a major reference for medieval Advaita Vedanta yoga scholars and one of the most popular texts on Hindu yoga before the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii,_51-331">[297]</a> Another text which teaches yoga from an Advaita point of view is the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tantric_yoga">Tantric yoga</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></div> According to Samuel, Tantra is a contested concept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20089-243">[215]</a> Tantra yoga may be described as practices in 9th to 10th century Buddhist and Hindu (Saiva, Shakti) texts which included yogic practices with elaborate deity visualizations using geometric arrays and drawings (<a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandalas</a>), male and (particularly) female deities, life-stage-related rituals, the use of <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>, and sexual techniques aimed at aiding one's health, longevity and liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20089-243">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hatha_yoga">Hatha yoga</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jogapradipika_29_Viparitakarana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a man doing a shoulder stand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jogapradipika_29_Viparitakarana.jpg/180px-Jogapradipika_29_Viparitakarana.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jogapradipika_29_Viparitakarana.jpg/270px-Jogapradipika_29_Viparitakarana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jogapradipika_29_Viparitakarana.jpg/360px-Jogapradipika_29_Viparitakarana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparītakaraṇī</a>, a posture used as an asana and a <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[300]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></div> Hatha yoga focuses on physical and mental strength-building exercises and postures described primarily in three Hindu texts:<a href="#cite_note-kriyananda-335">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-burley73-336">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roden-337">[303]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a> by Svātmārāma (15th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a>, author unknown (1500<a href="#cite_note-mallinson-338">[304]</a> or late 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a> by Gheranda (late 17th century)</li></ol> Some scholars include <a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath</a>'s 11th-century Goraksha Samhita on the list,<a href="#cite_note-kriyananda-335">[301]</a> since Gorakshanath is considered responsible for popularizing present-day hatha yoga.<a href="#cite_note-dwhite-339">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-bajpai-340">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eliade-341">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism, founded by the Indian <a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddhas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-342">[308]</a> has a series of asanas and pranayamas (such as <a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">tummo</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Lama_Yeshe_1998,_pg.135–141-249">[221]</a> which resemble hatha yoga. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laya_and_kundalini_yoga">Laya and kundalini yoga</h3></div> Laya and <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">kundalini yoga</a>, closely associated with hatha yoga, are often presented as independent approaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher19986–7-343">[309]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg Feuerstein</a>, laya yoga (yoga of dissolution or merging) "makes meditative absorption (laya) its focus. The laya-yogin seeks to transcend all memory traces and sensory experiences by dissolving the microcosm, the mind, in the transcendental Self-Consciousness."<a href="#cite_note-344">[310]</a> Laya yoga has a number of techniques which include listening to the "inner sound" (nada), mudras such as <a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81" title="Khecarī mudrā">Khechari</a> and Shambhavi mudra, and awakening <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">kundalini</a> (body energy).<a href="#cite_note-345">[311]</a> Kundalini yoga aims to awaken bodily and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">cosmic energy</a> with breath and body techniques, uniting them with universal consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-346">[312]</a> A common teaching method awakens kundalini in the lowest <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a> and guides it through the central channel to unite with the absolute consciousness in the highest chakra, at the top of the head.<a href="#cite_note-347">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_by_other_religions">Reception by other religions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_yoga" title="Category:Christian yoga">Category:Christian yoga</a></div> Some Christians integrate <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">physical aspects</a> of yoga, stripped from the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">spiritual roots</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and other aspects of Eastern spirituality with <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">meditation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus-centric</a> affirmations.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_vatican-348">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-vice21-349">[315]</a> The practice also includes renaming poses in English (rather than using the original <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> terms), and abandoning <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">involved Hindu mantras</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">the philosophy of Yoga</a>; Yoga is associated and reframed into <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vice21-349">[315]</a> This has drawn charges of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a> from various Hindu groups;<a href="#cite_note-vice21-349">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc20-350">[316]</a> scholars remain skeptical.<a href="#cite_note-351">[317]</a> Previously, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, and some other Christian organizations have expressed concerns and disapproval with respect to some eastern and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> practices that include yoga and meditation.<a href="#cite_note-352">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc01-353">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[320]</a> In 1989 and 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Office">Vatican</a> issued two documents: <a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_Christian_meditation" title="Aspects of Christian meditation">Aspects of Christian meditation</a> and "<a href="/wiki/A_Christian_reflection_on_the_New_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="A Christian reflection on the New Age">A Christian reflection on the New Age</a>," that were mostly critical of eastern and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> practices. The 2003 document was published as a 90-page handbook detailing the Vatican's position.<a href="#cite_note-355">[321]</a> The Vatican warned that concentration on the physical aspects of meditation "can degenerate into a cult of the body" and that equating bodily states with mysticism "could also lead to psychic disturbance and, at times, to moral deviations." Such has been compared to the early days of Christianity, when the church opposed the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnostics</a>' belief that salvation came not through faith but through mystical inner knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_vatican-348">[314]</a> The letter also says, "one can see if and how [prayer] might be enriched by meditation methods developed in other religions and cultures"<a href="#cite_note-Letter_from_Vatican-356">[322]</a> but maintains the idea that "there must be some fit between the nature of [other approaches to] prayer and Christian beliefs about ultimate reality."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_vatican-348">[314]</a> Some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Christianity">fundamentalist</a> Christian organizations consider yoga to be incompatible with their religious background, considering it a part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Age_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="New Age movement">New Age movement</a> inconsistent with Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-357">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> Early-11th-century Persian scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> visited India, lived with Hindus for 16 years, and (with their help) translated several Sanskrit works into Arabic and Persian; one of these was Patanjali's Yoga Sutras.<a href="#cite_note-sptg-358">[324]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-359">[325]</a> Although Al-Biruni's translation preserved many core themes of Patañjali's yoga philosophy, some sutras and commentaries were restated for consistency with monotheistic Islamic theology.<a href="#cite_note-sptg-358">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[326]</a> Al-Biruni's version of the Yoga Sutras reached Persia and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> by about 1050. During the 16th century, the hatha yoga text Amritakunda was translated into Arabic and Persian.<a href="#cite_note-361">[327]</a> Yoga was, however, not accepted by mainstream <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. Minority <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> sects such as the mystic <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> movement, particularly in South Asia, adopted Indian yoga postures and breath control.<a href="#cite_note-362">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[329]</a> Muhammad Ghawth, a 16th-century Shattari Sufi and translator of yoga text, was criticized for his interest in yoga and persecuted for his Sufi beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-364">[330]</a> Malaysia's top <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> body imposed a legally-enforceable 2008 <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> from practicing yoga, saying that it had elements of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and its practice was <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> as <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[332]</a> Malaysian Muslims who had been practicing yoga for years called the decision "insulting."<a href="#cite_note-367">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sisters_in_Islam" title="Sisters in Islam">Sisters in Islam</a>, a Malaysian women's-rights group, expressed disappointment and said that yoga was a form of exercise.<a href="#cite_note-368">[334]</a> Malaysia's prime minister clarified that yoga as exercise is permissible, but the chanting of religious mantras is not.<a href="#cite_note-369">[335]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Ulema_Council" title="Indonesian Ulema Council">Indonesian Ulema Council</a> (MUI) imposed a 2009 fatwa banning yoga because it contains Hindu elements.<a href="#cite_note-370">[336]</a> These fatwas have been criticized by <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Darul Uloom Deoband</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a> Islamic seminary in India.<a href="#cite_note-371">[337]</a> Similar fatwas banning yoga for its link to Hinduism were imposed by Grand Mufti <a href="/wiki/Ali_Gomaa" title="Ali Gomaa">Ali Gomaa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 2004, and by Islamic clerics in Singapore earlier.<a href="#cite_note-372">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[339]</a> According to Iran's yoga association, the country had about 200 yoga centres in May 2014. One-quarter were in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, where groups could be seen practising in parks; conservatives were opposed.<a href="#cite_note-374">[340]</a> In May 2009, Turkish <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Religious Affairs">Directorate of Religious Affairs</a> head <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bardako%C4%9Flu" title="Ali Bardakoğlu">Ali Bardakoğlu</a> discounted personal-development techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">reiki</a> and yoga as commercial ventures which could lead to extremism. According to Bardakoğlu, reiki and yoga could be a form of proselytizing at the expense of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-375">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nouf_Marwaai" title="Nouf Marwaai">Nouf Marwaai</a> brought yoga to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> in 2017, contributing to making it legal and recognized despite being allegedly threatened by her community which asserts yoga as "un-Islamic".<a href="#cite_note-376">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yogis" title="Category:Yogis">Yogis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallakhamba" title="Mallakhamba">Mallakhamba</a>, a form of yoga performed on a pole</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional games of India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Zimmer's point of view is supported by other scholars, such as Niniam Smart in Doctrine and argument in Indian Philosophy, 1964, pp. 27–32, 76<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19947-89">[79]</a> and S. K. Belvakar and <a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">Inchegeri Sampradaya</a> in History of Indian philosophy, 1974 (1927), pp. 81, 303–409.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19945–7-90">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Gavin Flood: "These renouncer traditions offered a new vision of the human condition which became incorporated, to some degree, into the worldview of the Brahman householder. The ideology of asceticism and renunciation seems, at first, discontinuous with the brahmanical ideology of the affirmation of social obligations and the performance of public and domestic rituals. Indeed, there has been some debate as to whether asceticism and its ideas of retributive action, reincarnation and spiritual liberation, might not have originated outside the orthodox vedic sphere, or even outside Aryan culture: that a divergent historical origin might account for the apparent contradiction within 'Hinduism' between the world affirmation of the householder and the world negation of the renouncer. However, this dichotomization is too simplistic, for continuities can undoubtedly be found between renunciation and vedic Brahmanism, while elements from non-Brahmanical, Sramana traditions also played an important part in the formation of the renunciate ideal. Indeed there are continuities between vedic Brahmanism and Buddhism, and it has been argued that the Buddha sought to return to the ideals of a vedic society which he saw as being eroded in his own day."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199676–77-97">[86]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> See also Gavin Flood (1996), Hinduism, p.87–90, on "The orthogenetic theory" and "Non-Vedic origins of renunciation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199687–90-103">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Post-classical traditions consider <a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a> the originator of yoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2001Kindle_Locations_7299–7300-105">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Some scholars are now considering the image to be an instance of Lord of the Beasts found in Eurasian neolithic mythology or the widespread motif of the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Animals" title="Master of Animals">Master of Animals</a> found in ancient <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> and Mediterranean art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel200868–70,_90-112">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[99]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <ul><li>Wynne states that "The Nasadiyasukta, one of the earliest and most important cosmogonic tracts in the early Brahminic literature, contains evidence suggesting it was closely related to a tradition of early Brahminic contemplation. A close reading of this text suggests that it was closely related to a tradition of early Brahminic contemplation. The poem may have been composed by contemplatives, but even if not, an argument can be made that it marks the beginning of the contemplative/meditative trend in Indian thought."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200750-116">[101]</a></li> <li>Miller suggests that the composition of Nasadiya Sukta and <a href="/wiki/Purusha_Sukta" title="Purusha Sukta">Purusha Sukta</a> arises from "the subtlest meditative stage, called absorption in mind and heart" which "involves enheightened experiences" through which seer "explores the mysterious psychic and cosmic forces...".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199811-117">[102]</a></li> <li>Jacobsen writes that dhyana (meditation) is derived from the Vedic term dhih which refers to "visionary insight", "thought provoking vision".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199811-117">[102]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Original Sanskrit: स्वाध्यायमधीयानो धर्मिकान्विदधदात्मनि सर्वैन्द्रियाणि संप्रतिष्ठाप्याहिँसन्सर्व भूतान्यन्यत्र तीर्थेभ्यः स खल्वेवं वर्तयन्यावदायुषं ब्रह्मलोकमभिसंपद्यते न च पुनरावर्तते न च पुनरावर्तते॥ १॥ – <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, VIII.15<a href="#cite_note-126">[110]</a> Translation 1 by <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, The Upanishads, The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East</a> – Part 1, Oxford University Press: (He who engages in) self study, concentrates all his senses on the Self, never giving pain to any creature, except at the tîrthas, he who behaves thus all his life, reaches the world of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, and does not return, yea, he does not return. Translation 2 by G.N. Jha: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n503/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad</a> VIII.15, page 488: (He who engages in self study),—and having withdrawn all his sense-organs into the Self,—never causing pain to any living beings, except in places specially ordained,—one who behaves thus throughout life reaches the Region of Brahman and does not return,—yea, does not return.— </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Ancient Indian literature was transmitted and preserved through an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[116]</a> For example, the earliest written Pali Canon text is dated to the later part of the 1st century BCE, many centuries after the Buddha's death.<a href="#cite_note-134">[117]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> On the dates of the Pali canon, Gregory Schopen writes, "We know, and have known for some time, that the Pali canon as we have it — and it is generally conceded to be our oldest source — cannot be taken back further than the last quarter of the first century BCE, the date of the Alu-vihara redaction, the earliest redaction we can have some knowledge of, and that — for a critical history — it can serve, at the very most, only as a source for the Buddhism of this period. But we also know that even this is problematic ... In fact, it is not until the time of the commentaries of Buddhaghosa, Dhammapala, and others — that is to say, the fifth to sixth centuries CE — that we can know anything definite about the actual contents of [the Pali] canon."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne20073–4-150">[132]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> For the date of this Upanishad see also Helmuth von Glasenapp, from the 1950 Proceedings of the "Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur"<a href="#cite_note-154">[135]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> The currently existing version of Vaiśeṣika Sūtra manuscript was likely finalized sometime between the 2nd century BCE and the start of the common era. Wezler has proposed that the Yoga related text may have been inserted into this Sutra later, among other things; however, Bronkhorst finds much to disagree on with Wezler.<a href="#cite_note-Bronkhorst64-176">[156]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Werner writes, "The word Yoga appears here for the first time in its fully technical meaning, namely as a systematic training, and it already received a more or less clear formulation in some other middle Upanishads....Further process of the systematization of Yoga as a path to the ultimate mystic goal is obvious in subsequent Yoga Upanishads and the culmination of this endeavour is represented by Patanjali's codification of this path into a system of the eightfold Yoga."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner199824-194">[173]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> For <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a> as the founder of the philosophical system called yoga see: <a href="#CITEREFChatterjeeDatta1984">Chatterjee & Datta 1984</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> For an overview of the six orthodox schools, with detail on the grouping of schools, see: <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1967">Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967</a>, "Contents" and pp. 453–487. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> For a brief overview of the yoga school of philosophy see: <a href="#CITEREFChatterjeeDatta1984">Chatterjee & Datta 1984</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Worthington writes, "Yoga fully acknowledges its debt to Jainism, and Jainism reciprocates by making the practice of yoga part and parcel of life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington198235-233">[207]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> The earliest documented use of the word "Tantra" is in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (X.71.9).<a href="#cite_note-Banerjee-241">[214]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> "The Meditation school, called 'Ch'an' in Chinese from the Sanskrit 'dhyāna,' is best known in the West by the Japanese pronunciation 'Zen'".<a href="#cite_note-256">[228]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> For instance, Kamalashila (2003), p. 4, states that Buddhist meditation "includes any method of meditation that has <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Enlightenment</a> as its ultimate aim." Likewise, Bodhi (1999) writes: "To arrive at the experiential realization of the truths it is necessary to take up the practice of meditation.... At the climax of such contemplation the mental eye … shifts its focus to the unconditioned state, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nibbana</a> ..." A similar although in some ways slightly broader definition is provided by Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 142: "Meditation – general term for a multitude of religious practices, often quite different in method, but all having the same goal: to bring the consciousness of the practitioner to a state in which he can come to an experience of 'awakening,' 'liberation,' 'enlightenment.'" Kamalashila (2003) further allows that some Buddhist meditations are "of a more preparatory nature" (p. 4). </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word bhāvanā literally means "development" as in "mental development." For the association of this term with "meditation," see Epstein (1995), p. 105; and, Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 20. As an example from a well-known discourse of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>, in "The Greater Exhortation to Rahula" (Maha-Rahulovada Sutta, <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 62), Ven. <a href="/wiki/Sariputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sariputta">Sariputta</a> tells Ven. <a href="/wiki/Rahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahula">Rahula</a> (in Pali, based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tipitaka.org/romn/cscd/s0202m.mul1.xml">VRI, n.d.)</a>: ānāpānassatiṃ, rāhula, bhāvanaṃ bhāvehi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.062.than.html">Thanissaro (2006)</a> translates this as: "Rahula, develop the meditation [bhāvana] of <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">mindfulness of in-&-out breathing</a>." (Square-bracketed Pali word included based on Thanissaro, 2006, end note.) </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:2005.pali">Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), entry for "jhāna1"</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/onetool.html">Thanissaro (1997)</a>; as well as, Kapleau (1989), p. 385, for the derivation of the word "zen" from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> "dhyāna." <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">PTS</a> Secretary Dr. Rupert Gethin, in describing the activities of <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">wandering ascetics</a> contemporaneous with the Buddha, wrote: <dl><dd>"... [T]here is the cultivation of meditative and contemplative techniques aimed at producing what might, for the lack of a suitable technical term in English, be referred to as 'altered states of consciousness'. In the technical vocabulary of Indian religious texts such states come to be termed 'meditations' ([Skt.:] dhyāna / [Pali:] jhāna) or 'concentrations' (<a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samādhi">samādhi</a>); the attainment of such states of consciousness was generally regarded as bringing the practitioner to deeper knowledge and experience of the nature of the world." (Gethin, 1998, p. 10.)</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_Vinyasa_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a>, a style of <a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">modern yoga</a> using fluid transitions (<a href="/wiki/Vinyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyasa">vinyasas</a>) between asanas. </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-traditional_modern_yoga-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-traditional_modern_yoga_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-traditional_modern_yoga_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King (1999</a>, p. 67): "Many westerners see yoga as a variation on the modern concern for health and fitness and a means of overcoming the stresses and strains of modern day living. Most of what passes for yoga in this context, however, bears little relation to traditional practices, institutionalised as they were within established traditions or lienages (sampradaya) of teacher (guru) and pupil (śiṣya), structured according to hierarchical and initiatory stages of development and bound up with an ascetic lifestyle and world-view very different from the concerns of the modern western urbanite." </li> <li id="cite_note-two_definitions-6"><a href="#cite_ref-two_definitions_6-0">^</a> A classical definition comes from Patanjali's Yoga sutras(<a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein1998">Feuerstein 1998</a>, pp. 4–5, <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, p. 3, <a href="#CITEREFOlsson2023">Olsson 2023</a>, p. 2), which defines yoga as aiming to control (yoke) and still the mind (<a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>), recognizing (<a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">jnana</a>) or isolating (<a href="/wiki/Kaivalya" title="Kaivalya">kaivalya</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>, the primordial <a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(witness)" title="Sakshi (witness)">witness-consciousness</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a>, matter and mind (<a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein1998">Feuerstein 1998</a>, pp. 4–5, <a href="#CITEREFOlsson2023">Olsson 2023</a>, p. 2). Another classical definition (<a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein1998">Feuerstein 1998</a>, pp. 4–5, <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, p. 3, <a href="#CITEREFOlsson2023">Olsson 2023</a>, p. 2), informed by the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (<a href="#CITEREFOlsson2023">Olsson 2023</a>, p. 2) and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> (<a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein1998">Feuerstein 1998</a>, pp. 4–5), describes the pupose of yoga as the union of the individual self (jivatman) with the higher Self (paramatman), <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, or God (Shiva). </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Hindu-scholars have argued that Yoga has <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> Vedic origins, and influenced Jainism and Buddhism. </li> <li id="cite_note-Katha_Upanishad-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Katha_Upanishad_16-0">^</a> The first known appearance of the word "yoga" with the same meaning as the modern term is in the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a> (<a href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>, pp. 25–34, <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 95), which was probably composed between the fifth and third centuries BCE (<a href="#CITEREFPhillips2009">Phillips 2009</a>, pp. 28–30, <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, pp. 12–13). </li> <li id="cite_note-YS_dating-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YS_dating_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YS_dating_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YS_dating_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant (2009</a>, p. xxxiv): "Most scholars date the text shortly after the turn of the Common Era (circa first to second century)." </li> <li id="cite_note-hatha_yoga_dating-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hatha_yoga_dating_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatha_yoga_dating_21-1">b</a> Hatha Yoga dating: <a href="#CITEREFMallinson2012">Mallinson (2012</a>, p. 20): "The techniques of hatha yoga are not taught in Sanskrit texts until the 11th century or thereabouts." <a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley (2000</a>, p. 15) "While many scholars prefer to locate hatha-yoga's formative years somewhere between the ninth and tenth centuries CE, coinciding with the estimated flourishing of the great siddhas Matsyendra and Goraksa, other researchers and practitioners of yoga look much farther back in time." </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Original Sanskrit: युञ्जते मन उत युञ्जते धियो विप्रा विप्रस्य बृहतो विपश्चितः। वि होत्रा दधे वयुनाविदेक इन्मही देवस्य सवितुः परिष्टुतिः॥१॥<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> Translation 1: Seers of the vast illumined seer yogically [युञ्जते, yunjante] control their minds and their intelligence... (…)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200025-34">[28]</a> Translation 2: The illumined yoke their mind and they yoke their thoughts to the illuminating godhead, to the vast, to the luminous in consciousness; the one knower of all manifestation of knowledge, he alone orders the things of the sacrifice. Great is the praise of Savitri, the creating godhead.<a href="#cite_note-sriauro-35">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-"Samuel_White-74"><a href="#cite_ref-"Samuel_White_74-0">^</a> Vivekananda" </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimes-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_76-0">^</a> See, for example, <a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes (1996</a>, p. 359), who states that yoga is a process (or discipline) leading to unity (<a href="/wiki/Aikyam" title="Aikyam">Aikyam</a>) with the divine (<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>) or with one's self (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-union_AV-80"><a href="#cite_ref-union_AV_80-0">^</a> This understanding of yoga as union with the divine is also informed by the medieaval synthesis of Advaita Vedanta and yoga, with the Advaita Vedanta-tradition explicitly incorporating elements from the yogic tradition and texts like the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadaio20174–5-77">[68]</a> culminating in <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>'s full embrace and propagation of Yogic samadhi as an Advaita means of knowledge of the identity of the individual self (jivataman) and the highest self (Brahman), leading to liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1994-78">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010-79">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tattvarthasutra_2007_p._102-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Tattvarthasutra_2007_p._102_229-0">^</a> Tattvarthasutra [6.1], see Manu Doshi (2007) Translation of Tattvarthasutra, Ahmedabad: Shrut Ratnakar p. 102. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED0000-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED0000_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOED0000">OED 0000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2000entry_"Yoga"-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2000entry_"Yoga"_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2000entry_"Yoga"_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2000">Bowker 2000</a>, p. entry "Yoga". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2004entry_"Yoga"-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2004entry_"Yoga"_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown2004entry_"Yoga"_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2004">Keown 2004</a>, p. entry "Yoga". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009entry_"Yoga"-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009entry_"Yoga"_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009entry_"Yoga"_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2009">Johnson 2009</a>, p. entry "Yoga". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmodyCarmody199668-7"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199967_25-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJantos2012362–363-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJantos2012362–363_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJantos2012">Jantos 2012</a>, pp. 362–363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011xvi–xvii,_2-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011xvi–xvii,_2_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, p. xvi–xvii, 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, pp. xvi–xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESatyananda20081-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatyananda20081_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSatyananda2008">Satyananda 2008</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007511-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007511_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007511_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007511_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007511_30-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. 511. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014entry_"yoga"-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014entry_"yoga"_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014entry_"yoga"_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. entry "yoga". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199695-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199695_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199695_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199695_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20113-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20113_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20113_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20113_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20113_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200025-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200025_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200025_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-sriauro-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sriauro_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sriauro_35-1">b</a> Sri Aurobindo (1916, Reprinted 1995), A Hymn to Savitri V.81, in The Secret of Veda, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914955-19-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-914955-19-1">978-0-914955-19-1</a>, page 529 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Sanskrit: Source: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_५.८१">Rigveda Book 5, Chapter 81</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511111113/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AB.%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A7">Archived</a> 11 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Wikisource </li> <li id="cite_note-Dasgupta_1975_226-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Dasgupta_1975_226_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1975" class="citation book cs1">Dasgupta, Surendranath (1975). A History of Indian Philosophy. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0412-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0412-0"><bdi>81-208-0412-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=81-208-0412-0&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20095-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20095_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxxix-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxxix_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. xxxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAranya2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Hariharananda_Aranya" title="Swami Hariharananda Aranya">Aranya, Swami Hariharananda</a> (2000). Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali with Bhasvati. Calcutta, India: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87594-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-87594-00-4"><bdi>81-87594-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Philosophy+of+Patanjali+with+Bhasvati&rft.place=Calcutta%2C+India&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-87594-00-4&rft.aulast=Aranya&rft.aufirst=Swami+Hariharananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200829-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson200829_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> American Heritage Dictionary: "Yogi, One who practices yoga." Websters: "Yogi, A follower of the yoga philosophy; an ascetic." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201717–23-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201717–23_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 17–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller2013" class="citation book cs1">Muller, F. Max (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXf-AQAAQBAJ">The Upanisads</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-86449-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-86449-0"><bdi>978-1-136-86449-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Upanisads&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-86449-0&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=F.+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXf-AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaisesika sutra</a>, 5.2.15–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a>, 6.10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, 2.48, 2.50, 6.23 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmarais200816-17-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmarais200816-17_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmarais200816-17_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmarais2008">Desmarais 2008</a>, p. 16-17. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a>, 1.2–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yogacarabhumi-sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacarabhumi-sastra">Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra</a> (Sravakabhumi), 2.152 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Yogaśataka, 2, 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasudeva241-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasudeva241_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a>, I.8.5a </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> '<a href="/wiki/Brahmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmasutra">Brahmasutra</a>-bhasya, 2.1.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, 4.4–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasudeva235–236-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasudeva235–236_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasudeva235–236_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Mrgendratantravrtti, yp 2a </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Śaradatilaka, 25.1–3b </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasudeva243-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasudeva243_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Yogabija, 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20184-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20184_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2018">Jacobsen 2018</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20114-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20114_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20116-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20116_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20116–8-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20116–8_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, pp. 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20118–9-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20118–9_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20119–10-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20119–10_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201110–12-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201110–12_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, pp. 10–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201111-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201111_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1356186313000734">"The Yogīs' Latest Trick"</a>. 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Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 27 (1): 97–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Oral+Transmission+of+the+Early+Buddhist+Literature&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-128&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8945%2F2838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Donald Lopez (2004). Buddhist Scriptures. Penguin Books. pp. xi–xv. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190937-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190937-0">978-0-14-190937-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201713–15-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201713–15_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 13–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998131-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner1998131_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerner1998">Werner 1998</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998119–20-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner1998119–20_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner1998119–20_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerner1998">Werner 1998</a>, pp. 119–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a>, "Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo." Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Barbara Stoler Miller, "Yoga: Discipline of Freedom: the Yoga Sutra Attributed to Patanjali; a Translation of the Text, with Commentary, Introduction, and Glossary of Keywords." University of California Press, 1996, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Mallinson, James. 2007. The Khecarīvidyā of Adinathā. London: Routledge. pp. 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinson2012">Mallinson 2012</a>, pp. 20–21, "The Buddha himself is said to have tried both pressing his tongue to the back of his mouth, in a manner similar to that of the hathayogic khecarīmudrā, and ukkutikappadhāna, a <a href="/wiki/Squatting_posture" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatting posture">squatting posture</a> which may be related to hathayogic techniques such as mahāmudrā, mahābandha, mahāvedha, mūlabandha, and vajrāsana in which pressure is put on the perineum with the heel, in order to force upwards the breath or Kundalinī." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel200831–32-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel200831–32_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010Chapter_1-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010Chapter_1_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>, Chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Bronkhorst, Johannes</a> (1993), The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120816435" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120816435">978-8120816435</a>, pages 1–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20115–6-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20115–6_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20115–6_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner1998119–120-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner1998119–120_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerner1998">Werner 1998</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eating_disorders-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Eating_disorders_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2011" class="citation journal cs1">Douglass, Laura (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ebscohost.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=1d8495be-1c1c-4423-ad48-1f6054f42876%40sessionmgr111&hid=103">"Thinking Through The Body: The Conceptualization Of Yoga As Therapy For Individuals With Eating Disorders"</a>. Academic Search Premier: 83. Retrieved 19 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Search+Premier&rft.atitle=Thinking+Through+The+Body%3A+The+Conceptualization+Of+Yoga+As+Therapy+For+Individuals+With+Eating+Disorders&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ebscohost.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca%2Fehost%2Fpdfviewer%2Fpdfviewer%3Fvid%3D3%26sid%3D1d8495be-1c1c-4423-ad48-1f6054f42876%2540sessionmgr111%26hid%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta1988" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Amaresh (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1809">Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti</a>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1809. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0"><bdi>978-81-260-1194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature%3A+devraj+to+jyoti&rft.pages=1809&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1194-0&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzB4n3MVozbUC%26pg%3DPA1809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne20073–4-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne20073–4_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWynne2007">Wynne 2007</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips200928–30-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips200928–30_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips2009">Phillips 2009</a>, pp. 28–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199812–13-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199812–13_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204142029/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/vonglasenapp/wheel002.html">"Vedanta and Buddhism, A Comparative Study"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/vonglasenapp/wheel002.html">the original</a> on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedanta+and+Buddhism%2C+A+Comparative+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fvonglasenapp%2Fwheel002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199818–19-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199818–19_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhicher1998">Whicher 1998</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20118-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20118_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20118_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20118_157-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20114-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20114_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> See: Original Sanskrit: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/shveta.pdf">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304112640/http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/shveta.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Book 2, Hymns 8–14; English Translation: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> (German: 1897; English Translated by Bedekar & Palsule, Reprint: 2010), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814677" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814677">978-8120814677</a>, pages 309–310 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201026-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201026_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuerstein1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Feuerstein, Georg</a> (January–February 1988). "Introducing Yoga's Great Literary Heritage". <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a> (78): 70–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.atitle=Introducing+Yoga%27s+Great+Literary+Heritage&rft.issue=78&rft.pages=70-75&rft.date=1988-01%2F1988-02&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-charlesrl-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charlesrl_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charlesrl_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charlesrl_162-2">c</a> Charles R Lanman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/jstor-1507563/1507563#page/n3/mode/2up">The Hindu Yoga System</a>, Harvard Theological Review, Volume XI, Number 4, Harvard University Press, pages 355–359 </li> <li id="cite_note-strabo-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strabo_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strabo_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strabo_163-2">c</a> Strabo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A3*.html#ref101">Geography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101030721/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A3%2A.html#ref101">Archived</a> 1 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Book XV, Chapter 1, see Sections 63–65, Loeb Classical Library edition, Harvard University Press, Translator: H. L. Jones </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xii–xxii-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xii–xxii_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xii–xxii_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. xii–xxii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199825–26-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199825–26_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhicher1998">Whicher 1998</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20119-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20119_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20119_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200733-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne200733_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWynne2007">Wynne 2007</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201110-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201110_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199696-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199696_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201110–11-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201110–11_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201110–11_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> E. Easwaran, Essence of the Bhagavad Gita, Nilgiri Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58638-068-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58638-068-7">978-1-58638-068-7</a>, pages 117–118 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Jack Hawley (2011), The Bhagavad Gita, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60868-014-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60868-014-6">978-1-60868-014-6</a>, pages 50, 130; Arvind Sharma (2000), Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564441-8">978-0-19-564441-8</a>, pages 114–122 </li> <li id="cite_note-bibekd-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibekd_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibekd_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibekd_173-2">c</a> Bibek Debroy (2005), The Bhagavad Gita, Penguin Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400068-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400068-5">978-0-14-400068-5</a>, Introduction, pages x–xi </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201146-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201146_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Georg Feuerstein (2011), The Bhagavad Gita – A New Translation, Shambhala, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-893-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-893-6">978-1-59030-893-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronkhorst64-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bronkhorst64_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bronkhorst64_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bronkhorst64_176-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Bronkhorst1993" class="citation book cs1">Johannes Bronkhorst (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZbZDP8MRJoC&pg=PA64">The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1114-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1114-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Traditions+of+Meditation+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1114-0&rft.au=Johannes+Bronkhorst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZbZDP8MRJoC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips2009p281-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2009p281_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2009p281_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Phillips2009" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Phillips (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLqrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281">Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 281 footnote 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14485-8"><bdi>978-0-231-14485-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%2C+Karma%2C+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Brief+History+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=281+footnote+36&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14485-8&rft.au=Stephen+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuLqrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson2013p26-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson2013p26_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_J._Nicholson2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew J. Nicholson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AVusAgAAQBAJ">Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14987-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14987-7"><bdi>978-0-231-14987-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unifying+Hinduism%3A+Philosophy+and+Identity+in+Indian+Intellectual+History&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14987-7&rft.au=Andrew+J.+Nicholson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAVusAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988">, "From a historical perspective, the Brahmasutras are best understood as a group of sutras composed by multiple authors over the course of hundreds of years, most likely composed in its current form between 400 and 450 BCE." </li> <li id="cite_note-nvisaeva36-180"><a href="#cite_ref-nvisaeva36_180-0">^</a> NV Isaeva (1992), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1281-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1281-7">978-0-7914-1281-7</a>, page 36, ""on the whole, scholars are rather unanimous, considering the most probable date for Brahmasutra sometime between the 2nd-century BCE and the 2nd-century CE" </li> <li id="cite_note-jfowlerpor129-181"><a href="#cite_ref-jfowlerpor129_181-0">^</a> Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898723943" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898723943">978-1898723943</a>, page 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> B. K. Matilal (1986), "Perception. An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge", Oxford University Press, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips2009p297-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2009p297_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Phillips2009" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Phillips (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLqrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281">Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 281 footnote 40, 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14485-8"><bdi>978-0-231-14485-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%2C+Karma%2C+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Brief+History+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=281+footnote+40%2C+297&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14485-8&rft.au=Stephen+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuLqrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vidyabhushana137-184"><a href="#cite_ref-vidyabhushana137_184-0">^</a> SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/NyayaSutra/nyaya_sutras_of_gautama#page/n161/mode/2up">The Nyâya Sutras</a>, The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 137–139 </li> <li id="cite_note-potterteip237-185"><a href="#cite_ref-potterteip237_185-0">^</a> Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803091" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803091">978-8120803091</a>, page 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvi–xvii-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvi–xvii_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvi–xvii_186-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. xvi–xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Original Sanskrit: साङ्ख्यं योगो लोकायतं च इत्यान्वीक्षिकी | English Translation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Arthasastra_English_Translation/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English#page/n9/mode/2up">Arthasastra Book 1, Chapter 2</a> Kautiliya, R Shamasastry (Translator), page 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Olivelle, Patrick (2013), King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989182-5">978-0-19-989182-5</a>, see Introduction </li> <li id="cite_note-lpfl-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lpfl_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpfl_189-1">b</a> Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pages 38–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley201231–46-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley201231–46_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurley2012">Burley 2012</a>, pp. 31–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1967453-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1967453_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1967">Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967</a>, p. 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1971344-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1971344_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1971">Radhakrishnan 1971</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1899104-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1899104_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller1899">Müller 1899</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner199824-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner199824_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerner1998">Werner 1998</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles2001x-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles2001x_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStiles2001">Stiles 2001</a>, p. x. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45_197-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45_197-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson200843–45_197-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, pp. 43–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson200821–22-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson200821–22_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimni19616-200"><a 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Ethics, 30(3), pages 347–372 </li> <li id="cite_note-mngulati-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mngulati_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mngulati_208-1">b</a> MN Gulati (2008), Comparative Religions And Philosophies : Anthropomorphism And Divinity, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126909025" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126909025">978-8126909025</a>, page 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Sharma and Sharma, Indian Political Thought, Atlantic Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171566785" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171566785">978-8171566785</a>, page 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-ntummers-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ntummers_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ntummers_210-1">b</a> N Tummers (2009), Teaching Yoga for Life, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-7016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-7016-4">978-0-7360-7016-4</a>, pages 16–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Kaelber, W. O. (1976). "Tapas", Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, 15(4): 343–386 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> SA Bhagwat (2008), Yoga and Sustainability. Journal of Yoga, Fall/Winter 2008, 7(1): 1–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201716–17-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201716–17_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996238-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996238_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-shphillips-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shphillips_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shphillips_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Stephen H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicalindianm00phil">Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of "New Logic"</a>. Open Court Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicalindianm00phil/page/12">12–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812692983" title="Special:BookSources/9780812692983"><bdi>9780812692983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+Metaphysics%3A+Refutations+of+Realism+and+the+Emergence+of+%22New+Logic%22&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780812692983&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicalindianm00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008478-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2008478_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, p. 478. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Rosen, Richard (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA121">"Guided Meditation"</a>. Yoga Journal. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-0965">0191-0965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.atitle=Guided+Meditation&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2006-03&rft.issn=0191-0965&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ekDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDivanji1954" class="citation book cs1">Divanji, Prahlad, ed. (1954). Yoga Yajnavalkya: A Treatise on Yoga as Taught by Yogi Yajnavalkya. B.B.R.A. Society's Monograph. Vol. 3. Bombay, India: Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Yajnavalkya%3A+A+Treatise+on+Yoga+as+Taught+by+Yogi+Yajnavalkya&rft.place=Bombay%2C+India&rft.series=B.B.R.A.+Society%27s+Monograph&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Bombay+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2010" class="citation book cs1">Mohan, A.G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6nQQQ0OWo8C&pg=PA127">Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings</a>. Shambhala Publications. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-800-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-800-4"><bdi>978-1-59030-800-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishnamacharya%3A+His+Life+and+Teachings&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59030-800-4&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6nQQQ0OWo8C%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008479-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2008479_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, p. 479. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008481–484-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2008481–484_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, pp. 481–484. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008485–486-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2008485–486_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, pp. 485–486. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Koller2002" class="citation book cs1">John M. Koller (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgAQAQAAIAAJ">Asian Philosophies</a>. Prentice Hall. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-092385-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-092385-1"><bdi>978-0-13-092385-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Philosophies&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-13-092385-1&rft.au=John+M.+Koller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgAQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Dan Lusthaus. Buddhist Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih Lun. Published 2002 (Routledge). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1186-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1186-4">0-7007-1186-4</a>. pg 533 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor), The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners: The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1 Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, pp. 16, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvii–xviii-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvii–xviii_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. xvii–xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tattvarthasutra_6.2-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tattvarthasutra_6.2_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tattvarthasutra_6.2_230-1">b</a> Tattvarthasutra [6.2] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKundakunda134–140-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKundakunda134–140_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKundakunda">Kundakunda</a>, pp. 134–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZydenbos200666-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZydenbos200666_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZydenbos200666_232-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZydenbos2006">Zydenbos 2006</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington198235-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthington198235_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington1982">Worthington 1982</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998313-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998313_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhicher1998">Whicher 1998</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008136–139-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2008136–139_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, pp. 136–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutler-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Cutler_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler1987" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Norman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&pg=PA1">Songs of Experience</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35334-4"><bdi>978-0-253-35334-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Experience&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35334-4&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveSItWingx8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008137-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2008137_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, pp. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201122-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen201122_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinoo2009" class="citation book cs1">Einoo, Shingo, ed. (2009). Genesis and Development of Tantrism. University of Tokyo. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+and+Development+of+Tantrism&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+of+Tokyo&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banerjee-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Banerjee_241-0">^</a> Banerjee, S.C., 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel20089-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20089_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20089_243-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel20089_243-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xviii–xx-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xviii–xx_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. xviii–xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2008324–333-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2008324–333_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2008">Samuel 2008</a>, pp. 324–333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200016-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200016_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200016_246-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> John Powers (2004), in Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Editors: Damien Keown et al.), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31414-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31414-5">978-0-415-31414-5</a>, pages 775–785 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> White, David Gordon. Yoga in Practice. Princeton University Press 2012, page 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lama_Yeshe_1998,_pg.135–141-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lama_Yeshe_1998,_pg.135–141_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lama_Yeshe_1998,_pg.135–141_249-1">b</a> Lama Yeshe (1998). The Bliss of Inner Fire. Wisdom Publications. pp. 135–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Chogyam Trungpa (2001) The Lion's Roar: An Introduction to Tantra. Shambhala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-895-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-895-5">1-57062-895-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Edmonton Patric 2007, Pali and Its Significance, p. 332 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> "Yantra Yoga: The Tibetan Yoga of Movement" by Chogyal Namkhai Norbu. Snow Lion, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-308-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-308-4">1-55939-308-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> The Lion's Roar: An Introduction to Tantra, by Chogyam Trungpa. Shambhala, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-895-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-895-5">1-57062-895-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> "Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet" by Ray, Reginald A. Shambhala: 2002. pp. 37–38 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-917-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-917-X">1-57062-917-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> "Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet" by Ray, Reginald A. Shambhala: 2002. p. 57 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-917-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-917-X">1-57062-917-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> The Buddhist Tradition in India, China, and Japan. Edited by William Theodore de Bary. pp. 207–208. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71696-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71696-5">0-394-71696-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005">Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter 2005</a>, p. 13: "This phenomenon merits special attention since yogic roots are to be found in the Zen Buddhist school of meditation." </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkshaya_Kumar_Banerjea1983" class="citation book cs1">Akshaya Kumar Banerjea (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljn1koKa0CQC">Philosophy of Gorakhnath with Goraksha-Vacana-Sangraha</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0534-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0534-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0534-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Gorakhnath+with+Goraksha-Vacana-Sangraha&rft.pages=xxi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0534-7&rft.au=Akshaya+Kumar+Banerjea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjn1koKa0CQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinson2012">Mallinson 2012</a>, p. 2: "The earliest references to hathayoga are scattered mentions in Buddhist canonical works and their exegesis dating from the eighth century onwards, in which it is the soteriological method of last resort." </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinson2012">Mallinson 2012</a>, p. 2: "In its earliest definition, in Pundarīka's eleventh-century Vimalaprabhā commentary on the Kālacakratantra, hathayoga is said to bring about the "unchanging moment" (aksaraksana) "through the practice of nāda by forcefully making the breath enter the central channel and through restraining the bindu of the bodhicitta in the vajra of the lotus of wisdom". While the means employed are not specified, the ends, in particular restraining bindu, semen, and making the breath enter the central channel, are similar to those mentioned in the earliest descriptions of the practices of hathayoga, to which I now turn." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2008140-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2008140_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2008">Larson 2008</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1996-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1996_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein1996">Feuerstein 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansukhani2009" class="citation book cs1">Mansukhani, Gobind Singh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_SirMuPr54C&pg=PA66">Introduction To Sikhism</a>. Hemkunt Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-181-9"><bdi>978-81-7010-181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+To+Sikhism&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-181-9&rft.aulast=Mansukhani&rft.aufirst=Gobind+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_SirMuPr54C%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhillon2010" class="citation book cs1">Dhillon, Harish (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=obRecfp1QCYC&pg=PA178">Guru Nanak</a>. Indus Source Books. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88569-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88569-02-1"><bdi>978-81-88569-02-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Nanak&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Indus+Source+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-88569-02-1&rft.aulast=Dhillon&rft.aufirst=Harish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DobRecfp1QCYC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesaw2014" class="citation book cs1">Besaw, Kelsie (7 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFyCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10">The Little Red Book of Yoga Wisdom</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781628738704" title="Special:BookSources/9781628738704"><bdi>9781628738704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Red+Book+of+Yoga+Wisdom&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft.isbn=9781628738704&rft.aulast=Besaw&rft.aufirst=Kelsie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFyCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-267"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_267-0">^</a> Shaw, Eric. "35 Moments", <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a>, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg201021ff-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg201021ff_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldberg2010">Goldberg 2010</a>, pp. 21ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Von Glasenapp, Hellmuth. Die Philosophie der Inder. Stuttgart, 1974: A. Kroener Verlag, pp. 166f. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-270"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/2007-03-01/Mind-Body/Fear-of-Yoga.aspx?page=2#axzz2bnQLbp2o">"Fear of Yoga"</a>. Utne.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fear+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Utne.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utne.com%2F2007-03-01%2FMind-Body%2FFear-of-Yoga.aspx%3Fpage%3D2%23axzz2bnQLbp2o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Michelis200419ff-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Michelis200419ff_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Michelis2004">De Michelis 2004</a>, pp. 19ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade1958-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade1958_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliade1958">Eliade 1958</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Flood, Gavin D., Body and Cosmology in Kashmir Saivism, San Francisco, 1993: Mellen Research University Press, pp.229ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Michelis_2007-274"><a href="#cite_ref-De_Michelis_2007_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Michelis2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_De_Michelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth De Michelis">De Michelis, Elizabeth</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wzukusers.storage.googleapis.com/user-31520575/documents/5a57bf9c24c23ZrCu301/Survey_of_Modern_Yoga_De_Michelis_2007.pdf">"A Preliminary Survey of Modern Yoga Studies"</a> (PDF). Asian Medicine, Tradition and Modernity. 3 (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157342107X207182">10.1163/157342107X207182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Medicine%2C+Tradition+and+Modernity&rft.atitle=A+Preliminary+Survey+of+Modern+Yoga+Studies&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157342107X207182&rft.aulast=De+Michelis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwzukusers.storage.googleapis.com%2Fuser-31520575%2Fdocuments%2F5a57bf9c24c23ZrCu301%2FSurvey_of_Modern_Yoga_De_Michelis_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jain_2016-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Jain_2016_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2016" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Jain">Jain, Andrea</a> (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-163">"The Early History of Modern Yoga"</a>. 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Primary Care. 37 (1): 31–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pop.2009.09.009">10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20188996">20188996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primary+Care&rft.atitle=Prescribing+Yoga&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-47&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pop.2009.09.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20188996&rft.au=Hayes%2C+M.&rft.au=Chase%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWielandSkoetzPilkingtonVempati2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wieland, L. Susan; Skoetz, Nicole; Pilkington, Karen; Vempati, Ramaprabhu; D'Adamo, Christopher R.; Berman, Brian M. (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5294833">"Yoga treatment for chronic non-specific low back pain"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1). CD010671. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd010671.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd010671.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5294833">5294833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28076926">28076926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Yoga+treatment+for+chronic+non-specific+low+back+pain&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD010671&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5294833%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28076926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd010671.pub2&rft.aulast=Wieland&rft.aufirst=L.+Susan&rft.au=Skoetz%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Pilkington%2C+Karen&rft.au=Vempati%2C+Ramaprabhu&rft.au=D%27Adamo%2C+Christopher+R.&rft.au=Berman%2C+Brian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5294833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahapragya2004" class="citation book cs1">Mahapragya, Acharya (2004). "Foreword". Jain Yog. Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Jain+Yog&rft.pub=Aadarsh+Saahitya+Sangh&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mahapragya&rft.aufirst=Acharya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002187,_198-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002187,_198_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein2002">Feuerstein 2002</a>, pp. 187, 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulsi2004" class="citation book cs1">Tulsi, Acharya (2004). "Blessings". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305051429/http://www.adarshsahityasangh.com/bookdetail.aspx?id=24">Sambodhi</a>. Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39811791">39811791</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adarshsahityasangh.com/BookDetail.aspx?Id=24">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blessings&rft.btitle=Sambodhi&rft.pub=Aadarsh+Saahitya+Sangh&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39811791&rft.aulast=Tulsi&rft.aufirst=Acharya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adarshsahityasangh.com%2FBookDetail.aspx%3FId%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002192–193-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002192–193_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein2002">Feuerstein 2002</a>, pp. 192–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Pragya, Samani Pratibha (2017), Prekṣā meditation : history and methods. PhD Thesis, SOAS, University of London, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Analayo (2017), Early Buddhist Meditation Studies, Barre Center for Buddhist Studies, pp. 69–70, 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Thanissaro Bhikkhu, One Tool Among Many, The Place of Vipassana in Buddhist Practice, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Buswell, Robert, ed. (2004), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, MacMillan, p. 889. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Paul Williams (2008). Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. Routledge. pp. 68–69. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1">978-1-134-25056-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002230–241-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002230–241_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein2002">Feuerstein 2002</a>, pp. 230–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi-314">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi_314-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi_314-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, p. xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallinson2011">Mallinson 2011</a>, p. 770. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHari_Dass1978-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHari_Dass1978_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHari_Dass1978">Hari Dass 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998320-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher1998320_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhicher1998">Whicher 1998</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-iep.utm.edu-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_320-1">b</a> Ruzsa, Ferenc, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/sankhya/">Sankhya, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318003120/https://www.iep.utm.edu/sankhya/">Archived</a> 18 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley201243–46-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley201243–46_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurley2012">Burley 2012</a>, pp. 43–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a href="/wiki/K._T._Behanan" title="K. T. Behanan">K. T. Behanan</a> (2002), Yoga: Its Scientific Basis, Dover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41792-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41792-9">978-0-486-41792-9</a>, pages 56–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley201239,_41-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley201239,_41_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurley2012">Burley 2012</a>, pp. 39, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> George Thibaut, Vedanta Sutras Part 1, The Sacred Books of the East at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Volume 34 (Editor: Max Muller), Oxford University Press, pages lxxii–lxxiii </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> Deutsch, Eliot (1988), Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 104–105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-662-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-662-3">0-88706-662-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Comans, Michael (2000), The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> P. P. Bilimoria (2012). Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge. Springer. pp. 299–301. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-2911-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-2911-1">978-94-009-2911-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Deutsch" title="Eliot Deutsch">Eliot Deutsch</a> (1980), Advaita Vedanta : A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824802714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824802714">978-0824802714</a>, pages 105–108 </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> Michael Comans (1993), The question of the importance of Samādhi in modern and classical Advaita Vedānta, Philosophy East & West. Vol. 43, Issue 1, pp. 19–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002401-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2002401_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein2002">Feuerstein 2002</a>, p. 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii,_51-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii,_51_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, pp. xvi–xvii, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2001" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rosen_(yoga_teacher)" title="Richard Rosen (yoga teacher)">Rosen, Richard</a> (March–April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA147">"T.K.V. Desikachar's English translation of a 700-year-old text introduces Westerners to one of the earliest hatha yoga manuals (Review of Yogayajnavalkya Samhita by T.K.V. Desikachar)"</a>. Yoga Journal. pp. 147–149 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.atitle=T.K.V.+Desikachar%27s+English+translation+of+a+700-year-old+text+introduces+Westerners+to+one+of+the+earliest+hatha+yoga+manuals+%28Review+of+Yogayajnavalkya+Samhita+by+T.K.V.+Desikachar%29&rft.pages=147-149&rft.date=2001-03%2F2001-04&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAeoDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> Mukunda Stiles, Tantra Yoga Secrets, Weiser, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-503-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57863-503-0">978-1-57863-503-0</a>, pages 3–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> James Mallinson (2011). Knut A. Jacobsen; et al., eds. Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3. Brill Academic. pp. 770–781. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27128-9">978-90-04-27128-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-kriyananda-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kriyananda_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kriyananda_335-1">b</a> See Kriyananada, page 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-burley73-336"><a href="#cite_ref-burley73_336-0">^</a> See Burley, page 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roden-337"><a href="#cite_ref-Roden_337-0">^</a> See Introduction by Rosen, pp 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-mallinson-338"><a href="#cite_ref-mallinson_338-0">^</a> See translation by Mallinson. </li> <li id="cite_note-dwhite-339"><a href="#cite_ref-dwhite_339-0">^</a> On page 140, David Gordon White says about Gorakshanath: "... hatha yoga, in which field he was India's major systematizer and innovator." </li> <li id="cite_note-bajpai-340"><a href="#cite_ref-bajpai_340-0">^</a> Bajpai writes on page 524: "Nobody can dispute about the top ranking position of Sage Gorakshanath in the philosophy of Yoga." </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliade-341"><a href="#cite_ref-Eliade_341-0">^</a> Eliade writes of Gorakshanath on page 303: "...he accomplished a new synthesis among certain Shaivist traditions (Pashupata), tantrism, and the doctrines (unfortunately, so imperfectly known) of the siddhas – that is, of the perfect yogis." </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Davidson, Ronald. Indian Esoteric Buddhism. Columbia University Press. 2002, pg.169–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher19986–7-343"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher19986–7_343-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhicher1998">Whicher 1998</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> Feuerstein, Georg, Yoga: The Technology of Ecstasy, J.P. Tarcher, 1989, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1991" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (1991). Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892813018" title="Special:BookSources/9780892813018"><bdi>9780892813018</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/831272340">831272340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%3A+Mastering+the+Secrets+of+Matter+and+the+Universe&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F831272340&rft.isbn=9780892813018&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> Larson, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishnudevananda,_Swami1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vishnudevananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vishnudevananda">Vishnudevananda, Swami</a> (1999). Meditation and Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143422235" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143422235"><bdi>978-0143422235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditation+and+Mantras&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0143422235&rft.au=Vishnudevananda%2C+Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_vatican-348">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_vatican_348-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_vatican_348-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_vatican_348-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinfels1990" class="citation news cs1">Steinfels, Peter (7 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090808214350/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/07/weekinreview/ideas-trends-trying-to-reconcile-the-ways-of-the-vatican-and-the-east.html">"Trying to Reconcile the Ways of the Vatican and the East"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/07/weekinreview/ideas-trends-trying-to-reconcile-the-ways-of-the-vatican-and-the-east.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trying+to+Reconcile+the+Ways+of+the+Vatican+and+the+East&rft.date=1990-01-07&rft.aulast=Steinfels&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F01%2F07%2Fweekinreview%2Fideas-trends-trying-to-reconcile-the-ways-of-the-vatican-and-the-east.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vice21-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vice21_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vice21_349-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vice21_349-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2017" class="citation news cs1">Solomon, Serena (5 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/7xxa3a/inside-the-growing-world-of-christian-yoga">"Inside the Growing World of Christian Yoga"</a>. Vice. Retrieved 3 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Growing+World+of+Christian+Yoga&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Serena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F7xxa3a%2Finside-the-growing-world-of-christian-yoga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc20-350"><a href="#cite_ref-abc20_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarleton2020" class="citation news cs1">Carleton, James (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/godforbid/mental-and-spiritual-wellness-in-isolation-lockdown/13467828">"Mental and spiritual wellness in isolation"</a>. ABC. Retrieved 3 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Mental+and+spiritual+wellness+in+isolation&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Carleton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Fgodforbid%2Fmental-and-spiritual-wellness-in-isolation-lockdown%2F13467828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2015" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Andrea R. (2015). Selling Yoga : from Counterculture to Pop culture. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3"><bdi>978-0-19-939024-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Yoga+%3A+from+Counterculture+to+Pop+culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939024-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Andrea+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_L._Simpson1989" class="citation news cs1">Victor L. Simpson (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1989/12/16/vatican-warns-against-practicing-eastern-meditation/e974fb62-c018-4cbb-a002-39fd03ec1075/">"Vatican warns against practicing Eastern meditation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Vatican+warns+against+practicing+Eastern+meditation&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Victor+L.+Simpson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1989%2F12%2F16%2Fvatican-warns-against-practicing-eastern-meditation%2Fe974fb62-c018-4cbb-a002-39fd03ec1075%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc01-353"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc01_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2722743.stm">"Vatican sounds New Age alert"</a>. BBC. 4 February 2003. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vatican+sounds+New+Age+alert&rft.date=2003-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2722743.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeasdale2004" class="citation book cs1">Teasdale, Wayne (2004). Catholicism in dialogue: conversations across traditions. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3178-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-3178-3"><bdi>0-7425-3178-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism+in+dialogue%3A+conversations+across+traditions&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7425-3178-3&rft.aulast=Teasdale&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> Handbook of vocational psychology by W. Bruce Walsh, Mark Savickas 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-4517-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-4517-8">0-8058-4517-8</a> page 358 </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_from_Vatican-356"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_from_Vatican_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100502022624/http://www.ewtn.com/library/curia/cdfmed.htm">"1989 Letter from Vatican to Bishops on Some Aspects of Christian Meditation"</a>. Ewtn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/curia/cdfmed.htm">the original</a> on 2 May 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1989+Letter+from+Vatican+to+Bishops+on+Some+Aspects+of+Christian+Meditation&rft.pub=Ewtn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fcuria%2Fcdfmed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> Dr Ankerberg, John & Dr Weldon, John, Encyclopedia of New Age Beliefs, Harvest House Publishers, 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-sptg-358">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sptg_358-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sptg_358-1">b</a> S Pines and T Gelblum (Translators from Arabic to English, 1966), Al-Bīrūni (Translator from Sanskrit to Arabic, ~ 1035 AD), and Patañjali, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/611180">Al-Bīrūnī's Arabic Version of Patañjali's "Yogasūtra"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312213950/http://www.jstor.org/stable/611180">Archived</a> 12 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2 (1966), pages 302–325 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-359"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_359-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> Philipp Maas (2013), A Concise Historiography of Classical Yoga Philosophy, in Periodization and Historiography of Indian Philosophy (Editor: Eli Franco), Sammlung de Nobili, Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde der Universität Wien, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-900271-43-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-900271-43-5">978-3-900271-43-5</a>, pages 53–90, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858797956">858797956</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> Satish Chandra (2007), Historiography, Religion, and State in Medieval India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8124100356" title="Special:BookSources/978-8124100356">978-8124100356</a>, pages 135–136 </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ernst, C.W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BFBC851ADCEC24B0E08A8BDF10D4DCB7/S1356186304004675a.pdf/situating_sufism_and_yoga.pdf">"Situating Sufism and Yoga"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15: 15–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186304004675">10.1017/S1356186304004675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53485495">53485495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Situating+Sufism+and+Yoga&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=15-43&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186304004675&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53485495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FBFBC851ADCEC24B0E08A8BDF10D4DCB7%2FS1356186304004675a.pdf%2Fsituating_sufism_and_yoga.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~cernst/pdf/jras2.pdf">"Situating Sufism and Yoga"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 5 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Situating+Sufism+and+Yoga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~cernst%2Fpdf%2Fjras2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> Carl W. Ernst, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~cernst/pdf/UTRECHT.pdf">Persecution and Circumspection in Shattari Sufism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824030955/http://www.unc.edu/%7Ecernst/pdf/UTRECHT.pdf">Archived</a> 24 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Islamic Mysticism Contested: Thirteen Centuries of Debate and Conflict (Editors: Fred De Jong and Berndt Radtke), Brill, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106003351/http://www.islam.gov.my/portal/lihat.php?jakim=3600">"Sidang Media – Fatwa Yoga"</a>. Islam.gov.my. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam.gov.my/portal/lihat.php?jakim=3600">the original</a> on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010. <q>The Fatwas of Religious Council in Islamic affairs on Yoga. After carefully studied various reports and factual data, the Council unanimously agreed that this ancient India religious teachings, which involves physical and mental exercises, are Hinduism in nature known as wahdat al-wujud philosophy (oneness of existence; the realization of identity between the Self in man, Atman; and the Divine, BRAHMAN: 'Brahman is all, and Atman is Brahman'). It is prohibited (haram) for Muslims to practice it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sidang+Media+%E2%80%93+Fatwa+Yoga&rft.pub=Islam.gov.my&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam.gov.my%2Fportal%2Flihat.php%3Fjakim%3D3600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> Paul Babie and Neville Rochow (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/press/titles/freedom-religion/">Freedom of Religion Under Bills of Rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094331/http://www.adelaide.edu.au/press/titles/freedom-religion/">Archived</a> 22 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Adelaide Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9871718-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9871718-0-1">978-0-9871718-0-1</a>, page 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27857578">Top Islamic body: Yoga is not for Muslims</a> – <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622072723/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F11%2F23%2Fnation%2F2625368&sec=nation">"Mixed reactions to yoga ban"</a>. Thestar.com.my. 23 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/11/23/nation/2625368&sec=nation">the original</a> on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mixed+reactions+to+yoga+ban&rft.pub=Thestar.com.my&rft.date=2008-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2008%2F11%2F23%2Fnation%2F2625368%26sec%3Dnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731183706/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008112723185">"Badawi: Yoga for Muslims OK without chant"</a>. Saudi Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008112723185">the original</a> on 31 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Gazette&rft.atitle=Badawi%3A+Yoga+for+Muslims+OK+without+chant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudigazette.com.sa%2Findex.cfm%3Fmethod%3Dhome.regcon%26contentID%3D2008112723185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7850079.stm">"Indonesian clerics issue yoga ban"</a>. BBC News. 25 January 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Indonesian+clerics+issue+yoga+ban&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7850079.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://specials.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/29video-islam-allows-yoga-deoband.htm">"Why give yoga religious connotation: Deoband"</a>. rediff News. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rediff+News&rft.atitle=Why+give+yoga+religious+connotation%3A+Deoband&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecials.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fjan%2F29video-islam-allows-yoga-deoband.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2014" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Andrea R. (2014). <a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3"><bdi>978-0-19-939024-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Yoga%3A+From+Counterculture+to+Pop+Culture&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939024-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Andrea+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208225308/http://ddms.usim.edu.my/bitstream/handle/123456789/975/24%20Nov%202008%20-%20PRIME%20NEWS%20(14).pdf?sequence=1">"Find alternative to yoga, urges Jakim"</a> (PDF). New Straits Times. Malaysia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddms.usim.edu.my/bitstream/handle/123456789/975/24%20Nov%202008%20-%20PRIME%20NEWS%20(14).pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Find+alternative+to+yoga%2C+urges+Jakim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fddms.usim.edu.my%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F975%2F24%2520Nov%25202008%2520-%2520PRIME%2520NEWS%2520%2814%29.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21602272-conservative-clerics-are-wary-popular-pastime-perils-yoga">"The perils of yoga: Conservative clerics are wary of a popular pastime"</a>. The Economist. 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+perils+of+yoga%3A+Conservative+clerics+are+wary+of+a+popular+pastime&rft.date=2014-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21602272-conservative-clerics-are-wary-popular-pastime-perils-yoga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/11692086.asp?gid=244">"It's OK to stretch, just don't believe"</a>. Hurriyet.com.tr. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+OK+to+stretch%2C+just+don%27t+believe&rft.pub=Hurriyet.com.tr&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fenglish%2Fdomestic%2F11692086.asp%3Fgid%3D244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPTI2017" class="citation news cs1">PTI (15 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-nouf-marwaai-the-woman-behind-yoga-becoming-no-more-a-deviant-behaviour-in-saudi-arabia/articleshow/61655093.cms">"Meet Nouf Marwaai, the woman behind yoga becoming 'no more a deviant behaviour' in Saudi Arabia"</a>. The Economic Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Meet+Nouf+Marwaai%2C+the+woman+behind+yoga+becoming+%27no+more+a+deviant+behaviour%27+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Fmeet-nouf-marwaai-the-woman-behind-yoga-becoming-no-more-a-deviant-behaviour-in-saudi-arabia%2Farticleshow%2F61655093.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <dl><dt>Printed sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyangar1938" class="citation book cs1">Ayyangar, T. R. S. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n3/mode/2up">The Yoga Upanishads</a>. Madras: The Adyar Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Upanishads&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=The+Adyar+Library&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Ayyangar&rft.aufirst=T.+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheYogaUpanishads%2FTheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2017" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-40354525">"Yoga: How did it conquer the world and what's changed?"</a>. BBC News. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Yoga%3A+How+did+it+conquer+the+world+and+what%27s+changed%3F&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-40354525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowker, John (2000). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 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New York: North Point Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-736-0"><bdi>978-0-86547-736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Sutras+of+Pata%C3%B1jali%3A+A+New+Edition%2C+Translation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-736-0&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyogastrasofpataj0000brya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurley2000" class="citation book cs1">Burley, Mikel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl">Hatha Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice</a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-1706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-1706-7"><bdi>978-8-1208-1706-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatha+Yoga%3A+Its+Context%2C+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-1208-1706-7&rft.aulast=Burley&rft.aufirst=Mikel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhathayogaitscont0000burl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurley2012" class="citation book cs1">Burley, Mikel (2012). Classical Samkhya and Yoga – An Indian Metaphysics of Experience. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64887-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64887-5"><bdi>978-0-415-64887-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Samkhya+and+Yoga+%E2%80%93+An+Indian+Metaphysics+of+Experience&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-64887-5&rft.aulast=Burley&rft.aufirst=Mikel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2004" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert (2004). MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism. MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacMillan+Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2014" class="citation book cs1">Buswell; Lopez (2014). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Buswell&rft.au=Lopez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmodyCarmody1996" class="citation book cs1">Carmody, Denise Lardner; Carmody, John (1996). Serene Compassion. Oxford University Press US.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serene+Compassion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Carmody&rft.aufirst=Denise+Lardner&rft.au=Carmody%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjeeDatta1984" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Satischandra; Datta, Dhirendramohan (1984). An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. 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Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Development+of+Early+Indian+Contemplative+Practices&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Crangle&rft.aufirst=Edward+Fitzpatrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDass1999" class="citation book cs1">Dass, Baba Hari (1999). The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A Study Guide for Book I: Samadhi Pada. Santa Cruz, CA: Sri Rama Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918100-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-918100-20-8"><bdi>0-918100-20-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali%3A+A+Study+Guide+for+Book+I%3A+Samadhi+Pada&rft.place=Santa+Cruz%2C+CA&rft.pub=Sri+Rama+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-918100-20-8&rft.aulast=Dass&rft.aufirst=Baba+Hari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Michelis2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_De_Michelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth De Michelis">De Michelis, Elizabeth</a> (2004). A History of Modern Yoga. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8772-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8772-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-8772-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Yoga&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8772-8&rft.aulast=De+Michelis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmarais2008" class="citation cs2">Desmarais, Michele (2008), Changing Minds: Mind, Consciousness and Identity in Patanjali's Yoga Sutra, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-3336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-3336-4"><bdi>978-8-1208-3336-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Minds%3A+Mind%2C+Consciousness+and+Identity+in+Patanjali%27s+Yoga+Sutra&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8-1208-3336-4&rft.aulast=Desmarais&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC">Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Motilal Banarsidass Publishers">Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-1467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-1467-7"><bdi>978-8-1208-1467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8-1208-1467-7&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8mSpQo9q-tIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005" class="citation book cs1">Dumoulin, Heinrich; Heisig, James W.; Knitter, Paul F. 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New York: Harmony Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52134-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52134-5"><bdi>978-0-385-52134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Veda.+From+Emerson+and+the+Beatles+to+Yoga+and+Meditation.+How+Indian+Spirituality+Changed+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52134-5&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanvedafrom00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich2007" class="citation book cs1">Gombrich, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701190900/http://www.ochs.org.uk/lectures/religious-experience-early-buddhism">Religious Experience in Early Buddhism</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69534-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69534-3"><bdi>978-0-521-69534-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69534-3&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJAvrTGrbpf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2010" class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. 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Munger: Yoga Publications Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86336-14-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86336-14-4"><bdi>978-81-86336-14-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asana+Pranayama+Mudra+Bandha&rft.place=Munger&rft.pub=Yoga+Publications+Trust&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-86336-14-4&rft.aulast=Satyananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.znakovi-vremena.net%2Fen%2FSwami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearer2020" class="citation book cs1">Shearer, Alistair (2020). The Story of Yoga: From Ancient India to the Modern West. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539534-1"><bdi>978-0-19-539534-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318191988">318191988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Body%3A+the+origins+of+modern+posture+practice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318191988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539534-1&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjoman1999" class="citation book cs1">Sjoman, Norman E. 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New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 11, 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2"><bdi>81-7017-389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition+of+the+Mysore+Palace&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=11%2C+35&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7017-389-2&rft.aulast=Sjoman&rft.aufirst=Norman+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BU2WI8wMpcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiles2001" class="citation book cs1">Stiles, Mukunda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ytHC2gJ2CbcC">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: With Great Respect and Love</a>. 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Adyar, India: The Theosophical Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7059-212-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7059-212-7"><bdi>81-7059-212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Yoga&rft.place=Adyar%2C+India&rft.pub=The+Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=81-7059-212-7&rft.aulast=Taimni&rft.aufirst=I.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasudeva" class="citation book cs1">Vasudeva, Somadeva. 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Indic Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-301-19120-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-301-19120-8"><bdi>978-1-301-19120-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swami+Vivekananda+at+the+Parliament+of+Religions&rft.pub=Indic+Publication&rft.isbn=978-1-301-19120-8&rft.aulast=Vivekananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLw4gkcQS7cEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1977" class="citation journal cs1">Werner, Karel Werner (1977). "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136)". 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Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1609-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1609-9"><bdi>81-208-1609-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+And+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-208-1609-9&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Karel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhicher1998" class="citation book cs1">Whicher, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Qo9K9hPvQgC">The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3815-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3815-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-3815-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Integrity+of+the+Yoga+Dar%C5%9Bana%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+Classical+Yoga&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3815-2&rft.aulast=Whicher&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Qo9K9hPvQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">White, David Gordon</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9565.pdf">"Yoga, Brief History of an Idea"</a> (PDF). 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John Wiley & Sons. pp. 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7"><bdi>978-0-470-99868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vedas+and+Upanisads&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99868-7&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKBxa-MNqA8C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington1982" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Vivian (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aI9AAAAIAAJ">A History of Yoga</a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09741-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09741-8"><bdi>978-1-134-09741-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Buddhist+Meditation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-09741-8&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DElIupyX_SYAC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC">Philosophies of India</a>. New York, New York: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1"><bdi>0-691-01758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-691-01758-1&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbRQ5fpTmwoAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"> Bollingen Series XXVI; Edited by Joseph Cambell.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZydenbos2006" class="citation book cs1">Zydenbos, Robert (2006). Jainism Today and Its Future. Munich: Manya Verlag. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+Today+and+Its+Future&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Manya+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Zydenbos&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Websources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bryant2010_IEP-319"><a href="#cite_ref-Bryant2010_IEP_319-0">^</a> Edwin Bryant (2011, Rutgers University), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/yoga/">The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518185305/https://www.iep.utm.edu/yoga/">Archived</a> 18 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IEP </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">White, David Gordon, ed. (2012). Yoga in Practice. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+in+Practice&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yoga" class="extiw" 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Doctrine">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Five sheaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">Nadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Ida" title="Nadi (yoga)">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Sushumna" title="Nadi (yoga)">Sushumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Pingala" title="Nadi (yoga)">Pingala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li>and sometimes <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Yoga" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Yoga" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Yoga</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Viraj">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Worship_in_Hinduism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Template:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Template talk:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Worship_in_Hinduism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship in Hinduism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Ārati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshan_(Indian_religions)" title="Darshan (Indian religions)">Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsava" title="Utsava">Utsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhog" title="Bhog">Bhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma" title="Pranāma">Pranāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasada" title="Prasada">Prasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">Pushpanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">Agnicayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnikaryam" title="Agnikaryam">Agnikaryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupasana" title="Aupasana">Aupasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyakarma" title="Kamyakarma">Kamyakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrakameshti" title="Putrakameshti">Putrakameshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraja_Homa" title="Viraja Homa">Viraja Homa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achamana" title="Achamana">Achamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing#Hinduism" title="Blessing">Ashirvada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmkand">Karmakāṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhabhishekham" title="Kumbhabhishekham">Kumbhabhishekham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityakarma" title="Nityakarma">Nityakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngejot" title="Ngejot">Ngejot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">Prana Pratishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upakarma" title="Upakarma">Upakarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prayer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajapa_japa" title="Ajapa japa">Ajapa japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurta" title="Brahmamuhurta">Brahmamuhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagarana" title="Jagarana">Jagarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">Śaktipāta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_thali" title="Puja thali">Puja thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Hinduism" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banalinga" title="Banalinga">Banalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biruda" title="Biruda">Biruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunachi" title="Dhunachi">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupa" title="Dhupa">Dhupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Cāmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss stick">Agarabattī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamandalu" title="Kamandalu">Kamandalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirapat" title="Khirapat">Khirapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindi_(vessel)" title="Kindi (vessel)">Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolavar" title="Moolavar">Mulavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Paduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Palki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilakamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsavar">Utsavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Yajnopavitam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Agarwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu" title="Charu">Charu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_in_India" title="Incense in India">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkuma" title="Kumkuma">Kumkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakam" title="Panakam">Panakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Candana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindūra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhatu" title="Ashtadhatu">Ashtadhatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaloha" title="Panchaloha">Panchaloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindi_(Hindu_iconography)" title="Pindi (Hindu iconography)">Pindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyar_Su%E1%B8%BBi" title="Pillaiyar Suḻi">Pillaiyar Suḻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_iconography" title="Category:Hindu iconography">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhwaja_Stambha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhwaja Stambha">Dhvajastambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">Temple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">Pujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">Purohita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_and_occupations_in_Hinduism" title="Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Trees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshayavata" title="Akshayavata">Akshayavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba" title="Neolamarckia cadamba">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">Kalpavriksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Peepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Fruits and other plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Kusha grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vrindavana" title="Tulasi Vrindavana">Tulasi Vrindavana</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_dance" title="Temple dance">Temple dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vishnu-bhakti,_Vaishnava_theology,_and_Vaishnava_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnava_philosophy" title="Template:Vaishnava philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnava_philosophy" title="Template talk:Vaishnava philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnava_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnava philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vishnu-bhakti,_Vaishnava_theology,_and_Vaishnava_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vishnu-bhakti, Vaishnava theology, and Vaishnava philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Bhagavate_Vasudevaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya">Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Om" title="Hari Om">Hari Om</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arati" class="mw-redirect" title="Arati">Arati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">Diksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Holy texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Charitamrita" title="Chaitanya Charitamrita">Chaitanya Charitamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya#Vaishnava_Sampradayas" title="Sampradaya">Sampradayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> - <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> - <a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaras">Four Kumāras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Prajnana_Kesava_Goswami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami">Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon" title="Bhakti Hridaya Bon">Bhakti Hridaya Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa_Goswami" title="Shrivatsa Goswami">Shrivatsa Goswami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Famous bhaktas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Goswamis_of_Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Goswamis of Vrindavana">Six Goswamis of Vrindavana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Devananda_Gaudiya_Math" title="Sri Devananda Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Caitanya_Prema_Samsthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana">Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Rakshak_Sridhar#Sri_Chaitanya_Saraswat_Math" title="Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar">Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon#Sri_Sri_Radha_Govindaji_Trust" title="Bhakti Hridaya Bon">Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vaisnava_Association" title="World Vaisnava Association">World Vaisnava Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Abodes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Kshira Sagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindavana">Vrindavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka">Dvaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Panchajanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_(Vishnu)" title="Padma (Vishnu)">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">Kaumodaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandaka" title="Nandaka">Nandaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharanga" title="Sharanga">Sharanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanastra" title="Narayanastra">Narayanastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaustubha" title="Kaustubha">Kaustubha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaijayanti" title="Vaijayanti">Vaijayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdhva_Pundra" title="Urdhva Pundra">Urdhva Pundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Chaturdashi" title="Ananta Chaturdashi">Ananta Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Chaturdashi" title="Vaikuntha Chaturdashi">Vaikuntha Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturmasya" title="Chaturmasya">Chaturmasya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karatalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Karatalas">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense of India">Incense of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Japamala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvait%C4%81dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitādvaita">Dvaitādvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Achintya Bhedābheda">Achintya Bhedābheda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha">Jagannatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatma" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramatma">Paramatma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">Devis list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niladevi" title="Niladevi">Niladevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">Demigods list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Indian idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnology">Krishnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_of_Hinduism" title="Category:Scholars of Hinduism">Vaishnava theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_evolution" title="Hindu views on evolution">Hindu views on evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Hindu astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbers_in_Hindu_scriptures" title="List of numbers in Hindu scriptures">List of numbers in Hindu scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoga_as_exercise" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template talk:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga_as_exercise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asanas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Meditation seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_pose" title="Tree pose">Tree pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Warrior</a></li> <li>Accompaniments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Teacher training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Yoga" title="European Union of Yoga">European Union of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Van_Lysebeth" title="André Van Lysebeth">André Van Lysebeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Accessible_yoga" title="Accessible yoga">Accessible yoga</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Trauma-sensitive_yoga" title="Trauma-sensitive yoga">Trauma-sensitive yoga</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Yoga" title="Restorative Yoga">Restorative Yoga</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">Yoga nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_yoga" title="Competitive yoga">Competitive yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_brick" title="Yoga brick">Yoga brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_mat" title="Yoga mat">Yoga mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Farmer" title="Angela Farmer">Angela Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugger_Mugger_Yoga_Products" title="Hugger Mugger Yoga Products">Hugger Mugger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/80px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/120px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/160px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="557" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_yoga" title="Early modern yoga">Early modern yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li>1896 <a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic Gymnastics">Harmonial gymnastics/yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">Hot yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation" title="Yoga and cultural appropriation">Yoga and cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">In advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">For children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">For women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Iyengar" title="Geeta Iyengar">Geeta Iyengar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Frank Jude Boccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lee" title="Cyndi Lee">Cyndi Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Moffitt" title="Phillip Moffitt">Phillip Moffitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Acroyoga" title="Acroyoga">Acroyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_(yoga)" title="Doga (yoga)">Doga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Paddleboard_Yoga" title="Paddleboard Yoga">Paddleboard Yoga</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_yoga" title="Aerial yoga">Aerial yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_yoga" title="Beer yoga">Beer yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">America</a> <ul><li>1961 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hittleman" title="Richard Hittleman">Yoga for Health</a></li> <li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Lilias,_Yoga_and_You" title="Lilias, Yoga and You">Lilias, Yoga and You</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain" title="Yoga in Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Marshall" title="Lyn Marshall">Lyn Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Germany" title="Yoga in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Italy" title="Yoga in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Russia" title="Yoga in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Sweden" title="Yoga in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Selvarajan_Yesudian" title="Selvarajan Yesudian">Selvarajan Yesudian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996 <a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Yoga in Modern India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">A History of Modern Yoga</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga" title="Positioning Yoga">Positioning Yoga</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Subtle_Body" title="The Subtle Body">The Subtle Body</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">The Path of Modern Yoga</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Yoga" title="The Story of Yoga">The Story of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Guru_(2006_film)" title="Guru (2006 film)">Guru</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Up!" title="Enlighten Up!">Enlighten Up!</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">Schools</a> (<a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Gurus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1918 <a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Yogendra" title="Hansa Yogendra">Hansa Yogendra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Kaivalyadhama_Health_and_Yoga_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center">Kaivalyadhama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(yoga_teacher)" title="Tim Miller (yoga teacher)">Tim Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_MacGregor" title="Kino MacGregor">Kino MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schultz" title="Larry Schultz">Larry Schultz</a></li></ul></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" title="Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satchidananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Center" title="Kripalu Center">Kripalu Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cope" title="Stephen Cope">Stephen Cope</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_the_Iyengar_Way" title="Yoga the Iyengar Way">Yoga the Iyengar Way</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li>c. 1975 <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yoga" title="Yin Yoga">Yin Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulie_Zink" title="Paulie Zink">Paulie Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grilley" title="Paul Grilley">Paul Grilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Sarah Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Yoga" title="Forrest Yoga">Forrest Yoga</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gannon" title="Sharon Gannon">Sharon Gannon</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Bender Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kest" title="Bryan Kest">Bryan Kest</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga" title="Anusara School of Hatha Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Core_Strength_Vinyasa_Yoga" title="Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga">Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas">Asanas (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_teachers" title="Category:Yoga teachers">Yoga teachers (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Yoginis" title="Template:Modern Yoginis">Modern Yoginis (template)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asanas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asanas" title="Template talk:Asanas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asanas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asanas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asanas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">Asanas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vinyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyasa">Vinyasa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Yoga as therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Backbend#Asanas" title="Backbend">Backbends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjaneyasana" title="Anjaneyasana">Anjaneyasana (crescent moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidalasana" title="Bidalasana">Bidalasana (cat)/Bitilasana (cow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhujangasana" title="Bhujangasana">Bhujangasana (cobra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrasana" title="Chakrasana">Chakrasana (wheel) or Urdhva Dhanurasana (upward bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Dandasana" title="Viparita Dandasana">Viparita Dandasana (inverted staff)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapotasana" title="Kapotasana">Kapotasana (pigeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eka_Pada_Rajakapotasana" title="Eka Pada Rajakapotasana">Eka Pada Rajakapotasana (king pigeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustrasana" title="Ustrasana">Ushtrasana (camel)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Kapala_Asana_(headstand)_from_Jogapradipika_1830_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kapala Asana (headstand) in Jogapradipika, 1830"><img alt="Kapala Asana (headstand) in Jogapradipika, 1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="274" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arm balances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astavakrasana" title="Astavakrasana">Ashtavakrasana (8-angled)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakasana" title="Bakasana">Bakasana (crane) or Kakasana (crow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koundinyasana" title="Koundinyasana">Koundinyasana (the sage Kaundinya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkutasana" title="Kukkutasana">Kukkutasana (cockerel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasana" title="Mayurasana">Mayurasana (peacock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittibhasana" title="Tittibhasana">Tittibhasana (firefly)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inverted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Adho Mukha Svanasana (downward dog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">Adho Mukha Vrkshasana (handstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halasana" title="Halasana">Halasana (plough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvangasana" title="Sarvangasana">Sarvangasana (shoulderstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setu_Bandha_Sarvangasana" title="Setu Bandha Sarvangasana">Setu Bandha Sarvangasana (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirshasana" title="Shirshasana">Shirshasana (headstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani (legs up the wall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrischikasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrischikasana">Vrischikasana (scorpion)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reclining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anantasana" title="Anantasana">Anantasana (Vishnu's couch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_Namaskara" title="Ashtanga Namaskara">Ashtanga Namaskara (eight-limbed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhekasana" title="Bhekasana">Bhekasana (frog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga_Dandasana" title="Chaturanga Dandasana">Chaturanga Dandasana (low plank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurasana" title="Dhanurasana">Dhanurasana (bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathara_Parivartanasana" title="Jathara Parivartanasana">Jathara Parivartanasana (belly twist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarasana" title="Makarasana">Makarasana (crocodile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyasana" title="Matsyasana">Matsyasana (fish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salabhasana" title="Salabhasana">Shalabhasana (locust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavasana" title="Shavasana">Shavasana (corpse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasishtasana">Vasishtasana (side plank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoganidrasana" title="Yoganidrasana">Yoganidrasana (yogic sleep)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sitting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meditation_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation seat">Meditation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baddha_Konasana" title="Baddha Konasana">Baddha Konasana (cobbler)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukhasana" title="Gomukhasana">Gomukhasana (cow face)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshasana" title="Gorakshasana">Gorakshasana (cowherd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Padmasana (lotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana (accomplished)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simhasana" title="Simhasana">Simhasana (lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasana_(yoga)" title="Vajrasana (yoga)">Vajrasana (thunderbolt)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Twists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharadvajasana" title="Bharadvajasana">Bharadvajasana (the sage Bharadvaja)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marichyasana" title="Marichyasana">Marichyasana (the sage Marichi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendrasana" title="Matsyendrasana">Matsyendrasana (the sage Matsyendra, lord of the fishes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasasana" title="Pasasana">Pashasana (noose)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akarna_Dhanurasana" title="Akarna Dhanurasana">Akarna Dhanurasana (shooting bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasana" title="Balasana">Balasana (child)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbha_Pindasana" title="Garbha Pindasana">Garbha Pindasana (embryo in womb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanumanasana" title="Hanumanasana">Hanumanasana (monkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraunchasana" title="Kraunchasana">Kraunchasana (heron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmasana" title="Kurmasana">Kurmasana (tortoise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasana" title="Malasana">Malasana (garland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukasana" title="Mandukasana">Mandukasana (frog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulabandhasana" title="Mulabandhasana">Mulabandhasana (root lock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navasana" title="Navasana">Navasana (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimottanasana" title="Paschimottanasana">Paschimottanasana (seated forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_(gymnastics)" title="Split (gymnastics)">Samakonasana (split)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasana" title="Virasana">Virasana (hero)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both legs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parighasana" title="Parighasana">Parighasana (gate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvottanasana" title="Parshvottanasana">Parshvottanasana (intense side stretch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasarita_Padottanasana" title="Prasarita Padottanasana">Prasarita Padottanasana (wide stance forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadasana" title="Tadasana">Tadasana (mountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikonasana" title="Trikonasana">Trikonasana (triangle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkatasana" title="Utkatasana">Utkatasana (powerful)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttanasana" title="Uttanasana">Uttanasana (standing forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utthita_Parshvakonasana" title="Utthita Parshvakonasana">Utthita Parshvakonasana (sideways)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Virabhadrasana (warrior)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">One leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardha_chandrasana" title="Ardha chandrasana">Ardha Chandrasana (half moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvasasana" title="Durvasasana">Durvasasana (the sage Durvasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garudasana" title="Garudasana">Garudasana (eagle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natarajasana" title="Natarajasana">Natarajasana (lord of the dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utthita_Padangusthasana" title="Utthita Padangusthasana">Utthita Padangusthasana (standing big toe hold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vriksasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vriksasana">Vrikshasana (tree)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meditation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meditation" title="Template:Meditation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meditation" title="Template talk:Meditation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meditation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meditation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meditation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_activity_and_meditation" title="Brain activity and meditation">Brain activity and meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of meditation">History of meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation in popular culture">Meditation in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_meditation" title="Effects of meditation">Research on meditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Christian meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_meditation" title="Taoist meditation">Taoist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancemeditation" title="Dancemeditation">Dancemeditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna (Buddhist meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyāna (Hindu meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis (Neoplatonic meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic meditation">Islamic meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Jain meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">Jewish meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah (Sufi meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation#New_Age" title="Meditation">New Age meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo (Sikism meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neigong" title="Neigong">Neigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama (yoga breathing practice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silva_Method" title="Silva Method">Silva Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental meditation (TM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Vipassanā (Silent meditation)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_zhuang" title="Zhan zhuang">Zhan zhuang (tai chi standing meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5Rhythms" title="5Rhythms">5Rhythms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwave_entrainment" title="Brainwave entrainment">Brainwave entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing" title="Diaphragmatic breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscious_breathing" title="Conscious breathing">Conscious breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided meditation">Guided meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_music" title="Meditation music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_poetry" title="Meditative poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Postures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_technique" title="Relaxation technique">Relaxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyama" title="Samyama">Samyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation#Sound-based_meditation" title="Meditation">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">Trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Focused attention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thich Nhat Hanh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Open awareness <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Ch%C3%B6dr%C3%B6n" title="Pema Chödrön">Pema Chödrön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Piver" title="Susan Piver">Susan Piver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Yuval Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Ricard" title="Matthieu Ricard">Matthieu Ricard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Salzberg" title="Sharon Salzberg">Sharon Salzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goleman" title="Daniel Goleman">Daniel Goleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Batchelor" title="Martine Batchelor">Martine Batchelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Batchelor_(author)" title="Stephen Batchelor (author)">Stephen Batchelor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_the_Meditative_Experience" title="The Varieties of the Meditative Experience">The Varieties of the Meditative Experience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_and_pain" title="Meditation and pain">Meditation and pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meditation" title="Category:Meditation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Age_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Age_Movement" title="Template:New Age Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Age_Movement" title="Template talk:New Age Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Age_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Age Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Age_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Age_communities" title="New Age communities">New Age communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_new-age_music" title="Neoclassical new-age music">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Electronic" title="Progressive music">Progressive electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_music" title="Space music">Space music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age_travellers" title="New Age travellers">New Age travellers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esalen_Institute" title="Esalen Institute">Esalen Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_(Australian_New_Age_group)" title="The Family (Australian New Age group)">The Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findhorn_Foundation" title="Findhorn Foundation">Findhorn Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Alliance" title="New World Alliance">New World Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_(New_Age)" title="Huna (New Age)">Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_theory" title="Integral theory">Integral theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Material" title="Seth Material">Seth Material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology" title="Transpersonal psychology">Transpersonal psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="José Argüelles">José Argüelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bach" title="Richard Bach">Richard Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Herbert_Brennan" title="James Herbert Brennan">James Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Caddy" title="Eileen Caddy">Eileen Caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Carroll" title="Lee Carroll">Lee Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castaneda" title="Carlos Castaneda">Carlos Castaneda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho">Paulo Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Creme" title="Benjamin Creme">Benjamin Creme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Ferguson" title="Marilyn Ferguson">Marilyn Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Gafni" title="Marc Gafni">Marc Gafni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(musician)" title="Gandalf (musician)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti_Gawain" title="Shakti Gawain">Shakti Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Goodman" title="Linda Goodman">Linda Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Grey" title="Alex Grey">Alex Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harner" title="Michael Harner">Michael Harner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Harvey_(religious_writer)" title="Andrew Harvey (religious writer)">Andrew Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Freedom_Long" title="Max Freedom Long">Max Freedom Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Naranjo" title="Claudio Naranjo">Claudio Naranjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Redfield" title="James Redfield">James Redfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Satin" title="Mark Satin">Mark Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spangler" title="David Spangler">David Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckhart_Tolle" title="Eckhart Tolle">Eckhart Tolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neale_Donald_Walsch" title="Neale Donald Walsch">Neale Donald Walsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Wilde" title="Stuart Wilde">Stuart Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson" title="Marianne Williamson">Marianne Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Age_topics" title="List of New Age topics">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius" title="Age of Aquarius">Age of Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicameral_mentality" title="Bicameral mentality">Bicameral mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_visualization_(New_Age)" title="Creative visualization (New Age)">Creative visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_mysteries" title="Earth mysteries">Earth mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianism" title="Gaianism">Gaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">TM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michael_Teachings" title="The Michael Teachings">Michael Teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotantra" title="Neotantra">Neotantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_astrology" title="Psychological astrology">Psychological astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_sign_astrology" title="Sun sign astrology">Sun sign astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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Template:Navbox"," 3.54% 93.276 1 Template:Hinduism"," 3.44% 90.416 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 3.37% 88.713 40 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.645","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25300112,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Buddhism_and_śramaṇa_movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Buddhist_Abhidharma_and_Yogacara\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkshaya_Kumar_Banerjea1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_J._Nicholson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAranya2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAyyangar1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeirne2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesaw2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowker2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswellLopez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarleton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmodyCarmody1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjeeDatta1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrangle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniélou1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDass1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Michelis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Michelis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelaney2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesikachar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesmarais2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhillon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDivanji1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoctor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglass2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinoo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliade1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuerstein1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuerstein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuerstein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuerstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuerstein2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHari_Dass1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes,_M.Chase,_S.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistory2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJantos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohannes_Bronkhorst1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_M._Koller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenoyer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeown2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKest2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKundakunda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadaio2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahapragya2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallinson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallinson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansukhani2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEvilley1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehtaMehtaMehta1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNetwork2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien-Kop2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOED0000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPTI2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajghatta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRambachan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossThomas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarbacker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatyananda2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShearer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingleton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSjoman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinfels1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Phillips2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStiles2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaimni1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeasdale2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTulsi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasudeva\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictor_L._Simpson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVishnudevananda,_Swami1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivekananda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhicher1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWielandSkoetzPilkingtonVempati2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZydenbos2006\"] = 1,\n [\"Definition_in_classic_Indian_texts\"] = 1,\n [\"Earliest_textual_references_(1000–500_BCE)\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatha_Yoga\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindu_Tantra\"] = 1,\n [\"Introduction_in_the_west\"] = 1,\n [\"Laya_yoga_and_kundalini_yoga\"] = 1,\n [\"Macedonian_historical_texts\"] = 1,\n [\"Reception_in_other_religions\"] = 1,\n [\"Synthetic_model\"] = 1,\n [\"Yoga_and_Zen\"] = 1,\n [\"Yoga_as_a_physical_practice\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"'s\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 13,\n [\"Asanas\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 93,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 17,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 21,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 19,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 6,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 8,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 39,\n [\"Indian Philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Meditation\"] = 1,\n [\"Modern yoga\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"New Age Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 22,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 244,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vaishnava philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Worship in Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"Yoga\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","540","31.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","11.5"],["dataWrapper 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-15T21:16:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T10:29:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a9\/Shiva_Bangalore.jpg","headline":"group of physical, mental and spiritual practices originating from ancient India"}</script> </body> </html>