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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spee's_squadron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spee's_squadron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Spee's squadron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spee's_squadron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>British preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opening_moves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_moves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Opening moves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_moves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Outcome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_intelligence_during_the_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_intelligence_during_the_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>British intelligence during the battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_intelligence_during_the_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scharnhorst_wreck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scharnhorst_wreck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Scharnhorst</i> wreck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scharnhorst_wreck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of the Falkland Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_die_Falkland-eilande" title="Slag van die Falkland-eilande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van die Falkland-eilande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="معركة جزر فوكلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة جزر فوكلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklend_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Folklend döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Folklend döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Фалклендскі бой – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фалклендскі бой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Битка при Фолкландските острови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Фолкландските острови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_les_Malvines" title="Batalla de les Malvines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de les Malvines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Falklandsk%C3%BDch_ostrov%C5%AF" title="Bitva u Falklandských ostrovů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Falklandských ostrovů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seegefecht_bei_den_Falklandinseln" title="Seegefecht bei den Falklandinseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seegefecht bei den Falklandinseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_las_Malvinas" title="Batalla de las Malvinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de las Malvinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_des_Falklands" title="Bataille des Falklands – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille des Falklands" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%81%B4%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%ED%95%B4%EC%A0%84" title="포클랜드 해전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포클랜드 해전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ֆոլկլենդյան կղզիների ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոլկլենդյան կղզիների ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="फ़ॉकलैंड द्वीपसमूह की लड़ाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ॉकलैंड द्वीपसमूह की लड़ाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Falklandskih_otoka" title="Bitka kod Falklandskih otoka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Falklandskih otoka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Kepulauan_Falkland" title="Pertempuran Kepulauan Falkland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Kepulauan Falkland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_delle_Falkland" title="Battaglia delle Falkland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia delle Falkland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="קרב איי פוקלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב איי פוקלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ფოლკლენდის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოლკლენდის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklandi_csata" title="Falklandi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Falklandi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_de_Falklands" title="Slag bij de Falklands – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij de Falklands" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%B2%96%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6" title="フォークランド沖海戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォークランド沖海戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Falklands%C3%B8yene" title="Slaget ved Falklandsøyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Falklandsøyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_deis_illas_Falkland" title="Batalha deis illas Falkland – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha deis illas Falkland" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_ko%C5%82o_Falkland%C3%B3w" title="Bitwa koło Falklandów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa koło Falklandów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_das_Malvinas" title="Batalha das Malvinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha das Malvinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Фолклендский бой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фолклендский бой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Falklandsk%C3%BDch_ostrovoch" title="Bitka pri Falklandských ostrovoch – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Falklandských ostrovoch" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Falklandskih_otokih" title="Bitka pri Falklandskih otokih – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Falklandskih otokih" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Битка код Фолкландских Острва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Фолкландских Острва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Falklandskih_otoka" title="Bitka kod Falklandskih otoka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Falklandskih otoka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklandinsaarten_taistelu" title="Falklandinsaarten taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Falklandinsaarten taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6slaget_vid_Falklands%C3%B6arna" title="Sjöslaget vid Falklandsöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjöslaget vid Falklandsöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Adalar%C4%B1_Muharebesi" title="Falkland Adaları Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Falkland Adaları Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9_(1914)" title="Фолклендський бій (1914) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фолклендський бій (1914)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_chi%E1%BA%BFn_qu%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Falkland" title="Trận chiến quần đảo Falkland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận chiến quần đảo Falkland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&params=52_29_58_S_56_9_59_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°29′58″S</span> <span class="longitude">56°9′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.49944°S 56.16639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-52.49944; -56.16639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Naval battle of World War I</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1914 naval battle. For the 1982 war, see <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Falkland Islands</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands,_1914_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_1914_%28retouched%29.jpg/310px-Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_1914_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_1914_%28retouched%29.jpg/465px-Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_1914_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_1914_%28retouched%29.jpg/620px-Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_1914_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="482" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle of the Falkland Islands</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lionel_Wyllie" title="William Lionel Wyllie">William Lionel Wyllie</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 December 1914</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Off the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&params=52_29_58_S_56_9_59_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°29′58″S</span> <span class="longitude">56°9′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.49944°S 56.16639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-52.49944; -56.16639</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>British victory<sup id="cite_ref-DBS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MHBS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHBS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Destruction of the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Squadron" title="East Asia Squadron">East Asia Squadron</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Doveton_Sturdee" title="Doveton Sturdee">Doveton Sturdee</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Luce_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Luce (Royal Navy officer)">John Luce</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Spee" title="Maximilian von Spee">Maximilian von Spee</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2 battlecruisers<br />3 armoured cruisers<br />2 light cruisers<br />1 armed merchant cruiser<br />1 grounded pre-dreadnought</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2 armoured cruisers<br />3 light cruisers<br />3 transport ships</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10 killed<br />19 wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,871 killed<br />215 captured<br />2 armoured cruisers sunk<br />2 light cruisers sunk<br />2 transports scuttled</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Australian occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zanzibar" title="Battle of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Madras" title="Bombardment of Madras">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Papeete" title="Bombardment of Papeete">Papeete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rufiji_Delta" title="Battle of Rufiji Delta">Rufiji Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel" title="Battle of Coronel">Coronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cocos" title="Battle of Cocos">Cocos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1s_a_Tierra" title="Battle of Más a Tierra">Más a Tierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_SMS_Cormoran" title="Scuttling of SMS Cormoran">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_German_colonial_possessions" title="Japanese occupation of German colonial possessions">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atlantic_naval_operations_of_World_War_I" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Atlantic_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Atlantic 1914–1918"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Atlantic_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Atlantic 1914–1918"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Atlantic_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Atlantic 1914–1918"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atlantic_naval_operations_of_World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Atlantic naval operations of World War I</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">U-boat operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Patrol" title="Northern Patrol">Northern Patrol</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Attacks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_SS_Kaiser_Wilhelm_der_Grosse" title="Sinking of SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse"><i>Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Cap_Trafalgar#Sinking" title="SMS Cap Trafalgar"><i>Cap Trafalgar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Gulflight#World_War_I_controversy" title="SS Gulflight"><i>Gulflight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania"><i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baralong_incidents" title="Baralong incidents"><i>Baralong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Carolina#Sinking" title="SS Carolina"><i>Carolina</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Actions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_M%C3%B6we_(1914)#Action_of_16_January_1916" title="SMS Möwe (1914)">16 January 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_March_1917" title="Action of 10 March 1917">10 March 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_October_1917" title="Action of 15 October 1917">15 October 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_November_1917" title="Action of 17 November 1917">17 November 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Orleans" title="Attack on Orleans">Attack on Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_October_1918" title="Action of 14 October 1918">14 October 1918</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of the Falkland Islands</b> was a <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> naval action between the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British Royal Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> on 8 December 1914 in the South Atlantic. The British, after their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel" title="Battle of Coronel">Battle of Coronel</a> on 1 November, sent a large force to track down and destroy the German <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Squadron" title="East Asia Squadron">cruiser squadron</a>. The battle is commemorated every year on 8 December in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Public holidays in the Falkland Islands">public holiday</a>. </p><p>Admiral Graf <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Spee" title="Maximilian von Spee">Maximilian von Spee</a> commanding the German squadron of two <a href="/wiki/Scharnhorst-class_cruiser" title="Scharnhorst-class cruiser">armoured cruisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Scharnhorst" title="SMS Scharnhorst">SMS <i>Scharnhorst</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Gneisenau" title="SMS Gneisenau"><i>Gneisenau</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/SMS_N%C3%BCrnberg_(1906)" title="SMS Nürnberg (1906)">SMS <i>Nürnberg</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Dresden_(1907)" title="SMS Dresden (1907)"><i>Dresden</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Leipzig_(1905)" title="SMS Leipzig (1905)"><i>Leipzig</i></a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">colliers</a> SS <i>Baden</i>, SS <i>Santa Isabel</i>, and SS <i>Seydlitz</i><sup id="cite_ref-WW1F_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW1F-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempted to raid the British supply base at <a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a> in the Falkland Islands. The British squadron consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Invincible_(1907)" title="HMS Invincible (1907)">HMS <i>Invincible</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Inflexible_(1907)" title="HMS Inflexible (1907)"><i>Inflexible</i></a>, the armoured cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Carnarvon" title="HMS Carnarvon">HMS <i>Carnarvon</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cornwall_(1902)" title="HMS Cornwall (1902)"><i>Cornwall</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Kent_(1901)" title="HMS Kent (1901)"><i>Kent</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchant_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed merchant cruiser">armed merchant cruiser</a> HMS <i>Macedonia</i> and the light cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bristol_(1910)" title="HMS Bristol (1910)">HMS <i>Bristol</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Glasgow_(1909)" title="HMS Glasgow (1909)"><i>Glasgow</i></a> had arrived in the port the day before. </p><p>Visibility was at its maximum, the sea was placid with a gentle breeze, and the day was bright and sunny. The vanguard cruisers of the German squadron were detected early. By nine o'clock that morning, the British battlecruisers and cruisers were in pursuit of the German vessels. All except <i>Dresden</i> and <i>Seydlitz</i> were tracked down and sunk. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British battlecruisers each mounted eight 12 in (305 mm) guns, whereas Spee's best ships (<i>Scharnhorst</i> and <i>Gneisenau</i>) were equipped with eight 210 mm (8.3 in) pieces. Additionally, the battlecruisers could make 25.5 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (47.2 <a href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">km/h</a>; 29.3 <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">mph</a>) against Spee's 22.5 knots (41.7 km/h; 25.9 mph); thus, the British battlecruisers not only significantly outgunned their opponents, but could outrun them too. The obsolete <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Canopus_(1897)" title="HMS Canopus (1897)">HMS <i>Canopus</i></a> had been grounded at <a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a> to act as a makeshift defence battery for the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spee's_squadron"><span id="Spee.27s_squadron"></span>Spee's squadron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spee's squadron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scharnhorst2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Scharnhorst2.jpg/300px-Scharnhorst2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Scharnhorst2.jpg/450px-Scharnhorst2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Scharnhorst2.jpg/600px-Scharnhorst2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>SMS <i>Scharnhorst</i>, flagship of the German squadron</figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of hostilities, the German <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Squadron" title="East Asia Squadron">East Asia Squadron</a> commanded by Spee was outclassed and outgunned by the Royal Navy and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>. Spee and the High Command did not believe Germany's Asian possessions could be defended and doubted the squadron could even survive in that theatre. Spee wanted to get his ships home and began by heading southeast across the Pacific, although he was pessimistic about their chances. </p><p>Spee's fleet won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel" title="Battle of Coronel">Battle of Coronel</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Coronel,_Chile" title="Coronel, Chile">Coronel, Chile</a>, on 1 November 1914, where his ships sank the cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Good_Hope_(1901)" title="HMS Good Hope (1901)">HMS <i>Good Hope</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cradock" title="Christopher Cradock">Admiral Cradock</a>'s flagship) and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Monmouth_(1901)" title="HMS Monmouth (1901)"><i>Monmouth</i></a>. After the battle, on 3 November, <i>Scharnhorst</i>, <i>Gneisenau</i> and <i>Nürnberg</i> entered <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> harbour and were welcomed as heroes by the German population. Von Spee declined to join in the celebrations; when presented with a bouquet of flowers, he refused them, commenting that "these will do nicely for my grave".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As required under international law for belligerent ships in neutral countries, the ships left within 24 hours, moving to <a href="/wiki/Mas_Afuera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas Afuera">Mas Afuera</a>, 400 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a> (350 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a>; 640 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>) off the Chilean coast. There they received news of the loss of the cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Emden" title="SMS Emden">SMS <i>Emden</i></a>, which had previously detached from the squadron and had been raiding in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. They also learnt of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay_Leased_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory">German colony at Qingdao</a> in China, which had been their home port. On 15 November, the squadron moved to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahia_San_Quintin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahia San Quintin (page does not exist)">Bahia San Quintin</a> on the Chilean coast, where a ceremony was held to award 300 <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Crosses</a>, second class, to crew members, and an Iron Cross first class to Admiral Spee.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spee's officers counseled a return to Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The squadron had used half its ammunition at Coronel; the supply could not be replenished, and it was difficult even to obtain coal. Intelligence reports suggested that the British ships <a href="/wiki/HMS_Defence_(1907)" title="HMS Defence (1907)">HMS <i>Defence</i></a>, <i>Cornwall</i> and <i>Carnarvon</i> were stationed in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">River Plate</a>, and that there had been no British warships at Stanley when recently visited by a steamer. Spee had been concerned about reports of a British battleship, <i>Canopus</i>, but its location was unknown. On 26 November, the squadron set sail for <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a>, which they reached on 1 December, then anchored at <a href="/wiki/Picton_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Picton Island">Picton Island</a>, where they stayed for three days distributing coal from a captured British collier, the <i>Drummuir</i>, and hunting. On 6 December, the British vessel was scuttled and its crew transferred to the auxiliary <i>Seydlitz</i>. The same day Spee proposed to raid the Falkland Islands before setting course for Germany. The raid was unnecessary because the squadron now had as much coal as it could carry. Most of Spee's captains opposed the raid, but he nevertheless decided to proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_preparations">British preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 October, retired <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral of the Fleet">Admiral of the Fleet</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher" title="John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher">Sir John Fisher</a> was reappointed <a href="/wiki/First_Sea_Lord" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord</a> to replace Admiral <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Battenberg" title="Prince Louis of Battenberg">Prince Louis of Battenberg</a>, who had been forced to resign because of public outcry against a perceived German prince running the British navy, though Louis had been British and in the Royal Navy since the age of 14. On 3 November, Fisher was advised that Spee had been sighted off Valparaíso and acted to reinforce Cradock by ordering <i>Defence</i>, already sent to patrol the eastern coast of South America, to reinforce his squadron. On 4 November, news of the defeat at Coronel arrived. The blow to British naval prestige was palpable, and the British public was rather shocked. As a result, the battlecruisers <i>Invincible</i> and <i>Inflexible</i> were ordered to leave the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a> and sail to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> for overhaul and preparation for service abroad. The Chief of Staff at the Admiralty was Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Doveton_Sturdee" title="Doveton Sturdee">Doveton Sturdee</a>. Fisher had a long-standing disagreement with Sturdee, who had been one of those calling for his earlier dismissal as First Sea Lord in 1911, so he took the opportunity to appoint Sturdee Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic and Pacific, to command the new squadron from <i>Invincible</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 November, <i>Invincible</i> and <i>Inflexible</i> left HMNB <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">Devonport</a>, although repairs to <i>Invincible</i> were incomplete and she sailed with workmen still aboard. Despite the urgency of the situation and their maximum speed of around 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph), the ships were forced to cruise at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) to conserve coal in order to complete the long journey south across the Atlantic. The two ships were also heavily loaded with supplies. Although secrecy of the mission was considered important so as to surprise Spee, Lieutenant Hirst from <i>Glasgow</i> heard locals discussing the forthcoming arrival of the ships while ashore at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde</a> on 17 November; however the news did not reach Spee. Sturdee arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Abrolhos_Marine_National_Park" title="Abrolhos Marine National Park">Abrolhos Rocks</a> on 26 November, where Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Peile_Stoddart" title="Archibald Peile Stoddart">Archibald Peile Stoddart</a> awaited him with the remainder of the squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sturdee announced his intention to depart for the Falkland Islands on 29 November. From there, the fast light cruisers <i>Glasgow</i> and <i>Bristol</i> would patrol seeking Spee, summoning reinforcements if they found him. Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Luce_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Luce (Royal Navy officer)">John Luce</a> of <i>Glasgow</i>, who had been at the Battle of Coronel, objected that there was no need to wait so long and persuaded Sturdee to depart a day early. The squadron was delayed during the journey for 12 hours when a cable towing targets for practice-firing became wrapped around one of <i>Invincible</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a>, but the ships arrived on the morning of 7 December. The two light cruisers moored in the inner part of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Harbour" title="Stanley Harbour">Stanley Harbour</a>, while the larger ships remained in the deeper outer harbour of <a href="/wiki/Port_William,_Falkland_Islands" title="Port William, Falkland Islands">Port William</a>. Divers set about removing the offending cable from <i>Invincible</i>; <i>Cornwall'</i>s boiler fires were extinguished to make repairs, and <i>Bristol</i> had one of her engines dismantled. The famous ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">SS <i>Great Britain</i></a>—reduced to a coal bunker—supplied coal to <i>Invincible</i> and <i>Inflexible</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchant_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed merchant cruiser">armed merchant cruiser</a> <i>Macedonia</i> was ordered to patrol the harbour, while <i>Kent</i> maintained steam in her boilers, ready to replace <i>Macedonia</i> the next day, 8 December; Spee's fleet arrived in the morning of the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An unlikely source of intelligence on the movement of the German ships was from Mrs Muriel Felton, wife of the manager of a sheep station at <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy,_Falkland_Islands" title="Fitzroy, Falkland Islands">Fitzroy</a>, and her maids Christina Goss and Marian Macleod. They were alone when Felton received a telephone call from Port Stanley advising that German ships were approaching the islands. The maids took turns riding to the top of a nearby hill to record the movements of the ships, which Felton relayed to Port Stanley by telephone. Her reports allowed <i>Bristol</i> and <i>Macedonia</i> to take up the best positions to intercept. The Admiralty later presented the women with silver plates and Felton received an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> for her actions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of the Falkland Islands">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falklandschlacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Falklandschlacht.jpg/220px-Falklandschlacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Falklandschlacht.jpg/330px-Falklandschlacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Falklandschlacht.jpg/440px-Falklandschlacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of the Falkland Islands; North is to the left in this diagram</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_moves">Opening moves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opening moves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spee's cruisers—<i>Gneisenau</i> and <i>Nürnberg</i>—approached Stanley first. At the time, most of British fleet was coaling, but under short notice to steam. Some believe that had Spee pressed the attack, Sturdee's ships would have been easy targets,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this is a subject of conjecture as two ships were under steam acting as guardships and the battleship <i>Canopus</i> was also present. The Germans were surprised by gunfire from an unexpected source - the <i>Canopus</i>, which had been grounded as a guardship and was behind a hill. This was enough to check the Germans' advance. The sight of the distinctive tripod masts of the British battlecruisers confirmed that they were facing a better-equipped enemy. HMS <i>Kent</i> was already making her way out of the harbor and had been ordered to pursue Spee's ships. </p><p>Made aware of the German ships, Sturdee had ordered the crews to breakfast, knowing that <i>Canopus</i> had bought them time while steam was raised. </p><p>To Spee, with his crew battle-weary and his ships outgunned, the outcome seemed inevitable. Realizing his danger too late, and having lost any chance to attack the British ships while they were at anchor, Spee and his squadron dashed for the open sea. The British left port around 10:00. Spee was ahead by 15 mi (13 nmi; 24 km), with the German ships in line abreast heading southeast, but there was plenty of daylight left for the faster battlecruisers to catch up. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact">Contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Invincible_and_Inflexible_steaming_out_of_Port_Stanley_in_Chase%27-_the_start_of_the_Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands,_8_December_1914_RMG_PW1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%27Invincible_and_Inflexible_steaming_out_of_Port_Stanley_in_Chase%27-_the_start_of_the_Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_8_December_1914_RMG_PW1879.jpg/260px-%27Invincible_and_Inflexible_steaming_out_of_Port_Stanley_in_Chase%27-_the_start_of_the_Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_8_December_1914_RMG_PW1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%27Invincible_and_Inflexible_steaming_out_of_Port_Stanley_in_Chase%27-_the_start_of_the_Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_8_December_1914_RMG_PW1879.jpg/390px-%27Invincible_and_Inflexible_steaming_out_of_Port_Stanley_in_Chase%27-_the_start_of_the_Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_8_December_1914_RMG_PW1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%27Invincible_and_Inflexible_steaming_out_of_Port_Stanley_in_Chase%27-_the_start_of_the_Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_8_December_1914_RMG_PW1879.jpg/520px-%27Invincible_and_Inflexible_steaming_out_of_Port_Stanley_in_Chase%27-_the_start_of_the_Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands%2C_8_December_1914_RMG_PW1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption><i>Invincible</i> and <i>Inflexible</i> steaming out of Port Stanley in chase, a painting by <a href="/wiki/William_Lionel_Wyllie" title="William Lionel Wyllie">William Lionel Wyllie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It was 13:00 when the British battlecruisers opened fire, but it took them half an hour to get the range of SMS <i>Leipzig</i>. Realising that he could not outrun the British ships, Spee decided to engage them with his armoured cruisers alone, to give the light cruisers a chance to escape. He turned to fight just after 13:20. The German armoured cruisers had the advantage of a freshening north-west breeze, which caused the funnel smoke of the British ships to obscure their target practically throughout the action. <i>Gneisenau's</i> second-in-command Hans Pochhammer indicated that there was a long respite for the Germans during the early stages of the battle, as the British attempted unsuccessfully to force Admiral Spee away from his advantageous position. </p><p>Despite initial success by <i>Scharnhorst</i> and <i>Gneisenau</i> in striking <i>Invincible</i>, the British capital ships suffered little damage. Spee then turned to escape, but the battlecruisers came within extreme firing range 40 minutes later. </p><p>HMS <i>Invincible</i> and HMS <i>Inflexible</i> engaged <i>Scharnhorst</i> and <i>Gneisenau</i>, while Sturdee detached his cruisers to chase SMS <i>Leipzig</i> and SMS <i>Nürnberg</i>. </p><p>HMS <i>Invincible</i> and HMS <i>Inflexible</i> turned to fire broadsides at the armoured cruisers and Spee responded by trying to close the range. His flagship SMS <i>Scharnhorst</i> took extensive damage with funnels flattened, fires and a list. The list became worse at 16:04, and she sank by 16:17, taking von Spee and the entire crew with her. SMS <i>Gneisenau</i> continued to fire and evade until 17:15, by which time her ammunition had been exhausted, and she sank at 18:02.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her death throes, Admiral Sturdee continued to engage SMS <i>Gneisenau</i> with his two battlecruisers and the cruiser HMS <i>Carnarvon</i>, rather than detaching one of the battlecruisers to hunt down the escaping <i>Dresden</i>. One hundred and ninety of SMS <i>Gneisenau'</i>s crew were rescued from the water. Both of the British battlecruisers had received about 40 hits between them from the German ships, with one crewman killed and four injured. </p><p>Meanwhile, SMS <i>Nürnberg</i> and SMS <i>Leipzig</i> had run from the British cruisers. SMS <i>Nürnberg</i> was running at full speed but in need of maintenance, while the crew of the pursuing HMS <i>Kent</i> were pushing her boilers and engines to the limit. SMS <i>Nürnberg</i> finally turned for battle at 17:30. HMS <i>Kent</i> had the advantage in shell weight and armour. SMS <i>Nürnberg</i> suffered two boiler explosions around 18:30, giving the advantage in speed and manoeuvrability to HMS <i>Kent</i>. The German ship then rolled over and sank at 19:27 after a long chase. The cruisers HMS <i>Glasgow</i> and HMS <i>Cornwall</i> had chased down SMS <i>Leipzig</i>; HMS <i>Glasgow</i> closed to finish SMS <i>Leipzig,</i> which had run out of ammunition but was still flying her <a href="/wiki/Battle_ensign" title="Battle ensign">battle ensign</a>. SMS <i>Leipzig</i> fired two flares, so HMS <i>Glasgow</i> ceased fire. At 21:23, more than 80 mi (70 nmi; 130 km) southeast of the Falklands, she also rolled over and sank, leaving only 18 survivors. </p><p>During the course of the main battles, Sturdee had despatched Captain Fanshawe on HMS <i>Bristol</i>, together with HMS <i>Macedonia</i>, to destroy the colliers.<sup id="cite_ref-BB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Baden</i> and <i>Santa Isabel</i> were chased, stopped, and (after removing the crews) sunk by HMS <i>Bristol</i> and HMS <i>Macedonia</i> at 19:00. <i>Seydlitz</i> had taken a separate course and escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-WW1F_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW1F-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BB_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Infexible_Falklandy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HMS_Infexible_Falklandy.jpg/220px-HMS_Infexible_Falklandy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HMS_Infexible_Falklandy.jpg/330px-HMS_Infexible_Falklandy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HMS_Infexible_Falklandy.jpg/440px-HMS_Infexible_Falklandy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2444" /></a><figcaption>HMS <i>Inflexible</i> picking up German sailors from <i>Gneisenau</i> after the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>Casualties and damage were extremely disproportionate; the British suffered only very lightly. Admiral Spee and his two sons were among the German dead. Two hundred and fifteen Germans became prisoners on the British ships. Most were from the <i>Gneisenau</i>, with nine from <i>Nürnberg</i> and 18 from <i>Leipzig</i>. <i>Scharnhorst</i> was lost with all hands. One of <i>Gneisenau</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s officers who lived had been the sole survivor on three different guns on the battered cruiser. He was pulled from the water saying he was a first cousin of the British commander (Stoddart).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the known German force of eight ships, two escaped: the auxiliary <i>Seydlitz</i> and the light cruiser <i>Dresden</i>, which remained at large for a further three months before she was cornered by a British squadron (<i>Kent</i>, <i>Glasgow</i> and <i>Orama</i>) off the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a> on 14 March 1915. After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1s_a_Tierra" title="Battle of Más a Tierra">a short battle</a>, <i>Dresden's</i> captain evacuated his ship and scuttled her by detonating the main ammunition magazine. </p><p>As a consequence of the battle, the East Asia Squadron, Germany's only permanent overseas naval formation, effectively ceased to exist. <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a> on the high seas by regular warships of the Kaiserliche Marine was brought to an end. However, Germany put several armed merchant vessels into service as commerce raiders until the end of the war (for example, see <a href="/wiki/Felix_von_Luckner" title="Felix von Luckner">Felix von Luckner</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_intelligence_during_the_battle">British intelligence during the battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British intelligence during the battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the battle, German naval experts were baffled at why Admiral Spee attacked the base and how the two squadrons could have met so coincidentally in so many thousand miles of open waters. Kaiser <a href="/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, German Emperor">William II</a>'s handwritten note on the official report of the battle reads: "It remains a mystery what made Spee attack the Falkland Islands. See 'Mahan's Naval Strategy'."<sup id="cite_ref-FvR_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FvR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was generally believed Spee was misled by the German admiralty into attacking the Falklands, a Royal Naval fuelling base, after receiving intelligence from the German wireless station at Valparaiso which reported the port free of Royal Navy warships. Despite the objection of three of his ships' captains, Spee proceeded to attack.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 1925 a German naval officer and senior <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> spy, <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Rintelen" title="Franz von Rintelen">Franz von Rintelen</a>, interviewed Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Reginald_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="William Reginald Hall">William Reginald Hall</a>, Director of the Admiralty's <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)">Naval Intelligence Division</a> (NID), and was informed that Spee's squadron had been lured towards the British battlecruisers by means of a fake signal sent in a German naval code broken by British cryptographers and sent on a purloined German telegraph form.<sup id="cite_ref-FvR_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FvR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Similarly, on 14 March 1915, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Dresden_(1907)" title="SMS Dresden (1907)">SMS <i>Dresden</i></a> was intercepted by British ships while taking on coal at sea in a location identified by NID codebreakers.)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scharnhorst_wreck"><i>Scharnhorst</i> wreck</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scharnhorst wreck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wreck of <a href="/wiki/SMS_Scharnhorst" title="SMS Scharnhorst"><i>Scharnhorst</i></a> was discovered on 4 December 2019, approximately 98 nautical miles (181 km; 113 mi) southeast of Stanley at a depth of 1,610 m (5,280 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_monuments_in_Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Church_monuments_in_Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_03.JPG/220px-Church_monuments_in_Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Church_monuments_in_Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_03.JPG/330px-Church_monuments_in_Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Church_monuments_in_Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_03.JPG/440px-Church_monuments_in_Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3269" data-file-height="4738" /></a><figcaption>Plaque to the 8 dead of HMS <i>Kent</i> in Canterbury Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DBS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DBS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJaques" class="citation book cs1">Jaques. <i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges</i>. p. 346.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges&rft.pages=346&rft.au=Jaques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MHBS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MHBS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_&_Robertson" class="citation book cs1">Scott & Robertson. <i>Many Were Held by the Sea: The Tragic Sinking of HMS Otranto</i>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Were+Held+by+the+Sea%3A+The+Tragic+Sinking+of+HMS+Otranto&rft.pages=16&rft.au=Scott+%26+Robertson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WW1F-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WW1F_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WW1F_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/falkland.html">Battle of the Falkland Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410163125/http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/falkland.html">Archived</a> 10 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> -names the three German auxiliary ships and states that <i>Bristol</i> and <i>Macedonia</i> sank the colliers <i>Baden</i> and <i>Santa Isabel</i>, while 'the other collier', <i>Seydlitz</i>, escaped.- <i>www.worldwar1.co.uk</i>, accessed 7 December 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BB_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishbattles.com/first-world-war/battle-of-the-falkland-islands/">Battle of the Falkland Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410163119/https://www.britishbattles.com/first-world-war/battle-of-the-falkland-islands/">Archived</a> 10 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> -SS <i>Seydlitz</i> listed as a 'hospital ship'- <i>www.britishbattles.com</i>, accessed 7 December 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massie, 2004, p. 237, citing Pitt pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massie, 2004, pp. 251–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massie, 2004, pp. 253–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massie, 2004, p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massie, 2004, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massie, 2004, pp. 249–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"United Empire". <b>14</b>. 1923: 687.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=United+Empire&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=687&rft.date=1923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_J._Strange1983" class="citation book cs1">Ian J. Strange (1983). <i>The Falkland Islands</i>. David & Charles. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0715385313" title="Special:BookSources/0715385313"><bdi>0715385313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Falkland+Islands&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0715385313&rft.au=Ian+J.+Strange&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_G._Halpern1995" class="citation book cs1">Paul G. Halpern (1995). <i>A Naval History of World War I</i>. Naval Institute Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557503524" title="Special:BookSources/1557503524"><bdi>1557503524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Naval+History+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1557503524&rft.au=Paul+G.+Halpern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30576" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30576/supplement/3287">"No. 30576"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 15 March 1918. p. 3287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30576&rft.pages=3287&rft.date=1918-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30576%2Fsupplement%2F3287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...the prospects should the Germans press home an attack without delay was far from pleasant." Corbett, J.S. <i>British Official History – Naval Operations.</i> (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1921) vol. I, chapter XXIX, cited in Baldwin, Hanson W. <i>World War I: An Outline History.</i> (New York: Grove Press, 1962) p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regan, Geoffrey. Military Anecdotes (1992) p. 13 Guinness Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-519-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85112-519-0">0-85112-519-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regan p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FvR-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FvR_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FvR_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz von Rintelen (in English). <i>The Dark Invader: Wartime Reminiscences of a German Naval Intelligence Officer</i> (1998 ed.). Routledge. pp. 326. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714647926" title="Special:BookSources/0714647926">0714647926</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halpern, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massie, 2004, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beesly, Patrick (1982). <i>Room 40</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. pp. 77–78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0241108640" title="Special:BookSources/0241108640">0241108640</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-50670743">"German WWI wreck Scharnhorst discovered off Falklands"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205122602/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-50670743">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=German+WWI+wreck+Scharnhorst+discovered+off+Falklands&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-50670743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bennett_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Bennett (historian)">Bennett, Geoffrey</a> (1962). <i>Coronel and the Falklands</i>. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coronel+and+the+Falklands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford+Ltd&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern1994" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Paul (1994). <i>A Naval History of World War I</i>. United States: United States Naval Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-295-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-295-7"><bdi>1-85728-295-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Naval+History+of+World+War+I&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85728-295-7&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1927" class="citation book cs1">Irving, John (1927). <i>Coronel and the Falklands</i>. London: A. M. Philpot, ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coronel+and+the+Falklands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.+M.+Philpot%2C+ltd.&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2007). <i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335389" title="Special:BookSources/9780313335389"><bdi>9780313335389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+A+Guide+to+8%2C500+Battles+from+Antiquity+through+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313335389&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McNally, Michael (2012). <i>Coronel and Falklands 1914; Duel in the South Atlantic</i>. Osprey Campaign Series #248. Osprey Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849086745" title="Special:BookSources/9781849086745">9781849086745</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Massie" title="Robert K. Massie">Massie, Robert K.</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Castles_of_Steel:_Britain,_Germany,_and_the_Winning_of_the_Great_War_at_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea">Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-04092-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-04092-8"><bdi>0-224-04092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles+of+Steel%3A+Britain%2C+Germany%2C+and+the+Winning+of+the+Great+War+at+Sea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-224-04092-8&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott, R Neil (2012). <i>Many Were Held by the Sea: The Tragic Sinking of HMS Otranto</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442213425" title="Special:BookSources/9781442213425"><bdi>9781442213425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Were+Held+by+the+Sea%3A+The+Tragic+Sinking+of+HMS+Otranto&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781442213425&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=R+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Ritelen1933" class="citation book cs1">von Ritelen, Franz (1933). <i>The Dark Invader</i>. London: The Bodley Head/Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Invader&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head%2FPenguin+Books&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=von+Ritelen&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwpda.org/naval/j0600000.htm">Description of the battle from the diary of Captain JD Allen RN (HMS <i>Kent</i>)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/falkland.html">Battle of the Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwpda.org/naval/corfalkp.htm">Battles of Coronel and the Falklands – a Pictorial Look</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211094725/http://www.swmaritime.org.uk/article.php?articleid=529&atype=l">Sailing vessel Fairport and her appearance during the battle</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Falkland Islands, Battle of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Falkland_Islands,_Battle_of">"Falkland Islands, Battle of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Falkland+Islands%2C+Battle+of&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Falkland+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mercopress.com/2019/12/05/discovery-of-ww1-german-battlecruiser-sms-scharnhorst-in-falklands-waters">Discovery of WW1 German Battlecruiser SMS Scharnhorst in Falklands waters</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160011#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85046966">United 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