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</li> <li id="toc-United_States_enters_the_war_(April_1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_enters_the_war_(April_1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>United States enters the war (April 1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_enters_the_war_(April_1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nivelle_Offensive_and_French_Army_mutinies_(April–June_1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivelle_Offensive_and_French_Army_mutinies_(April–June_1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nivelle Offensive and French Army mutinies (April–June 1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivelle_Offensive_and_French_Army_mutinies_(April–June_1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign_(1917–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign_(1917–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sinai and Palestine campaign (1917–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign_(1917–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_spring_offensive_(March–July_1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_spring_offensive_(March–July_1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>German spring offensive (March–July 1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_spring_offensive_(March–July_1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hundred_Days_Offensive_(August–November_1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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id="toc-Allied_advance_to_the_Hindenburg_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_advance_to_the_Hindenburg_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_advance_to_the_Hindenburg_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakthrough_of_Macedonian_Front_(September_1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakthrough_of_Macedonian_Front_(September_1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Breakthrough of Macedonian Front (September 1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakthrough_of_Macedonian_Front_(September_1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Revolution_(1918–1919)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Revolution_(1918–1919)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>German Revolution (1918–1919)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Revolution_(1918–1919)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armistices_and_capitulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armistices_and_capitulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Armistices and capitulations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Armistices_and_capitulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Armistices and capitulations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Armistices_and_capitulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_German_government_surrenders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_German_government_surrenders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>New German government surrenders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_German_government_surrenders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theatres_of_World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Theatres of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle East</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai & Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia_during_World_War_I" title="South Arabia during World War I">South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi-Rashidi_War_(1915%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Saudi-Rashidi War (1915–1918)">Central Arabia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segale" title="Battle of Segale">Ethiopia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asia-Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Theatre_of_WWI" title="North-West Frontier Theatre of WWI">North-West Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval theatres</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_North_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox North Sea 1914–1918">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Baltic_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914–1918">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Command_of_the_Oceans_1914%E2%80%931917" title="Template:Campaignbox Command of the Oceans 1914–1917"> Indian and Pacific Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The following is a timeline of the events of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> from <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> to <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Withdrawal_and_the_Russian_Revolution_begins_(March–November_1917)"><span id="Withdrawal_and_the_Russian_Revolution_begins_.28March.E2.80.93November_1917.29"></span>Withdrawal and the Russian Revolution begins (March–November 1917)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Withdrawal and the Russian Revolution begins (March–November 1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest (1918)</a></div> <p>By the end of 1916, Russian casualties totalled nearly five million killed, wounded or captured, with major urban areas affected by food shortages and high prices. In March 1917, Tsar Nicholas ordered the military to forcibly suppress a wave of strikes in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a> but the troops refused to fire on the crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett2007523_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett2007523-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revolutionaries set up the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a> and fearing a left-wing takeover, the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> forced Nicholas to abdicate and established the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>, which confirmed Russia's willingness to continue the war. However, the Petrograd Soviet refused to disband, creating <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">competing power centres</a> and caused confusion and chaos, with frontline soldiers becoming increasingly demoralised and unwilling to fight on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter2014110–132_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2014110–132-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavr_Kornilov_troops_lay_down_their_arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lavr_Kornilov_troops_lay_down_their_arms.jpg/220px-Lavr_Kornilov_troops_lay_down_their_arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lavr_Kornilov_troops_lay_down_their_arms.jpg/330px-Lavr_Kornilov_troops_lay_down_their_arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lavr_Kornilov_troops_lay_down_their_arms.jpg/440px-Lavr_Kornilov_troops_lay_down_their_arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Troops led by General <a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a> lay down their arms, August 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 1917, a <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> offensive began in Romania under the command of <a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">August von Mackensen</a> to knock Romania out of the war, resulting in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Oituz" title="Oituz">Oituz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C5%9Fti" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mărăşti">Mărăști</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Mărășești">Mărășești</a> where up to 1,000,000 Central Powers troops were present. The battles lasted from 22 July to 3 September and eventually the Romanian army was victorious. <a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">August von Mackensen</a> could not plan for another offensive as he had to transfer troops to the Italian Front.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Tsar's abdication, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>—with the help of the German government—was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia on 16 April 1917. Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first, the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed, the new government acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> on 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>March 1918. The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett193836–41_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett193836–41-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this enormous German success, the manpower required by the Germans to occupy the captured territory may have contributed to the failure of their <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">Spring Offensive</a>, and secured relatively little food or other <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> for the Central Powers war effort.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> out of the war, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a> with the Central Powers in May 1918, ending the state of war between Romania and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. Under the terms of the treaty, Romania had to give territory to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, and lease its oil reserves to Germany. However, the terms also included the Central Powers recognition of <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">the union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> with Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_enters_the_war_(April_1917)"><span id="United_States_enters_the_war_.28April_1917.29"></span>United States enters the war (April 1917)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States enters the war (April 1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmermann Telegram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SS_Arabic_(1902)" title="SS Arabic (1902)">SS Arabic (1902)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany,_2_April_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg/220px-President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg/330px-President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg/440px-President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">President Wilson</a> asking <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States was a major supplier of war materials to the Allies but remained neutral in 1914, in large part due to domestic opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012315–316_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012315–316-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant factor in creating the support Wilson needed was the German submarine offensive, which not only cost American lives, but paralysed trade as ships were reluctant to put to sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012317_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012317-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7<span class="nowrap"> </span>May 1915, 128 Americans died when the British <a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger ship</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania"><i>Lusitania</i> was sunk</a> by a German <a href="/wiki/SM_U-20_(Germany)" title="SM U-20 (Germany)">submarine</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> demanded an apology and warned the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, but refused to be drawn into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994157_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994157-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When more Americans died after the sinking of <a href="/wiki/SS_Arabic_(1902)" title="SS Arabic (1902)">SS <i>Arabic</i></a> in August, Bethman-Hollweg ordered an end to such attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012258_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012258-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in response to British blockades, Germany resumed the use of unrestricted submarine warfare<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 1 February 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012250_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012250-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 February 1917, Wilson was presented with the <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmermann Telegram</a>; drafted in January by German Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Arthur Zimmermann</a>, it was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence, who shared it with their American counterparts. Zimmermann hoped to exploit nationalist feelings in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> caused by American incursions during the <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a>, promising support for a war against the US and help them recover territory lost from the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, although this offer was promptly rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994308–309_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994308–309-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hassam_-_avenue-of-the-allies-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hassam_-_avenue-of-the-allies-1.jpg/220px-Hassam_-_avenue-of-the-allies-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hassam_-_avenue-of-the-allies-1.jpg/330px-Hassam_-_avenue-of-the-allies-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hassam_-_avenue-of-the-allies-1.jpg/440px-Hassam_-_avenue-of-the-allies-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Allied Avenue, 1917 painting by <a href="/wiki/Childe_Hassam" title="Childe Hassam">Childe Hassam</a>, that depicts <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>'s Fifth Avenue decorated with flags from Allied nations</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 April 1917, Congress <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">declared war on Germany</a> as an "Associated Power" of the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994318_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994318-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> sent a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Battleship_Division_Nine_(World_War_I)" title="United States Battleship Division Nine (World War I)">battleship group</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a> to join the Grand Fleet and provided convoy escorts. In April 1917, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> had fewer than 300,000 men, including <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">National Guard</a> units, compared to British and French armies of 4.1 and 8.3 million respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">Selective Service Act of 1917</a> drafted 2.8 million men, although training and equipping such numbers was a huge logistical challenge. By June 1918, over 667,000 members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> (AEF), had been transported to France, a figure which reached 2 million by the end of November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotelueschen200614–15_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotelueschen200614–15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, American tactical doctrine was still based on pre-1914 principles, a world away from the <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> approach used by the French and British by 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillettMurray1988143_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillettMurray1988143-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US commanders were initially slow to accept such ideas, leading to heavy casualties and it was not until the last month of the war that these failings were rectified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotelueschen200610–11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotelueschen200610–11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his conviction Germany must be defeated, Wilson went to war to ensure the US played a leading role in shaping the peace, which meant preserving the AEF as a separate military force, rather than being absorbed into British or French units as his Allies wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012318_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012318-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was strongly supported by AEF commander General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>, a proponent of pre-1914 "open warfare" who considered the French and British emphasis on artillery as misguided and incompatible with American "offensive spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotelueschen200644–46_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotelueschen200644–46-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much to the frustration of his Allies, who had suffered heavy losses in 1917, he insisted on retaining control of American troops and refused to commit them to the front line until able to operate as independent units. As a result, the first significant US involvement was the <a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a> in late September 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012403_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012403-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nivelle_Offensive_and_French_Army_mutinies_(April–June_1917)"><span id="Nivelle_Offensive_and_French_Army_mutinies_.28April.E2.80.93June_1917.29"></span>Nivelle Offensive and French Army mutinies (April–June 1917)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nivelle Offensive and French Army mutinies (April–June 1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive">Nivelle offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Battle of Arras (1917)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">1917 French Army mutinies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assaut-chemin-des-dames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Assaut-chemin-des-dames.jpg/220px-Assaut-chemin-des-dames.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Assaut-chemin-des-dames.jpg/330px-Assaut-chemin-des-dames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Assaut-chemin-des-dames.jpg/440px-Assaut-chemin-des-dames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>French infantry advance on the <a href="/wiki/Chemin_des_Dames" title="Chemin des Dames">Chemin des Dames</a>, April 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Verdun cost the French nearly 400,000 casualties, and the horrific conditions severely impacted morale, leading to a number of incidents of indiscipline. Although relatively minor, they reflected a belief among the rank and file that their sacrifices were not appreciated by their government or senior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003132_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003132-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combatants on both sides claimed the battle was the most psychologically exhausting of the entire war; recognising this, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> frequently rotated divisions, a process known as the <a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">noria</a> system. While this ensured units were withdrawn before their ability to fight was significantly eroded, it meant a high proportion of the French army was affected by the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1964224_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1964224-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of 1917, morale was brittle, even in divisions with good combat records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003122–123_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003122–123-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1916, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a> replaced Pétain as commander of French armies on the Western Front and began planning a <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive">spring attack</a> in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a>, part of a joint Franco-British operation. Nivelle claimed the capture of his main objective, the <a href="/wiki/Chemin_des_Dames" title="Chemin des Dames">Chemin des Dames</a>, would achieve a massive breakthrough and cost no more than 15,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003124_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003124-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poor security meant German intelligence was well informed on tactics and timetables, but despite this, when the attack began on 16 April the French made substantial gains, before being brought to a halt by the newly built and extremely strong defences of the Hindenburg Line. Nivelle persisted with frontal assaults and by 25 April the French had suffered nearly 135,000 casualties, including 30,000 dead, most incurred in the first two days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003129_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003129-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concurrent British attacks at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Arras</a> were more successful, although ultimately of little strategic value.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operating as a separate unit for the first time, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a> capture of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge</a> during the battle is viewed by many Canadians as a defining moment in creating a sense of national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInglis19952_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInglis19952-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphries200766_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphries200766-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Nivelle continued the offensive, on 3 May the <a href="/wiki/21st_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="21st Infantry Division (France)">21st Division</a>, which had been involved in some of the heaviest fighting at Verdun, refused orders to go into battle, initiating the <a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">French Army mutinies</a>; within days, acts of "collective indiscipline" had spread to 54 divisions, while over 20,000 deserted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1964323_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1964323-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unrest was almost entirely confined to the infantry, whose demands were largely non-political, including better economic support for families at home, and regular periods of leave, which Nivelle had ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003131_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003131-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Files of soldiers with rifles slung follow close behind a tank, there is a dead body in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg/220px-Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg/330px-Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg/440px-Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a> troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the vast majority remained willing to defend their own lines, they refused to participate in offensive action, reflecting a complete breakdown of trust in the army leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshallJosephy1982211_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshallJosephy1982211-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nivelle was removed from command on 15 May and replaced by Pétain, who resisted demands for drastic punishment and set about restoring morale by improving conditions. While exact figures are still debated, only 27 men were actually executed, with another 3,000 sentenced to periods of imprisonment; however, the psychological effects were long-lasting, one veteran commenting "Pétain has purified the unhealthy atmosphere...but they have ruined the heart of the French soldier".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1964325_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1964325-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I of Austria</a> secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau, through his wife's brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sixtus_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma">Sixtus</a> in Belgium as an intermediary, without the knowledge of Germany. Italy opposed the proposals. When the negotiations failed, his attempt was revealed to Germany, resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurlander2006_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlander2006-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanafelt1985125–130_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanafelt1985125–130-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign_(1917–1918)"><span id="Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign_.281917.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Sinai and Palestine campaign (1917–1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sinai and Palestine campaign (1917–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_howitzer_10.5cm_leFH_98_09_LOC_00121.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Turkish_howitzer_10.5cm_leFH_98_09_LOC_00121.jpg/220px-Turkish_howitzer_10.5cm_leFH_98_09_LOC_00121.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Turkish_howitzer_10.5cm_leFH_98_09_LOC_00121.jpg/330px-Turkish_howitzer_10.5cm_leFH_98_09_LOC_00121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Turkish_howitzer_10.5cm_leFH_98_09_LOC_00121.jpg/440px-Turkish_howitzer_10.5cm_leFH_98_09_LOC_00121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/10.5_cm_Feldhaubitze_98/09" title="10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09">10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09</a> and Ottoman artillerymen at Hareira in 1917 before the Southern Palestine offensive</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg/220px-Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg/330px-Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg/440px-Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>British artillery battery on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scopus" title="Mount Scopus">Mount Scopus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">Battle of Jerusalem</a>, 1917. Foreground, a battery of 16 heavy guns. Background, conical tents and support vehicles.</figcaption></figure> <p>In March and April 1917, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza" title="First Battle of Gaza">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Second Battle of Gaza">Second Battles of Gaza</a>, German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2001163_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2001163-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of October, the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a> resumed, when General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a>'s <a href="/wiki/XX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXth Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/XXI_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXI Corps (United Kingdom)">XXI Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_Mounted_Corps" title="Desert Mounted Corps">Desert Mounted Corps</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Battle of Beersheba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge" title="Battle of Mughar Ridge">Battle of Mughar Ridge</a> and, early in December, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">Battle of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About this time, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_Kress_von_Kressenstein" title="Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein">Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein</a> was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Djevad Pasha</a>, and a few months later the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Army</a> in Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a>, was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Liman_von_Sanders" title="Otto Liman von Sanders">Otto Liman von Sanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_soldiers_WWI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ottoman_soldiers_WWI.jpg/220px-Ottoman_soldiers_WWI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ottoman_soldiers_WWI.jpg/330px-Ottoman_soldiers_WWI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ottoman_soldiers_WWI.jpg/440px-Ottoman_soldiers_WWI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3645" data-file-height="2479" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman troops in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1918, the front line was <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jericho" title="Capture of Jericho">extended</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Jordan_Valley" title="British occupation of the Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> was occupied, following the <a href="/wiki/First_Transjordan_attack_on_Amman" class="mw-redirect" title="First Transjordan attack on Amman">First Transjordan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Transjordan_attack_on_Shunet_Nimrin_and_Es_Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt">Second Transjordan</a> attacks by British Empire forces in March and April 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2001195_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2001195-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March, most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's British infantry and <a href="/wiki/Yeomanry" title="Yeomanry">Yeomanry</a> cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive. During several months of reorganisation and training, and while Indian Army units replaced the departed troops, a <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign#Jordan_Valley_operations" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">number of attacks</a> were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line. The reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force broke Ottoman forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a> in September 1918. In two days, the British and Indian infantry, supported by a creeping barrage, broke the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Eighth Army (Ottoman Empire)">Eighth Army (Ottoman Empire)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tulkarm" title="Battle of Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a>, the continuous trench lines at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabsor" title="Battle of Tabsor">Tabsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arara" title="Battle of Arara">Arara</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)">Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)</a> headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus_(1918)" title="Battle of Nablus (1918)">Nablus</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, they captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nazareth" title="Battle of Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Afulah_and_Beisan" title="Capture of Afulah and Beisan">Afulah and Beisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jenin" title="Capture of Jenin">Jenin</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1918)" title="Battle of Haifa (1918)">Haifa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samakh" title="Battle of Samakh">Samakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> were captured on the way northwards to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Chaytor's Force</a> captured the crossings of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Salt">Es Salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Al-Jizah,_Jordan" title="Al-Jizah, Jordan">Ziza</a> most of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire)">Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire)</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a>, signed at the end of October, ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_spring_offensive_(March–July_1918)"><span id="German_spring_offensive_.28March.E2.80.93July_1918.29"></span>German spring offensive (March–July 1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German spring offensive (March–July 1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG/220px-General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG/330px-General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG/440px-General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="2047" /></a><figcaption>French soldiers under <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">General Gouraud</a>, with machine guns amongst the ruins of a church near the <a href="/wiki/Marne_(river)" title="Marne (river)">Marne</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>In December, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war, but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive. Furthermore, both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe. Thus, both sides urgently sought a decisive victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyman1997146–147_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman1997146–147-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ludendorff drew up plans (<a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">codenamed</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a>) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front. The spring offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances. The German leadership hoped to end the war before significant US forces arrived. The operation commenced on 21 March 1918 with an attack on British forces near <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin</a>. German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres (37 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British and French trenches were penetrated using novel <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">infiltration tactics</a>, also named <i>Hutier</i> tactics after General <a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Hutier" title="Oskar von Hutier">Oskar von Hutier</a>, by specially trained units called <a href="/wiki/Stormtroopers_(Imperial_Germany)" title="Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)">stormtroopers</a>. Previously, attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults. In the spring offensive of 1918, however, Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points. They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance. More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions. This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_55th_Division_gas_casualties_10_April_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/British_55th_Division_gas_casualties_10_April_1918.jpg/220px-British_55th_Division_gas_casualties_10_April_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/British_55th_Division_gas_casualties_10_April_1918.jpg/330px-British_55th_Division_gas_casualties_10_April_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/British_55th_Division_gas_casualties_10_April_1918.jpg/440px-British_55th_Division_gas_casualties_10_April_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/55th_(West_Lancashire)_Division" title="55th (West Lancashire) Division">55th (West Lancashire) Division</a> soldiers blinded by tear gas during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">Battle of Estaires</a>, 10 April 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The front moved to within 120 kilometres (75 mi) of Paris. Three heavy <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> <a href="/wiki/Railway_gun" title="Railway gun">railway guns</a> fired 183 shells on the capital, causing many Parisians to flee. The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">national holiday</a>. Many Germans thought victory was near. After heavy fighting, however, the offensive was halted. Lacking tanks or <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">motorised artillery</a>, the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains. The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell-torn and often impassable to traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray199186_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray199186-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Operation Michael, Germany launched <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">Operation Georgette</a> against the northern <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. The German Army to the south then conducted <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Third Battle of the Aisne">Operations Blücher and Yorck</a>, pushing broadly towards Paris. Germany launched Operation Marne (<a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a>) on 15 July, in an attempt to encircle <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>. The resulting counter-attack, which started the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>, marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war. By 20 July, the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickard2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having achieved little, and the German Army never regained the initiative. German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000, including many highly trained stormtroopers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Germany was falling apart at home. <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a> marches became frequent and morale in the army fell. Industrial output was half the 1913 levels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hundred_Days_Offensive_(August–November_1918)"><span id="Hundred_Days_Offensive_.28August.E2.80.93November_1918.29"></span>Hundred Days Offensive (August–November 1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hundred Days Offensive (August–November 1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png/220px-Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png/330px-Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png/440px-Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyers1919104_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyers1919104-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_ruins_of_Vaux,_France,_1918,_ca._03-1918_-_ca._11-1918_-_NARA_-_512862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Aerial_view_of_ruins_of_Vaux%2C_France%2C_1918%2C_ca._03-1918_-_ca._11-1918_-_NARA_-_512862.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_ruins_of_Vaux%2C_France%2C_1918%2C_ca._03-1918_-_ca._11-1918_-_NARA_-_512862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Aerial_view_of_ruins_of_Vaux%2C_France%2C_1918%2C_ca._03-1918_-_ca._11-1918_-_NARA_-_512862.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_ruins_of_Vaux%2C_France%2C_1918%2C_ca._03-1918_-_ca._11-1918_-_NARA_-_512862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Aerial_view_of_ruins_of_Vaux%2C_France%2C_1918%2C_ca._03-1918_-_ca._11-1918_-_NARA_-_512862.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_ruins_of_Vaux%2C_France%2C_1918%2C_ca._03-1918_-_ca._11-1918_-_NARA_-_512862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2257" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of ruins of <a href="/wiki/Vaux-devant-Damloup" title="Vaux-devant-Damloup">Vaux-devant-Damloup</a>, France, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The Allied counteroffensive, known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>, began on 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>August 1918, with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Battle of Amiens</a>. The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British, <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a>, and French troops, and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres (15 mi) long had been created in the German lines. The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale, causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the "Black Day of the German army".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickard2001_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2001-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an advance as far as 23 kilometres (14 mi), German resistance stiffened, and the battle was concluded on 12 August.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rather than continuing the Amiens battle past the point of initial success, as had been done so many times in the past, the Allies shifted attention elsewhere. Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives, and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it. They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks, then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitt-1962_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitt-1962-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day after the Offensive began, Ludendorff said: "We cannot win the war any more, but we must not lose it either." On 11 August, he offered his resignation to the Kaiser, who refused it, replying, "I see that we must strike a balance. We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance. The war must be ended."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 August, at <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a>, Hindenburg, Ludendorff, the Chancellor, and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and, on the following day, the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable. Austria and Hungary warned that they could continue the war only until December, and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations. <a href="/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria" title="Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria">Prince Rupprecht</a> warned <a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Prince Maximilian of Baden</a>: "Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier."<sup id="cite_ref-Chron-FWW_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chron-FWW-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Albert">Battle of Albert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of Albert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Scottish_at_Canal_du_Nord_Sept_1918_IWM_CO_3289.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_Scottish_at_Canal_du_Nord_Sept_1918_IWM_CO_3289.jpg/220px-Canadian_Scottish_at_Canal_du_Nord_Sept_1918_IWM_CO_3289.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_Scottish_at_Canal_du_Nord_Sept_1918_IWM_CO_3289.jpg/330px-Canadian_Scottish_at_Canal_du_Nord_Sept_1918_IWM_CO_3289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_Scottish_at_Canal_du_Nord_Sept_1918_IWM_CO_3289.jpg/440px-Canadian_Scottish_at_Canal_du_Nord_Sept_1918_IWM_CO_3289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/16th_Battalion_(Canadian_Scottish),_CEF" title="16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF">16th Bn (Canadian Scottish)</a>, advancing during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord" title="Battle of the Canal du Nord">Battle of the Canal du Nord</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_(1918)" title="Battle of Albert (1918)">Battle of Albert</a> on 21 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerraine1963_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine1963-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assault was widened by French<sup id="cite_ref-Chron-FWW_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chron-FWW-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then further British forces in the following days. During the last week of August, the Allied pressure along a 110-kilometre (68 mi) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting. From German accounts, "Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on-storming enemy, and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines."<sup id="cite_ref-Pitt-1962_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitt-1962-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faced with these advances, on 2 September the German <i><a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">Oberste Heeresleitung</a></i> ("Supreme Army Command") issued orders to withdraw in the south to the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a>. This ceded without a fight the <a href="/wiki/Salient_(military)" title="Salient (military)">salient</a> seized the previous April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson1962_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1962-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ludendorff, "We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudendorff1919_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudendorff1919-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>August, over 100,000 German prisoners were taken. The German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end. On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria, and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation. On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil, and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium. Both peace offers were rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Chron-FWW_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chron-FWW-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_advance_to_the_Hindenburg_Line">Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif/220px-US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif/330px-US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif/440px-US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>An American gun crew from the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="23rd Infantry Regiment (United States)">23rd Infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Division</a>, firing on German entrenched positions during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, 1918</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse-Argonne offensive">Meuse-Argonne offensive</a></div> <p>In September the Allies <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive#Advance_to_the_Hindenburg_Line" title="Hundred Days Offensive">advanced to the Hindenburg Line</a> in the north and centre. The Germans continued to fight strong rear-guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks, but positions and outposts of the Line continued to fall, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September. On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres (2 mi) of St. Quentin. The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line. That same day, Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Chron-FWW_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chron-FWW-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Offensive">final assault</a> on the Hindenburg Line began with the <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse-Argonne offensive">Meuse-Argonne offensive</a>, launched by American and French troops on 26 September. The following week, co-operating American and French units broke through in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blanc_Mont_Ridge" title="Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge">Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge</a>, forcing the Germans off the commanding heights, and closing towards the Belgian frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan49_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan49-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1918)">Battle of Cambrai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie1997?_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie1997?-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear-guard actions as it fell back towards Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September, Ludendorff, having been under great stress for months, suffered something similar to a breakdown. It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence. The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food. Its reserves had been used up, even as US troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004380_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004380-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull2006307–310_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2006307–310-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004383_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004383-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breakthrough_of_Macedonian_Front_(September_1918)"><span id="Breakthrough_of_Macedonian_Front_.28September_1918.29"></span>Breakthrough of Macedonian Front (September 1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Breakthrough of Macedonian Front (September 1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole" title="Battle of Dobro Pole">Battle of Dobro Pole</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg/330px-Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg/440px-Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube regiment near <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Allied forces started the <a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a> on 15 September at two key points: <a href="/wiki/Dobro_Pole" title="Dobro Pole">Dobro Pole</a> and near <a href="/wiki/Dojran_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Dojran Lake">Dojran Lake</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole" title="Battle of Dobro Pole">Battle of Dobro Pole</a>, the Serbian and French armies had success after a three day long battle with relatively small casualties, and subsequently made a breakthrough in the front, something which was rarely seen in World War I. After the front was broken, Allied forces started to liberate Serbia and reached <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> at 29 September after which <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a> signed an armistice with the Allies on 30 September.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allied armies continued the liberation of Serbia while Germany unsuccessfully tried to establish new front lines near Niš by sending troops from Romania. After the Serbian army entered Niš on 11 October, Germany left Austro-Hungary to organize the Balkan front. On 1 November Serbian forces liberated Belgrade and started to cross over the border with Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary was politically disintegrating and signed an armistice with Italy on 3 November, leaving Germany alone in Europe. On 6 November the Serbian Army liberated Sarajevo and Novi Sad on 9 November. The non-German peoples of Austria-Hungary started to organize independent states in the territory of Austria-Hungary, which it was unable to prevent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_Revolution_(1918–1919)"><span id="German_Revolution_.281918.E2.80.931919.29"></span>German Revolution (1918–1919)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: German Revolution (1918–1919)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R72520,_Kiel,_Novemberrevolution,_Matrosenaufstand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R72520%2C_Kiel%2C_Novemberrevolution%2C_Matrosenaufstand.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R72520%2C_Kiel%2C_Novemberrevolution%2C_Matrosenaufstand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R72520%2C_Kiel%2C_Novemberrevolution%2C_Matrosenaufstand.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R72520%2C_Kiel%2C_Novemberrevolution%2C_Matrosenaufstand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R72520%2C_Kiel%2C_Novemberrevolution%2C_Matrosenaufstand.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R72520%2C_Kiel%2C_Novemberrevolution%2C_Matrosenaufstand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a>, Kiel, 1918</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></div> <p>News of Germany's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces. The threat of mutiny was rife. Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the "valour" of the German Navy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In northern Germany, the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a> began at the end of October 1918. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war they believed to be as good as lost, initiating the uprising. The <a href="/wiki/Kiel_mutiny" title="Kiel mutiny">sailors' revolt</a>, which then ensued in the naval ports of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, spread across the whole country within days and led to the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_republic_in_Germany" title="Proclamation of the republic in Germany">proclamation of a republic</a> on 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>November 1918, shortly thereafter to the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Wilhelm_II" title="Abdication of Wilhelm II">abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II</a>, and to German surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004383_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004383-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armistices_and_capitulations">Armistices and capitulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Armistices and capitulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/220px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/330px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/440px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Italian troops reach <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a>, 1918. Italy's victory marked the end of the war on the Italian Front and secured the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a> on 29 September 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-indiana.edu-1918_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiana.edu-1918-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> in his telegram to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I</a> described the situation thus: "Disgraceful! 62,000 Serbs decided the war!".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">German Supreme Army Command</a> informed <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chancellor_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Chancellor (Germany)">Imperial Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a>, that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2018260_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2018260-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 October, the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto. This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, which marked the end of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb. On 29 October, the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice, but the Italians continued advancing, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste. On 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>November, Austria-Hungary sent a <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">flag of truce</a> to ask for an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> (Armistice of Villa Giusti). The terms, arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris, were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted. The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti, near <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, on 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>November. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. In the following days, the Italian Army occupied <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a> with over 20,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, signing the Armistice of Mudros.<sup id="cite_ref-indiana.edu-1918_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiana.edu-1918-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_German_government_surrenders">New German government surrenders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New German government surrenders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a></div><p> With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser leading to his abdication and fleeing of the country, Germany moved towards surrender. Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government on 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>October as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies. Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately, in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004385_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004385-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no resistance when the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann" title="Philipp Scheidemann">Philipp Scheidemann</a> on 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>November <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_republic_in_Germany" title="Proclamation of the republic in Germany">declared Germany to be a republic</a>. The Kaiser, kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. It was the end of Imperial Germany; a new Germany had been born as the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004Chapter_17_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004Chapter_17-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armisticetrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Armisticetrain.jpg/214px-Armisticetrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Armisticetrain.jpg/322px-Armisticetrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Armisticetrain.jpg/429px-Armisticetrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a>, second from right, pictured outside the <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne_Wagon" title="Compiègne Wagon">carriage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a> after agreeing to the armistice that ended the war there. The carriage was later chosen by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as the symbolic setting of Pétain's <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">June 1940 armistice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 November, at 5:00 am, an <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">armistice with Germany</a> was signed in a railroad carriage at <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>. At 11 am on 11 November 1918—"the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month"—a ceasefire came into effect. During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect, opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions, but fighting continued along many areas of the front, as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended. The <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">occupation of the Rhineland</a> took place following the Armistice. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British and French forces.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1918, the Allies had ample supplies of manpower and materiel to invade Germany. Yet at the time of the armistice, no Allied force had crossed the German frontier, the Western Front was still some 720 kilometres (450 mi) from Berlin, and the Kaiser's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order. These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated. This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stab-in-the-back myth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2006_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2006-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChickering2004185–188_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChickering2004185–188-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which attributed Germany's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting (even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">1918 flu pandemic</a> and unfit to fight), but to the public's failure to respond to its "patriotic calling" and the supposed sabotage of the war effort, particularly by Jews, Socialists, and Bolsheviks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war. One estimate (using 1913 US dollars) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion. Among the Allies, the UK spent $21 billion and the US$17 billion; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This gave German submarines permission to attack any merchant ships entering the war zone, regardless of their cargo or nationality; the zone included all British and French coastal waters <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012316_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012316-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett2007523-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett2007523_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckett2007">Beckett 2007</a>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2014110–132-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter2014110–132_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinter2014">Winter 2014</a>, pp. 110–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania 1866–1947, p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett193836–41-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett193836–41_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1938">Wheeler-Bennett 1938</a>, pp. 36–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. J. Crampton, <i>Eastern Europe in the twentieth century</i>, Routledge, 1994, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05346-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05346-4">978-0-415-05346-4</a>, pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012315–316-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012315–316_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2012">Stevenson 2012</a>, pp. 315–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012317-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012317_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2012">Stevenson 2012</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994157-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994157_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert1994">Gilbert 1994</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012258-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012258_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2012">Stevenson 2012</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012316-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012316_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2012">Stevenson 2012</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012250-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012250_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2012">Stevenson 2012</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994308–309-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994308–309_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert1994">Gilbert 1994</a>, pp. 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994318-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994318_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert1994">Gilbert 1994</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotelueschen200614–15-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotelueschen200614–15_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrotelueschen2006">Grotelueschen 2006</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillettMurray1988143-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillettMurray1988143_17-0">^</a></b></span> 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphries200766_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphries2007">Humphries 2007</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1964323-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1964323_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorne1964">Horne 1964</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003131-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003131_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2003">Clayton 2003</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshallJosephy1982211-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshallJosephy1982211_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshallJosephy1982">Marshall & Josephy 1982</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1964325-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1964325_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorne1964">Horne 1964</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurlander2006-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurlander2006_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurlander2006">Kurlander 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanafelt1985125–130-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShanafelt1985125–130_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShanafelt1985">Shanafelt 1985</a>, pp. 125–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2001163-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2001163_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2001">Erickson 2001</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1920" class="citation book cs1">Moore, A. Briscoe (1920). <i>The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine: The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders</i>. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156767391">156767391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mounted+Riflemen+in+Sinai+%26+Palestine%3A+The+Story+of+New+Zealand%27s+Crusaders&rft.place=Christchurch&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Whitcombe+%26+Tombs&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156767391&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=A.+Briscoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalls1930" class="citation book cs1">Falls, Cyril (1930). <i>Military Operations. Part I: Egypt & Palestine. Volume 2: From June 1917 to the End of the War</i>. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Maps compiled by A.F. Becke. London: HM Stationery Office. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1113542987">1113542987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations.+Part+I%3A+Egypt+%26+Palestine.+Volume+2%3A+From+June+1917+to+the+End+of+the+War&rft.place=London&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=HM+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1113542987&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWavell1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell, Earl</a> (1968) [1933]. "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). <i>A Short History of the British Army</i> (4th ed.). London: Constable & Co. pp. 153–155. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35621223">35621223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Palestine+Campaigns&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pages=153-155&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35621223&rft.aulast=Wavell&rft.aufirst=Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614214531/http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/jerusalemdecree.htm">"Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control"</a>. First World War.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/jerusalemdecree.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+Decree+of+the+Surrender+of+Jerusalem+into+British+Control&rft.pub=First+World+War.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fsource%2Fjerusalemdecree.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2002" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Anthony (2002). <i>The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War</i>. London: John Murray. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5432-2"><bdi>978-0-7195-5432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Crusade%3A+The+Palestine+Campaign+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5432-2&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/kressenstein.htm">"Who's Who – Kress von Kressenstein"</a>. First World War.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120122815/http://firstworldwar.com/bio/kressenstein.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+%E2%80%93+Kress+von+Kressenstein&rft.pub=First+World+War.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fbio%2Fkressenstein.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/liman.htm">"Who's Who – Otto Liman von Sanders"</a>. First World War.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227070027/http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/liman.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+%E2%80%93+Otto+Liman+von+Sanders&rft.pub=First+World+War.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fbio%2Fliman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2001195-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2001195_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2001">Erickson 2001</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman1997146–147-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyman1997146–147_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeyman1997">Heyman 1997</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell2004-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell2004_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestwell2004">Westwell 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/blitzkrieg">"blitzkrieg | Definition, Translation, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=blitzkrieg+%7C+Definition%2C+Translation%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fblitzkrieg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray199186-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray199186_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray1991">Gray 1991</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2007-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickard2007_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRickard2007">Rickard 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyers1919104-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyers1919104_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyers1919">Ayers 1919</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiber2004" class="citation book cs1">Schreiber, Shane B. (2004) [1977]. <i>Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War</i>. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55125-096-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55125-096-0"><bdi>978-1-55125-096-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57063659">57063659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shock+Army+of+the+British+Empire%3A+The+Canadian+Corps+in+the+Last+100+Days+of+the+Great+War&rft.place=St.+Catharines%2C+ON&rft.pub=Vanwell&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57063659&rft.isbn=978-1-55125-096-0&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Shane+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2001-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickard2001_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRickard2001">Rickard 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Malcolm (1999) [1998]. <i>1918: Year of Victory</i>. London: Pan. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-37672-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-37672-3"><bdi>978-0-330-37672-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1918%3A+Year+of+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-330-37672-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitt-1962-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitt-1962_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitt-1962_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitt2003">Pitt 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/war-must-be-ended">"This War Must Be Ended | History Today"</a>. <i>www.historytoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historytoday.com&rft.atitle=This+War+Must+Be+Ended+%7C+History+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fwar-must-be-ended&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chron-FWW-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chron-FWW_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chron-FWW_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chron-FWW_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chron-FWW_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrayArgyle1990">Gray & Argyle 1990</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine1963-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerraine1963_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTerraine1963">Terraine 1963</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1962-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson1962_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1962">Nicholson 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudendorff1919-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudendorff1919_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudendorff1919">Ludendorff 1919</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan49-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan49_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLellan">McLellan</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie1997?-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie1997?_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1997">Christie 1997</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004380-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004380_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2004">Stevenson 2004</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2006307–310-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull2006307–310_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHull2006">Hull 2006</a>, pp. 307–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004383-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004383_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004383_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2004">Stevenson 2004</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923215523/http://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/">"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1"</a>. <i>Militaryhistorynow.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/">the original</a> on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Militaryhistorynow.com&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Dobro+Polje+%E2%80%93+The+Forgotten+Balkan+Skirmish+That+Ended+WW1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistorynow.com%2F2017%2F09%2F21%2Fknock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/">"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight"</a>. <i>historycollection.co</i>. 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historycollection.co&rft.atitle=The+Germans+Could+no+Longer+Keep+up+the+Fight&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.co%2Ften-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Kuhl" class="citation web cs1">K. Kuhl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf">"Die 14 Kieler Punkte"</a> [The Kiel 14 points] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+14+Kieler+Punkte&rft.au=K.+Kuhl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurkuhl.de%2Fdocs%2Fkieler_14punkte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDähnhardt1978" class="citation book cs1">Dähnhardt, D. (1978). <i>Revolution in Kiel</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=League+of+Nations+Photo+Archive&rft.atitle=1918+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~league%2F1918.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923215523/http://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/">"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1"</a>. <i>Militaryhistorynow.com</i>. 21 September 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/">the original</a> on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Militaryhistorynow.com&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Dobro+Polje+%E2%80%93+The+Forgotten+Balkan+Skirmish+That+Ended+WW1&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistorynow.com%2F2017%2F09%2F21%2Fknock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/">"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight"</a>. <i>historycollection.com</i>. 22 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historycollection.com&rft.atitle=The+Germans+Could+no+Longer+Keep+up+the+Fight&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.co%2Ften-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2018260-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2018260_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxelrod2018">Axelrod 2018</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoos2017" class="citation cs2">Moos, Carlo (2017), "Südtirol im St. Germain-Kontext", in Georg Grote and Hannes Obermair (ed.), <i>A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015</i>, Oxford-Berne-New York: Peter Lang, pp. 27–39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-2240-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-2240-9"><bdi>978-3-0343-2240-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%BCdtirol+im+St.+Germain-Kontext&rft.btitle=A+Land+on+the+Threshold.+South+Tyrolean+Transformations%2C+1915%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Oxford-Berne-New+York&rft.pages=27-39&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-0343-2240-9&rft.aulast=Moos&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_di_Michele2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrea di Michele (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002053915/http://www.agiati.it/UploadDocs/12255_Art_20_di_michele.pdf">"Trento, Bolzano e Innsbruck: l'occupazione militare italiana del Tirolo (1918–1920)"</a> [Trento, Bolzano and Innsbruck: The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol (1918–1920)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trento e Trieste. Percorsi degli Italiani d'Austria dal '48 all'annessione</i> (in Italian): 436–437. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agiati.it/UploadDocs/12255_Art_20_di_michele.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2018. <q>La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20–22.000 uomini. [The numerical strength of the Italian contingent varied with the passing of months and at its peak reached 20–22,000 men.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trento+e+Trieste.+Percorsi+degli+Italiani+d%27Austria+dal+%2748+all%27annessione&rft.atitle=Trento%2C+Bolzano+e+Innsbruck%3A+l%27occupazione+militare+italiana+del+Tirolo+%281918%E2%80%931920%29&rft.pages=436-437&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Andrea+di+Michele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agiati.it%2FUploadDocs%2F12255_Art_20_di_michele.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004385-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004385_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2004">Stevenson 2004</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004Chapter_17-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004Chapter_17_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2004">Stevenson 2004</a>, Chapter 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp">"Clairière de l'Armistice"</a> (in French). Ville de <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp">the original</a> on 27 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clairi%C3%A8re+de+l%27Armistice&rft.pub=Ville+de+Compi%C3%A8gne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compiegne.fr%2Fdecouvrir%2Fclairierearmistice.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfroid2015" class="citation web cs1">Godfroid, Anne (18 September 2015). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/occupation_after_the_war_belgium_and_france">"Occupation after the War (Belgium and France)"</a>. <i>1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i>. Freie Universität Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1914%E2%80%931918-online.+International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&rft.atitle=Occupation+after+the+War+%28Belgium+and+France%29&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft.aulast=Godfroid&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Foccupation_after_the_war_belgium_and_france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2006-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2006_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2006">Baker 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChickering2004185–188-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChickering2004185–188_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChickering2004">Chickering 2004</a>, pp. 185–188.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Axelrod" title="Alan Axelrod">Axelrod, Alan</a> (2018). <i>How America Won World War I</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-3192-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-3192-4"><bdi>978-1-4930-3192-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+America+Won+World+War+I&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4930-3192-4&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Porter_Ayres" title="Leonard Porter Ayres">Ayers, Leonard Porter</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OCLC01187647&pg=PA1111"><i>The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary</i></a>. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+with+Germany%3A+A+Statistical+Summary&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOCLC01187647%26pg%3DPA1111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Baker, Kevin (June 2006). "Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth". <i>Harper's Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Stabbed+in+the+Back%21+The+past+and+future+of+a+right-wing+myth&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2007" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Ian (2007). <i>The Great War</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1252-8"><bdi>978-1-4058-1252-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-1252-8&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChickering2004" class="citation book cs1">Chickering, Rodger (2004). <i>Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83908-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83908-2"><bdi>978-0-521-83908-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55523473">55523473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Germany+and+the+Great+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55523473&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83908-2&rft.aulast=Chickering&rft.aufirst=Rodger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie1997" class="citation book cs1">Christie, Norm M (1997). <i>The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August–September 1918</i>. CEF Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896979-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896979-18-2"><bdi>978-1-896979-18-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadians+at+Cambrai+and+the+Canal+du+Nord%2C+August%E2%80%93September+1918&rft.pub=CEF+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-896979-18-2&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Norm+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2003" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Anthony (2003). <i>Paths of Glory; the French Army 1914–1918</i>. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35949-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35949-3"><bdi>978-0-304-35949-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Glory%3B+the+French+Army+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35949-3&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2001" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward J. (2001). <i>Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War</i>. Contributions in Military Studies. Vol. 201. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31516-9"><bdi>978-0-313-31516-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43481698">43481698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordered+to+Die%3A+A+History+of+the+Ottoman+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Contributions+in+Military+Studies&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43481698&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31516-9&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1994" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (1994). <i>First World War</i>. Stoddart Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7737-2848-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7737-2848-6"><bdi>978-0-7737-2848-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+World+War&rft.pub=Stoddart+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7737-2848-6&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayArgyle1990" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990). <i>Chronicle of the First World War</i>. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2595-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-2595-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19398100">19398100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19398100&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-2595-4&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Randal&rft.au=Argyle%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1991" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Randal (1991). <i>Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive</i>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-157-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-157-1"><bdi>978-1-85532-157-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaiserschlacht+1918%3A+the+final+German+offensive&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-157-1&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Randal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrotelueschen2006" class="citation book cs1">Grotelueschen, Mark Ethan (2006). <i>The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86434-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86434-3"><bdi>978-0-521-86434-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+AEF+Way+of+War%3A+The+American+Army+and+Combat+in+World+War+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86434-3&rft.aulast=Grotelueschen&rft.aufirst=Mark+Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyman1997" class="citation book cs1">Heyman, Neil M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwari00heym"><i>World War I</i></a>. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29880-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29880-6"><bdi>978-0-313-29880-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36292837">36292837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Guides+to+historic+events+of+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36292837&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29880-6&rft.aulast=Heyman&rft.aufirst=Neil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwari00heym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne1964" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Alistair (1964). <i>The Price of Glory</i> (1993 ed.). Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017041-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017041-2"><bdi>978-0-14-017041-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Glory&rft.edition=1993&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-14-017041-2&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Virginia_Hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel Virginia Hull">Hull, Isabel Virginia</a> (2006). <i>Absolute destruction: military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7293-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-7293-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolute+destruction%3A+military+culture+and+the+practices+of+war+in+Imperial+Germany&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7293-0&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Isabel+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphries2007" class="citation book cs1">Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras". In Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.). <i>Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment</i>. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-508-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-508-6"><bdi>978-0-88920-508-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Old+Wine+in+New+Bottles%22%3A+A+Comparison+of+British+and+Canadian+Preparations+for+the+Battle+of+Arras&rft.btitle=Vimy+Ridge%3A+A+Canadian+Reassessment&rft.place=Waterloo&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-508-6&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=Mark+Osborne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis1995" class="citation book cs1">Inglis, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf"><i>Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916183818/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vimy+Ridge%3A+1917%E2%80%931992%2C+A+Canadian+Myth+over+Seventy+Five+Years&rft.place=Burnaby&rft.pub=Simon+Fraser+University&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsummit.sfu.ca%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Firitems1%2F6687%2Fb17448906.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurlander2006" class="citation book cs1">Kurlander, Eric (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610212755/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=101921145898314"><i>Steffen Bruendel. Volksgemeinschaft oder Volksstaat: Die "Ideen von 1914" und die Neuordnung Deutschlands im Ersten Weltkrieg</i></a>. H-net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=101921145898314">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Book review)</span> on 10 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steffen+Bruendel.+Volksgemeinschaft+oder+Volksstaat%3A+Die+%22Ideen+von+1914%22+und+die+Neuordnung+Deutschlands+im+Ersten+Weltkrieg&rft.pub=H-net&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kurlander&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.cgi%3Fpath%3D101921145898314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudendorff1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff, Erich</a> (1919). <i>My War Memories, 1914–1918</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60104290">60104290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+War+Memories%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60104290&rft.aulast=Ludendorff&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span> also published by Harper as "Ludendorff's Own Story, August 1914 – November 1918: The Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/561160">561160</a> (original title <i>Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914–1918</i>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallJosephy1982" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, S. L. A.; Josephy, Alvin M. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00mars"><i>The American heritage history of World War I</i></a>. American Heritage Pub. Co. : Bonanza Books : Distributed by Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-38555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-38555-5"><bdi>978-0-517-38555-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028047398">1028047398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+heritage+history+of+World+War+I&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Pub.+Co.+%3A+Bonanza+Books+%3A+Distributed+by+Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028047398&rft.isbn=978-0-517-38555-5&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=S.+L.+A.&rft.au=Josephy%2C+Alvin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage00mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan" class="citation book cs1">McLellan, Edwin N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AMH/XX/WWI/USMC/USMC-WWI.html#XIV"><i>The United States Marine Corps in the World War</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916183800/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AMH/XX/WWI/USMC/USMC-WWI.html#XIV">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Marine+Corps+in+the+World+War&rft.aulast=McLellan&rft.aufirst=Edwin+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FAMH%2FXX%2FWWI%2FUSMC%2FUSMC-WWI.html%23XIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillettMurray1988" class="citation book cs1">Millett, Allan Reed; Murray, Williamson (1988). <i>Military Effectiveness</i>. Boston: Allen Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445053-5"><bdi>978-0-04-445053-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220072268">220072268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Effectiveness&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Allen+Unwin&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220072268&rft.isbn=978-0-04-445053-5&rft.aulast=Millett&rft.aufirst=Allan+Reed&rft.au=Murray%2C+Williamson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._L._Nicholson" title="G. W. L. Nicholson">Nicholson, Gerald W.L.</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070516162359/http://www.censol.ca/research/greatwar/nicholson/index.htm"><i>Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War</i></a>. Ottawa: Queens Printer and Controller of Stationery. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2317262">2317262</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censol.ca/research/greatwar/nicholson/index.htm">the original</a> on 16 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Expeditionary+Force%2C+1914%E2%80%931919%3A+Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Queens+Printer+and+Controller+of+Stationery&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2317262&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+W.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censol.ca%2Fresearch%2Fgreatwar%2Fnicholson%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitt2003" class="citation book cs1">Pitt, Barrie (2003). <i>1918: The Last Act</i>. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-974-6"><bdi>978-0-85052-974-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56468232">56468232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1918%3A+The+Last+Act&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56468232&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-974-6&rft.aulast=Pitt&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickard2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rickard, J. (5 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_ludendorff.html">"Erich von Ludendorff [<i>sic</i>], 1865–1937, German General"</a>. <i>Military History Encyclopedia on the Web</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110050355/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_ludendorff.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Encyclopedia+on+the+Web&rft.atitle=Erich+von+Ludendorff%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B%2C+1865%E2%80%931937%2C+German+General&rft.date=2001-03-05&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fpeople_ludendorff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickard2007" class="citation web cs1">Rickard, J. (27 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/scripts/fluffy/fcp.pl?words=20+July+1918&d=/battles_ludendorff.html">"The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March–18 July 1918"</a>. <i>historyofwar.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010071517/http://www.historyofwar.org/scripts/fluffy/fcp.pl?words=20+July+1918&d=%2Fbattles_ludendorff.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyofwar.org&rft.atitle=The+Ludendorff+Offensives%2C+21+March%E2%80%9318+July+1918&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Fscripts%2Ffluffy%2Ffcp.pl%3Fwords%3D20%2BJuly%2B1918%26d%3D%2Fbattles_ludendorff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanafelt1985" class="citation book cs1">Shanafelt, Gary W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretenemyaustr00shan"><i>The secret enemy: Austria-Hungary and the German alliance, 1914–1918</i></a>. East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-080-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-080-0"><bdi>978-0-88033-080-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+secret+enemy%3A+Austria-Hungary+and+the+German+alliance%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-080-0&rft.aulast=Shanafelt&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretenemyaustr00shan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2004" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (2004). <i>Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy</i>. New York: Basic Books. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-08184-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-08184-4"><bdi>978-0-465-08184-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54001282">54001282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cataclysm%3A+The+First+World+War+as+Political+Tragedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54001282&rft.isbn=978-0-465-08184-4&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2012" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (2012). <i>1914–1918: The History of the First World War</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-9795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-9795-7"><bdi>978-0-7181-9795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1914%E2%80%931918%3A+The+History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-9795-7&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Strachan, Hew</a> (2003). <i>The First World War: Volume I: To Arms</i>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03295-2"><bdi>978-0-670-03295-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53075929">53075929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+Volume+I%3A+To+Arms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53075929&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03295-2&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerraine1963" class="citation book cs1">Terraine, John (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ordealofvictory00terr"><i>Ordeal of Victory</i></a></span>. J.B. Lippincott. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-068120-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-068120-4"><bdi>978-0-09-068120-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1345833">1345833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordeal+of+Victory&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1345833&rft.isbn=978-0-09-068120-4&rft.aulast=Terraine&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fordealofvictory00terr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Westwell, Ian (2004). <i>World War I Day by Day</i>. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. pp. 192pp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1937-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1937-6"><bdi>978-0-7603-1937-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57533366">57533366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I+Day+by+Day&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=192pp&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57533366&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1937-6&rft.aulast=Westwell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1938" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1938). <i>Brest-Litovsk: The forgotten peace</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brest-Litovsk%3A+The+forgotten+peace&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2014" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Jay, ed. (2014). <i>The Cambridge History of the First World War</i> (2016 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-60066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-60066-5"><bdi>978-1-316-60066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.edition=2016&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-316-60066-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+World+War+I+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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