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id="toc-Cells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Genome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tissues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tissues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tissues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tissues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cells_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cells_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Cells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cells_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Heart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallbladder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallbladder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Gallbladder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallbladder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circulatory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Circulatory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulatory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Digestive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endocrine_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endocrine_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Endocrine system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endocrine_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immune_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immune_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Immune system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immune_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integumentary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integumentary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Integumentary system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integumentary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lymphatic_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lymphatic_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.6</span> <span>Lymphatic system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lymphatic_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musculoskeletal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musculoskeletal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.7</span> <span>Musculoskeletal system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musculoskeletal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.8</span> <span>Nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.9</span> <span>Reproductive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.10</span> <span>Respiratory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urinary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urinary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.11</span> <span>Urinary system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urinary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Professional study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Depiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>History of anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>History of physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_body_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_body_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Human body lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_body_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human body</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennisc_l%C4%ABc" title="Mennisc līc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mennisc līc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جسم الإنسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسم الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B1_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0" title="মানৱ শৰীৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মানৱ শৰীৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerpu_humanu" title="Cuerpu humanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cuerpu humanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85" title="ГӀадамасул черх – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀадамасул черх" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_b%C9%99d%C9%99ni" title="İnsan bədəni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan bədəni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9" title="মানব দেহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানব দেহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-th%C3%A9" title="Jîn-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawas_nin_tawo" title="Lawas nin tawo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lawas nin tawo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Човешко тяло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Човешко тяло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos_hum%C3%A0" title="Cos humà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cos humà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D3%B3%D1%82-%D0%BF%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Этем ӳт-пĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этем ӳт-пĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidsk%C3%A9_t%C4%9Blo" title="Lidské tělo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidské tělo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muviri" title="Muviri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muviri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corff_dynol" title="Corff dynol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Corff dynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menschlicher_K%C3%B6rper" title="Menschlicher Körper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menschlicher Körper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inimkeha" title="Inimkeha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimkeha" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ανθρώπινο σώμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρώπινο σώμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerpo_humano" title="Cuerpo humano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuerpo humano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa_korpo" title="Homa korpo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homa korpo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_gorputz" title="Giza gorputz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza gorputz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بدن انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدن انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_humain" title="Corps humain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corps humain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corp_an_duine" title="Corp an duine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Corp an duine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_humano" title="Corpo humano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corpo humano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%BA%AB" title="文身 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="文身" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0" title="માનવ શરીર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માનવ શરીર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%B2%B4" title="인체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Մարդու մարմին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդու մարմին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="मानव शरीर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव शरीर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuh_manusia" title="Tubuh manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tubuh manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi" title="Timi – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Timi" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannsl%C3%ADkaminn" title="Mannslíkaminn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mannslíkaminn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_umano" title="Corpo umano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corpo umano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D" title="גוף האדם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוף האדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0" title="ಮಾನವ ಶರೀರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವ ಶರೀರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B2%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85" title="اِنسٲنی جسم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنسٲنی جسم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Адам денесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адам денесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korf" title="Korf – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korf" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umubiri" title="Umubiri – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umubiri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umubiri" title="Umubiri – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Umubiri" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwili" title="Mwili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2_imen" title="Kò imen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kò imen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_humanum" title="Corpus humanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Corpus humanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilv%C4%93ka_%C4%B7ermenis" title="Cilvēka ķermenis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilvēka ķermenis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABnschleche_Kierper" title="Mënschleche Kierper – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mënschleche Kierper" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndroto-ndroto_mboto_niha" title="Ndroto-ndroto mboto niha – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Ndroto-ndroto mboto niha" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_umana" title="Corpo umana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Corpo umana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberi_test" title="Emberi test – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emberi test" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Човечко тело – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Човечко тело" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="മനുഷ്യ ശരീരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനുഷ്യ ശരീരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवी शरीर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानवी शरीर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuh_manusia" title="Tubuh manusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tubuh manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_manusia" title="Badan manusia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Badan manusia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Ломанень ронга – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ломанень ронга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Хүний бие – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүний бие" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamata_yago" title="Tamata yago – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Tamata yago" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menselijk_lichaam" title="Menselijk lichaam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menselijk lichaam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="मानव शरीर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानव शरीर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93" title="人体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaama_namaa" title="Qaama namaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qaama namaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਸਰੀਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਸਰੀਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="काय – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="काय" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="انسانی پنڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسانی پنڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86" title="د انسان بدن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انسان بدن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cia%C5%82o_ludzkie" title="Ciało ludzkie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciało ludzkie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_humano" title="Corpo humano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corpo humano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corp_uman" title="Corp uman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Corp uman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Человеческое тело – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Человеческое тело" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Human body" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4" title="शरीरं च रक्तवाः स्रोत – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शरीरं च रक्तवाः स्रोत" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Human body" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trupi_i_njeriut" title="Trupi i njeriut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trupi i njeriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB" title="මිනිස් සිරුර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිනිස් සිරුර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human body" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85" title="انساني جسم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انساني جسم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDudsk%C3%A9_telo" title="Ľudské telo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľudské telo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clove%C5%A1ko_telo" title="Človeško telo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Človeško telo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="لەشی مرۆڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لەشی مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Људско тело – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Људско тело" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudsko_tijelo" title="Ljudsko tijelo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljudsko tijelo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katawan_ng_tao" title="Katawan ng tao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katawan ng tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மனித உடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித உடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafgga_n_ufgan" title="Tafgga n ufgan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tafgga n ufgan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafekka_talsant" title="Tafekka talsant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafekka talsant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మానవ శరీరము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవ శరీరము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ร่างกายมนุษย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ร่างกายมนุษย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_v%C3%BCcudu" title="İnsan vücudu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan vücudu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Тіло людини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тіло людини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85" title="انسانی جسم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسانی جسم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndangdaej" title="Ndangdaej – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndangdaej" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristitun_hibj" title="Ristitun hibj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ristitun hibj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_th%E1%BB%83_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Cơ thể người – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ thể người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawas" title="Lawas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lawas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93" title="人体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קערפער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קערפער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94" title="人體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23852#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Human_body" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Collective structure of a human being</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anatomy of the human body" redirects here. 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart,_Lungs,_and_Main_Arteries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg/200px-Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg/300px-Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg/400px-Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series of lists about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">Human anatomy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_anatomical_features" title="List of human anatomical features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_anatomical_regions" title="List of human anatomical regions">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anatomical_variations" title="List of anatomical variations">Variations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movements_of_the_human_body" title="List of movements of the human body">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_the_human_body" title="List of systems of the human body">Systems</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Structures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_arteries_of_the_human_body" title="List of arteries of the human body">Arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bones_of_the_human_skeleton" title="List of bones of the human skeleton">Bones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_anatomical_parts_named_after_people" title="List of human anatomical parts named after people">Eponymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foramina_of_the_human_body" title="List of foramina of the human body">Foramina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glands_of_the_human_body" title="List of glands of the human body">Glands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_endocrine_organs_and_actions" title="List of human endocrine organs and actions">endocrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lymphatic_vessels_of_the_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lymphatic vessels of the human body">Lymphatic vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nerves_of_the_human_body" title="List of nerves of the human body">Nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organs_of_the_human_body" title="List of organs of the human body">Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_the_human_body" title="List of systems of the human body">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veins_of_the_human_body" title="List of veins of the human body">Veins</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_muscles_of_the_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of muscles of the human body">Muscles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abductors_of_the_human_body" title="List of abductors of the human body">Abductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adductors_of_the_human_body" title="List of adductors of the human body">Adductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_depressors_of_the_human_body" title="List of depressors of the human body">Depressors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elevators_of_the_human_body" title="List of elevators of the human body">Elevators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extensors_of_the_human_body" title="List of extensors of the human body">Extensors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flexors_of_the_human_body" title="List of flexors of the human body">Flexors</a></li> <li>Rotators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_external_rotators_of_the_human_body" title="List of external rotators of the human body">external</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_internal_rotators_of_the_human_body" title="List of internal rotators of the human body">internal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Glossary of medicine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_epithelia_of_human_organs" title="Table of epithelia of human organs">Epithelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles" title="Index of anatomy articles">Index of anatomy articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy" title="Outline of human anatomy">Outline of human anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">Cell types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types_derived_from_the_germ_layers" title="List of human cell types derived from the germ layers">by origin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Anatomical_lists" title="Template:Anatomical lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anatomical_lists" title="Template talk:Anatomical lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomical_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomical lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Body_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Human_Body_02.png/220px-Human_Body_02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Human_Body_02.png/330px-Human_Body_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Human_Body_02.png/440px-Human_Body_02.png 2x" data-file-width="5121" data-file-height="9791" /></a><figcaption>Female (left) and male (right) adult human bodies photographed in ventral (above) and dorsal (below) perspectives. Naturally-occurring <a href="/wiki/Pubic_hair" title="Pubic hair">pubic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_hair" title="Body hair">body</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Facial_hair" title="Facial hair">facial hair</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Hair_removal" title="Hair removal">deliberately removed</a> to show anatomy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>human body</b> is the entire structure of a <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human being</a>. It is composed of many different types of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> that together create <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Organs">organs</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Organ_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ systems">organ systems</a>. </p><p>The external human body consists of a <a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a> (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Genitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitals">genitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Hands">hands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">legs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feet" class="mw-redirect" title="Feet">feet</a>. The internal human body includes organs, <a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">teeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">lymphatic vessels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a>. </p><p>The study of the human body includes <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>. The body <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variability" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical variability">varies anatomically</a> in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, with safe levels of substances such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the blood. </p><p>The body is studied by <a href="/wiki/Health_professional" title="Health professional">health professionals</a>, physiologists, anatomists, and artists to assist them in their work. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">Composition of the human body</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 86%"> <caption align="bottom" style="text-align:left; caption-side: bottom">Elements of the human body by mass. <a href="/wiki/Trace_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace elements">Trace elements</a> are less than 1% combined (and each less than 0.1%). </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="13"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body.02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body.02.svg/300px-201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body.02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="480" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body.02.svg/450px-201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body.02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body.02.svg/600px-201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body.02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td style="width: 50pt;"><b>Element</b> </td> <td style="width: 10pt; text-align:center;"><b>Symbol</b> </td> <td style="width: 20pt; text-align:center;"><b>Percent mass</b> </td> <td style="width: 20pt; text-align:center;"><b>Percent atoms</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oxygen </td> <td style="text-align:center;">O </td> <td style="text-align:right;">65.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon </td> <td style="text-align:center;">C </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hydrogen </td> <td style="text-align:center;">H </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">62.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nitrogen </td> <td style="text-align:center;">N </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ca </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phosphorus </td> <td style="text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potassium </td> <td style="text-align:center;">K </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur </td> <td style="text-align:center;">S </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.038 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sodium </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Na </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.037 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chlorine </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Cl </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnesium </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Mg </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trace elements </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">< 0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">< 0.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">human body is composed of</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> including <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. These elements reside in trillions of cells and non-cellular components of the body. </p><p>The adult male body is about 60% <a href="/wiki/Total_body_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Total body water">total body water</a> content of some 42 litres (9.2 imp gal; 11 US gal). This is made up of about 19 litres (4.2 imp gal; 5.0 US gal) of <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> including about 3.2 litres (0.70 imp gal; 0.85 US gal) of <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a> and about 8.4 litres (1.8 imp gal; 2.2 US gal) of <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial fluid</a>, and about 23 litres (5.1 imp gal; 6.1 US gal) of fluid inside cells.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The content, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">acidity</a> and composition of the water inside and outside cells is carefully maintained. The main <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> in body water outside cells are <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, whereas within cells it is <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanong's20165_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanong's20165-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cells">Cells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a></div> <p>The body contains trillions of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, the fundamental unit of life. At maturity, there are roughly 30 trillion cells, and 38 trillion bacteria in the body,<sup id="cite_ref-sender-et-al_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sender-et-al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an estimate arrived at by totaling the cell numbers of all the <a href="/wiki/Organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Organs">organs</a> of the body and <a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">cell types</a>. The skin of the body is also host to billions of commensal organisms as well as immune cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Sfriso_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sfriso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all parts of the body are made from cells. Cells sit in an <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> that consists of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>, surrounded by extracellular fluids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genome">Genome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genome-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Genome-fr.svg/220px-Genome-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Genome-fr.svg/330px-Genome-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Genome-fr.svg/440px-Genome-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cells in the body function because of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. DNA sits within the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus of a cell</a>. Here, parts of DNA are <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">copied</a> and sent to the body of the cell via <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanong's201616_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanong's201616-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RNA is then used to <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">create</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, which form the basis for cells, their activity, and their products. Proteins dictate cell function and gene expression, a cell is able to self-regulate by the amount of proteins produced.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all cells have DNA; some cells such as mature <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a> lose their nucleus as they mature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tissues">Tissues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tissues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIagram_of_the_different_types_of_soft_tissue_in_the_body_CRUK_037.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/DIagram_of_the_different_types_of_soft_tissue_in_the_body_CRUK_037.svg/220px-DIagram_of_the_different_types_of_soft_tissue_in_the_body_CRUK_037.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/DIagram_of_the_different_types_of_soft_tissue_in_the_body_CRUK_037.svg/330px-DIagram_of_the_different_types_of_soft_tissue_in_the_body_CRUK_037.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/DIagram_of_the_different_types_of_soft_tissue_in_the_body_CRUK_037.svg/440px-DIagram_of_the_different_types_of_soft_tissue_in_the_body_CRUK_037.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the different types of <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissue</a> in the body</figcaption></figure> <p>The body consists of many different types of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>, defined as cells that act with a specialised function.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of tissues is called <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> and is often done with a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>. The body consists of four main types of tissues. These are lining cells (<a href="/wiki/Epithelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelia">epithelia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerve_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve tissue">nerve tissue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">muscle tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy200827_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy200827-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cells_2">Cells</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cells that line surfaces exposed to the outside world or gastrointestinal tract (<a href="/wiki/Epithelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelia">epithelia</a>) or internal cavities (<a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a>) come in numerous shapes and forms – from <a href="/wiki/Squamous_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous epithelium">single layers of flat cells</a>, to cells with small beating hair-like <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> in the lungs, to column-like cells that line the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>. Endothelial cells are cells that line internal cavities including blood vessels and glands. Lining cells regulate what can and cannot pass through them, protect internal structures, and function as sensory surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy200827_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy200827-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organs">Organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_organs_of_the_human_body" title="List of organs of the human body">List of organs of the human body</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internal_Organs_of_the_Human_Body_from_The_Household_Physician,_1905_(6404030777).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Internal_Organs_of_the_Human_Body_from_The_Household_Physician%2C_1905_%286404030777%29.jpg/220px-Internal_Organs_of_the_Human_Body_from_The_Household_Physician%2C_1905_%286404030777%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Internal_Organs_of_the_Human_Body_from_The_Household_Physician%2C_1905_%286404030777%29.jpg/330px-Internal_Organs_of_the_Human_Body_from_The_Household_Physician%2C_1905_%286404030777%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Internal_Organs_of_the_Human_Body_from_The_Household_Physician%2C_1905_%286404030777%29.jpg/440px-Internal_Organs_of_the_Human_Body_from_The_Household_Physician%2C_1905_%286404030777%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>1905 diagram of the internal organs of the human body</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Organs">Organs</a>, structured collections of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> with a specific function,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly sit within the body, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>. Many organs reside within <a href="/wiki/Human_body_cavities" class="mw-redirect" title="Human body cavities">cavities</a> within the body. These cavities include the <a href="/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic cavity">abdomen</a> (which contains the stomach, for example) and <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleura</a>, which contains the lungs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heart">Heart</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></div> <p>The heart is an organ located in the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> and slightly to the left. It is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a>, which holds it in place in the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a> and serves to protect it from blunt trauma, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> and help lubricate the movement of the heart via <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_fluid" title="Pericardial fluid">pericardial fluid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heart works by <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">pumping blood around the body</a> allowing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> to be transported. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/207px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/311px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/414px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the human heart</figcaption></figure> <p>The heart is composed of <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">two atria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">two ventricles</a>. The primary purpose of the atria is to allow uninterrupted venous blood flow to the heart during <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">ventricular systole</a>. This allows enough blood to get into the ventricles during <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">atrial systole</a>. Consequently, the atria allows a <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a> roughly 75% greater than would be possible without them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the ventricles is to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pump blood to the lungs</a> through the right ventricle and to <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">the rest of the body</a> through the left ventricle.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heart has an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">electrical conduction system</a> to control the contraction and relaxation of the muscles. It starts in the <a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">sinoatrial node</a> traveling through the atria causing them to <a href="/wiki/Atrial_systole" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrial systole">pump blood into the ventricles</a>. It then travels to the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular node</a>, which makes the signal slow down slightly allowing the ventricles to fill with blood before pumping it out and starting the cycle over again.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery disease</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">leading cause of death worldwide</a>, making up 16% of all deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is caused by the buildup of <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">plaque</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a> supplying the heart, eventually the arteries may become so narrow that <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">not enough blood</a> is able to reach the <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction or heart attack</a>, this can cause <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> and eventually death.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors for coronary artery disease include <a href="/wiki/Obesity-associated_morbidity" title="Obesity-associated morbidity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="High cholesterol">high cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lack_of_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Lack of exercise">lack of exercise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heart_cancer" title="Heart cancer">Cancer can affect the heart</a>, though it is exceedingly rare and has usually <a href="/wiki/Metastasized" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasized">metastasized</a> from another part of the body such as the <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lungs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breasts</a>. This is because the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">heart cells</a> quickly stop dividing and all growth occurs through <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">size increase</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">cell division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallbladder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2425_Gallbladder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2425_Gallbladder.jpg/220px-2425_Gallbladder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2425_Gallbladder.jpg/330px-2425_Gallbladder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2425_Gallbladder.jpg/440px-2425_Gallbladder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The gallbladder is a hollow pear-shaped organ located <a href="/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posterior</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior (anatomy)">inferior</a> middle part of the <a href="/wiki/Lobes_of_liver" title="Lobes of liver">right lobe of the liver</a>. It is variable in shape and size. It stores <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> before it is released into the small intestine via the <a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</a> to help with <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">digestion of fats</a>. It receives bile from the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">cystic duct</a>, which connects to the <a href="/wiki/Common_hepatic_duct" title="Common hepatic duct">common hepatic duct</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagral2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagral2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gallbladder gets its blood supply from the <a href="/wiki/Cystic_artery" title="Cystic artery">cystic artery</a>, which in most people, emerges from the <a href="/wiki/Right_hepatic_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hepatic artery">right hepatic artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagral2005_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagral2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">Gallstones</a> is a common disease in which one or more stones form in the gallbladder or <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">biliary tract</a>. Most people are asymptomatic but if a stone blocks the biliary tract, it causes a <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallbladder attack">gallbladder attack</a>, symptoms may include sudden pain in the upper right abdomen or center of the abdomen. Nausea and vomiting may also occur. Typical treatment is removal of the gallbladder through a procedure called a <a href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">cholecystectomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gallstones is a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_cancer" title="Gallbladder cancer">gallbladder cancer</a>, which although quite uncommon, is rapidly fatal if not diagnosed early.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems">Systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_the_human_body" title="List of systems of the human body">List of systems of the human body</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circulatory_system">Circulatory system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Circulatory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_the_circulatory_system_of_the_body_CRUK_299.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Diagram_showing_the_circulatory_system_of_the_body_CRUK_299.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_the_circulatory_system_of_the_body_CRUK_299.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Diagram_showing_the_circulatory_system_of_the_body_CRUK_299.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_the_circulatory_system_of_the_body_CRUK_299.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Diagram_showing_the_circulatory_system_of_the_body_CRUK_299.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_the_circulatory_system_of_the_body_CRUK_299.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> of the body</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a>). The heart propels the circulation of the blood, which serves as a "transportation system" to transfer <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, fuel, nutrients, waste products, immune cells and signaling molecules (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a>) from one part of the body to another. Paths of blood circulation within the human body can be divided into two circuits: the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary circuit">pulmonary circuit</a>, which pumps blood to the lungs to receive <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and leave <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and the systemic circuit, which carries blood from the heart off to the rest of the body. The blood consists of fluid that carries <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> in the circulation, including some that move from tissue to blood vessels and back, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digestive_system">Digestive system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Digestive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">Digestive system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg/220px-Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg/330px-Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg/440px-Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Digestive system</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a> consists of the mouth including the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teeth_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth (human)">teeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small</a> and <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a>. It converts food into small, nutritional, non-toxic <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> for distribution and absorption into the body. These molecules take the form of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> (which are broken down into <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a> (the last of which are mainly ionic rather than molecular). After being <a href="/wiki/Swallowed" class="mw-redirect" title="Swallowed">swallowed</a>, food moves through the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> by means of <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>: the systematic expansion and contraction of muscles to push food from one area to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-niddk.nih.gov_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niddk.nih.gov-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digestion begins in the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Chewing" title="Chewing">chews</a> food into smaller pieces for easier digestion. Then it is <a href="/wiki/Swallowed" class="mw-redirect" title="Swallowed">swallowed</a>, and moves through the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>. In the stomach, food is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acids</a> to allow the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>. What is left is called <a href="/wiki/Chyme" title="Chyme">chyme</a>; this then moves into the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, which absorbs the nutrients and water from the chyme. What remains passes on to the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>, where it is dried to form <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a>; these are then stored in the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> until they are expelled through the <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-niddk.nih.gov_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niddk.nih.gov-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Endocrine_system">Endocrine system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Endocrine system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endocrine_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Endocrine_English.svg/220px-Endocrine_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Endocrine_English.svg/330px-Endocrine_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Endocrine_English.svg/440px-Endocrine_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> consists of the principal <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary">pituitary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal">adrenals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathyroid">parathyroids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>, but nearly all organs and tissues produce specific endocrine <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> as well. The endocrine hormones serve as signals from one body system to another regarding an enormous array of conditions, resulting in variety of changes of function.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immune_system">Immune system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immune system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primary_immune_response_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Primary_immune_response_1.png/220px-Primary_immune_response_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Primary_immune_response_1.png/330px-Primary_immune_response_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Primary_immune_response_1.png/440px-Primary_immune_response_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Primary immune response</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a> channels, which are also part of the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>. The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to distinguish its own cells and tissues from outside cells and substances and to neutralize or destroy the latter by using specialized proteins such as <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokines">cytokines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll-like receptors">toll-like receptors</a>, among many others.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skin_layers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skin_layers.svg/236px-Skin_layers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="236" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skin_layers.svg/354px-Skin_layers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skin_layers.svg/472px-Skin_layers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Skin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Integumentary_system">Integumentary system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Integumentary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">integumentary system</a> consists of the covering of the body (the <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>), including hair and <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nails</a> as well as other functionally important structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a>. The skin provides containment, structure, and protection for other organs, and serves as a major sensory interface with the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lymphatic_system">Lymphatic system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lymphatic system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0623_LymphaticSystem_Female.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Blausen_0623_LymphaticSystem_Female.png/220px-Blausen_0623_LymphaticSystem_Female.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Blausen_0623_LymphaticSystem_Female.png/330px-Blausen_0623_LymphaticSystem_Female.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Blausen_0623_LymphaticSystem_Female.png/440px-Blausen_0623_LymphaticSystem_Female.png 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a> female</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> extracts, transports and metabolizes lymph, the fluid found in between cells. The lymphatic system is similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure and its most basic function, to carry a body fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musculoskeletal_system">Musculoskeletal system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Musculoskeletal system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal system</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">human skeleton</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Joints">joints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>) and attached <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. In addition to their structural role, the larger bones in the body contain <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a>, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>. This system can be split up into the <a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">muscular system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">skeletal system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nervous_system_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/183px-Nervous_system_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/275px-Nervous_system_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/367px-Nervous_system_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Nervous system</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> consists of the body's <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia">glial</a> cells, which together form the <a href="/wiki/Nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerves">nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gray_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray matter">gray matter</a>, which in turn form the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and related structures. The brain is the organ of <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>, emotion, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing" title="Sensory processing">sensory processing</a>; it serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. The <a href="/wiki/Special_senses" title="Special senses">special senses</a> consist of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a> gather information about the body's environment.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a structural perspective, the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> is typically subdivided into two component parts: the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS), composed of the brain and the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> (PNS), composed of the nerves and <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> outside the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is mostly responsible for organizing <a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">motion</a>, processing <a href="/wiki/Sensory_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory information">sensory information</a>, thought, memory, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> and other such functions.<sup id="cite_ref-livescience.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains a matter of some debate whether the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a> directly gives rise to <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> (PNS) is mostly responsible for gathering information with <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">sensory neurons</a> and directing body movements with <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-livescience.com_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a functional perspective, the nervous system is again typically divided into two component parts: the <a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">somatic nervous system</a> (SNS) and the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a> (ANS). The SNS is involved in voluntary functions like <a href="/wiki/Speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaking">speaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory processes</a>. The ANS is involved in involuntary processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> and regulating <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nervous system is subject to many different diseases. In <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, abnormal electrical activity in the brain can cause <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> attacks the <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">nerve linings</a>, damaging the nerves' ability to transmit signals. <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS), also known as <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig" title="Lou Gehrig">Lou Gehrig</a>'s disease, is a <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neuron</a> disease which gradually reduces movement in patients. There are also many other diseases of the nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-livescience.com_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reproductive_system">Reproductive system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reproductive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Human reproductive system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_and_female_gonads_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Male_and_female_gonads_1.png/220px-Male_and_female_gonads_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Male_and_female_gonads_1.png/330px-Male_and_female_gonads_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Male_and_female_gonads_1.png/440px-Male_and_female_gonads_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Male gonad (testes, left) and female gonad (<a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>, right)</figcaption></figure> <p>The purpose of the <a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">reproductive system</a> is to reproduce and nurture the growth of offspring. The functions include the production of germ cells and hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-SEER_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sex_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex organs">sex organs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">male reproductive system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a> develops and mature at <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>. These systems include the internal and external <a href="/wiki/Genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitalia">genitalia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/220px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/330px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/440px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Internal <a href="/wiki/Gross_anatomy" title="Gross anatomy">gross anatomy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Female puberty generally occurs between the ages of 9 and 13 and is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>; the growth of secondary sex characteristics, such as growth of <a href="/wiki/Pubic_hair" title="Pubic hair">pubic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underarm_hair" title="Underarm hair">underarm hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterine" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine">uterine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vaginal</a> growth, widening hips and increased height and weight, also occur during puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male puberty sees the further development of the <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The female inner sex organs are the two ovaries, their <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian tubes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>. At birth there are about 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">immature egg cells</a> that degenerate until at puberty there are around 40,000. No more egg cells are produced. Hormones stimulate the beginning of menstruation, and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female external sex organs are the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">labia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">vestibule</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The male external genitalia include the penis and <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a> that contains the <a href="/wiki/Testicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicles">testicles</a>. The testicle is the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>, the sex gland that produces the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm cell">sperm cells</a>. Unlike the egg cells in the female, sperm cells are produced throughout life. Other internal sex organs are the <a href="/wiki/Epididymides" class="mw-redirect" title="Epididymides">epididymides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasa_deferentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasa deferentia">vasa deferentia</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Male_accessory_gland" title="Male accessory gland">accessory glands</a>. </p><p>Diseases that affect the reproductive system include <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome" title="Polycystic ovary syndrome">polycystic ovary syndrome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of <a href="/wiki/Testicle#Disorders_and_conditions" title="Testicle">disorders of the testicles</a> including <a href="/wiki/Testicular_torsion" title="Testicular torsion">testicular torsion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a number of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a> including <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">chlamydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/HPV" class="mw-redirect" title="HPV">HPV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genital_wart" title="Genital wart">genital warts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> can affect most parts of the reproductive system including <a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">the penis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">vagina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube_cancer" title="Fallopian tube cancer">fallopian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">vulva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Respiratory_system">Respiratory system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Respiratory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> consists of the nose, <a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">nasopharynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>. It brings oxygen from the air and excretes <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water back into the air. First, <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> is pulled through the trachea into the lungs by the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> pushing down, which creates a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>. Air is briefly stored inside small sacs known as <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> (sing.: alveolus) before being expelled from the lungs when the diaphragm contracts again. Each alveolus is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> carrying deoxygenated blood, which absorbs oxygen out of the air and into the <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-webmd.com_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webmd.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the respiratory system to function properly, there need to be as few impediments as possible to the movement of air within the lungs. <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a> of the lungs and excess <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> are common sources of breathing difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-webmd.com_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webmd.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, the respiratory system is persistently inflamed, causing <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a> occurs through <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> of the alveoli, and may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Emphysema</a>, commonly a result of <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, is caused by damage to connections between the alveoli.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urinary_system">Urinary system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Urinary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urinary_System_(Female).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Urinary_System_%28Female%29.png/220px-Urinary_System_%28Female%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Urinary_System_%28Female%29.png/330px-Urinary_System_%28Female%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Urinary_System_%28Female%29.png/440px-Urinary_System_%28Female%29.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Female <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a> consists of the two <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a>. It removes waste materials from the blood through urine, which carries a variety of waste molecules and excess <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> and water out of the body. </p><p>First, the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> filter the blood through their respective <a href="/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron">nephrons</a>, removing <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">waste products</a> like <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a> and maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">proper balance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> and turning the waste products into <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> by combining them with water from the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kidneys filter about 150 quarts (170 liters) of blood daily, but most of it is returned to the blood stream with only 1-2 quarts (1-2 liters) ending up as urine.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urine is brought by the <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureters</a> from the kidneys down to the <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> lining the ureter walls continuously tighten and relax through a process called <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a> to force urine away from the kidneys and down into the bladder. Small amounts of urine are released into the bladder every 10–15 seconds. </p><p>The bladder is a hollow balloon shaped organ located in the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>. It stores urine until the brain signals it to relax the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary sphincter">urinary sphincter</a> and release the urine into the urethra starting <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A normal bladder can hold up to 16 ounces (half a liter) for 3–5 hours comfortably. </p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Urologic_disease" title="Urologic disease">diseases affect the urinary system</a> including <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stones">kidney stones</a>, which are formed when materials in the urine concentrate enough to form a solid mass, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infections</a>, which are infections of the urinary tract and can cause pain when urinating, frequent urination and even death if left untreated. <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">Renal failure</a> occurs when the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste from the blood and can lead to death if not treated with <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">kidney transplantation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> can affect the <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_cancer" title="Kidney cancer">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urethral_cancer" title="Urethral cancer">urethra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ureteral_cancer" title="Ureteral cancer">ureters</a>, with the latter two being far more rare.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy" title="Outline of human anatomy">Outline of human anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Body_cavities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Body_cavities.jpg/300px-Body_cavities.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Body_cavities.jpg/450px-Body_cavities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Body_cavities.jpg/600px-Body_cavities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Body_cavity" title="Body cavity">Cavities</a> of human body</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human-brain-mri-gif-brain-mri-gif.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Human-brain-mri-gif-brain-mri-gif.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">FMRI</a> of healthy <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Human <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> is the study of the shape and form of the human body. The human body has four <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a> (two arms and two legs), a head and a <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a>, which connect to the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a>. The body's shape is determined by a strong <a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">skeleton</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, surrounded by fat (<a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>), muscle, <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, organs, and other structures. The <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">spine</a> at the back of the skeleton contains the flexible <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a>, which surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, which is a collection of nerve fibres connecting the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> to the rest of the body. <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerves</a> connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body. All major bones, muscles, and nerves in the body are named, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">anatomical variations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_bone" title="Sesamoid bone">sesamoid bones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accessory_muscle" title="Accessory muscle">accessory muscles</a>. </p><p>Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body, which moves because of the beating of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">Venules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> collect blood low in oxygen from tissues throughout the body. These collect in progressively larger veins until they reach the body's two largest veins, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a>, which drain blood into the right side of the heart. From here, the blood is pumped into the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> where it receives oxygen and drains back into the left side of the heart. From here, it is pumped into the body's largest <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>, and then progressively smaller arteries and <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a> until it reaches tissue. Here, blood passes from small arteries into <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a>, then small veins and the process begins again. Blood carries <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, waste products, and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> from one place in the body to another. Blood is filtered at the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>. </p><p>The body consists of a number of <a href="/wiki/Body_cavities" class="mw-redirect" title="Body cavities">body cavities</a>, separated areas which house different organ systems. The brain and <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> reside in an area protected from the rest of the body by the <a href="/wiki/Blood_brain_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood brain barrier">blood brain barrier</a>. The lungs sit in the <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> sit in the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>. </p><p>Height, weight, <a href="/wiki/Body_shape" title="Body shape">shape</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Body_proportions" title="Body proportions">body proportions</a> vary individually and with age and sex. Body shape is influenced by the distribution of bones, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat tissue">fat tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bartleby1918_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartleby1918-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_physiology" title="Outline of physiology">Outline of physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></div> <p>Human <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> is the study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical, <a href="/wiki/Bioelectromagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioelectromagnetism">bioelectrical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biochemical">biochemical</a> functions of humans in good health, from <a href="/wiki/Organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Organs">organs</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> of which they are composed. The human body consists of many interacting systems of organs. These interact to maintain <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, keeping the body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-UL_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UL-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each system contributes to homeostasis, of itself, other systems, and the entire body. Some combined systems are referred to by joint names. For example, the nervous system and the endocrine system operate together as the <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroendocrine system">neuroendocrine system</a>. The nervous system receives information from the body, and transmits this to the brain via <a href="/wiki/Nerve_impulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve impulse">nerve impulses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> releases hormones, such as to help regulate <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> and volume. Together, these systems regulate the internal environment of the body, maintaining blood flow, posture, energy supply, temperature, and acid balance (<a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-UL_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UL-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Development of the human body</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_baby_from_Puno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Little_baby_from_Puno.jpg/220px-Little_baby_from_Puno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Little_baby_from_Puno.jpg/330px-Little_baby_from_Puno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Little_baby_from_Puno.jpg/440px-Little_baby_from_Puno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3986" data-file-height="2657" /></a><figcaption>Baby being carried</figcaption></figure> <p>Development of the human body is the process of growth to maturity. The process begins with fertilisation, where an egg released from the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a> of a female is penetrated by <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>. The egg then lodges in the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, where an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> develop until <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">birth</a>. Growth and development occur after birth, and include both physical and psychological development, influenced by genetic, hormonal, environmental and other factors. Development and growth continue throughout life, through <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a>, and through <a href="/wiki/Adulthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulthood">adulthood</a> to <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>, and are referred to as the process of <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_study">Professional study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Professional study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">History of anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of physiology">History of physiology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart,_Lungs,_and_Main_Arteries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg/170px-Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg/255px-Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg/340px-Anatomical_Male_Figure_Showing_Heart%2C_Lungs%2C_and_Main_Arteries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical study by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Health_professional" title="Health professional">Health professionals</a> learn about the human body from illustrations, models, and demonstrations. Medical and dental students in addition gain practical experience, for example by <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissection</a> of cadavers. Human anatomy, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> are basic medical sciences, generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school.<sup id="cite_ref-introHGray_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introHGray-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depiction">Depiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Depiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_nudity" title="Depictions of nudity">Depictions of nudity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corinth_stehender_M%C3%A4dchenakt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Corinth_stehender_M%C3%A4dchenakt.jpg/130px-Corinth_stehender_M%C3%A4dchenakt.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Corinth_stehender_M%C3%A4dchenakt.jpg/195px-Corinth_stehender_M%C3%A4dchenakt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Corinth_stehender_M%C3%A4dchenakt.jpg/260px-Corinth_stehender_M%C3%A4dchenakt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Figure drawing by <a href="/wiki/Lovis_Corinth" title="Lovis Corinth">Lovis Corinth</a> (before 1925)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Western societies, the contexts for depictions of the human body include <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>. Information includes both science and education, such as anatomical drawings. Any ambiguous image not easily fitting into one of these categories may be misinterpreted, leading to disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-framing_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-framing-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most contentious disputes are between fine art and erotic images, which define the legal distinction of which images are permitted or prohibited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_anatomy">History of anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: History of anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">History of anatomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Externarvm_hvmani_corporis_sedivm_partivmve,_1543..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Externarvm_hvmani_corporis_sedivm_partivmve%2C_1543..JPG/220px-Externarvm_hvmani_corporis_sedivm_partivmve%2C_1543..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Externarvm_hvmani_corporis_sedivm_partivmve%2C_1543..JPG/330px-Externarvm_hvmani_corporis_sedivm_partivmve%2C_1543..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Externarvm_hvmani_corporis_sedivm_partivmve%2C_1543..JPG/440px-Externarvm_hvmani_corporis_sedivm_partivmve%2C_1543..JPG 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Two facing pages of text with woodcuts of naked male and female figures, in the <i>Epitome</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a>, 1543</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus" title="Hippocratic Corpus">Hippocratic Corpus</a></i> described the anatomy of the skeleton and muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd century physician <a href="/wiki/Galen_of_Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Galen of Pergamum">Galen of Pergamum</a> compiled classical knowledge of anatomy into a text that was used throughout the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-BritBrit-Galen_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritBrit-Galen-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> (1514–1564) pioneered the modern study of human anatomy by dissection, writing the influential book <i><a href="/wiki/De_humani_corporis_fabrica" class="mw-redirect" title="De humani corporis fabrica">De humani corporis fabrica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anatomy advanced further with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> and the study of the cellular structure of tissues and organs.<sup id="cite_ref-BritMicro_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritMicro-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern anatomy uses techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasound imaging">ultrasound imaging</a> to study the body in unprecedented detail.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_physiology">History of physiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History of physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of physiology">History of physiology</a></div> <p>The study of human physiology began with <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> in Ancient Greece, around 420 BCE, and with <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BCE) who applied critical thinking and emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 126</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 199</span>) was the first to use experiments to probe the body's functions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term physiology was introduced by the French physician <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fernel" title="Jean Fernel">Jean Fernel</a> (1497–1558). In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a> (1578–1657) described the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>, pioneering the combination of close observation with careful experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate with the <a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">cell theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Schleiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthias Schleiden">Matthias Schleiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a> in 1838, that organisms are made up of cells. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1813–1878) created the concept of the <i><a href="/wiki/Milieu_interieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu interieur">milieu interieur</a></i> (internal environment), which <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Cannon">Walter Cannon</a> (1871–1945) later said was regulated to a steady state in <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>. In the 20th century, the physiologists <a href="/wiki/Knut_Schmidt-Nielsen" title="Knut Schmidt-Nielsen">Knut Schmidt-Nielsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Bartholomew_(biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bartholomew (biologist)">George Bartholomew</a> extended their studies to <a href="/wiki/Comparative_physiology" title="Comparative physiology">comparative physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecophysiology" title="Ecophysiology">ecophysiology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most recently, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">evolutionary physiology</a> has become a distinct subdiscipline.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_model" title="Anatomical model">Anatomical model</a> – Three-dimensional representation of human or animal anatomy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">Body image</a> – Aesthetic perception of one's own body</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_physiology" title="Cell physiology">Cell physiology</a> – Study of cell activity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a> – Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_physiology" title="Comparative physiology">Comparative physiology</a> – Study of the diversity of functional characteristics of organisms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Development of the human body</a> – Process of human growth to maturity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Glossary of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_physical_appearance" title="Human physical appearance">Human physical appearance</a> – Look, outward phenotype</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a> – Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">Organ system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy" title="Outline of human anatomy">Outline of human anatomy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Clinic" title="The Birth of the Clinic">The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_body_lists">Human body lists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Human body lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body" title="List of skeletal muscles of the human body">List of skeletal muscles of the human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organs_of_the_human_body" title="List of organs of the human body">List of organs of the human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_microbiota" title="List of human microbiota">List of human microbiota</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209134753/http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683"><i>Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy</i></a> (39th (US) ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-443-07168-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-443-07168-3"><bdi>0-443-07168-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683">the original</a> on 9 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Publisher%27s+page+for+Gray%27s+Anatomy&rft.edition=39th+%28US%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-443-07168-3&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lee&rft.au=Gray%2C+Henry&rft.au=Vogl%2C+Wayne&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Adam+W.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us.elsevierhealth.com%2Fproduct.jsp%3Fisbn%3D0443071683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-framing-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-framing_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck2001" class="citation journal cs1">Eck, Beth A. (December 2001). "Nudity and Framing: Classifying Art, Pornography, Information, and Ambiguity". <i>Sociological Forum</i>. <b>16</b> (4). Springer: 603–632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1012862311849">10.1023/A:1012862311849</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/684826">684826</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143370129">143370129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Forum&rft.atitle=Nudity+and+Framing%3A+Classifying+Art%2C+Pornography%2C+Information%2C+and+Ambiguity&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=603-632&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143370129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F684826%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1012862311849&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Beth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie" title="Charles Coulston Gillispie">Gillispie, Charles Coulston</a> (1972). <i>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i>. Vol. VI. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. 419–427.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=419-427&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Coulston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritBrit-Galen-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritBrit-Galen_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNutton2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Nutton" title="Vivian Nutton">Nutton, Vivian</a> (12 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223895/Galen-of-Pergamum">"Galen of Pergamum"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Galen+of+Pergamum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+2006+Ultimate+Reference+Suite+DVD&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.aulast=Nutton&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F223895%2FGalen-of-Pergamum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceb.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/books.htm">"Vesalius's <i>De Humanis Corporis Fabrica</i>"</a>. Archive.nlm.nih.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vesalius%27s+De+Humanis+Corporis+Fabrica&rft.pub=Archive.nlm.nih.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceb.nlm.nih.gov%2Fproj%2Fttp%2Fbooks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105145007/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/apl/uivs/1999/00000012/00000003/art00002?crawler=true">"Andreas Vesalius (1514–1567)"</a>. Ingentaconnect. 1 May 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/apl/uivs/1999/00000012/00000003/art00002?crawler=true">the original</a> on 5 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andreas+Vesalius+%281514%E2%80%931567%29&rft.pub=Ingentaconnect&rft.date=1999-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fapl%2Fuivs%2F1999%2F00000012%2F00000003%2Fart00002%3Fcrawler%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritMicro-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritMicro_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22980/anatomy/283/Microscopic-anatomy">"Microscopic anatomy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Microscopic+anatomy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F22980%2Fanatomy%2F283%2FMicroscopic-anatomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232044/http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/foxhumphys/student/olc/h-reading1.html">"Anatomical Imaging"</a>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill Higher Education">McGraw Hill Higher Education</a>. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/foxhumphys/student/olc/h-reading1.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomical+Imaging&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Higher+Education&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhhe.com%2Fbiosci%2Fap%2Ffoxhumphys%2Fstudent%2Folc%2Fh-reading1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellGriffith_Pearson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Fell, C.; Griffith Pearson, F. (November 2007). "Thoracic Surgery Clinics: Historical Perspectives of Thoracic Anatomy". <i>Thorac Surg Clin</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 443–448, v. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.thorsurg.2006.12.001">10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.12.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18271159">18271159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thorac+Surg+Clin&rft.atitle=Thoracic+Surgery+Clinics%3A+Historical+Perspectives+of+Thoracic+Anatomy&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=443-448%2C+v&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.thorsurg.2006.12.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18271159&rft.aulast=Fell&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Griffith+Pearson%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Zimmer, Carl</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514597">"Soul Made Flesh: The Discovery of the Brain – and How It Changed the World"</a>. <i>J Clin Invest</i>. <b>114</b> (5): 604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI22882">10.1172/JCI22882</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514597">514597</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Invest&rft.atitle=Soul+Made+Flesh%3A+The+Discovery+of+the+Brain+%E2%80%93+and+How+It+Changed+the+World&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=604&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC514597%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI22882&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC514597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder1987" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Martin E. (1987). <i>New directions in ecological physiology</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34938-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34938-3"><bdi>978-0-521-34938-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+directions+in+ecological+physiology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34938-3&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlandCarter1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Garland,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Garland, Jr.">Garland, Theodore Jr.</a>; Carter, P. A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412150229/https://biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/GarlCa94.pdf">"Evolutionary physiology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Physiology" title="Annual Review of Physiology">Annual Review of Physiology</a></i>. <b>56</b> (1): 579–621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ph.56.030194.003051">10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.003051</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8010752">8010752</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/GarlCa94.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+physiology&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=579-621&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ph.56.030194.003051&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8010752&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Jr.&rft.au=Carter%2C+P.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biology.ucr.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2FGarland%2FGarlCa94.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanong's2016" class="citation book cs1">Boitano, Scott; Brooks, Heddwen L.; Barman, Susan M.; <a href="/wiki/Kim_Barrett" title="Kim Barrett">Barrett, Kim E.</a> (2016). <i>Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology</i>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-182510-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-182510-8"><bdi>978-0-07-182510-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganong%27s+Review+of+Medical+Physiology&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-07-182510-8&rft.aulast=Boitano&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Heddwen+L.&rft.au=Barman%2C+Susan+M.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Kim+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray's_Anatomy2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Standring" title="Susan Standring">Susan Standring</a>, ed. (2008). <i>Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice</i> (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8"><bdi>978-0-8089-2371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=London&rft.edition=40th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+body" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_body&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Human_Anatomy" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Human Anatomy">Human Anatomy</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_body" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human body">Human body</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/body" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:body">body</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Human Physiology">Human Physiology</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140126181303/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4299/">The Book of Humans</a></i> (from the late 18th and early 19th centuries) (archived 26 January 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971210121754/http://www.innerbody.com/">Inner Body</a> (archived 10 December 1997)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.library.utoronto.ca/anatomia/">Anatomia 1522–1867: Anatomical Plates from the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_regional_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template talk:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Regional_groups">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_systems_and_organs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template talk:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_systems_and_organs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physiology_types" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physiology_types" title="Template:Physiology types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physiology_types" title="Template talk:Physiology types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physiology_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physiology types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">Fish physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Human physiology">Human physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_physiology" title="Insect physiology">Insect physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_dinosaurs" title="Physiology of dinosaurs">Physiology of dinosaurs</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg/140px-Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg/210px-Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg 1.5x, 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title="Cell physiology">Cell physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_physiology" title="Comparative physiology">Comparative physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecophysiology" title="Ecophysiology">Ecophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular physiology">Molecular physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" 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medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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