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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s–1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s–1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>1980s–1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s–1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s–2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s–2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>2000s–2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s–2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Indian culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human abdomen</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caroline_Polachek_at_The_Warfield_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Caroline_Polachek_at_The_Warfield_2023.jpg/220px-Caroline_Polachek_at_The_Warfield_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Caroline_Polachek_at_The_Warfield_2023.jpg/330px-Caroline_Polachek_at_The_Warfield_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Caroline_Polachek_at_The_Warfield_2023.jpg/440px-Caroline_Polachek_at_The_Warfield_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4080" /></a><figcaption>American singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Polachek" title="Caroline Polachek">Caroline Polachek</a> performing with her midriff exposed in 2023.</figcaption></figure><p>In <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a>, the <b>midriff</b> is the human <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. The midriff is exposed when wearing a <a href="/wiki/Crop_top" title="Crop top">crop top</a> or some forms of swimwear or underwear. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midriff&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Midriff" is a very old term in the English language, coming into use before 1000 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Old English it was written as "<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">midhrif</i></span>", with the old word "<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hrif</i></span>" literally meaning stomach;<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Middle English, it was "<span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">mydryf</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word fell into obsolescence after the 18th century. </p><p>The word was revived in 1941 by the fashion industry,<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly to avoid use of the word "belly" which genteel women considered undesirable in reference to their bodies, as it has connotations of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_history">Culture and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midriff&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_culture">Western culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midriff&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1930s–1970s"><span id="1930s.E2.80.931970s"></span>1930s–1970s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midriff&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1930s–1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_women_of_Naples_in_swimsuit,_Italy_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Young_women_of_Naples_in_swimsuit%2C_Italy_1948.jpg/170px-Young_women_of_Naples_in_swimsuit%2C_Italy_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Young_women_of_Naples_in_swimsuit%2C_Italy_1948.jpg/255px-Young_women_of_Naples_in_swimsuit%2C_Italy_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Young_women_of_Naples_in_swimsuit%2C_Italy_1948.jpg/340px-Young_women_of_Naples_in_swimsuit%2C_Italy_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>A 1948 photo of Italian women in midriff-baring bikinis</figcaption></figure> <p>In some cultures, exposure of the midriff is socially discouraged or even banned, and Western culture has historically been hesitant in the use of midriff-baring styles. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Blass" title="Bill Blass">Bill Blass</a> commented: </p> <blockquote><p>It is too difficult. Women will much more readily wear bare-back or plunging-neckline styles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>It was introduced to fashion in 1932 by <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet" title="Madeleine Vionnet">Madeleine Vionnet</a> when she offered an evening gown with strategically cut openings at the waist. </p><p>Women's <a href="/wiki/Swimwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimwear">swimwear</a> of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of midriff exposure. </p><p>Teen magazines of the late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in other public situations. Beginning in the late 1940s, school <a href="/wiki/Dress_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dress codes">dress codes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> started to ban bare midriffs.<sup id="cite_ref-girl_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-girl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, exposure of the female midriff and <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a> was widely brought into everyday Western women's fashion in the 1960s' <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a> and later with the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Halterneck" title="Halterneck">halters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tube_top" title="Tube top">tube tops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crop_top" title="Crop top">crop tops</a> in the 1970s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cheerleading" title="Cheerleading">cheerleading</a> style fashions developing largely from the styles originating with the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys_Cheerleaders" title="Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders">Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders</a> in the early 1970s also played a crucial role in the popularity of midriff fashion at middle and high schools.<sup id="cite_ref-girl_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-girl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s–1990s"><span id="1980s.E2.80.931990s"></span>1980s–1990s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midriff&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980s–1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janet_Tour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Janet_Tour.jpg/220px-Janet_Tour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Janet_Tour.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> baring her midriff in 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1980s, pop star <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> appeared in bare midriff looks in her performances and music videos, which helped in spreading this fashion widely.<sup id="cite_ref-girl_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-girl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of the bare midriff continued well due to <a href="/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)" title="Low-rise (fashion)">low-rise</a> fashion which started in the early 1990s when the British magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Face_(magazine)" title="The Face (magazine)">The Face</a></i> in its March 1993 issue cover featured <a href="/wiki/Kate_Moss" title="Kate Moss">Kate Moss</a> in <a href="/wiki/Low-rise_jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-rise jeans">low-rise jeans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the wide acceptance of navel display in Western societies, <a href="/wiki/Navel_piercing" title="Navel piercing">navel piercing</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and navel <a href="/wiki/Tattoos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattoos">tattoos</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have become more common among young women. This raised the popularity of crop tops that expose the midriff and navel.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1990s, many designers adapted to the trend. One way of showing the midriff that has proved popular with designers is simply fastening a jacket or vest at the neckline and letting it fall freely. When the wearer moves, there is a flash of skin, but nothing startling. Fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Herrera" title="Carolina Herrera">Carolina Herrera</a> said, "the midriff doesn't have to be completely bare; a veil of chiffon over the midriff can look intriguing."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s–2010s"><span id="2000s.E2.80.932010s"></span>2000s–2010s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midriff&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2000s–2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bare midriff, with flat, toned abs, became the trend in Hollywood in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly present were the bare midriffs of <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_culture">Indian culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midriff&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indian culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ameesha_Patel_still4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ameesha_Patel_still4.jpg/220px-Ameesha_Patel_still4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ameesha_Patel_still4.jpg/330px-Ameesha_Patel_still4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ameesha_Patel_still4.jpg/440px-Ameesha_Patel_still4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Indian actress <a href="/wiki/Ameesha_Patel" title="Ameesha Patel">Ameesha Patel</a> posing in a <a href="/wiki/Ghagra_choli" title="Ghagra choli">ghagra choli</a> that bares the midriff</figcaption></figure> <p>Indian women have traditionally worn <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">saris</a> that partially cover the midriff, especially <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> women.<sup id="cite_ref-Roshen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roshen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghurye_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghurye-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sari adapts to a woman's body, rather than defining it, allowing for pregnancy and otherwise expanding girth. In a culture where having enough to eat is not a given, rolls of fat around the midriff are a sign of prestige, rather than indulgence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torsekar, a <a href="/wiki/Paediatrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Paediatrician">paediatrician</a> from India who works in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>, once said, "It may be hard for American women to imagine going to work with an exposed midriff, but for Indian women, the midriff is considered no more suggestive than the forearm."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Indian communities that take midriff in their stride include the women from Rajasthan, who leave the midriff exposed while wearing <a href="/wiki/Ghagra_choli" title="Ghagra choli">ghagra cholis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these women often cover their heads with a <a href="/wiki/Dupatta" title="Dupatta">dupatta</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even cover their faces in front of strangers, which enforces the belief that midriff-baring in India has a symbolic, almost mystical, association with birth and life and that the display is meant to emphasise the centrality of nature in the nurture role.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of it, some Indian philosophers gave opposition to exposing midriff in saris. They considered it to be a symbol of adultery.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midriff&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_obesity" title="Abdominal obesity">Abdominal obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvinolagnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvinolagnia">Alvinolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_top" title="Crop top">Crop top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Navel in popular culture">Navel in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist%E2%80%93hip_ratio" title="Waist–hip ratio">Waist–hip ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistline_(clothing)" title="Waistline (clothing)">Waistline (clothing)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midriff&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Midriff">"Midriff"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Midriff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FMidriff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymology-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2022" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas R. (2022) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=midriff">"Midriff"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Midriff&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dmidriff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1993" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Bernardine (30 November 1993). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/30/news/baring-midriffs-a-little-a-lot-or-not.html">"Baring Midriffs: A Little, a Lot or Not?"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Baring+Midriffs%3A+A+Little%2C+a+Lot+or+Not%3F&rft.date=1993-11-30&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Bernardine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F11%2F30%2Fnews%2Fbaring-midriffs-a-little-a-lot-or-not.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-girl-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-girl_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-girl_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-girl_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellReid-Walsh2008" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Claudia; Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/girlcultureencyc0000unse"><i>Girl Culture: Studying girl culture: a readers' guide Volume 1 of Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. 702. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33909-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33909-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33909-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girl+Culture%3A+Studying+girl+culture%3A+a+readers%27+guide+Volume+1+of+Girl+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=702&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33909-7&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Reid-Walsh%2C+Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgirlcultureencyc0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaneyMadigan2009" class="citation book cs1">Delaney, Tim; Madigan, Tim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_leJMTGB3OoC&pg=PA148"><i>Sports: Why People Love Them!</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4489-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4489-1"><bdi>978-0-7618-4489-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports%3A+Why+People+Love+Them%21&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-4489-1&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Madigan%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_leJMTGB3OoC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird2012" class="citation news cs1">Baird, Julia (1 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/what-happened-to-madonna-20120330-1w2s0.html">"What happened to Madonna"</a>. <i>The Age</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1055-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1055-5"><bdi>978-1-4128-1055-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Clothes%3A+Culture+and+Organization+of+the+Fashion+Industry&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1055-5&rft.aulast=Manlow&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhRHUOxramGEC%26q%3Dnavel%252Bring%252Bsaree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrelli2006" class="citation book cs1">Prelli, Lawrence J. 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University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-619-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-619-5"><bdi>1-57003-619-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetorics+of+display&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-57003-619-5&rft.aulast=Prelli&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dif6_kBbJlCcC%26pg%3DPA327%26q%3Ddrew%252Bbarrymore%252Bnavel%252Btattoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKremer2000" class="citation web cs1">Kremer, Esther Gross (7 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616074613/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2000-05-07/entertainment/18136533_1_tops-midriff-navel">"Cropped tops = midriff mania = abs-olutely erotic"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrity+Style+Watch%3A+Belly+Baring+Crop+Tops&rft.pub=Star+Pulse&rft.date=2012-04-07&rft.aulast=Talmon&rft.aufirst=Noelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starpulse.com%2Fnews%2FNoelle_Talmon%2F2012%2F04%2F07%2Fcelebrity_style_watch_belly_baring_cro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/celebrities-brought-the-bare-midriff-trend-back-from-the-early-2000s-for-the-oscars-red-carpet/articleshow/82261631.cms">"Celebrities brought the bare-midriff trend back from the early 2000s for the Oscars red carpet"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Delhi: Art Heritage. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11507040">11507040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Costume&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Art+Heritage&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11507040&rft.aulast=Alkazi&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tuBAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghurye-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghurye_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhurye1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Govind_Sadashiv_Ghurye" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Sadashiv Ghurye">Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv</a> (1951). <i>Indian costume</i>. Bombay: Popular Book Depot. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/560506171">560506171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+costume&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Popular+Book+Depot&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F560506171&rft.aulast=Ghurye&rft.aufirst=Govind+Sadashiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenkes1994" class="citation news cs1">Menkes, Suzy (29 May 1994). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/29/style/runways-naked-came-the-midriff.html">"RUNWAYS; Naked Came the Midriff"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219001750/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/29/style/runways-naked-came-the-midriff.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=RUNWAYS%3B+Naked+Came+the+Midriff&rft.date=1994-05-29&rft.aulast=Menkes&rft.aufirst=Suzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F05%2F29%2Fstyle%2Frunways-naked-came-the-midriff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1998" class="citation news cs1">Lane, Tahree (22 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=80BPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6996,1885944&dq=sari+choli&hl=en">"Sari"</a>. <i>Toledo Blade</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span> – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=Sari&rft.date=1998-03-22&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Tahree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D80BPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6996%2C1885944%26dq%3Dsari%2Bcholi%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Social Science a Textbook in History for Class IX as per New Syllabus</i>. FK Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Science+a+Textbook+in+History+for+Class+IX+as+per+New+Syllabus&rft.pub=FK+Publications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsai4v554d8C"><i>India</i></a>. Balcatta, Western Australia: R.I.C. Publications. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74126-911-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74126-911-6"><bdi>978-1-74126-911-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India&rft.place=Balcatta%2C+Western+Australia&rft.pub=R.I.C.+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-74126-911-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLsai4v554d8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beck-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beck_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1976" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Brenda (1976). <i>The Symbolic Merger of Body, Space, and Cosmos in Hindu Tamil Nadu</i>. Contributions to Indian Sociology. Vol. 10. pp. 213–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolic+Merger+of+Body%2C+Space%2C+and+Cosmos+in+Hindu+Tamil+Nadu&rft.series=Contributions+to+Indian+Sociology&rft.pages=213-243&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaikar1984" class="citation book cs1">Naikar, Basavaraj S. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFoOAAAAYAAJ"><i>Sarvajna: the omniscient poet of Karnataka</i></a>. Dharwad: Sivaranjani Publications. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17133214">17133214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarvajna%3A+the+omniscient+poet+of+Karnataka&rft.place=Dharwad&rft.pub=Sivaranjani+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17133214&rft.aulast=Naikar&rft.aufirst=Basavaraj+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFoOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidriff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midriff&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Gill" title="Rosalind Gill">Gill, Rosalind</a> (April 2009). "Beyond the <i>"Sexualization of Culture"</i> thesis: an intersectional analysis of <i>"sixpacks"</i>, <i>"midriffs"</i> and <i>"hot lesbians"</i> in advertising". <i>Sexualities</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 137–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1363460708100916">10.1177/1363460708100916</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144941660">144941660</a>.</cite><span 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