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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armpit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Armpit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armpit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerve_supply_and_passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerve_supply_and_passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Nerve supply and passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerve_supply_and_passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Blood vessels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Puberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Puberty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fracture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fracture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fracture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fracture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-X-ray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-ray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>X-ray</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-ray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Ultrasound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MRI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MRI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>MRI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MRI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MRA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MRA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>MRA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MRA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shoulder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 111 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%81" title="كتف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huembro" title="Huembro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Huembro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%AC%DC%A6%DC%90" title="ܟܬܦܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܬܦܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anumiru" title="Anumiru – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Anumiru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costazu" title="Costazu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Costazu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati%27y" title="Ati'y – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ati'y" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taru" title="Taru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Taru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iyin" title="Çiyin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çiyin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahu" title="Bahu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bahu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keng-th%C3%A2u" title="Keng-thâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Keng-thâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaga" title="Abaga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Abaga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Рамо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рамо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="དཔུང་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དཔུང་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame" title="Rame – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rame" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoaz" title="Skoaz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skoaz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espatlla" title="Espatlla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espatlla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Хул – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgwydd" title="Ysgwydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysgwydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%94%C9%A3u" title="Bɔɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bɔɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulder" title="Skulder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skulder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulter" title="Schulter – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schulter" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulter" title="Schulter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schulter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ކޮނޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކޮނޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ώμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ώμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A0la" title="Spàla – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Spàla" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Лавтов – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лавтов" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hombro" title="Hombro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hombro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cultro" title="Ŝultro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝultro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbalda" title="Sorbalda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sorbalda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_(%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86)" title="شانه (بدن) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شانه (بدن)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89paule" title="Épaule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épaule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skouder" title="Skouder – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skouder" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualainn" title="Gualainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gualainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualann" title="Gualann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gualann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombreiro" title="Ombreiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ombreiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A9" title="肩 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="肩" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn-th%C3%A8u" title="Kiên-thèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kiên-thèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EA%B9%A8" title="어깨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어깨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="कंधा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कंधा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame" title="Rame – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rame" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shultro" title="Shultro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Shultro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahu" title="Bahu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tui" title="Tui – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tui" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96xl" title="Öxl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Öxl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalla" title="Spalla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spalla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A3" title="כתף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundhak" title="Pundhak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pundhak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9C" title="ಭುಜ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭುಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bega" title="Bega – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bega" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zep%C3%B2l" title="Zepòl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zepòl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umerus" title="Umerus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Umerus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecs" title="Plecs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plecs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petys" title="Petys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Petys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisi" title="Alisi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Alisi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C9%9Bk%C9%9B" title="Libɛkɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libɛkɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spala" title="Spala – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Spala" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Рамо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рамо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroka" title="Soroka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soroka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="खांदा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खांदा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahu" title="Bahu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C4%95ng-t%C3%A0u" title="Giĕng-tàu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giĕng-tàu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83" title="Лафту – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лафту" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahcolli" title="Ahcolli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ahcolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schouder" title="Schouder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schouder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoere" title="Schoere – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Schoere" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A7" title="काँध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="काँध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83" title="ब्वहः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्वहः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A9" title="肩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulder" title="Skulder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skulder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulder" title="Skulder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skulder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espatla" title="Espatla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espatla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelka" title="Yelka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yelka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abala" title="Abala – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Abala" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="موڈھا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موڈھا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombro" title="Ombro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ombro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C4%83r" title="Umăr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Umăr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikra" title="Rikra – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikra" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BE_(%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Плечо (часть тела) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плечо (часть тела)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Окумал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Окумал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83" title="स्कन्दः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्कन्दः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱨᱮᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shouder" title="Shouder – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shouder" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadda" title="Spadda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spadda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shoulder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skowru" title="Skowru – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Skowru" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Раме – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Раме" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame" title="Rame – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rame" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkap%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Olkapää – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olkapää" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_(kroppsdel)" title="Axel (kroppsdel) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Axel (kroppsdel)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balikat" title="Balikat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balikat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C9%A3il" title="Iɣil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iɣil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="భుజము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భుజము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88" title="ไหล่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไหล่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuz" title="Omuz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Omuz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Плече – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плече" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="کندھا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کندھا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="دولا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دولا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbaq" title="Mbaq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mbaq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" 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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the part of the human body. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shoulder (disambiguation)">Shoulder (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the body</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Shoulder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_shoulder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Left_shoulder.jpg/300px-Left_shoulder.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Left_shoulder.jpg/450px-Left_shoulder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Left_shoulder.jpg/600px-Left_shoulder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Human shoulder</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray327.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray327.png/300px-Gray327.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray327.png/450px-Gray327.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray327.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="415" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>articulatio humeri</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012782">D012782</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.020%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A01.1.00.020</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=139">139</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma25202">25202</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16363" class="extiw" title="d:Q16363">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The human <b>shoulder</b> is made up of three bones: the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> (collarbone), the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a> (shoulder blade), and the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. </p><p>The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_joint" title="Shoulder joint">shoulder joint</a>, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the major joint of the shoulder, but can more broadly include the <a href="/wiki/Acromioclavicular_joint" title="Acromioclavicular joint">acromioclavicular joint</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>, and the head sits in the <a href="/wiki/Glenoid_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenoid cavity">glenoid cavity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_joint" title="Shoulder joint">shoulder joint</a> is the main joint of the shoulder. It is a <a href="/wiki/Ball_and_socket_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball and socket joint">ball and socket joint</a> that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. The <a href="/wiki/Joint_capsule" title="Joint capsule">joint capsule</a> is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>, and head of the <a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">biceps</a>. It is lined by a thin, smooth <a href="/wiki/Synovial_membrane" title="Synovial membrane">synovial membrane</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a> is a group of four muscles that surround the shoulder joint and contribute to the shoulder's stability. The muscles of the rotator cuff are <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraspinatus">supraspinatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subscapularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapularis">subscapularis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infraspinatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspinatus">infraspinatus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teres_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Teres minor">teres minor</a>. The cuff adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral capsule">glenohumeral capsule</a> and attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Humeral_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Humeral head">humeral head</a>. </p><p>The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing, and pulling. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shoulder consists of a ball-and-socket joint formed by the humerus and scapula and their surrounding structures - <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a> - which support the bones and maintain the relationship of one to another.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These supporting structures attach to the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>, the latter providing the <a href="/wiki/Glenoid_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenoid cavity">glenoid cavity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coracoid_process" title="Coracoid process">coracoid processes</a>. The main <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joint</a> of the shoulder is the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_joint" title="Shoulder joint">shoulder joint</a> (or glenohumeral joint), between the humerus and the glenoid process of the scapular.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Acromioclavicular_joint" title="Acromioclavicular joint">acromioclavicular joint</a> and sternoclavicular joint also play a role in shoulder movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White <a href="/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage" title="Hyaline cartilage">hyaline cartilage</a> on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) allows the bones to glide and move on each other, and the joint space is surrounded by a synovial membrane. Around the joint space are muscles - the rotator cuff, which directly surrounds and attaches to the shoulder joint - and other muscles that help provide stability and facilitate movement. </p><p>Two filmy sac-like structures called <a href="/wiki/Bursa_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa (anatomy)">bursae</a> permit smooth gliding between bone, muscle, and tendon. They cushion and protect the rotator cuff from the bony arch of the acromion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Glenoid_labrum" title="Glenoid labrum">glenoid labrum</a> is the second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint">Joint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Joint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_joint" title="Shoulder joint">Shoulder joint</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0797_ShoulderJoint.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Blausen_0797_ShoulderJoint.png/250px-Blausen_0797_ShoulderJoint.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Blausen_0797_ShoulderJoint.png/375px-Blausen_0797_ShoulderJoint.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Blausen_0797_ShoulderJoint.png/500px-Blausen_0797_ShoulderJoint.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of shoulder joint</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_joint" title="Shoulder joint">shoulder joint</a> (also known as the glenohumeral joint) is the main joint of the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Ball_and_socket_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball and socket joint">ball and socket joint</a> that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. It is formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the lateral scapula (specifically-the glenoid cavity of the scapula). The "ball" of the joint is the rounded, medial anterior surface of the humerus and the "socket" is formed by the glenoid cavity, the dish-shaped portion of the lateral scapula. The shallowness of the cavity and relatively loose connections between the shoulder and the rest of the body allows the arm to have tremendous mobility, at the expense of being much easier to <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">dislocate</a> than most other joints in the body. There is an approximately 4-to-1 disproportion in size between the large head of the humerus and the shallow glenoid cavity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>The glenoid cavity is made deeper by the addition of the fibrocartilaginous ring of the <a href="/wiki/Glenoid_labrum" title="Glenoid labrum">glenoid labrum</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Joint_capsule" title="Joint capsule">capsule</a> is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the <a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">biceps</a>. It is lined by a thin, smooth <a href="/wiki/Synovial_membrane" title="Synovial membrane">synovial membrane</a>. This capsule is strengthened by the coracohumeral ligament which attaches the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus. There are also three other ligaments attaching the lesser tubercle of the humerus to lateral scapula and are collectively called the glenohumeral ligaments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Transverse_humeral_ligament" title="Transverse humeral ligament">transverse humeral ligament</a>, which passes from the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_tubercle_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser tubercle of humerus">lesser tubercle</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Greater_tubercle_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater tubercle of humerus">greater tubercle of humerus</a>, covers the <a href="/wiki/Intertubercular_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertubercular groove">intertubercular groove</a>, in which the long head of <a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii">biceps brachii</a> travels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotator_cuff">Rotator cuff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rotator cuff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">Rotator cuff</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoulder_joint.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shoulder_joint.svg/220px-Shoulder_joint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shoulder_joint.svg/330px-Shoulder_joint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Shoulder_joint.svg/440px-Shoulder_joint.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Shoulder anatomy, front view</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg/220px-Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg/330px-Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg/440px-Shoulder_joint_back-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Shoulder anatomy, back view</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a> is an anatomical term given to the group of four muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These muscles are the <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatus_muscle" title="Supraspinatus muscle">supraspinatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infraspinatus_muscle" title="Infraspinatus muscle">infraspinatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teres_minor_muscle" title="Teres minor muscle">teres minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subscapularis_muscle" title="Subscapularis muscle">subscapularis</a> and that hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity during movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cuff adheres to the glenohumeral capsule and attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Humeral_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Humeral head">head of the humerus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, these keep the humeral head in the <a href="/wiki/Glenoid_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenoid cavity">glenoid cavity</a>, preventing upward migration of the <a href="/wiki/Humeral_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Humeral head">humeral head</a> caused by the pull of the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid muscle</a> at the beginning of arm elevation. The infraspinatus and the teres minor, along with the anterior fibers of the deltoid muscle, are responsible for external rotation of the arm.<sup id="cite_ref-favard_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-favard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a> of these muscles converge to form the rotator cuff tendon. This tendon, along with the articular capsule, the <a href="/wiki/Coracohumeral_ligament" title="Coracohumeral ligament">coracohumeral ligament</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral ligament">glenohumeral ligament</a> complex, blend into a confluent sheet before insertion into the humeral tuberosities.<sup id="cite_ref-matava_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matava-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Infraspinatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspinatus">infraspinatus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teres_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Teres minor">teres minor</a> fuse near their <a href="/wiki/Musculotendinous_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculotendinous junction">musculotendinous junctions</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraspinatus">supraspinatus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subscapularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapularis">subscapularis</a> tendons join as a sheath that surrounds the biceps tendon at the entrance of the bicipital groove.<sup id="cite_ref-matava_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matava-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_muscles">Other muscles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Muscles from the shoulder region</b> </p><p>In addition to the four muscles of the rotator cuff, the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teres_major_muscle" title="Teres major muscle">teres major muscles</a> arise and exist in the shoulder region itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deltoid muscle covers the shoulder joint on three sides, arising from the front upper third of the clavicle, the acromion, and the spine of the scapula, and travelling to insert on the deltoid tubercle of the humerus.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contraction of each part of the deltoid assists in different movements of the shoulder - flexion (clavicular part), abduction (middle part) and extension (scapular part).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teres major attaches to the outer part of the back of the scapula, beneath the teres minor, and attaches to the upper part of the humerus. It helps with medial rotation of the humerus.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Muscles from the front</b> </p><p>Muscles from the chest wall that contribute to the shoulder are:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Name</b></td> <td><b>Attachment</b></td> <td><b>Function</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serratus_anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Serratus anterior">serratus anterior</a></td> <td>Originates on the surface of the upper eight <a href="/wiki/Ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribs">ribs</a> at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>It fixes the scapula into the thoracic wall and aids in rotation and abduction of the shoulders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subclavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Subclavius">subclavius</a></td> <td>Located beneath the clavicle, originating from the <a href="/wiki/First_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="First rib">first rib</a> and inserting on the <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_groove" title="Subclavian groove">subclavian groove</a> of the clavicle.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>It depresses the lateral clavicle<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also acts to stabilize the clavicle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_minor" title="Pectoralis minor">pectoralis minor</a></td> <td>Arises from the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, near their cartilage and inserts into the medial border and upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Coracoid_process" title="Coracoid process">coracoid process</a> of the scapula.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>This muscle aids in respiration, medially rotates the scapula, protracts the scapula, and also draws the scapula inferiorly. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternocleidomastoid">sternocleidomastoid</a></td> <td>Attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">sternum</a> (sterno-), the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> (cleido-), and the <a href="/wiki/Mastoid_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastoid process">mastoid process</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">temporal bone</a> of the skull.</td> <td>Most of its actions flex and rotate the head. In regards to the shoulder, however, it also aids in respiration by elevating the sternoclavicular joint when the head is fixed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levator_scapulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Levator scapulae">levator scapulae</a></td> <td>Arises from the transverse processes of the first four <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebrae</a> and inserts into the <a href="/wiki/Medial_border_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial border of the scapula">medial border of the scapula</a>.</td> <td>It is capable of rotating the scapula downward and elevating the scapula.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Muscles from the back</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhomboid_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomboid major">rhomboid major</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhomboid_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomboid minor">rhomboid minor</a> (work together)</td> <td>They arise from the <a href="/wiki/Spinous_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous processes">spinous processes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebrae</a> T1 to T5 as well as from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical. They attach to the inner border of the scapula.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>They are responsible for downward rotation of the scapula with the levator scapulae, as well as adduction of the scapula. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trapezius" title="Trapezius">trapezius</a></td> <td>Arises from the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occipital bone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_nuchae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligamentum nuchae">ligamentum nuchae</a>, the spinous process of the seventh cervical, and the spinous processes of all the thoracic vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It attaches to the outer clavicle, the <a href="/wiki/Acromion_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Acromion process">acromion process</a>, and into the <a href="/wiki/Spine_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Spine of the scapula">spine of the scapula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Different portions of the fibers perform different actions on the scapula: depression, upward rotation, elevation, and retraction.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levator_scapulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Levator scapulae">levator scapulae</a> </td> <td>Arises from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 1-4, and attaches to the upper part of the inner border of the scapula.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Elevates the scapula.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latissimus dorsi">latissimus dorsi</a> </td> <td>A large muscle that arises from the spinous processes of the lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar and all sacral vertebrae, and posterior iliac crest. It attaches to the intertubercular groove of the humerus.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Adducts, extends and rotates the humerus inwards.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armpit">Armpit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Armpit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The armpit (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">axilla</i>) is formed by the space between the muscles of the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nerves and blood vessels of the arm travel through the armpit, and it possesses several sets of lymph nodes that are able to be examined.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armpit is formed by the pectoralis major and minor muscles at the front, the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles at the back, the serratus anterior muscle on its inner surface, and the intertubercular groove of the humerus on the outer side.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerve_supply_and_passage">Nerve supply and passage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nerve supply and passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray523.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray523.png/220px-Gray523.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray523.png/330px-Gray523.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray523.png/440px-Gray523.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">brachial plexus</a> surrounds the axillary artery and is formed from nerve roots from C5-T1. Branches of the plexus supply the shoulder region, although several other nerves play a role.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant_1962_664.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grant_1962_664.png/220px-Grant_1962_664.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grant_1962_664.png/330px-Grant_1962_664.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Grant_1962_664.png/440px-Grant_1962_664.png 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption>Nerve roots that supply sensation to the shoulder and arm</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray812and814.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray812and814.svg/220px-Gray812and814.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray812and814.svg/330px-Gray812and814.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray812and814.svg/440px-Gray812and814.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Nerves that supply sensation to the shoulder and arm</figcaption></figure> <p>The skin around the shoulder is supplied by C2-C4 (upper), and C7 and T2 (lower area).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The brachial plexus emerges as nerve roots from the cervical vertebrae C5-T1. Branches of the plexus, in particular from C5-C6, supply the majority of the muscles of the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_vessels">Blood vessels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blood vessels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and directly from the aorta from the left. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This becomes the <a href="/wiki/Axillary_artery" title="Axillary artery">axillary artery</a> as it passes beyond the first rib. The axillary artery also supplies blood to the arm, and is one of the major sources of blood to the shoulder region. The other major sources are the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_cervical_artery" title="Transverse cervical artery">transverse cervical artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suprascapular_artery" title="Suprascapular artery">suprascapular artery</a>, both branches of the <a href="/wiki/Thyrocervical_trunk" title="Thyrocervical trunk">thyrocervical trunk</a> which itself is a branch of the subclavian artery.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blood vessels form a network (anastamosis) behind the shoulder that helps to supply blood to the arm even when the axillary artery is compromised.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Text-book_of_anatomy_and_physiology_for_nurses_(1913)_(14764575614).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Text-book_of_anatomy_and_physiology_for_nurses_%281913%29_%2814764575614%29.jpg/220px-Text-book_of_anatomy_and_physiology_for_nurses_%281913%29_%2814764575614%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Text-book_of_anatomy_and_physiology_for_nurses_%281913%29_%2814764575614%29.jpg/330px-Text-book_of_anatomy_and_physiology_for_nurses_%281913%29_%2814764575614%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Text-book_of_anatomy_and_physiology_for_nurses_%281913%29_%2814764575614%29.jpg/440px-Text-book_of_anatomy_and_physiology_for_nurses_%281913%29_%2814764575614%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Axillary_artery" title="Axillary artery">axillary artery</a> supplies blood to the arm and is one of the major sources of blood for the shoulder region.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The muscles and joints of the shoulder allow it to move through a remarkable <a href="/wiki/Range_of_motion" title="Range of motion">range of motion</a>, making it one of the most mobile joints in the human body. The shoulder can <a href="/wiki/Abduction_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abduction (kinesiology)">abduct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Adduction">adduct</a>, rotate, be raised in front of and behind the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a> and move through a full 360° in the <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane" title="Sagittal plane">sagittal plane</a>. This tremendous range of motion also makes the shoulder extremely unstable, far more prone to <a href="/wiki/Dislocation_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dislocation (medicine)">dislocation</a> and injury than other joints<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following describes the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">terms used for different movements</a> of the shoulder:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Muscles </th></tr> <tr> <td>Scapular <b>retraction</b><sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (aka scapular adduction) </td> <td>The scapula is moved posteriorly and medially along the back, moving the arm and shoulder joint posteriorly. Retracting both scapulae gives a sensation of "squeezing the shoulder blades together." </td> <td>rhomboideus major, minor, and trapezius </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scapular <b>protraction</b><sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (aka scapular abduction) </td> <td>The opposite motion of scapular retraction. The scapula is moved anteriorly and laterally along the back, moving the arm and shoulder joint anteriorly. If both scapulae are protracted, the scapulae are separated and the <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoralis major</a> muscles are squeezed together.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>serratus anterior (prime mover), pectoralis minor and major </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scapular <b>elevation</b><sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The scapula is raised in a shrugging motion. </td> <td>levator scapulae, the upper fibers of the trapezius </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scapular <b>depression</b><sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The scapula is lowered from elevation. The scapulae may be depressed so that the angle formed by the neck and shoulders is obtuse, giving the appearance of "slumped" shoulders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>pectoralis minor, lower fibers of the trapezius, subclavius, latissimus dorsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arm <b>abduction</b><sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Arm abduction occurs when the arms are held at the sides, parallel to the length of the torso, and are then raised in the plane of the torso. This movement may be broken down into two parts: <b>True abduction</b> of the arm, which takes the humerus from parallel to the spine to perpendicular; and <b>upward rotation</b> of the scapula, which raises the humerus above the shoulders until it points straight upwards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>True abduction: supraspinatus (first 15 degrees), deltoid; Upward rotation: trapezius, serratus anterior </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arm <b>adduction</b><sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Arm adduction is the opposite motion of arm abduction. It can be broken down into two parts: <b>downward rotation</b> of the scapula and <b>true adduction</b> of the arm. </td> <td>Downward rotation: pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, subclavius, latissimus dorsi (same as scapular depression, with pec major replacing lower fibers of trapezius); True Adduction: latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor, pectoralis major, long head of triceps, coracobrachialis. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arm <b>flexion</b><sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The humerus is rotated out of the plane of the torso so that it points forward (anteriorly). </td> <td>pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, anterior fibers of deltoid. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arm <b>extension</b><sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The humerus is rotated out of the plane of the torso so that it points backwards (posteriorly) </td> <td>latissimus dorsi and teres major, long head of triceps, posterior fibers of the deltoid </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Medial rotation</b> of the arm<sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Medial rotation of the arm is most easily observed when the elbow is held at a 90-degree angle and the fingers are extended so they are parallel to the ground. Medial rotation occurs when the arm is rotated at the shoulder so that the fingers change from pointing straight forward to pointing across the body. </td> <td>subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, anterior fibers of deltoid </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lateral rotation</b> of the arm<sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The opposite of medial rotation of the arm. </td> <td>infraspinatus and teres minor, posterior fibers of deltoid </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arm <b>circumduction</b><sup id="cite_ref-mich_limb_9_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich_limb_9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Movement of the shoulder in a circular motion so that if the elbow and fingers are fully extended the subject draws a circle in the air lateral to the body. In circumduction, the arm is not lifted above parallel to the ground so that "circle" that is drawn is flattened on top. </td> <td>pectoralis major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, supraspinatus, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major and minor, infraspinatus, long head of triceps </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puberty">Puberty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Puberty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a>, the shoulders broaden in males during <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShafferKipp2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShafferKipp2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder problems">Shoulder problems</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Anatomical_studies_of_the_shoulder_-_WGA12824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Anatomical_studies_of_the_shoulder_-_WGA12824.jpg/200px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Anatomical_studies_of_the_shoulder_-_WGA12824.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Anatomical_studies_of_the_shoulder_-_WGA12824.jpg/300px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Anatomical_studies_of_the_shoulder_-_WGA12824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Anatomical_studies_of_the_shoulder_-_WGA12824.jpg/400px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Anatomical_studies_of_the_shoulder_-_WGA12824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical studies of the shoulder by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> (ca.1510)</figcaption></figure> <p>The shoulder is the most mobile and potentially unstable joint in the body. Due to this, it is often prone to problems.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fracture">Fracture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fracture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">Fractures</a> of shoulder bones can include <a href="/wiki/Clavicle_fracture" title="Clavicle fracture">clavicular fractures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scapular_fracture" title="Scapular fracture">scapular fractures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humerus_fracture" title="Humerus fracture">fractures of the upper humerus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain">Pain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shoulder problems, including <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, are common<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can relate to any of the structures within the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary cause of shoulder pain is a <a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff_tear" title="Rotator cuff tear">rotator cuff tear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraspinatus">supraspinatus</a> is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>), the joint becomes painful and stiff.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">Arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_shoulder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frozen shoulder">Frozen shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impingement_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Impingement syndrome">Impingement syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_dislocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder dislocation">Shoulder dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_compression_syndrome" title="Nerve compression syndrome">Nerve entrapment syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging">Imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imaging of the shoulder includes ultrasound, X-ray and MRI, and is guided by the suspected diagnosis and presenting symptoms. </p><p>Conventional x-rays and ultrasonography are the primary tools used to confirm a diagnosis of injuries sustained to the rotator cuff. For extended clinical questions, imaging through Magnetic Resonance with or without intraarticular contrast agent is indicated. </p><p>Hodler et al. recommend starting scanning with conventional x-rays taken from at least two planes, since this method gives a wide first impression and even has the chance of exposing any frequent shoulder pathologies, i.e., decompensated rotator cuff tears, tendinitis calcarea, dislocations, fractures, usures, and/or osteophytes. Furthermore, x-rays are required for the planning of an optimal CT or MR image.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conventional invasive arthrography is nowadays being replaced by the non-invasive MRI and ultrasound, and is used as an imaging reserve for patients who are contraindicated for MRI, for example pacemaker-carriers with an unclear and unsure ultrasonography.<sup id="cite_ref-HedtmannHeers2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HedtmannHeers2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="X-ray">X-ray</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: X-ray"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">Projectional radiography</a> views of the shoulder include: </p> <dl><dt>AP-projection 40° posterior oblique after Grashey</dt></dl> <p>The body has to be rotated about 30 to 45 degrees towards the shoulder to be imaged, and the standing or sitting patient lets the arm hang. This method reveals the joint gap and the vertical alignment towards the socket.<sup id="cite_ref-HedtmannHeers2007_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HedtmannHeers2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Transaxillary projection</dt></dl> <p>The arm should be abducted 80 to 100 degrees. This method reveals:<sup id="cite_ref-HedtmannHeers2007_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HedtmannHeers2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The horizontal alignment of the humerus head in respect to the socket and the lateral clavicle in respect to the acromion</li> <li>Lesions of the anterior and posterior socket border, or of the tuberculum minus</li> <li>The eventual non-closure of the acromial apophysis</li> <li>The coraco-humeral interval</li></ul> <dl><dt>Y-projection</dt></dl> <p>The lateral contour of the shoulder should be positioned in front of the film in a way that the longitudinal axis of the scapula continues parallel to the path of the rays. This method reveals:<sup id="cite_ref-HedtmannHeers2007_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HedtmannHeers2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The horizontal centralization of the humerus head and socket</li> <li>The osseous margins of the coraco-acromial arch and hence the supraspinatus outlet canal</li> <li>The shape of the acromion</li></ul> <p>This projection has a low tolerance for errors and, accordingly, needs proper execution.<sup id="cite_ref-HedtmannHeers2007_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HedtmannHeers2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Y-projection can be traced back to Wijnblath’s 1933 published cavitas-en-face projection.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CR._shoulder_x-ray,_a.p..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="CR. shoulay film."><img alt="CR. shoulay film." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CR._shoulder_x-ray%2C_a.p..jpg/74px-CR._shoulder_x-ray%2C_a.p..jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CR._shoulder_x-ray%2C_a.p..jpg/111px-CR._shoulder_x-ray%2C_a.p..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CR._shoulder_x-ray%2C_a.p..jpg/148px-CR._shoulder_x-ray%2C_a.p..jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CR. shoulay film.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transaxillary_CR_shoulder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transaxillary conventional radiography"><img alt="A Transaxillary conventional radiography" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Transaxillary_CR_shoulder.jpg/120px-Transaxillary_CR_shoulder.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Transaxillary_CR_shoulder.jpg/180px-Transaxillary_CR_shoulder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Transaxillary_CR_shoulder.jpg/240px-Transaxillary_CR_shoulder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transaxillary conventional radiography</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Y_CR_shoulder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Y-projection conventional radiography"><img alt="A Y-projection conventional radiography" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Y_CR_shoulder.jpg/72px-Y_CR_shoulder.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Y_CR_shoulder.jpg/108px-Y_CR_shoulder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Y_CR_shoulder.jpg/144px-Y_CR_shoulder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Y-projection conventional radiography</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ultrasound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several advantages of ultrasound. It is relatively cheap, does not emit any radiation, is accessible, is capable of visualizing tissue function in real time, and allows the performance of provocative maneuvers in order to replicate the patient’s pain.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those benefits have helped ultrasound become a common initial choice for assessing tendons and soft tissues. Limitations include, for example, the high degree of operator dependence and the inability to define pathologies in bones. One also has to have an extensive anatomical knowledge of the examined region and keep an open mind to normal variations and artifacts created during the scan.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although musculoskeletal ultrasound training, like medical training in general, is a lifelong process, Kissin <i>et al.</i> suggests that rheumatologists who taught themselves how to manipulate ultrasound can use it just as well as international musculo-skeletal ultrasound experts to diagnose common rheumatic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the introduction of high-frequency transducers in the mid-1980s, ultrasound has become a conventional tool for taking accurate and precise images of the shoulder to support diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adequate for the examination are high-resolution, high-frequency transducers with a transmission frequency of 5, 7.5, and 10 MHz. To improve the focus on structures close to the skin an additional "water start-up length" is advisable. During the examination the patient is asked to be seated, the affected arm is then adducted and the elbow is bent to 90 degrees. Slow and cautious passive lateral and/or medial rotations have the effect of being able to visualize different sections of the shoulder. In order to also demonstrate those parts which are hidden under the acromion in the neutral position, a maximum medial rotation with hyperextension behind the back is required.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To avoid the different tendon echogenicities caused by different instrument settings, Middleton compared the tendon’s echogenicity with that of the deltoid muscle, which is still lege artis.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3511639_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3511639-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually the echogenicity compared to the deltoid muscle is homogeneous intensified without dorsal echo extinction. Variability with reduced or intensified<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> echo has also been found in healthy tendons. Bilateral comparison is very helpful when distinguishing and setting boundaries between physiological variants and a possible pathological finding. Degenerative changes at the rotator cuff often are found on both sides of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, unilateral differences rather point to a pathological source and bilateral changes rather to a physiological variation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3511639_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3511639-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, a dynamic examination can help to differentiate between an ultrasound artifact and a real pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To accurately evaluate the echogenicity of an ultrasound, one has to take into account the physical laws of reflection, absorption and dispersion. It is at all times important to acknowledge that the structures in the joint of the shoulder are not aligned in the transversal, coronal or sagittal plane, and that therefore during imaging of the shoulder the transducer head has to be held perpendicularly or parallel to the structures of interest. Otherwise the appearing echogenicity may not be evaluated.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longitudinal_US_supraspinatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Longitudinal ultra sonography of the supraspinatus tendon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Longitudinal_US_supraspinatus.jpg/170px-Longitudinal_US_supraspinatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Longitudinal_US_supraspinatus.jpg/255px-Longitudinal_US_supraspinatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Longitudinal_US_supraspinatus.jpg/340px-Longitudinal_US_supraspinatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Longitudinal ultra sonography of the supraspinatus tendon</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transversal_US_supraspinatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Transversal ultra sonography of the supraspinatus tendon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Transversal_US_supraspinatus.jpg/170px-Transversal_US_supraspinatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Transversal_US_supraspinatus.jpg/255px-Transversal_US_supraspinatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Transversal_US_supraspinatus.jpg/340px-Transversal_US_supraspinatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Transversal ultra sonography of the supraspinatus tendon</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MRI">MRI</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: MRI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orthopedics established the MRI early on as the tool of choice for joint- and soft tissue-imaging because of its non-invasiveness, lack of radiation exposure, multi planar slicing possibilities and the high soft tissue contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MRIs can provide joint details to the treating orthopedist, helping them to diagnose and decide the next appropriate therapeutic step. To examine the shoulder, the patient should lay down with the concerned arm is in lateral rotation. For signal detection it is recommended to use a surface-coil. To find pathologies of the rotator cuff in the basic diagnostic investigation, T2-weighted sequences with fat-suppression or STIR sequences have proven value. In general, the examination should occur in the following three main planes: axial, oblique coronal and sagittal.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most morphological changes and injuries are sustained to the supraspinatus tendon. Traumatic rotator cuff changes are often located antero-superior, meanwhile degenerative changes more likely are supero-posterior.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Tendons are predominantly composed of dense collagen fiber bundles. Because of their extreme short T2-relaxation time they appear typically signal-weak, respectively, dark. Degenerative changes, inflammations and also partial and complete tears cause loss of the original tendon structure. Fatty deposits, mucous degeneration and hemorrhages lead to an increased intratendinal T1-image. Edema formations, inflammatory changes and ruptures increase the signals in a T2-weighted image.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MRA">MRA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: MRA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While using MRI, true lesions at the rotator interval region between the parts of the supraspinatus and subscapularis are all but impossible to distinguish from normal synovium and capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, Weishaupt D. et al. reached through two readers a significant better visibility of pulley lesions at the rotator interval and the expected location of the reflection pulley of the long biceps and subscapularis tendon on parasagittal (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/100%; specificity: 90%/70%) and axial (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/93%; specificity: 90%/80%) MRA images.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When examining the rotator cuff, the MRA has a couple of advantages compared to the native MRI. Through a fat suppressed T2-weighted spin echo, MRA can reproduce an extreme high fat-water-contrast, which helps to detect water-deposits with better damage diagnosis in structurally changed collagen fiber bundles.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapod</a> forelimbs are characterised by a high degree of mobility in the shoulder-thorax connection. Lacking a solid skeletal connection between the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column, the forelimb's attachment to the trunk is instead mainly controlled by <a href="/wiki/Serratus_lateralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Serratus lateralis">serratus lateralis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levator_scapulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Levator scapulae">levator scapulae</a>. Depending on locomotor style, a bone connects the shoulder girdle to the trunk in some animals; the <a href="/wiki/Coracoid" title="Coracoid">coracoid</a> bone in reptiles and birds, and the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>. </p><p>In primates, the shoulder shows characteristics that differ from other mammals, including a well developed clavicle, a dorsally shifted scapula with prominent acromion and spine, and a humerus featuring a straight shaft and a spherical head. <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"In terms of comparative anatomy the human scapula represents two bones that have become fused together; the (dorsal) scapula proper and the (ventral) coracoid. The epiphyseal line across the glenoid cavity is the line of fusion. They are the counterparts of the ilium and ischium of the pelvic girdle."</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/R._J._Last" class="mw-redirect" title="R. J. Last">R. J. Last</a> - 'Last's Anatomy</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray326.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula"><img alt="The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/108px-Gray326.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/163px-Gray326.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/217px-Gray326.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">Shoulder girdle</a> (Pectoral girdle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternoclavicular_joint" title="Sternoclavicular joint">Sternoclavicular joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_on_shoulder" title="Chip on shoulder">Chip on shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambe" title="Ambe">Ambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_shoulder_syndrome" title="Milwaukee shoulder syndrome">Milwaukee shoulder syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreuschoftHohnScherfSchmidt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Preuschoft, Holger; Hohn, Bianca; Scherf, Heike; Schmidt, Manuela; Krause, Cornelia; Witzel, Ulrich (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860095">"Functional Analysis of the Primate Shoulder"</a>. <i>International Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 301–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-010-9399-1">10.1007/s10764-010-9399-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Primatology&rft.atitle=Functional+Analysis+of+the+Primate+Shoulder&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=301-320&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2860095%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20495602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-010-9399-1&rft.aulast=Preuschoft&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft.au=Hohn%2C+Bianca&rft.au=Scherf%2C+Heike&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Manuela&rft.au=Krause%2C+Cornelia&rft.au=Witzel%2C+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2860095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoulder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoulder&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shoulders" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shoulders">Shoulders</a> at Wikimedia Commons <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shoulders" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:shoulders"><i>shoulders</i></a> at Wiktionary </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chrisevans3d.com/research.htm">Video of the shoulder carriage in motion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/shoulderprobs/shoulderqa.htm">NIH (article includes text from this source)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy2010/html/modules/upper_limb_module/upper_limb_01.html">University of Michigan Medical School module on movements of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joints_and_ligaments_of_the_arm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expand autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joints_of_upper_limbs" title="Template:Joints of upper limbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joints_of_upper_limbs" title="Template talk:Joints of upper limbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joints_of_upper_limbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joints of upper limbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joints_and_ligaments_of_the_arm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shoulder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sternoclavicular_joint" title="Sternoclavicular joint">Sternoclavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_sternoclavicular_ligament" title="Anterior sternoclavicular ligament">Anterior sternoclavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_sternoclavicular_ligament" title="Posterior sternoclavicular ligament">Posterior sternoclavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interclavicular_ligament" title="Interclavicular ligament">Interclavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoclavicular_ligament" title="Costoclavicular ligament">Costoclavicular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acromioclavicular_joint" title="Acromioclavicular joint">Acromioclavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">Syndesmoses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coracoacromial_ligament" title="Coracoacromial ligament">Coracoacromial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_transverse_scapular_ligament" title="Superior transverse scapular ligament">Superior transverse scapular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_transverse_ligament_of_scapula" title="Inferior transverse ligament of scapula">Inferior transverse of scapula</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acromioclavicular_ligament" title="Acromioclavicular ligament">Acromioclavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracoclavicular_ligament" title="Coracoclavicular ligament">Coracoclavicular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_ligament" title="Trapezoid ligament">trapezoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conoid_ligament" title="Conoid ligament">conoid</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral joint">Glenohumeral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular capsule of the humerus">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracohumeral_ligament" title="Coracohumeral ligament">Coracohumeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_ligaments" title="Glenohumeral ligaments">Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_humeral_ligament" title="Transverse humeral ligament">Transverse humeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenoid_labrum" title="Glenoid labrum">Glenoid labrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humeroradial_joint" title="Humeroradial joint">Humeroradial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radial_collateral_ligament_of_elbow_joint" title="Radial collateral ligament of elbow joint">Radial collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humeroulnar_joint" title="Humeroulnar joint">Humeroulnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_of_elbow_joint" title="Ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint">Ulnar collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proximal_radioulnar_articulation" title="Proximal radioulnar articulation">Proximal radioulnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anular_ligament_of_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anular ligament of radius">Anular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_cord" title="Oblique cord">Oblique cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrate_ligament" title="Quadrate ligament">Quadrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Distal_radioulnar" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distal_radioulnar_articulation" title="Distal radioulnar articulation">Distal radioulnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_radioulnar_ligament" title="Palmar radioulnar ligament">Palmar radioulnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_radioulnar_ligament" title="Dorsal radioulnar ligament">Dorsal radioulnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_forearm" title="Interosseous membrane of forearm">Interosseous membrane of forearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist/radiocarpal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_radiocarpal_ligament" title="Dorsal radiocarpal ligament">Dorsal radiocarpal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Palmar_radiocarpal_ligament" title="Palmar radiocarpal ligament">Palmar radiocarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_ulnocarpal_ligament" title="Dorsal ulnocarpal ligament">Dorsal ulnocarpal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Palmar_ulnocarpal_ligament" title="Palmar ulnocarpal ligament">Palmar ulnocarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_of_wrist_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulnar collateral ligament of wrist joint">Ulnar collateral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Radial_collateral_ligament_of_wrist_joint" title="Radial collateral ligament of wrist joint">Radial collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intercarpal_joints" title="Intercarpal joints">Intercarpal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midcarpal_joint" title="Midcarpal joint">Midcarpal</a></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiate_carpal_ligament" title="Radiate carpal ligament">Radiate carpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_intercarpal_ligament" title="Dorsal intercarpal ligament">Dorsal intercarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_intercarpal_ligaments" title="Palmar intercarpal ligaments">Palmar intercarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_intercarpal_ligaments" title="Interosseous intercarpal ligaments">Interosseous intercarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapholunate_ligament" title="Scapholunate ligament">Scapholunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisiform_joint" title="Pisiform joint">Pisiform joint</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pisohamate_ligament" title="Pisohamate ligament">Pisohamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisometacarpal_ligament" title="Pisometacarpal ligament">Pisometacarpal</a>)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpometacarpal_joint" title="Carpometacarpal joint">Carpometacarpal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_carpometacarpal_ligaments" title="Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments">Dorsal carpometacarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_carpometacarpal_ligaments" title="Palmar carpometacarpal ligaments">Palmar carpometacarpal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb" title="Carpometacarpal joint">thumb</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Radial_collateral_ligament_of_thumb" title="Radial collateral ligament of thumb">Radial collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_of_thumb" title="Ulnar collateral ligament of thumb">Ulnar collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intermetacarpal_joints" title="Intermetacarpal joints">Intermetacarpal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_transverse_metacarpal_ligament" title="Deep transverse metacarpal ligament">Deep transverse metacarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_transverse_metacarpal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial transverse metacarpal ligament">Superficial transverse metacarpal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metacarpophalangeal_joint" title="Metacarpophalangeal joint">Metacarpophalangeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_ligaments_of_metacarpophalangeal_joints" title="Collateral ligaments of metacarpophalangeal joints">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_plate" title="Palmar plate">Palmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interphalangeal_joints_of_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Interphalangeal joints of hand">Interphalangeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_ligament_of_interphalangeal_joints_of_hand" title="Collateral ligament of interphalangeal joints of hand">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_plate" title="Palmar plate">Palmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel" title="Carpal tunnel">Carpal tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_canal" title="Ulnar canal">Ulnar canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscles_of_the_arm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Template:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Template talk:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles_of_the_upper_limb" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles of the upper limb"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscles_of_the_arm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shoulder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supraspinatus_muscle" title="Supraspinatus muscle">supraspinatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraspinatus_muscle" title="Infraspinatus muscle">infraspinatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teres_minor_muscle" title="Teres minor muscle">teres minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscapularis_muscle" title="Subscapularis muscle">subscapularis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teres_major_muscle" title="Teres major muscle">teres major</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltoid fascia">deltoid fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraspinous_fascia" title="Supraspinous fascia">supraspinous fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraspinous_fascia" title="Infraspinous fascia">infraspinous fascia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_arm" title="Fascial compartments of arm">compartments</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_the_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior compartment of the arm">anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coracobrachialis_muscle" title="Coracobrachialis muscle">coracobrachialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">biceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">brachialis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior compartment of the arm">posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">triceps brachii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anconeus_muscle" title="Anconeus muscle">anconeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articularis_cubiti_muscle" title="Articularis cubiti muscle">articularis cubiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_sheath" title="Axillary sheath">axillary sheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_fascia" title="Axillary fascia">axillary fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_fascia" title="Brachial fascia">brachial fascia</a></li> <li><i>intermuscular septa</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral intermuscular septum of arm">lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_intermuscular_septum_of_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial intermuscular septum of arm">medial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>spaces</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_space" title="Quadrangular space">quadrangular space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_space" title="Triangular space">triangular space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_interval" title="Triangular interval">triangular interval</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_forearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascial compartments of forearm">compartments</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_the_forearm" title="Anterior compartment of the forearm">anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>superficial:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronator_teres_muscle" title="Pronator teres muscle">pronator teres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmaris_longus_muscle" title="Palmaris longus muscle">palmaris longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_radialis_muscle" title="Flexor carpi radialis muscle">flexor carpi radialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle">flexor carpi ulnaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle">flexor digitorum superficialis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>deep:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle" title="Pronator quadratus muscle">pronator quadratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum profundus muscle">flexor digitorum profundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis longus muscle">flexor pollicis longus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_forearm" title="Posterior compartment of the forearm">posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i> superficial:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_wad" title="Mobile wad">mobile wad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis" title="Brachioradialis">brachioradialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle">extensor carpi radialis longus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle">brevis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_muscle" title="Extensor digitorum muscle">extensor digitorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle" title="Extensor digiti minimi muscle">extensor digiti minimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle" title="Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle">extensor carpi ulnaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>deep:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">supinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_snuffbox" title="Anatomical snuffbox">anatomical snuffbox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis longus muscle">abductor pollicis longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis brevis muscle">extensor pollicis brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis longus muscle">extensor pollicis longus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_indicis_muscle" title="Extensor indicis muscle">extensor indicis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicipital_aponeurosis" title="Bicipital aponeurosis">bicipital aponeurosis</a></li> <li><i>common tendons</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_extensor_tendon" title="Common extensor tendon">extensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_flexor_tendon" title="Common flexor tendon">flexor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antebrachial_fascia" title="Antebrachial fascia">antebrachial fascia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubital_tunnel" title="Cubital tunnel">cubital tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne%27s_ligament" title="Osborne's ligament">osborne's ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">lateral volar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thenar_eminence" title="Thenar eminence">thenar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opponens_pollicis_muscle" title="Opponens pollicis muscle">opponens pollicis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis brevis muscle">flexor pollicis brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis brevis muscle">abductor pollicis brevis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adductor_pollicis_muscle" title="Adductor pollicis muscle">adductor pollicis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">medial volar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothenar_eminence" title="Hypothenar eminence">hypothenar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opponens_digiti_minimi_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Opponens digiti minimi muscle">opponens digiti minimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_digiti_minimi_brevis_muscle_(hand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle (hand)">flexor digiti minimi brevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_digiti_minimi_muscle_of_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand">abductor digiti minimi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmaris_brevis_muscle" title="Palmaris brevis muscle">palmaris brevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">intermediate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbricals_of_the_hand" title="Lumbricals of the hand">lumbrical</a></li> <li><i>interossei</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_of_the_hand" title="Dorsal interossei of the hand">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_interossei_muscles" title="Palmar interossei muscles">palmar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>posterior:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Extensor retinaculum of the hand">extensor retinaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_expansion" title="Extensor expansion">extensor expansion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anterior:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Flexor retinaculum of the hand">flexor retinaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_aponeurosis" title="Palmar aponeurosis">palmar aponeurosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16363#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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