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<li id="toc-Reintroduction_of_"not_guilty"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reintroduction_of_"not_guilty""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reintroduction of "not guilty"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reintroduction_of_"not_guilty"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calls_for_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Calls for reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_other_jurisdictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_other_jurisdictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use in other jurisdictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_other_jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases_which_resulted_in_a_not_proven_verdict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases_which_resulted_in_a_not_proven_verdict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable cases which resulted in a not proven verdict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases_which_resulted_in_a_not_proven_verdict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Not proven</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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probado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="No probado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_dearbhadh" title="Gun dearbhadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gun dearbhadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7" title="זיכוי מחמת הספק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיכוי מחמת הספק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikke_bevist" title="Ikke bevist – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ikke bevist" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Не доказано – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Не доказано" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_pruiven" title="No pruiven – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="No pruiven" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_proven" title="Not proven – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Not proven" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inte_bevisat_skyldig_(domslut)" title="Inte bevisat skyldig (domslut) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inte bevisat skyldig (domslut)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2920228#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Criminal trials and convictions</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights of the accused</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-trial">Pre-trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">Jury trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_rule" title="Exclusionary rule">Exclusionary rule</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">Self-incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">Double jeopardy</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">Appeal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">Acquittal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Not proven</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_verdict" class="mw-redirect" title="Directed verdict">Directed verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">Sentencing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_sentencing" title="Mandatory sentencing">Mandatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_sentence" title="Suspended sentence">Suspended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodial_sentence" title="Custodial sentence">Custodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_detention" title="Periodic detention">Periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(sentence)" title="Discharge (sentence)">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_guidelines" title="Sentencing guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(law)" title="Guilt (law)">Guilt</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totality_principle" title="Totality principle">Totality</a><sup><small>5, 6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_offender" title="Dangerous offender">Dangerous offender</a><sup><small>4, 5</small></sup></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_warrant" title="Execution warrant">Execution warrant</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">Cruel and unusual punishment</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_imprisonment" title="Indefinite imprisonment">Indefinite imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-strikes_law" title="Three-strikes law">Three-strikes law</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Post-sentencing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_England_and_Wales" title="Life imprisonment in England and Wales">Tariff</a> <sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_England_and_Wales" title="Life imprisonment in England and Wales">Life licence</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoneration" title="Exoneration">Exoneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_offender" title="Habitual offender">Habitual offender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">Recidivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">Sexually violent predator laws</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas of law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminal_defenses" title="Category:Criminal defenses">Criminal defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>5</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of Canada">Canadian courts</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><small>6</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United Kingdom">UK courts</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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(trial)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_procedure_(trial)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal procedure (trial)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Not proven</b> (<a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: <i lang="sco">No pruiven</i>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">gun dearbhadh</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">verdict</a> available to a <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">court</a> of law in Scotland. Under <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">criminal trial</a> may end in one of three verdicts, one of <a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">conviction</a> ("guilty") and two of <a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">acquittal</a> ("not proven" and "not guilty").<sup id="cite_ref-Duff_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-In3V_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In3V-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Scotland)" title="Restoration (Scotland)">Restoration</a> in the late 17th century and the early 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jurors</a> in Scotland were expected only to find whether individual factual allegations were proven or not proven, rather than to rule on an accused's guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-sln_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sln-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1728, the jury in a murder trial asserted "its ancient right" to declare a defendant "not guilty".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the "not guilty" verdict regained wide acceptance and use amongst Scots juries, with the encouragement of defence lawyers. It eventually displaced "not proven" as the primary verdict of acquittal. Nowadays, juries can return a verdict of either "not guilty" or "not proven", with the same legal effect of acquittal.<sup id="cite_ref-borrowed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borrowed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although historically it may be a similar verdict to not guilty, in the present day not proven is typically used by a jury when there is a belief that the defendant is guilty but <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a> has not provided sufficient evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-belief_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scots law requires <a href="/wiki/Corroboration_in_Scots_law" title="Corroboration in Scots law">corroboration</a>; the evidence of one witness, however credible, is not sufficient to prove a charge against an accused or to establish any material or crucial fact. </p><p>In Scotland, there have been attempts to abolish what <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a> famously called <i>that bastard verdict</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1827, Scott, who was sheriff in the court of <a href="/wiki/Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders" title="Selkirk, Scottish Borders">Selkirk</a>, wrote in his journal that "the jury gave that bastard verdict, <i>Not proven</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_Douglas_2013_p._361_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_Douglas_2013_p._361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is proposed to remove the not proven verdict as part of a 2023 judicial reform.<sup id="cite_ref-reform_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 17th century, the standard practice of juries in Scotland was to return a finding of "fylet, culpable and convict" or "clene, innocent and acquit".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changed in the late 17th century, at which point the role of the jury became simply to "declare whether or not the facts alleged had been proved", with the judge left to determine, based on that declaration, whether the accused was guilty or not.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some disagreement between historians as to why this change happened. <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Arnot" title="Hugo Arnot">Hugo Arnot</a> argue that it was rooted in religious oppression. The Crown persecuted the <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a> but popular support made it impossible to convict them in a jury trial. To pare the power of the jury, the Scottish judges began restricting the jury's role: no longer would the jury announce whether the accused was "guilty" or "not guilty"; instead it would decide whether specific factual allegations were "proven" or "not proven"; and the judge would then decide whether to convict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reintroduction_of_"not_guilty""><span id="Reintroduction_of_.22not_guilty.22"></span>Reintroduction of "not guilty"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reintroduction of "not guilty""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1728, in the trial of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_of_Finhaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie of Finhaven">Carnegie of Finhaven</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyon,_6th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Charles Lyon, 6th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Earl of Strathmore</a>, the defence lawyer (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Dundas,_of_Arniston,_the_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Dundas, of Arniston, the elder">Robert Dundas</a>) persuaded a jury to reassert its ancient right of acquitting, of finding an accused "not guilty", in spite of the facts being proven. The law required the jury merely to look at the facts and pass a verdict of "proven" or "not proven" depending on whether they believed the evidence proved that the accused had killed the Earl. Carnegie had undoubtedly killed the Earl, but had also clearly not intended to do so. If the jury brought in a "proven" verdict they would in effect constrain the judge to find Carnegie guilty of murder, for which the punishment was <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>. To avert this outcome, the jury asserted what it believed to be their "ancient right" to judge the whole case and not just the facts, and brought in the verdict of "not guilty". </p><p>The reintroduction of the "not guilty" verdict was part of a wider movement during the 17th and 18th century which saw a gradual increase in the power of juries,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> such as the trial of <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> in 1670, in which an English jury first gained the right to pass a verdict contrary to the law (known as <a href="/wiki/Jury_nullification" title="Jury nullification">jury nullification</a>), and the trial of <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Zenger" title="John Peter Zenger">John Peter Zenger</a> in New York in 1735 in which jury nullification is credited with establishing <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">freedom of the press</a> as a firm right in what became the United States. Legal academic Ian Willock argues that the 1728 case was "of great significance in calling a halt to a process of attrition which might have led to the total extinction of the criminal jury".<sup id="cite_ref-sln_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sln-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although jurors continued to use both "not guilty" and "not proven" after 1728, jurors tended to favour the "not guilty" verdict over the "not proven" and the interpretation changed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calls_for_reform">Calls for reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Calls for reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been repeated calls to abolish the "not proven" verdict since the middle of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, the Thomson Committee on Criminal Procedure in Scotland (chaired by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Thomson_of_Fleet" title="Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet">Lord Thomson</a>) recommended retaining the three-verdict system.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Office" title="Scottish Office">Scottish Office</a> consulted on removing "not proven" in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-holyrood_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holyrood-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsuccessful attempts to scrap the "not proven" verdict were made in Parliament by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Donald Dewar</a> in 1969, <a href="/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen">George Robertson</a> in 1993 (prompted by the trial outcome in the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Amanda_Duffy" title="Murder of Amanda Duffy">murder of Amanda Duffy</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Macaulay,_Baron_Macaulay_of_Bragar" title="Donald Macaulay, Baron Macaulay of Bragar">Lord Macauly of Bragar</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-holyrood_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holyrood-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A members' bill to abolish the "not proven" verdict was debated in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> in 2016, but was rejected by 80 votes to 28.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of reform argue that the "not proven" verdict is widely regarded as an <a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">acquittal</a> used when the <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> does not have enough <a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">evidence</a> to <a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">convict</a> but is not sufficiently convinced of the accused person's innocence to bring in a "not guilty" verdict. Essentially, the judge or jury is unconvinced that the suspect is innocent, but guilt has not been proven "beyond <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">reasonable doubt</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-borrowed_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borrowed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, its opponents argue that a two-verdict system would lead to an increase in wrongful convictions.<sup id="cite_ref-In3V_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In3V-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a not proven verdict in a criminal trial in 2015, Miss M successfully sued Stephen Coxen in the civil courts, in what was the first civil damages action for rape following an unsuccessful criminal prosecution in almost 100 years. In 2018, Miss M launched #EndNotProven alongside Rape Crisis Scotland, calling for Not Proven to be removed and citing the disproportionate use in rape cases, the widespread misunderstandings of the verdict and fears that it is being used as an 'easy way out' by jurors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2023, the Scottish government published the Victims, Witnesses, and Justice Reform Bill which, if passed, will abolish the not proven verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2024, the Scottish Parliament voted to advance the bill to Stage 2, where members can submit amendments on the bill to committee.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_procedure">Current procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Scotland, a criminal case may be decided either <i>in solemn procedure</i> by a jury (instructed by the judge), or <i>in summary procedure</i> by the judge alone (with no jury appointed). There are various rules for when the one or the other procedure may or must be employed; in general, juries are employed for the more severe accusations, while petty crimes and offences are treated summarily. A criminal case jury consists of fifteen jurors, who make their decision by a simple majority vote: eight votes are necessary and sufficient for the verdict <i>guilty</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Duff_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has replaced the verdict <i>proven</i>. </p><p>Approximately one-third of all acquittal verdicts by Scottish juries use the formulation <i>not proven</i>; the others use <i>not guilty</i>. The verdict <i>not proven</i> also is available for judges in the summary procedure, and is employed in about a fifth of such acquittals.<sup id="cite_ref-Duff_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of <i>not proven</i> acquittals, in general, is higher in the more severe cases; but so then are the proportion of acquittals versus convictions. This might have many different reasons, for example that on average it might be more difficult to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt in the more severe cases.<sup id="cite_ref-In3V_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In3V-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Not proven</i> is sometimes interpreted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as indicating that the jury or judge is not convinced of the innocence of the accused; in fact, they may be convinced that the accused is guilty, but do not find the evidence sufficient for a conviction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_other_jurisdictions">Use in other jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use in other jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the Scottish verdict has not been permanently adopted outside its home country, but it was sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Canada">colonial Canada</a>, especially by some judges in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Its most famous use in the United States came when <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a> tried to vote "not proven" on the two articles of <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeachment of Bill Clinton</a><sup id="cite_ref-arlen_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arlen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (his votes were recorded as "not guilty"<sup id="cite_ref-In3V_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In3V-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and when, at the <a href="/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_case" class="mw-redirect" title="O. J. Simpson murder case">O. J. Simpson murder case</a>, various reformers, including Fred Goldman, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Goldman" title="Ron Goldman">Ron Goldman</a>'s father, pushed for a change to "not proven" because of what they felt was an incorrect <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a> on the part of Simpson. The verdict is often referenced in US cases where the jury is obliged to find the state has not proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt, but there is widespread feeling that the defendant does not deserve the exoneration of a "not guilty" verdict. A popular saying about the "not proven" verdict is that it means "not guilty, but don't do it again".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, a proposal was made in the <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_Review" title="University of Chicago Law Review">University of Chicago Law Review</a></i> to introduce the not proven verdict into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-In3V_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In3V-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases_which_resulted_in_a_not_proven_verdict">Notable cases which resulted in a not proven verdict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable cases which resulted in a not proven verdict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Campbell" title="Sir Hugh Campbell">Sir Hugh Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Campbell" title="Sir George Campbell">Sir George Campbell</a> for being present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bothwell_Bridge" title="Battle of Bothwell Bridge">Battle of Bothwell Bridge</a> in 1684</li> <li>Alfred John Monson, in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Ardlamont_murder" title="Ardlamont murder">Ardlamont murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Smith" title="Madeleine Smith">Madeleine Smith</a>, accused of murdering her boyfriend by poison</li> <li>Helen McDougal, in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Burke_and_Hare_murders" title="Burke and Hare murders">Burke and Hare murders</a></li> <li>Alan Peters, in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Maxwell_Garvie" title="Murder of Maxwell Garvie">murder of Maxwell Garvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Merrett" title="Donald Merrett">Donald Merrett</a>, tried in February 1927 for the murder of his mother<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leslie_(TV_presenter)" title="John Leslie (TV presenter)">John Leslie</a>, in relation to an alleged sexual assault</li> <li>Francis Auld, accused of the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Amanda_Duffy" title="Murder of Amanda Duffy">murder of Amanda Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a>, on a single charge out of the 14 he faced, following the <a href="/wiki/HM_Advocate_v_Salmond" title="HM Advocate v Salmond">criminal prosecution</a> brought against him</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jury_nullification" title="Jury nullification">Jury nullification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/naidheachdan/18862121">"Adhbhar tubaiste fhathast gun dearbhadh"</a>. BBC. 16 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adhbhar+tubaiste+fhathast+gun+dearbhadh&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnaidheachdan%2F18862121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duff-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duff_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duff_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duff_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=lcp">The Scottish criminal jury: A very peculiar institution</a></i>, Peter Duff, 62 Law & Contemp. Probs. 173 (Spring 1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-In3V-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-In3V_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-In3V_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-In3V_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-In3V_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-In3V_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bray, Samuel (2005). "Not Proven: Introducing a Third Verdict". <i>University of Chicago Law Review</i>. <b>72</b> (4): 1299–1329. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1339222">1339222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Not+Proven%3A+Introducing+a+Third+Verdict&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1299-1329&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1339222%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sln-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sln_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sln_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmersLeverick2017" class="citation news cs1">Chalmers, James; Leverick, Fiona (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottishlegal.com/article/blog-no-not-proven-did-not-come-first">"Blog: No, 'not proven' did not come first"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Legal_News" title="Scottish Legal News">Scottish Legal News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Legal+News&rft.atitle=Blog%3A+No%2C+%27not+proven%27+did+not+come+first&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Leverick%2C+Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishlegal.com%2Farticle%2Fblog-no-not-proven-did-not-come-first&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbato2004" class="citation journal cs1">Barbato, Joseph M. 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Cambridge Library Collection – Literary Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06429-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06429-3"><bdi>978-1-108-06429-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Not+proven+verdict+to+be+scrapped+in+Scottish+courts&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-65397235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillock1966" class="citation book cs1">Willock, Ian (1966). <i>The Origins and Development of the Jury in Scotland</i>. Stair Society. p. 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Jury+in+Scotland&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Stair+Society&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Willock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillock1966" class="citation book cs1">Willock, Ian (1966). <i>The Origins and Development of the Jury in Scotland</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Legal+News&rft.atitle=MSPs+reject+attempt+to+abolish+%27not+proven%27+verdict+from+Scots+law&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishlegal.com%2Farticle%2Fmsps-reject-attempt-to-abolish-not-proven-verdict-from-scots-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rapecrisisscotland.org.uk/campaigns-end-not-proven/">"End Not Proven"</a>. <i>Rape Crisis Scotland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.scot&rft.atitle=Victims%2C+Witnesses%2C+and+Justice+Reform+Bill%3A+factsheet&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2Fpublications%2Fvictims-witnesses-and-justice-reform-bill-factsheet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.scot/bills-and-laws/bills/victims-witnesses-and-justice-reform-scotland-bill/stage-1/">"Victims, Witnesses, and Justice Reform (Scotland) Bill"</a>. <i>Parliament.scot</i>. 23 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Specter's closed-door impeachment statement"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2008</span>. <q>My position in the matter is that the case has not been proved. I have gone back to Scottish law where there are three verdicts: guilty, not guilty, and not proved. I am not prepared to say on this record that President Clinton is not guilty. But I am certainly not prepared to say that he is guilty. There are precedents for a Senator voting present. I hope that I will be accorded the opportunity to vote not proved in this case. [...] But on this record, the proofs are not present. Juries in criminal cases under the laws of Scotland have three possible verdicts: guilty, not guilty, not proven. Given the option in this trial, I suspect that many Senators would choose 'not proven' instead of 'not guilty'. That is my verdict: not proven. The President has dodged perjury by calculated evasion and poor interrogation. Obstruction of justice fails by gaps in the proofs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sen.+Specter%27s+closed-door+impeachment+statement&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=1999-02-12&rft.au=Specter%2C+Arlen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2Fstories%2F1999%2F02%2F12%2Fsenate.statements%2Fspecter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/oj/highlights/dershowitz.html">"Readings And Links – Is The Criminal Trial A Search For Truth? | The O. J. Verdict | FRONTLINE | PBS"</a>. 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J. : Evans, Colin, 1948- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471462682" title="Special:BookSources/9780471462682"><bdi>9780471462682</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+question+of+evidence+%3A+a+casebook+of+great+forensic+controversies%2C+from+Napoleon+to+O.+J.+%3A+Evans%2C+Colin%2C+1948-+%3A+Free+Download%2C+Borrow%2C+and+Streaming&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003-01-30&rft.isbn=9780471462682&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestionofeviden0000evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=lcp"><i>The Scottish criminal jury: A very peculiar institution</i></a>, Peter Duff, 62 Law & Contemp. Probs. 173 (Spring 1999)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bray, Samuel (2005). "Not Proven: Introducing a Third Verdict". <i>University of Chicago Law Review</i>. <b>72</b> (4): 1299–1329. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1339222">1339222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Not+Proven%3A+Introducing+a+Third+Verdict&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1299-1329&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1339222%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume,_David1819" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume, David</a> (1819). <i>Commentaries on the Law of Scotland, volume 2</i> (2nd ed.). Bell and Bradfute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Law+of+Scotland%2C+volume+2&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bell+and+Bradfute&rft.date=1819&rft.au=Hume%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANot+proven" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&oldid=1256009288">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&oldid=1256009288</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scots_language" title="Category:Scots language">Scots language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_criminal_law" title="Category:Scottish criminal law">Scottish criminal law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scots_law_legal_terminology" title="Category:Scots law legal terminology">Scots law legal terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="Category:High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scots-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scots-language text">Articles containing Scots-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scottish_Gaelic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text">Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2021">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 19:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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